Developmental Disorders Caused by Verbascum Speciosum Schrad
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MAKÜ FEBED ISSN Online: 1309-2243 http://febed.mehmetakif.edu.tr Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 3(2): 7-11 (2012) Research Paper / Ara ştırma Makalesi Developmental disorders caused by Verbascum speciosum Schrad. Extracts in Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Handan Uysal a, Özkan Aksakal a, Hakan Aşkınb aDepartment of Biology, Science Faculty, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey bDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey Received (Geli ş Tarihi): 29.12.2011, Accepted (Kabul Tarihi): 05.16.2012 Corresponding author (Yazı şmalardan Sorumlu Yazar): [email protected] (H. Uysal) 0 442 231 43 36 0 442 236 09 48 ABSTRACT The effect of aqueous seed extracts of Verbascum speciosum on the development biology of Drosophila melanogaster was determined. Various doses of boiled and unboiled extracts (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg/100 mL standard Drosophila medium (SDM)) were added to the standard medium of D. melanogaster . The use of the seed extracts significantly increased the mortality of the F 1 generation. Emerged individuals belonging to F 1 decreased with an increase in dose (P<0.05). In addition, severe malformations were observed belonging to different extremities in the newly-emerged flies of F 1 progeny. The results showed that unboiled seed extracts of V. speciosum are more toxic to D. melanogaster than their boiled counterpart (Vsb<Vsub). Key Words: Drosophila melanogaster , Verbascum speciosum , developmental biology, mortality Verbascum speciosum Schrad. Ekstraktının Drosophila melanogaster ’de Neden Oldu ğu Geli şim Bozuklukları ÖZET Bu çalı şmada, Drosophila melanogaster ’in geli şim biyolojisi üzerine Verbascum speciosum ’a ait tohumların su ekstraktlarının etkileri ara ştırılmı ştır. Bu amaçla, kaynatılmı ş ve kaynatılmamı ş tohum ekstraktlarının farklı dozları (2, 4, 6, 8 ve 10 mg/100 mL SDB) D. melanogater ’in standart besiyerine ilave edilmi ştir. Bu ekstraktların kullanılmasıyla F1 neslinde ölüm oranının önemli bir ölçüde arttı ğı gözlenmi ştir. Doz artı şına ba ğlı olarak F 1 nesline ait birey sayısı azalmı ştır (P<0.05). Ayrıca F 1 nesline ait yavru bireylerin çe şitli ekstremitelerinde ciddi malformasyonlar gözlenmi ştir. Çalı şma sonucunda, V. speciosum ’a ait kaynatılmamı ş ekstraktın kaynatılmı ş ekstrakta göre daha toksik oldu ğu gözlenmi ştir (Vsb<Vsub). Anahtar Kelimeler: Verbascum speciosum , Drosophila melanogaster , geli şim biyolojisi, mortalite 1. INTRODUCTION Verbascum L. is a member of the Scrophulariaceae Verbascum species contain a wide range of compounds family. This genus is represented by 228 species, 185 of such as alkaloid (Youhnovski et al., 1999), glycosides which are endemic to Turkey (Huber-Morath, 1978). (Klimek, 1996; Skaltsounis et al., 1996; Elgindi & Mabry, 7 H. Uysal, Ö. Aksakal, H. Aşkın MAKÜ FEBED 3(2): 7-11 (2012) 2000) and saponins (Hartleb & Seifert, 1994). Therefore, offspring production and developmental time of some species of Verbascum have been commonly used Drosophila melanogaster . to treat internal and external infections for centuries. Many studies have so far demonstrated that these 2. MATERIAL and METHODS species exhibit various biological activities and can be used to treat rheumatic pain, superficial fungal 2.1. Collection and preparation of the water extract infections, pulmonary complaints, eczema and other of Verbascum speciosum seeds types of inflamed skin conditions (Baytop, 1999). Verbascum speciosum seeds were collected from the The leaves and flowers of Verbascum are reported to vicinity of Erzurum/Turkey province. Approximately, 20 g have expectorant, mucolytic and demulcent properties seeds of this plant were obtained and homogenized for which are used to treat respiratory problems such as 10 min in 100 mL distilled water by using a Warring tuberculosis, asthma, and dry coughs in traditional blender. Fifty percent of the extracts were boiled for 1 h Turkish medicine (Baytop, 1999). Verbascum flowers and the rest was kept unboiled. Both types of extracts are boiled in milk and reapplied externally for pruritic were filtered through a filter paper (Whatman no. 1) and conditions affecting the urogenital organs. Iridoid kept in a freezer at -20°C. glycosides are widely found in the Verbascum genus. Studies on the Verbascum species have particularly 2.2. Experimental animal and application of the reported on aucubin, catalpol, and their acyl derivatives extract of Verbascum seeds to the experiment group (Tatli et al., 2003; Tatli et al., 2004; Akdemir et al., 2005). Iridoids have been shown to possess a number The flies used in the experiments were Oregon R wild of biological activities including antidiabetic, anti- type (w.t.) strain of Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera; inflammatory, anticancer and immunostimulant activities Drosophilidae). This stock had been maintained for (Vijayavitthal et al., 1998; Konoshima et al., 2000; many years in the Laboratory at the Department of Stevenson et al., 2002; Ahmed et al., 2003). Biology of the Atatürk University in Erzurum and was, Furthermore, the presence of iridoid glycosides has therefore, highly inbred with little genetic variation. been suggested to have a taxonomic importance. Because of the mutagenic properties can easily be observed in Drosophila melanogaster , this organism has In particular, the flowers and leaves of Verbascum been often used in genetic experiments. The flies were phlomoides and Verbascum thapus species have been kept at a constant temperature of 25 ± 1°C on standard used for their ethnopharmacological effects by Turkish medium composed of maize-flour, agar, sucrose, dried people (Dulger et al., 2007). The seeds of Verbascum yeast and propionic acid (Standard Drosophila Medium species are poisonous and thus should not be used = SDM). The flies were kept in darkness, except during unlike the other parts of plant. The seeds are claimed to the transfers onto fresh medium (usually twice weekly). intoxicate fish when thrown into water and therefore The humidity of the experimental chamber was 40-60%. used by poachers for their slightly narcotic effects. They The females used in this experiment were virgins. include major toxic elements that affect the circulatory, respiratory and central nervous systems of the fish since Five different concentrations of both boiled (Vsb) and they contain agents such as saponin, rotenone and unboiled homogenates of Verbascum speciosum (Vsub) glycoside (Turker & Gurel, 2005). extracts (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mg/100 mL SDM) were added to 100 mL of SDM and kept at room temperature to diffuse Verbascum speciosum is a biennial plant of eastern the extract on the medium. Flies of the same age were Anatolia that grows mostly in dry and rocky places and used for experimental purposes. Virgin females and there are no reports on its detailed studies. Thus, we males were collected from synchronized cultures. The were interested in investigating the plant more culture vials containing only SDM were used as the thoroughly. The using of bioactive compounds of plants control group. The treatment and control vials were kept ranges from pharmaceutical industry to the agricultural at 25±1°C and a relative humidity of 60%. To pest control. In the last decades, researchers seeking characterize the time of development, ten female and plant extracts bioactivity; it is necessary using a model ten male flies were mated. After emerging, the organism that this plays how the compounds reveal this developmental time was followed daily. Beginning from bioactivity. Model organism can be used in investigation the first adult emergence, the number and sex of the research concerning plant extracts bioactivity. living adult flies emerging from each vial were recorded Drosophila melanogaster is considered one of the best daily. The experiments were repeated three times for models, because is easy to handle, requires small each group. space and allows large number of repetitions (Graf et al., 1984). Drosophila melanogaster has been an To determine difference between control and application organism used for bioassays to evaluate toxic and groups, data were subjected to Duncan’s Multiple genotoxic effects of various plants. There is no Range Test using SPSS 11.5 software. adequate investigation on the toxic effects of the seed- water extract of V. speciosum. On the other hand, there 3. RESULTS is no study on the effects of seed-water extract on D. melanogaster . In this study, we aimed to investigate the In the laboratory conditions, at 25±1°C, the life cycle of toxic effects of the seed extract of V. speciosum on the D. melanogaster was found to be nine days. In the control and all experimental groups (Vsb and Vsub), laid 8 H. Uysal, Ö. Aksakal, H. Aşkın MAKÜ FEBED 3(2): 7-11 (2012) eggs were observed on the second day of mating. The As demonstrated in Table 1, the total F 1 progeny first obtained individuals of the F 1 generation for control significantly decreased with increased doses of Vsb and th and Vsb experimental groups were observed on the 9 Vsub. While the total number of F 1 progeny was 2618 for day. However, developmental stages were delayed for the control group, the figure ranged from 1944 to 1266 all doses of Vsub (larvae-to-adult). Particularly, for 6.0, for Vsb and from 638 to 746 for Vsub (Fig. 1). The 8.0 and 10.0 mg/mL application groups, the first adult differences between the treatment and control groups was formed on the 11 th , 15 th and 13 th days, respectively. were significant (P<0.05). Figure 1. Comparisons of the toxic effects of boiled and unboiled seed extracts on the total number of D. melanogaster offsprings In our experiments, we observed severe malformations the control group, this rate ranged from 0.56% to 1.66% in different organs of the offspring flies of F 1 progeny, in Vsb and from 0.73% to 4.83% in Vsub. As seen in such as shortened legs due to fusion of tarsal segments, Table 1, Vsub is usually more toxic than Vsb and a unopened wings, and lack of thorax formation.