Ancestral Puebloan Social Hierarchies at Manuelito Plateau, New Mexico
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UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations 1-1-2005 Ancestral Puebloan social hierarchies at Manuelito Plateau, New Mexico Sali A Underwood University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds Repository Citation Underwood, Sali A, "Ancestral Puebloan social hierarchies at Manuelito Plateau, New Mexico" (2005). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 1914. http://dx.doi.org/10.25669/q1tp-g94h This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact digitalscholarship@unlv.edu. ANCESTRAL PUEBLO AN SOCIAL HIERARCHIES AT MANUELITO PLATEAU, NEW MEXICO by Sali A. Underwood Bachelor of Arts University of California, Santa Barbara 1986 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in Anthropology Department of Anthropology College of Liberal Arts Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas December 2005 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1435645 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 1435645 Copyright 2006 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced witfi permission of tfie copyrigfit owner. Furtfier reproduction profiibited witfiout permission. Copyright by Sali A. Underwood 2006 All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Thesis Approval TJNTV The Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas April 14 20 05 The Thesis prepared by Sail A. Underwood Entitled Ancestral Puebloan Social Hierarchies at Manuelito Plateau. New Mexico is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Art Examination Committee Chair Dean of the Graduate College Examination Committee Member ExamiuatiowCommute€^ember Graduat/College Faculty Representative 11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT Ancestral Puebloan Social Hierarchies At Manuelito Plateau, New Mexico by Sali A. Underwood Dr. Vicki Cassman, Examination Committee Chair Assistant Professor of Anthropology University of Nevada, Las Vegas Using mortuary and osteological evidence this thesis investigates the hypothesis that social hierarchies based on sex and age existed during the Pueblo II and Pueblo III (A.D. 900-1300) periods on the Manuelito Plateau, New Mexico. Mortuary evidence including burial location, positioning, and grave goods was investigated for differential burial treatment within the Manuelito Plateau population sample. Osteological data pertaining to nutritional stress such as stature, dental pathology, and iron deficiency anemia were investigated to determine if differential access to subsistence resources existed. From the six archaeological sites, 99 individuals were recovered consisting of, 22 males, 21 females, and 47 subadults. Though the osteological data did not indicate controlled access to subsistence resources, the mortuary practices indicate that there was possible differential mortuary treatment related to age and sex at two of the six sites, L A31240 and LA12I585. Ill Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................iii LIST OF FIGURES.....................................................................................................................vi LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................... viii AKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................................................................ ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Statement of the Problem ..................................................I Archaeological Project .........................................................................................................3 Manuelito Plateau Site Descriptions ..................................................................................6 Manuelito Plateau Archaeology ........................................................................................II Osteological Data ............................................................................................................... 13 Thesis Organization ............................................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL REGIONAL AND CULTURAL OVERVIEW... 15 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 15 Environment of Manuelito Plateau (McKinley Mine Area) .........................................16 Archaeology of Manuelito Canyon .................................................................................. 17 Archaeology of Surrounding Regions ............................................................................. 20 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 34 CHAPTER 3 PALEODEMOGRAPHICS, GENDER IN THE SOUTHWEST AND MORTUARY ANALYSIS.............................................................................. 36 Paleodemographics ............................................................... 36 Summary .............................................................................................................................41 Gender and the Southwest .................................................................................................41 Summary .............................................................................................................................44 Mortuary Analysis ..............................................................................................................45 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 51 CHAPTER 4 METHODS AND MATERIALS....................................................................53 Methods ............................................................................................................................... 53 Archaeology ....................................................................................................................... 53 Thesis Analysis................................................................................................................... 57 Human Osteological Data .................................................................................................58 Pathological Data ...............................................................................................................63 Materials..............................................................................................................................67 IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTERS RESULTS........................................................................................................... 74 Demographics .......................................................................... 74 Demographic Regional Comparisons ...............................................................................77 Nutritional Indicators ......................................................................................................... 87 Mortuary Practices ............................................................................................................115 Summary ............................................................................................................................135 CHAPTER 6 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS........................................................ 140 BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................... 153 APPENDIX 1 .............................................................................................................................170 APPENDIX II............................................................................................................................174