Ford, Forbrug Og Fortællinger Om Det Lykkelige Liv

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Ford, Forbrug Og Fortællinger Om Det Lykkelige Liv Amerikansk på Dansk Ameridanes Arbejdspapir 3 Working Paper 3 DET HUMANISTISKE FAKULTET KØBENHAVNS UNIVERSITET SAXO instituttet, Afdeling for Historie Kandidatspeciale af Tobias Bang Ford, forbrug og fortællinger om det lykkelige liv Vejleder: Dorthe Gert Simonsen Afleveret den: 16/09/2008 Antal sider: 99.4 (238.526 tegn) (Illustration: FMC: ”Det flyvende tæppe” Taunus 17 (1957)) ABSTRACT Ford Cars, Consumption, and Conceptions of the Happy Life This Master’s thesis is an examination and discussion of automobility, consumer culture and the pursuit of material happiness in the Danish post-war society. Through a social- constructivist analysis of Ford Motor Company’s commercial brochures from the first quarter of the post-war era the thesis seeks to answer the following question:What conceptions of material happiness did Ford’s brochures narrate and reflect in the Danish post-war period? Theoretically the thesis is based on Daniel Miller’s understanding of the car as an artefact of consumption and culture. The analysis relies on the work of Stuart Hall, Judith Williamson, Bruno Latour and others, and on the assumption that an advertisement can be viewed as a reflection of its time.The analysis is structured around five themes that intersect in the conception of a material civilization and a happy life: Nationality, the modern, technology, the consumer, and time & space. The thesis argues that the brochures reflect continuities and shifts that can be summed up through the oft-used metaphor in the brochures: the Ford-family. Through this metaphor Ford linked distinct positive qualities and the history of Henry Ford and the Model T to its new cars. And through the metaphor Ford narrated a community of cars and consumers that transcended social barriers and localities in time and space. Ford, as a brand or family, was a constant in a time of changes. These changes were implicitly and explicitly expressed in the brochures during a time when the automobile made its way into the everyday life of most Danes. The brochures and society alike were marked by shifts from certain values and conceptions to new ones: from an orientation towards the future to one towards the present; from consumer-classes to auto-individuals; from an emphasis on beauty and styling to a focus on functionality and security. As a reflection of its times, the Ford brochures not only represent shifting ways of portraying the materially happy life, but also reflect the changing ways in which the post-war Danes lived this life. Indholdsfortegnelse INDLEDNING 1 1. Ford, forbrug og fortællinger om det lykkelige liv 1 KONTEKST 3 2. Efterkrigstidens Danmark: Mobilitet og auto-mobilitet 3 2.1. Den danske bilpark i den første efterkrigstid 6 2.2. Fascination: Massebilismen og Amerika 8 2.3. Foragt – Styling som Amerikanisering 10 2.4. Massebilismens gennembrud 12 2.5. Ford i Danmark – en europæisk amerikaner 14 PRÆSENTATION AF FORSKNINGSFELT 16 3. Mod bilforbrugets socialhistorie: En historiografisk oversigt 16 3.1. Bilens danmarkshistorie 16 3.2. Bilens social- og forbrugshistorie 18 3.2.1 Design og styling 19 3.2.2. Den nationale og spatiale kontekst 20 3.3 Forbrugsstudiet 22 3.3.1. Fra produktion og arbejdere til konsumption og forbrugere 22 3.3.2 Kontekstualitet 24 3.4. Reklamen som kilde 25 4. Præsentation af empiri 28 4.1. Hvad er en reklamebrochure? 29 4.2. Brochurernes proveniens 29 4.3. Andre kilder 30 5. Forskningsdesign 31 5.1. Analyse-programerklæring 31 5.2. Reklamen som cirkulerende fortællinger 32 5.3. Den analytiske fremgangsmåde: Hvordan fortæller Fords reklamebrochurer det materielt lykkelige liv? 33 6. Introduktion til analysen: En læsevejledning 34 FØRSTE ANALYSEDEL 36 7. BILER OG NATIONALITETER 36 7.1. Den amerikanske Fordbil 37 7.2. Fortællinger om engelsk Ford og Dagenham 40 7.3. Ford Tyskland og international orientering 42 7.4. Fransk Ford: En luksusanretning fra Hollywood 44 7.5. Ford Europe 46 7.6. Afrunding 47 8. ”DET MODERNE” 49 8.1. ”Moderne formfuldendte linier” 50 8.2. Moderne robusthed 52 8.3. Moderne som tidssvarende 54 8.4. Afrunding 55 9. FORDBILEN OG TEKNOLOGI 58 9.1. Brochurens maskinrum 58 9.2. Teknologi som teknologi 59 9.3. Teknologi som effekter eller output 61 9.4. Teknologi og effekter 63 9.5. Teknologi og produktion 65 9.6. Afrunding 67 Illustrationer I 69 ANDEN ANALYSEDEL 72 10. FORDFORBRUGEREN 72 10.1. Halvtresserne: To forbruger-klasser 72 10.2. Den kræsne overklasseforbruger 72 10.3. Middel- og arbejderklassens familieforbruger 74 10.4. Klasseforbrug: Bilen som statussymbol 76 10.5. Tresserne: Forskellige biler til forskellige forbrugere 77 10.6. Auto-individualitet 79 10.7. Bilforbrug og køn 81 10.8. Afrunding 83 11. TID OG RUM 85 11.1. Ford for fremtiden 85 11.2. Samtiden 87 11.3. Fortiden 89 11.4. Rummet 91 11.5. Halvtresserne: Fordbilen indtager rummet 91 11.6. Tresserne: Fordbilen i en hastig tid 93 11.7. Afrunding 95 Illustrationer II 98 12. OPGAVENS AFRUNDING: TRADITION OG FORANDING – DET MATERIELT LYKKELIGE LIV 104 12.1. Fordfamilien: Branding, biler og genealogi 104 12.2. Forskydninger – fra en flyvende fremtid til en refleksiv samtid 107 12.3. Konklusion: Hvis det materielt lykkelige liv var en Fordbil... 110 12.4. Nye sider af bilforbrugets socialhistorie – en perspektivering 112 13. Litteraturliste 114 14. Bilag. Fords reklamebrochurer 121 INDLEDNING 1. Ford, forbrug og fortællinger om det lykkelige liv Siden midten af det tyvende århundrede er Danmark blevet et automobilt samfund. Bilen har ændret det geografiske landskab. Den har skabt nye muligheder for at bosætte sig langt fra arbejdsplads, familie og venner. Den har ændret vores opfattelser af tid og distancer. Den har skabt nye muligheder for at komme omkring, og for at komme hinanden ved. Bilen har, med andre ord, omformet Danmark på godt og ondt. Det er derfor beklageligt, at bilen så godt som ingen opmærksomhed har fået i den danske social- og kulturhistorie. Og det er derfor således også et uudforsket territorium, jeg i min undersøgelse af bilforbrugets socialhistorie i efterkrigstidens Danmark, bevæger mig ud i. Min opgave tager sit afsæt i det danske efterkrigstidssamfund, der var ved at transformere sig til et forbrugssamfund; en materiel civilisation. De, der havde mulighed for at købe egen bil i halvtresserne havde alle oplevet tredivernes økonomiske nedtur, samt besættelsestiden og den første efterkrigstids varemangler og rationeringer. For disse var halvtressernes nye varige forbrugsgoder som fx bilen vigtige symboler på indfrielsen af en materielt og teknologisk fremskreden tilværelse. Sammen med tøj, møbler, hjemmet mv. fungerede de varige forbrugsgoder som tegn på samfundets opsving, dynamikken og den sociale mobilitet. Men bilen var ikke blot et symbol på den social mobilitet, fremskridtet og bevægelsen; den var bevægelse, og derfor måske det mest potente symbol på samfundets og familiens fremskridt. Centralt placeret såvel på den danske efterkrigstids bilmarked som i det tyvende århundredes historie, finder vi Ford. Ford var den eneste af de store amerikanske bilproducenter, der slog igennem på det danske bilmarked under eget navn. Dette i en tid, hvor Amerika, på godt og ondt, var forbundet med bestemte forestillinger om automobiliteten, fremtiden, fremskridtet og den materielle civilisation. Men Ford var ikke bare amerikansk, Ford var en myte; en myte om personen Henry Ford og den verdensomspændende virksomhed Ford Motor Company, om samlebåndet, masseproduktionen og produktionsparadigmet 1 Fordisme, om verdens første folkevogn Ford Model T og ikke mindst om de splinternye produkter – Fordbilerne. Det er bilforbruget og forestillingen om det lykkelige liv, der er omdrejningspunktet for min undersøgelse. Men det er Ford Motor Companys danske reklamebrochure fra perioden 1949-1970, der specifikt er undersøgelsens analysegenstand. Som jeg vil uddybe i mit forskningsdesign, rummer disse reklamebrochure en palet af fortællinger og forestillinger, der både konstruerer og afspejler det samfund og den tid, de var en del af. Opgavens problemformulering kan formuleres således: Med afsæt i forbrugsteori vil jeg foretage en socialkonstruktivistisk reklameanalyse af Ford Motor Companys reklamebrochurer fra perioden 1949-1970 for at undersøge og diskutere, hvordan disse fortalte og afspejlede bestemte forestillinger om det materielt lykkelige liv i efterkrigstidens Danmark. Dette ene spørgsmål er en kondensering af en længere række spørgsmål, som min analyse vil diskutere. Det materielt lykkelige liv skal nemlig ses som et skæringspunkt for spørgsmål om nationalitet, det moderne, teknik, forbrugeren, tiden og rummet; spørgsmål som brochurerne eksplicit og implicit reflekterer over. Det er ved at forfølge disse refleksioner, jeg kan nærme mig et svar på, hvad bilforbruget og det materielt lykkelige liv indebar – både i Fords reklamebrochurer, og ’ude’ i efterkrigstidens Danmark. Min tidsperiode begynder i 1949, da de første brochurer med efterkrigstidens nye Fordbiler udkommer. Undersøgelsen strækker sig godt tyve år frem, og slutter få år inden den første oliekrise satte en stopper for forestillingen om det automobile og materielle fremskridt. Jeg vil nu indlede min undersøgelse med et kontekstuelt kig på Ford, bilen og den danske bilpark i efterkrigstidens Danmark. Som nævnt ovenfor og som det vil fremgå af den efterfølgende forskningsoversigt, starter jeg her på relativt bar bund. Herefter følger en introduktion af opgavens forskningsfelt og forskningsdesign, efterfulgt af opgavens analyse. 2 KONTEKST 2. Efterkrigstidens Danmark: Mobilitet og auto-mobilitet I løbet af halvtresserne og tresserne blev Danmark et rigt og moderne industri- og forbrugssamfund. På tyve år fordobledes den gennemsnitlige realløn, hvilket førte nye forbrugsvaner og livsmønstre med sig.1 Kvinderne kom ud på arbejdsmarkedet og ungdommen skabte deres egen kultur og identitet. Den traditionelle køns- og generationsorden var under opbrud, godt hjulpet på vej af et stigende og nyt forbrug af kulturelle og identitetsskabende varer.2 International politik og handel fyldte den politiske dagsorden i Danmark, der allerede i 1949 var blevet optaget i NATO. Også den danske hverdag blev præget af den stigende internationalisering og interaktion med fremmede markeder.
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