A CHECKLIST OF THE HIGHER OF VICE-COUNTY

Notes to help you use the checklist

The Checklist takes the form of a table, with columns for:  scientific name, taken from Stace (2010)  popular name, mostly taken from the same source  category i.e. whether native, archaeophyte, neophyte, casual or extinct  notes, giving an indication of frequency (including whether rare or very rare in Warwickshire), main habitat(s), localities for some of the rarities, whether the plants are annuals, biennial or perennial)  rarity class i.e. whether a National Rarity, Warwickshire Rarity or Warwickshire Notable

The sequence of the checklist is alphabetical by scientific name. Most of the terms used (e.g. archaeophyte, neophyte and hybrid) are explained in the introduction and the glossary, but two sets of terms used in the Checklist (Life expectancy and Frequency) are briefly explained here.

Life expectancy An annual is a that lives for a maximum of one year; a biennial lives for two years (typically flowering in its second year), and a perennial lives for several or many years.

Frequency The terms scarce, occasional, frequent, and abundant indicate increasing degrees of abundance. A local is one that is very restricted in geographical terms, though it might be quite frequent where it occurs. An endemic is a species that only occurs in a particular place and nowhere else in the world: a hybrid water crowfoot and extinct hybrid pondweed have so far only been found in Warwickshire (so may be endemic to the County).

The checklist is based upon Copson, Partridge & Roberts, 2008, and largely relies upon this work for decisions relating to a plant’s category (e.g. neophyte versus casual), and the number of recent sites. The raw data underpinning each species entry can be viewed by appointment at Warwickshire Museum.

Symbols and abbreviations used in the Checklist Within the Checklist a variety of symbols and abbreviations are used to save space as follows:

Designer: help needed with layout of list below

‘-’ after a date, e.g. ‘1970-’, means ‘1970 and after’ ‘-’ between dates, e.g. ‘1984-7’, means recorded in 1984, 1987 and between those dates

1 10 km – means a ten kilometre square of Ordnance Survey maps, an area used in biological recording agg. – aggregate (a collection of very similar species) Arch – an archaeophyte B/m – Birmingham c. – circa, approximately, about calc. – calcareous, lime-containing, e.g. calcareous grassland, calcareous scrub Cas – a casual CMF – the 1971 A Computer-Mapped Flora of Warwickshire Cov – Coventry DED – Dutch elm disease (E&N) – Edees & Newton (Brambles of the British Isles, 1988) escape – a cultivated plant found outside cultivation (garden escapes etc.) esp. – especially GB – K/worth – km – kilometre, 1 km square is an area used in biological recording L/Spa – NC (NC) – Nationally Critically Endangered, (NC) not native to Warwickshire NE (NE) – Nationally Endangered, (NE) not native to Warwickshire Neo – a neophyte (see Introduction) NNT – Nationally Near-threatened (NNT) – Nationally Near-threatened, not native to Warwickshire NR – Nationally Rare (NR) – Nationally Rare, not native to Warwickshire NS – Nationally Scarce (NS) – Nationally Scarce, not native to Warwickshire NT – Nationally Threatened (NT) – Nationally Threatened, not native to Warwickshire NV – Nationally Vulnerable (NV) – Nationally Vulnerable, not native to Warwickshire R. – river S/Avon – Stratford-upon-Avon sp./spp. – species (singular/plural) ssp. – sub-species var. – variety v. – very VCCC – the BSBI Vice-County Census Catalogue (2003) WN – a Warwickshire Notable, i.e. scarce or indicative of particularly fine habitat WR – a Warwickshire Rarity (Rare or Very Rare) Warks – Warwickshire, Vice County 38 (see Introduction), N(orth),W(est), NW etc. X or x –indicates a hybrid

2

CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Abutilon theophrasti Velvetleaf Bird-seed annual, casual, footpath Cas 2004 Acaena ovalifolia Two-spined Acaena Escape perennial, Edgbaston Golf Course Neo 2007 Acaena inermis x A. A hybrid pirri-pirri-bur Escape perennial hybrid, L/Spa Neo Anserinifolia 2005-7 Acer campestre Field Maple Widespread native tree, woods and hedges, Native also planted Acer platanoides Norway Maple Widely planted tree, self-sowing, esp. in urban Neo areas, increasing Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore Widely planted tree, but naturalised and invasive Neo in many woods and hedgerows, increasing Achillea millefolium Yarrow Widespread & frequent perennial, esp. in Native grassland Achillea ptarmica Sneezewort Local perennial, esp. NW Warks, acid grassland, WN Native wetlands Aconitum napellus Monk's-hood Native? V. rare perennial, possibly native, waterside, WR Cherington 1835-2000 (ssp. napellus) Aconitum x Hybrid Monk's-hood Garden escape, perennial, scarce, 1993-2003 Neo stoerkianum (A. napellus x A. variegatum) Acorus calamus Sweet-flag Neo Widespread perennial of watersides, increasing Actaea spicata Baneberry Extinct casual perennial, Harborough Magna NS Ext Cas 1872 Adiantum capillus- Maidenhair Fern Perennial fern, railway walls, K/worth 1959, (NS) Neo veneris L/Spa 1990-2007 Adonis annua Pheasant's-eye Ext Arch Extinct arable annual, 1920 EN Adoxa moschatellina Moschatel Native Scattered records mainly in woods, perennial WN Aegopodium Ground-elder Widespread perennial, gardens, allotments, Arch podagraria roadsides etc Aesculus Horse-chestnut Widely planted tree, possibly self-sown in some Neo hippocastanum woods Aethusa cynapium ssp. Fool’s Parsley ssp. This ssp. is a v. rare arable annual, only record WR Arch agrestis 1988, perhaps overlooked, see below Aethusa cynapium Fool's Parsley ssp. Widespread annual, cultivated soil, tips, etc., ssp. cynapium Native urban & rural, this is the much commoner ssp. (but ssp. often not quoted with a record) Agrimonia eupatoria Agrimony Widespread but local perennial, grassland & Native hedges, declining Agrimonia procera Fragrant Agrimony Rare perennial, scrub, W Warks, 4 current sites WR Native 1984-2001 Agrostemma githago Corncockle Ext Arch Extinct arable annual, last record as such & Cas 1955, now a casual of bird-seed, ‘wild Neo mix’ etc. Agrostis avenacea Blown-grass Ext Neo Extinct perennial, Colliery dump 1964 Agrostis canina Velvet Bent Native Perennial, acid grassland, NW Warks, declining WN Agrostis capillaris Common Bent Native Widespread perennial, grassland, roadsides etc Agrostis castellana Highland Bent Perennial, sown grass-seed constituent, scarce, Neo 1996- Agrostis gigantea Black Bent Arch Widespread perennial, cultivated land, tips etc. Agrostis gigantea x A. A hybrid bent Extinct hybrid perennial, Darlingscott meadow Ext Stolonifera 1962 Agrostis stolonifera Creeping Bent Native Widespread perennial, grassland, wet places

3 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Agrostis vinealis Brown Bent Native Scarce perennial, acid grassland, N Warks WN Ailanthus altissima Tree-of-heaven Widely planted tree, occasionally self-sowing, Neo L/Spa 2005, B/m 2007 Aira caryophyllea Silver Hair-grass Native Annual , declining, local, railways, roads, heaths WN Aira praecox Early Hair-grass Native As for A. Caryophyllea Ajuga reptans Bugle Widespread but local perennial of old woodland, Native hedgebanks etc. Alchemilla filicaulis Lady's-mantle Local, scarce perennial, old meadows (ssp. WN Native vestita) Alchemilla mollis A lady's-mantle Neo Infrequent garden escape, perennial Alchemilla venosa A lady's-mantle Ext Neo Extinct perennial, Hampton-in-Arden 1963 Alchemilla A lady's-mantle Extinct perennial, Dunchurch 1946-1961 Ext Nat xanthochlora Alisma lanceolatum Narrow-leaved Water- Rare waterside perennial, N Warks wetlands & WR Native plantain B/m canals, 5 recent sites, 1981-2007 Alisma plantago- Water-plantain Widespread waterside perennial Native aquatica Alliaria petiolata Garlic Mustard Native Widespread biennial of hedges, waste-places etc Allium neopolitanum Neopolitan Garlic Cas Neo Garden escape perennial, L/Spa hedge 2006- Allium oleraceum Field Garlic V. rare perennial, roadsides, Ettington 1996, NV Native 2003- Allium paradoxicum Few-flowered Garlic Neo Garden escape perennial, L/Spa grassland 2005- Allium triquetrum Three-cornered Garlic Neo Garden escape perennial, L/Spa roads, 2005- Allium roseum Rosy Garlic Garden escape perennial escape, Cov 1990, B/m Neo 2006 Allium schoenoprasum Chives Garden escape perennial, King’s Newnham 1989 (NS) Cas (also a scarce British native, but not in Warks) Allium Round-headed Leek Garden escape perennial, 1983, (NV) sphaerocephalon Neo Wilmcote, 1994 (also a rare British native, but not in Warks) Allium ursinum Ramsons Widespread but local perennial, large colonies in Native hedges, woods Allium vineale Wild Onion Widespread local perennial, grassland, gardens, Native tips etc. Alnus glutinosa Alder Widespread & frequent waterside tree, Native sometimes planted Alnus incana Grey Alder Widely planted tree, naturalised from 1973, Neo mainly by suckering Alopecurus aequalis Orange Foxtail Rare perennial, pond-margins etc., 6 recent sites, WR Native 1985-2004 Alopecurus geniculatus Marsh Foxtail Native Widespread perennial, wet places Alopecurus Black-grass Annual arable, once pernicious, declining but Arch myosuroides still common Alopecurus pratensis Meadow Foxtail Native Widespread & abundant perennial meadow grass Alopecurus x A hybrid foxtail Perennial meadow grass, scarce, Mid Warks, brachylus Native 1977- (A. pratensis x A. geniculatus) Alyssum alyssoides Small Alison Ext Neo Extinct annual, Myton 1891 Amaranthus albus White Pigweed Cas Transient bird-seed annual, 3 recent sites Amaranthus blitoides Prostrate Pigweed Cas Transient bird-seed annual, 2005 Amaranthus blitum Guernsey Pigweed Neo Self-sowing bird-seed annual, Warwick 1983- Amaranthus caudatus Love-lies-bleeding Cas Escape annual, Elmdon 2007 Amaranthus cruentus Purple Amaranth Cas Transient bird-seed annual, 1993 only

4 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Amaranthus deflexus Perennial Pigweed Ext Neo Extinct perennial, K/worth 1874 Amaranthus hybridus Green Amaranth Cas Bird-seed annual, 4 sites 1986-2004 Amaranthus retroflexus Common Amaranth Neo Scarce annual, bird-seed & crop, allotments etc. Ambrosia Ragweed Scarce annual, bird-seed 2004- Cas artemisiifolia Ammi majus Bullwort Cas Scarce bird-seed annual Ammi visnaga Toothpick-plant Cas 3 sites, transient, bird-seed annual Ammophila arenaria Marram A coastal dune perennial, introduced with Neo imported sea sand, 3 sites 1956-1997 Amsinckia micrantha Common Fiddleneck A recently arrived annual, scattered records, Neo 1999- Anacamptis morio Green-winged Orchid Scarce perennial, old relatively unimproved NNT Native grassland, 15 sites 1971-2004, strong population at Draycote Meadows (formerly Orchis morio) Anacamptis Pyramidal Orchid V. local perennial of calc. grassland in S Warks, WN Native pyramidalis 16 recent sites 1975-2005 Anagallis arvensis Scarlet Pimpernel Widespread & frequent on sparsely-vegetated ssp. arvensis Native ground, typically red, but sometimes pink and blue Anagallis arvensis ssp. Blue Pimpernel Rare annual arable weed, calc. soil, S Warks, 9 NS foemina Native sites 1984-2007, differs from blue forms of previous ssp. in type of glandular hairs on Anagallis x doerfleri A hybrid pimpernel Ext. annual hybrid, 2 arable sites S Warks 1950, Ext possibly the only reliable British records (A. Native arvensis ssp. arvensis x ssp. foemina) Anagallis tenella Bog Pimpernel V. rare perennial of bogs, Sutton Park 1809-2007 WR Native and Middleton Lakes 2010 Anaphalis margaritacea Pearly Everlasting Neo Perennial, garden escape, 3 sites Anchusa arvensis Bugloss Arch Annual arable weed, mainly C & S Warks WN Anchusa azurea Garden Anchusa Neo Garden escape perennial, naturalised in S Warks Anemanthele An ornamental grass Garden escape perennial, grassland, roadsides, Neo lessoniana L/Spa 2005-, B/m 2007 Anemone apennina Blue Anemone Neo Perennial, naturalised, Loxley Church 1970- Anemone nemorosa Wood Anemone Widespread perennial esp. of ancient woods and Native old hedges Anethum graveolens Dill Cas Bird-seed annual, B/m 1983 Angelica archangelica Garden Angelica Cas Uncommon garden escape biennial, 1989, 1998 Angelica sylvestris Wild Angelica Native Widespread perennial, marshes, damp woods etc. Anisantha diandra Great Brome Annual, arable land, roadsides etc., S Warks Neo 1993 Anisantha rigida Ripgut Brome Ext Neo Extinct annual, K/worth 1886 Anisantha sterilis Barren Brome Widespread & abundant annual, grassland, Arch roadsides etc. Anthemis arvensis Corn Chamomile Rare arable annual weed, almost extinct, 4 recent EN Arch sites, 1978-97 Anthemis cotula Stinking Chamomile Arch Widespread but declining arable annual weed NV Anthemis tinctoria Yellow Chamomile Cas Neo Perennial, garden escape, scarce, transient Anthoxanthum Annual Vernal-grass Extinct annual, L/Spa 1891 Ext.Neo aristatum Anthoxanthum Sweet Vernal-grass Widespread perennial, relatively unimproved odoratum Native grassland Anthriscus caucalis Bur Chervil Native Rare annual, thought extinct c.1891, re-found at WR

5 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Priors Marston 1996 possibly as a casual Anthriscus cerefolium Garden Chervil Ext Cas. Extinct annual, L/Spa 1849 Anthriscus sylvestris Cow Parsley Widespread & common perennial of roadsides, Native hedges, woods, etc. Anthyllis vulneraria Kidney Vetch A scarce & declining perennial of calc. ground in WN Native S Warks; Var. langei: 1 casual record 1993 (ssp. vulneraria) Antirrhinum majus Snapdragon Neo Frequent naturalised escape, roadsides, walls etc. Apera spica-venti Loose Silky-bent A rare casual here, but an archaeophyte in other (NT) Cas parts of Britain Aphanes arvensis Parsley-piert Native Widespread arable annual Aphanes australis Slender Parsley-piert Native Infrequent scattered annual, poor sandy soil Apium graveolens Wild Celery V. rare waterside perennial, Cov, Fenny WR Native Compton, last record 1997 Apium inundatum Lesser Marshwort Native V. rare wetland perennial, Seeswood Pool 1984 WR Apium nodiflorum Fool’s-water-cress Native Widespread waterside perennial Apium x moorei A hybrid marshwort Ext Extinct hybrid perennial, Flecknoe 1964 (A. Native inundatum x A. nodiflorum) Aponogeton distachyos Cape-pondweed Aquatic escape, seemingly transient, canal, Cas Neo Knowle 1997 Aquilegia vulgaris Columbine Native? Scattered roadside perennial, doubtful native Arabidopsis thaliana Thale Cress Native Widespread annual, waste places, esp. urban Arabis hirsuta Hairy Rock-cress Ext Extinct biennial/perennial, quarry, Little Native Compton 1963 Arctium lappa Greater Burdock Widespread & frequent perennial of roadsides, Arch hedges, waste places etc. Arctium minus Burdock Native As for A. lappa Arctium nemorosum Wood Burdock Ext Extinct perennial, last record Hatton c.1884 Native Arenaria balearica Mossy Sandwort Ext Neo Extinct garden escape, Copston Magna 1963 Arenaria leptoclados Thyme-leaved Widespread annual of ruderal and waste places Native Sandwort ssp. (formerly A. serpyllifolia ssp. leptoclados) Arenaria serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved Same habitats as above, but more frequent Native ssp. serpyllifolia Sandwort ssp. Arisarum Mousetailplant Escape perennial, c.1970 Cas proboscideum Armeria maritima Thrift Native perennial of coast, an escape here, Neo Packington 1985, Churchover 1991 Armoracia rusticana Horse-radish Arch Widespread perennial, roadsides, dumps etc. Arrhenatherum elatius False Oat-grass Widespread & common perennial of grassland, Native roadsides, waste places Artemisia absinthium Wormwood Scattered perennial of disturbed ground, Arch roadsides & dumps, esp. in urban areas, increasing Artemisia vulgaris Mugwort Widespread & frequent perennial, esp. roadsides Arch & disturbed ground Artemisia x wurzellii ‘Wurzell’s Mugwort’ Local perennial, roadside B/m 2006 (A. vulgaris Neo x A. verlotiorum) Arum italicum Italian Lords-and- Scattered perennial garden escape (ssp. italicum) Neo Ladies Arum maculatum Lords-and-Ladies Widespread & frequent perennial of hedgerow & Native woods, many popular names e.g. Cuckoo-pint Asparagus officinalis Asparagus Neo Perennial crop relic, rarely bird-sown, occasional

6 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

on roadsides, hedgerows, grassland etc. Asperula arvensis Blue Woodruff Neo Uncommon annual from bird-seed Asperula cynanchica Squinancywort V. rare perennial of calc. grassland, Whichford WR Native 1973, Little Compton 1992 (ssp. cynanchica) Asplenium adiantum- Black Spleenwort Scattered perennial fern, walls, possibly Native nigrum increasing Asplenium ceterach Rustyback Infrequent wall-fern, S & mid Warks Native (formerly Ceterach officinarum) Asplenium ruta- Wall-rue Widespread perennial fern, walls, increasing Native muraria Asplenium Hart’s-tongue Frequent perennial fern, shaded walls, watersides Native scolopendrium & woodland (formerly Phyllitis scolopendrium) Asplenium Maidenhair Spleenwort Scattered perennial fern, walls, increasing (ssp. Native trichomanes quadrivalens) Asplenium viride Green Spleenwort Ext Extinct perennial fern, Lighthorne 1893 Native Aster species Michaelmas-daisies A difficult group of garden escape perennials, long-established in dumps, roadsides, railway sidings etc. Aster lanceolatus Narrow-leaved Occasional Neo Michaelmas-daisy Aster novae-angliae Hairy Michaelmas- The least commonly recorded Michaelmas-daisy Neo daisy in Warks Aster novi-belgii Confused Michaelmas- The most frequently recorded Michaelmas-daisy Neo daisy in Warks, esp. railways & roadsides Aster x salignus Common Michaelmas- Scattered records (A. lanceolatus x A. novi- Neo daisy belgii) Aster x versicolor Late Michaelmas-daisy Neo Scattered records (A. laevis x A. novi-belgii) Astragalus Wild Liquorice Rare & local perennial on calc. banks, scrub, S WR Native glycyphyllos Warks, 8 recent sites 1982-2004 Astrantia major Masterwort Neo Perennial garden escape, 2 sites Athyrium filix-femina Lady-fern Common perennial fern, damp shade, shaded Native walls etc. Atriplex hortensis Garden Orache Cas Uncommon annual, usually a relic of cultivation Atriplex littoralis Grass-leaved Orache Cas Roads in B/m 2006, salt-tolerant annual Atriplex patula Common Orache Widespread & frequent annual of arable, Native roadsides, farmyards etc, tolerates salt & manure Atriplex prostrata Spear-leaved Orache Frequent & increasing annual, habitats as for Native above, but less common Atriplex x gustafssonia Kattegat Orache Annual, L/Spa 2006 only (A. prostrata x A. Cas longipes) Atropa belladonna Deadly Nightshade Native Occasional perennial, often in urban places WN Aubrieta deltoidea Aubretia Neo Rock-garden perennial, uncommon escape Avena fatua Wild-oat Arch Annual arable weed, widespread but declining Avena sativa Oat Relic of cultivation & bird-seed annual, arable, Cas Neo tips etc. Avena sterilis Winter Wild-oat Occasional annual arable weed, declining? (ssp. Cas Neo ludoviciana) Avena strigosa Bristle Oat Ext Neo Extinct annual, Moreton Morrell 1878 Avenula pratensis Meadow Oat-grass Localised perennial, calc. grassland, S Warks WN Native (formerly Helictotrichon pratense) Avenula pubescens Downy Oat-grass Occasional perennial, calc. grassland, S & E WN Native Warks (formerly Helictotrichon pubescens)

7 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Azolla filiculoides Water Fern Floating annual fern, usually forming short-lived Neo populations in ponds & rivers Baldellia ranunculoides Lesser Water-plantain Ext Extinct wetland perennial, last found Monk’s NT Native Kirby 1957 Ballota nigra Black Horehound Widespread perennial, esp. hedges, roadsides & Arch disturbed ground (ssp. meridionalis) Barbarea intermedia Medium-flowered Occasional biennial, esp. waste places & field Neo Winter-cress margins usually not persisting for long Barbarea verna American Winter-cress Neo Infrequent biennial, relic, esp. allotments Barbarea vulgaris Winter-cress Scattered, usually biennial, roadsides, tips, Native hedges Bellis perennis Daisy Widespread & frequent perennial of short Native grassland (incl. garden lawns) Berberis darwinii Darwin's Barberry Bird-sown , B/m 2006, often grown as Cas prickly hedge Berberis julianae Chinese Barberry Self-sown shrub, pavement B/m 2007, often Cas grown as a prickly hedge Berberis vulgaris Barberry Scarce shrub, NE & E Warks, planted & Neo naturalised Berteroa incana Hoary Alison Extinct casual annual, Boldmere, Sutton Park Ext Cas -1874 Berula erecta Lesser Water-parsnip Native Widespread but local waterside perennial WN Beta vulgaris Beet Extinct casual annual/biennial, K/worth 1959 Ext Cas (ssp. vulgaris) Betonica officinalis Betony Localised perennial, old & less improved WN Native grassland, hedges, roadsides etc. (formerly Stachys officinalis) Betula pendula Silver Birch Widespread native tree most frequent in N Warks Native on acid & neutral poor soils, widely planted too Betula pubescens Downy Birch ssp. Less common than above, mainly wet woods, Native ssp. pubescens heathland & acid grassland of NW Warks Betula pubescens ssp. Downy Birch ssp. Seemingly scarce, 4 locations in 1960-70, Native tortuosa probably under-recorded Betula x aurata A hybrid birch Probably under-recorded (B. pendula x B. Native pubescens) Bidens cernua Nodding Bur-marigold Native Very local waterside annual WN Bidens frondosa Beggarticks Locally abundant waterside annual, especially Neo canalsides Bidens tripartita Trifid Bur-marigold Occasional waterside annual, increasing along Native canals Biscutella auriculata A buckler-mustard Cas Neo Escape annual (a spice), L/Spa 1990 Blackstonia perfoliata Yellow-wort Infrequent annual of calc. grassland & disturbed WN Native ground Blechnum spicant Hard-fern Infrequent perennial fern, esp. acid ancient WN Native woodland Blysmus compressus Flat-sedge V. rare perennial, marsh, Lower Lark Stoke 1998 NV Native only Bolboschoenus Sea Club-rush Rare perennial, saline pools mid Warks, 5 recent WR maritimus Native sites 1986-1997 Borago officinalis Borage Relic of cultivation & garden escape annual, Neo arable, roadsides, disturbed ground etc. Botrychium lunaria Moonwort V. rare perennial fern, only recent site Draycote WR Native Meadows 1995

8 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Brachypodium Tor-grass Perennial of calc. grassland, S Warks WN Native pinnatum Brachypodium False Brome Widespread perennial grass of hedges & woods Native sylvaticum Brassica juncea Chinese Mustard Cas Uncommon bird-seed & spice annual, transient Brassica napus Oil-seed Rape Relic of cultivation annual, sometimes persisting ssp. oleifera Cas on roadsides, field margins etc for a few years, also from bird-seed. Brassica napus Swede Relic of cultivation annual, 1 record 1996 Cas ssp. rapifera Brassica nigra Black Mustard Occasional annual of arable & roadsides esp. S Native Warks Brassica oleracea Cabbage Relic of cultivation, no records since 1963-7, also (NS) Ext Cas a rare British native, but not of Warks Brassica rapa Wild Turnip Scattered biennial, arable, watersides & waste Arch places (ssp. campestris) Brassica tournefortii Pale Cabbage Cas Neo Uncommon ‘Asian’ pot-herb annual, transient Briza maxima Greater Quaking-grass Cas Neo Ornamental annual, self-sown escape, urban Briza media Quaking-grass Perennial of relatively unimproved grassland, WN Native local & decreasing Bromopsis erecta Upright Brome Native Perennial of calc. grassland, esp. S Warks WN Bromopsis inermis Hungarian Brome Occasional perennial of roadsides & waste places Neo (ssp. inermis) Bromopsis ramosa Hairy-brome Local perennial esp. of hedges & woodland, Native declining Bromus arvensis Field Brome Cas Neo Rare annual casual, 2 sites 1964, 1996 Bromus commutatus Meadow Brome Native Annual of old wet meadows, esp. S Warks WN Bromus hordeaceus Soft-brome ssp. Widespread & abundant annual of roadsides, Native ssp. hordeaceus waste places, etc. Bromus hordeaceus Soft-brome ssp. Recently recognised ssp., grass-seed ingredient, Native ssp. longipedicellatus occasional on roadsides, fields etc. 1994- Bromus lepidus Slender Soft-brome Widespread but local annual of grassland, Neo declining? Bromus Smith's Brome Extinct annual, 5 sites 1960-70, S Warks Ext Neo pseudosecalinus Bromus racemosus Smooth Brome Native Occasional annual of grassland, S Warks Bromus secalinus Rye Brome Rare annual of arable land, S Warks, only 3 NV Arch recent sites, 1991- Bromus squarrosus Corn Brome Ext Cas Extinct casual annual, Waverley Wood 1961 Bromus commutatus x A hybrid brome V. rare annual hybrid, 1963, Napton Native B. racemosus 1991 Bromus x Lesser Soft-brome Frequent annual hybrid, grassland, roads etc., Neo pseudothominei mid Warks (B. hordaceus x B. lepidus) Brunnera macrophylla Great Forget-me-not Cas Neo Garden escape perennial, 1 record 1991 Bryonia dioica White Bryony Native Widespread climbing perennial, esp. hedgerows Buddleja davidii Butterfly-bush Widespread shrub of disturbed land, old Neo buildings, railways etc., esp. urban Bupleurum longifolium A hare’s-ear Garden perennial escape, S/Avon 2005, first GB Cas record Bupleurum Thorow-wax Ext Arch Rare annual, extinct as an arable weed, last Crit rotundifolium & recorded 1960s, now a scarce casual Cas Neo Bupleurum subovatum False Thorow-wax Cas Neo Rare bird-seed annual

9 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Butomus umbellatus Flowering-rush Native Waterside perennial, widespread Buxus sempervirens Box Widely planted evergreen shrub, occasionally (NR) Neo naturalised, E & mid Warks (rare as a British native) Cakile maritima Sea Rocket Extinct annual, introduced with imported sea- Ext Neo sand, Emscote, Bedworth, 1963-4 Calamagrostis Purple Small-reed V. rare perennial, marsh & wet woods, only WR Native canescens modern site a railway bank near Binley 1990-96 Calamagrostis epigejos Wood Small-reed Scattered local perennial, woodland rides, Native ditches, roadsides Calendula officinalis Pot Marigold Cas Neo Scattered transient annual/ perennial escape Calla palustris Bog Arum Neo Escape/planted perennial, Sutton Park 1979- Callitriche species Water-starworts Difficult group of aquatic annuals/perennials, fruits essential for identification, scarce due to habitat loss & fertilisers Callitriche brutia Pedunculate Water- Rare aquatic annual, shallow ponds, decreasing, WR Native ssp. brutia starwort 3 recent sites, 1974-97 Callitriche brutia Intermediate Water- Rare aquatic annual, acid ponds, only 3 recent WR Native ssp. hamulata starwort sites 1987-91 (formerly C. hamulata) Callitriche Autumnal Water- V. rare aquatic annual, lakes & pools, only W hermaphroditica starwort Native? recently recorded from Sutton Park (ssp. hermaphroditica) Callitriche obtusangula Blunt-fruited Water- Scattered aquatic perennial, ponds, rivers Native starwort Callitriche platycarpa Various-leaved Water- Rare aquatic annual/perennial, streams, ponds, W Native starwort 3 recent sites, 1991-98 Callitriche stagnalis Common Water- Frequent aquatic annual/perennial, mud, pools, Native starwort ruts etc. Calluna vulgaris Heather Dwarf shrub of heathland and a few acid WN Native woodland and acid grassland sites, much declined Caltha palustris Marsh-marigold Widespread but local waterside perennial, much Native planted in created ponds Calystegia pulchra Hairy Bindweed Neo Scattered climbing perennial, esp. hedgerows Calystegia sepium Hedge Bindweed Frequent climbing perennial, esp. hedges, urban Native ssp. sepium & rural Calystegia sepium Hedge Bindweed Native/ Rare. Draycote Water 2010. ssp. roseata Neo? Calystegia silvatica Large Bindweed Frequent climbing perennial, hedges, gardens, Neo esp. urban Calystegia soldanella Sea Bindweed Ext Cas Extinct transient perennial, Streetly 1895 Calystegia x lucana A hybrid bindweed Occasional hybrid, hedges etc. (C. sepium x C. Native silvatica) Camelina sativa Gold-of-pleasure Ext Neo Extinct arable annual, Hams Hall 1939 (NS) Campanula Clustered Bellflower Rare perennial of calc. grassland, also an escape, WR Native glomerulata 3 recent sites 1980-95 Campanula lactiflora Milky Bellflower Cas Perennial with 1 record, Edgehill 1995 Campanula latifolia Giant Bellflower Native Scarce perennial, woods, hedges, waterside etc. WN Campanula patula Spreading Bellflower V. rare perennial, mainly hedges, last record NE Native Shustoke 1999 Campanula persicifolia Peach-leaved Garden escape perennial, well-naturalised, esp. Neo Bellflower urban Campanula Adria Bellflower Neo Garden escape perennial, L/Spa pavement & B/m

10 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

portenschlagiana walls 2007 Campanula Trailing Bellflower Occasional perennial garden escape, mainly Neo poscharskyana urban walls Campanula Creeping Bellflower Occasional perennial garden escape Neo rapunculoides Campanula rapunculus Rampion Bellflower Ext Neo Extinct perennial escape, Blacklow Hill 1935 (NE) Campanula Harebell Widespread but local perennial of grassland & WN Native rotundifolia heathland, declining Campanula trachelium Nettle-leaved Infrequent & local perennial of woods hedges Native Bellflower etc, occasionally a garden escape Cannabis sativa Hemp Transient annual of bird-seed, fish-bait, also an Neo illegal crop (plus the source of hemp fibre) Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd's-purse Widespread & common annual of disturbed Arch ground, arable etc. Capsella rubella Pink Shepherd's-purse Introduced annual, esp. roads & towpaths, 1991-, Neo possibly over-looked Capsella x gracilis A hybrid shepherd's- V. rare annual hybrid, canal towpath, Native purse 1996 (C. bursa-pastoris x C. rubella) Cardamine amara Large Bitter-cress Scattered perennial, watersides, wet grassland Native etc., N & mid Warks Cardamine corymbosa New Zealand Bitter- Biennial/annual, escape from rock-gardens, cress Neo alpine pot-plants, B/m, L/Spa, 1990- 2007, over- looked? (v. similar to next 2 spp.) Cardamine flexuosa Wavy Bitter-cress Abundant annual/biennial, cultivated soil & wet Native places Cardamine hirsuta Hairy Bitter-cress Frequent annual/perennial grassland, gardens, Native disturbed ground etc. Cardamine impatiens Narrow-leaved Bitter- Ext Extinct v. rare biennial, last record from a quarry NT cress Native near 1963 Cardamine pratensis Cuckooflower Common perennial of wet grassland, marshes, Native sometimes lawns Cardamine x fringsii A hybrid bitter-cress V. rare sterile perennial hybrid, Balsall Common Native 1989 (C. pratensis x C. flexuosa) Carduus crispus Welted Thistle Occasional biennial, rich soil, hedges, waterside Native etc (ssp. multiflorus) Carduus nutans Musk Thistle Scarce biennial, calcareous grassland and WN Native disturbed ground, esp. S Warks Carduus tenuiflorus Slender Thistle Extinct biennial of coastal areas, last found Ext Neo 1961 Carduus x stangii (C. A hybrid thistle V. rare biennial hybrid, partially fertile, 2 recent Native crispus x nutans) sites, 1973, Withybrook 2003 Carex species Sedges Perennials of dry and wet habitats, some widespread and common, others rare & local, flowers/fruits usually needed for identification. Carex acuta Slender Tufted-sedge Native Occasional, watersides, possibly declining WN Carex acutiformis Lesser Pond-sedge Native Fairly common esp. watersides & canals Carex arenaria Sand Sedge A native of coastal dunes, introduced with sea- Neo sand, only Warwick 1995- Carex binervis Green-ribbed Sedge Rare, wet woodland, possibly declining, 5 recent WR Native sites, 1986-2007 Carex canescens White Sedge V. rare, boggy watersides, recent records only for WR Native Sutton Park 1984-2007, Coleshill Pool 2010 (formerly C. curta) Carex caryophyllea Spring-sedge Native Scattered records, wet & dry grassland

11 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Carex demissa Yellow-sedge ssp. Rare, marshes, bogs & woodland, 7 recent sites WR Native 1985-2007 (formerly C. viridula ssp. oedocarpa) Carex diandra Lesser Tussock-sedge Native V. rare, bog and mire, only Sutton Park NNT Carex dioica Dioecious Sedge Native V. rare, poor-fen, only Sutton Park WR Carex distans Distant Sedge V. rare, wetlands, Chesterton 1981, Southam WR Native 1988 Carex disticha Brown Sedge Native Scattered, old meadows WN Carex divulsa Grey Sedge ssp. Dry/damp banks, scattered WN Native ssp. divulsa Carex divulsa Grey Sedge ssp. V. rare, roadside, Loxley 1987 only recent record WR Native ssp. leersii Carex echinata Star Sedge V. rare, wetlands, Ufton 1976, Sutton Park 1990- WR Native 2007 Carex elata Tufted Sedge Native V. rare. 1 recent site near , 2010 WR Carex elongata Elongated Sedge Native V. rare, 1 recent site, Clowes Wood 1984-92 NS Carex flacca Glaucous Sedge Widespread & frequent, wet & dry calc. Native grassland Carex hirta Hairy Sedge Widespread & frequent, waste places, grassland Native etc. Carex hostiana Tawny Sedge Native V. rare, wet heath, Sutton Park 1987-2007 WR Carex laevigata Smooth-stalked Sedge Native V. rare, Clowes Wood 1992, Sutton Park 2007 WR Carex lepidocarpa Yellow-sedge ssp. Ext Extinct, last found in rough pasture near Meriden Native 1955 (formerly C. viridula ssp. brachyrrhyncha) Carex leporina Oval Sedge Local, wetlands, damp meadows, etc. WN Native (formerly C. ovalis) Carex muricata Prickly-sedge Scattered, dry grassland, urban & rural Native (ssp. pairae, formerly ssp lamprocarpa) Carex nigra Common Sedge Local & declining, wetlands, watersides, WN Native grasslands etc. Carex otrubae False Fox-sedge Widespread & frequent, wetlands, waterside, Native wet grassland, etc. Carex pallescens Pale Sedge Rare wet grassland, waterside, wet woodland, 6 WR Native recent sites 1987-2000 (the first GB record is probably a John Ray one from Warks) Carex panicea Carnation Sedge Native Local, wetlands, watersides & wet grassland WN Carex paniculata Greater Tussock-sedge Native Local, mainly waterside & wetland WN Carex pendula Pendulous Sedge Widespread in wet woods, wetlands, tips etc. Native sometimes a garden escape Carex pilulifera Pill Sedge Native Rare, heathy grassland, 3 recent sites 1990-2007 WR Carex pseudocyperus Cyperus Sedge Native Occasional waterside, scattered, also planted Carex pulicaris Flea Sedge Native V. rare, poor-fen & wet heath, Sutton Park only WR Carex remota Remote Sedge Native Local, esp. watersides &, damp woods WN Carex riparia Greater Pond-sedge Widespread & locally abundant, watersides & Native wetlands Carex rostrata Bottle Sedge V. rare, wetlands & bogs, only recent records WR Hampton in A. 1987, Bedworth 2001 (the first Native GB record is possibly a John Ray one from Warks) Carex spicata Spiked Sedge Native Local, dry/wet grassland, banks etc. WN Carex strigosa Thin-spiked Wood- V. rare, 2 recent records Kenilworth 1995 and WN Native sedge 2010 Carex sylvatica Wood-sedge Native Scattered, woodland & hedgerows Carex vesicaria Bladder-sedge Native Rare, marshes & waterside, mid Warks, 5 recent WR

12 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

sites 1985-2004 Carex x csomadensis A hybrid sedge Ext Extinct hybrid, Brinklow, 1922 only (C. riparia x NV Native C. vesicaria) Carex x fulva A hybrid Sedge V. rare hybrid, re-found Sutton Park 2006, the Native commonest sedge hybrid in Britain (C. hostiana x C. demissa) Carex x pseudoaxillaris A hybrid Sedge Extinct hybrid, v. rare, last found c.1960, Ext Earlswood, Snitterfield & Nunhold Grange (C. Native otrubae x C. remota) Carlina vulgaris Carline Thistle Scarce biennial, calc. grassland & quarries, mid WN Native & S Warks, 9 sites 1971-97 Carpinus betulus Hornbeam Frequent planted tree, occasionally naturalised in Neo woods, a native of S Britain but not Warks Carum carvi Caraway Arch & Transient annual, only recent record Bidford (NE) Cas 1990 Castanea sativa Sweet Chestnut Arch Widely planted tree, naturalised in some woods Catabrosa aquatica Whorl-grass Rare waterside perennial, 5 recent sites 1978- WR Native 2006 Catapodium rigidum Fern-grass Local annual, calc. roadsides, quarries, paths etc., Native esp. S Warks Caucalis platycarpos Small Bur-parsley Ext Neo Extinct arable annual, 1875 Centaurea aspera Rough Star-thistle Extinct transient, perennial, introduced with sea- Ext Neo sand, Emscote 1966 Centaurea cyanus Cornflower Arch & Very rare arable annual & garden/wildflower WR Cas seed mix escape, 5 recent sites 1986-97 Centaurea diluta Lesser Star-thistle Rare annual/perennial Wellesbourne 1961 & Cas 1993 Centaurea jacea Brown Knapweed Extinct (also extinct in UK?), Milverton 1898 Ext Neo (also an occasional garden plant) Centaurea Giant Knapweed Garden escape perennial, near Cov 2005 Cas macrocephala Centaurea montana Perennial Cornflower Neo Garden escape perennial, 3 recent sites Centaurea nigra Common Knapweed Widespread & frequent perennial, grasslands, Native quarries, disturbed ground, roadsides etc. Centaurea scabiosa Greater Knapweed Local perennial, calc. grassland, quarries & WN Native roadsides, S & E Warks Centaurea solstitialis Yellow Star-thistle Cas Rare casual annual, 2 recent sites, 1979 & 1987 Centaurea x gerstlaueri A hybrid knapweed Ext Extinct perennial, Edgbaston 1951 (C. nigra x C. Native jacea) Centaurium erythraea Common Centaury Widespread but local biennial, disturbed land, Native dry grassland, railways etc. Centaurium pulchellum Lesser Centaury Rare local annual, damp grassland, woodland WR Native etc., 7 recent sites 1972-2004 Centranthus ruber Red Valerian Widespread perennial, urban escape, walls, Neo pavements etc. Centunculus minimus Chaffweed Ext Extinct annual, Oversley Wood 1878-1961 NT Native (formerly Anagallis minima) Cephalanthera White Helleborine Ext Extinct perennial, a Farnborough coppice 1887 NV damasonium Native Cephalanthera Narrow-leaved V. rare woodland perennial, only recent records NV Native longifolia Helleborine Oversley Wood 2005-7 Cephalaria gigantea Giant Scabious Cas Rare garden escape perennial, Hams Hall 1993 Cerastium arvense Field Mouse-ear Ext Extinct perennial, last record calc. grassland at Native Little Compton 1960

13 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Cerastium diffusum Sea Mouse-ear Native annual of coast, recent colonist of Warks Native spreading inland along railways, 1978-2000 Cerastium fontanum Common Mouse-ear Widespread & frequent perennial, grassland, etc., Native urban & rural, 2 ssp. probably present Cerastium glomeratum Sticky Mouse-ear Widespread & frequent annual, waste-ground, Native grassland, arable etc. Cerastium pumilum Dwarf Mouse-ear Ext Cas Extinct annual, Terry’s Green 1951 (NT) Cerastium Little Mouse-ear V. rare annual, 2 recent records Ufton 1996 and WR Native semidecandrum Sutton Park 2010 Cerastium tomentosum Snow-in-summer Localised perennial escape, disturbed ground, Neo dumps etc. Ceratocapnos Climbing Rare annual, woods, banks, 4 recent sites, 1995- WR Native claviculata 2004 Ceratochloa carinata California Brome Cas Rare perennial, B/m 1961 & 2007 Ceratochloa cathartica Rescue Brome Neo Perennial, from bird-seed, L/Spa 1978-95 Ceratophyllum Rigid Hornwort Widespread & locally abundant aquatic perennial Native demersum Ceratophyllum Soft Hornwort Rare perennial aquatic, 7 recent sites 1985-91 WR Native submersum Cerinthe major Honeywort Occasional garden escape annual, Cov allotment Cas & L/Spa pavement 2006 Chaenorhinum minus Small Toadflax Widespread but declining annual, railways Arch roadsides etc. Chaerophyllum Rough Chervil Widespread biennial, esp. hedges. Native temulum Chamaemelum nobile Chamomile Ext Extinct perennial, last record Yarningale 1901 NV Native Chamerion Rosebay Willowherb Widespread & locally abundant perennial, esp. angustifolium Neo disturbed ground, roadsides & railways, first record 1830, probably not native to Warks Chelidonium majus Greater Celandine Widespread & frequent biennial, disturbed Arch ground, hedges etc. Chenopodium album -hen Widespread annual, arable, farmyards, disturbed Native land, gardens etc. Chenopodium bonus- Good-King-Henry Rare perennial, waste ground, farmyards, arable NV Arch henricus etc. 7 recent sites 1982-2007 Chenopodium Strawberry-blite Extinct escape annual, Warwick 19th century Ext Cas capitatum Chenopodium Fig-leaved Goosefoot Scarce annual, manure, tips etc. Arch ficifolium Chenopodium foliosum Strawberry Goosefoot Ext Cas Extinct casual annual, S/Avon 1823 Chenopodium Foetid Goosefoot Extinct casual annual, Milverton 1898 Ext Cas hircinum Chenopodium Maple-leaved Infrequent annual, arable, allotments, tips etc. Arch hybridum Goosefoot Chenopodium murale Nettle-leaved Extinct casual annual, last record from a Napton (NV) Ext Cas Goosefoot garden 1956 Chenopodium Grey Goosefoot Extinct casual annual, Sutton Park & Milverton Ext Cas opulifolium 1891 Chenopodium Many-seeded Widespread & frequent annual, arable, waste, Arch polyspermum Goosefoot farmyards etc. Chenopodium quinoa Quinoa Increasingly planted annual birdseed crop, Cas occasionally persisting, Hampton-in-Arden 2004, 2006

14 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Chenopodium rubrum Red Goosefoot Widespread & frequent annual, manure, tips, Native arable etc. Chenopodium Swedish Goosefoot Extinct annual casual, Cov 1854 Ext Cas suecicum Chenopodium urbicum Upright Goosefoot Nationally rare annual, also a casual, only recent NC Arch record L/Spa roadside 2004-7 Chenopodium vulvaria Stinking Goosefoot Ext Arch Extinct annual, last record Langley Hall 1960 NE Chrysosplenium Alternate-leaved Rare perennial of wet woods, 4 recent sites, WR Native alternifolium Golden-saxifrage 1982-2005 Chrysosplenium Opposite-leaved Scattered local perennial, old wet woods WN Native oppositifolium Golden-saxifrage Cicerbita macrophylla Common Blue Sow- Localised but increasing perennial, persistent Neo thistle invader Cichorium intybus Chicory Widespread occasional transient perennial, esp. Arch roadsides & disturbed ground Circaea lutetiana Enchanter's-nightshade Widespread perennial, woods, hedgerows & Native shaded areas of gardens Circaea x intermedia Upland Enchanter's- Ext Extinct hybrid, Temple Balsall 1848 only (C. nightshade Native lutetiana x C. alpina) Cirsium acaule Dwarf Thistle Scarce perennial, calc. grassland, banks & WN Native quarries Cirsium arvense Creeping Thistle Widespread frequent perennial, grasslands, Native hedges, disturbed ground, woods etc Cirsium dissectum Meadow Thistle Rare perennial, wet acid grassland & mire, 3 WR Native recent sites 1987-98 Cirsium eriophorum Woolly Thistle Local perennial of calc. grassland, roadsides, WN Native field margins etc. in S Warks Cirsium palustre Marsh Thistle Scattered perennial, wet grassland, marsh, wet Native heath, damp woodland rides etc Cirsium vulgare Spear Thistle Widespread frequent perennial, grasslands, Native hedges, disturbed ground, field margins etc Cirsium x A hybrid thistle Ext Extinct perennial, only site Myton c.1870 celakovskianum Native (C. arvense x C. palustre) Cirsium x forsteri A hybrid thistle Ext Extinct, Sutton Park, 1937 (C. dissectum x C. Native palustre) Cladium mariscus Great Fen-sedge Ext Extinct v. rare perennial, fens, only site Native Tamworth area 1670 Claytonia perfoliata Springbeauty Widespread annual escape, ditches, arable, Neo gardens etc. Claytonia sibirica Pink Purslane Increasing annual escape, esp. in woods where Neo invasive, also gardens Clematis vitalba Traveller’s-joy Perennial climber, hedges, wood-edge, walls etc. Native usually on calc. soil Clinopodium acinos Basil Thyme Rare perennial, calc. grassland & quarries, 4 NV Native recent sites 1979-97 Clinopodium Common Calamint Rare perennial, esp. hedges, 7 recent sites 1981- WR Native ascendens 2004 Clinopodium Lesser Calamint Ext Extinct perennial, only site Lighthorne 1851 NV calamintha Native Clinopodium vulgare Wild Basil Native Scarce perennial, calc. grassland, quarries etc. WN Cochlearia danica Danish Scurvygrass Widespread & increasing annual of salted Neo roadsides Coeloglossum viride Frog Orchid Ext Extinct perennial, calc. grassland, Ipsley 1878 Native

15 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Coincya monensis Wallflower Cabbage Perennial casual, railways, 2 sites 1963, 1979, Cas extinct? Colchicum autumnale Meadow Saffron Rare perennial, mainly woods, 5 recent sites NNT Native 1971-1990 Colutea arborescens Bladder-senna Neo Infrequent escape shrub, esp. tips Comarum palustre Marsh Cinquefoil Rare perennial, waterside, marsh & mire, NW WR Native Warks, 4 recent sites (formerly Potentilla palustris) Conium maculatum Hemlock Widespread & frequent perennial, fertile soil of Arch roadsides, watersides, disturbed ground, field margins, farmyards etc Pignut Widespread perennial, less-improved grassland, Native sometimes wood-edge Conringia orientalis Hare's-ear Mustard Ext Cas Extinct annual casual, last record 1897 Consolida ajacis Larkspur Ext Neo Extinct arable annual, now a rare casual garden & Cas escape 1991 Convallaria majalis Lily-of-the-valley Rare perennial, woods, NW Warks, 5 native sites WR Native 1987-2005, also a garden escape Convolvulus arvensis Field Bindweed Widespread perennial, arable, roadsides, gardens Native etc. Conyza bonariensis Argentine Fleabane Cas Casual annual, pavement, L/Spa 2005 only Conyza bilbaoana ‘Bilbao’ Fleabane Cas Biennial/annual, urban roads & tips, 2004-7- Conyza canadensis Canadian Fleabane Widespread biennial/annual, established 1946-, Neo disturbed ground, roadsides, esp. urban Conyza sumatrensis Guernsey Fleabane Biennial/annual, roadsides, tips, urban only, Cas 2004-7 Coriandrum sativum Coriander Scarce annual spice-herb, escape of allotments & Cas gardens Corispermum Bugseed Annual introduced with sea-sand, Warwick intermedium Neo 1962-93, possibly extinct now (formerly Corispermum leptopterum) Cornus mas Cornelian-cherry Widely-planted shrub, possibly self-seeded at 1 Neo site, Ravenshaw 1997 Cornus sanguinea Dogwood Widespread & frequent shrub, esp. woods, & Native hedges, also planted elsewhere Cornus sericea Red-osier Dogwood Occasional escape shrub, watersides, park Neo shrubberies Coronilla scorpioides Annual Scorpion-vetch Cas Transient bird-seed annual, 3 sites 1965-2003 Cortaderia selloana Pampas-grass Cas Ornamental perennial, Lea Marston 2005 Corydalis solida Bird-in-a-bush Occasional perennial garden escape in a variety Neo of habitats Corylus avellana Hazel Frequent shrub of ancient woods (frequently as Native coppice stools) and older hedges, also planted elsewhere, sometimes for its nuts Cotoneaster species Cotoneasters Escaped /small trees, bird-sown & garden escapes, walls, tips, 70+ spp. established in UK, flowers/fruit needed to identify Cotoneaster bullatus Hollyberry Cotoneaster 1 tree + seedlings, quarry, Bishop’s Itchington Neo 2005 Cotoneaster conspicuus Tibetan Cotoneaster Neo 3 shrubs, quarry, Bishop’s Itchington 2005 Cotoneaster dielsianus Diels’ Cotoneaster Neo 1 shrub on wall, B/m 2006 Cotoneaster frigidus Tree Cotoneaster Neo Coventry Power Station, 2011 Cotoneaster henryanus Henry’s Cotoneaster Neo 1 shrub by pit, Sutton Coldfield 2006

16 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Cotoneaster Wall Cotoneaster Commonest naturalised Cotoneaster in Warks, horizontalis Neo walls, roadsides, quarries etc. 1989-, popular in gardens Cotoneaster Entire-leaved 1 record 1932, no location Ext Neo integrifolius Cotoneaster Cotoneaster lacteus Late Cotoneaster Neo 1 tree & seedlings, derelict site Rugby 2006 Cotoneaster mairei Maire’s Cotoneaster Neo 5 shrubs, canalside wall, L/Spa 2005 Cotoneaster rehderi Bullate Cotoneaster Neo 1 shrub by pit, Sutton Coldfield 2006 Cotoneaster salicifolius Willow - leaved Co/aster Neo 2 records, Cov canalside 1996, Rugby tip 2006 Cotoneaster salicifolius A hybrid cotoneaster Hybrid shrub, uncertain parentage, Rugby tip Neo x ? 2006 Cotoneaster simonsii Himalayan Cotoneaster Neo 3 shrubs, walls, Walsgrave Hospital 1989 Cotula coronopifolia Buttonweed Cas Neo Annual, wetlands, Cov 1991& 1998 Cotula squalida Leptinella Cas Neo Perennial lawn weed, only Knowle 1997 Crassula helmsii New Zealand Invasive aquatic/waterside perennial, widespread, Neo Pigmyweed increasing since 1986 Crataegus laevigata Midland Hawthorn Widespread but local native shrub of woods and Native hedges, also widely planted in red-flowering form Crataegus monogyna Hawthorn Widespread and abundant shrub, esp. in hedges Native and scrub, also widely planted Crataegus x media A hybrid hawthorn Rare, probably under-reported hybrid, 4 sites Native 1991-2004 (C. monogyna x C. laevigata) X Crataemespilus Haw-medlar Unusual planted hybrid shrub, possible escape, grandiflora Neo B/m 2006 (Mespilus germanica x Crataegus laevigata) Crepis biennis Rough Hawk's-beard Rare biennial, rough grassland, Preston on Stour WR Native 1996, Little 1999 Crepis capillaris Smooth Hawk's-beard Widespread biennial, disturbed land, grassland, Native arable, roadsides etc. Crepis nicaeensis French Hawk's-beard Ext Neo Extinct biennial, Berkswell 1892 Crepis paludosa Marsh Hawk's-beard Ext Extinct perennial, wetlands & watersides, Sutton Native Park 1882, S/Avon 1960 Crepis setosa Bristly Hawk's-beard Cas Rare annual, Rugby 1962, Snitterfield 1991 Crepis vesicaria Beaked Hawk’s -beard Widespread & frequent perennial, roadsides, Neo disturbed land, arable etc. (ssp. taraxifolia) Crocosmia x Montbretia Infrequent perennial escape, roadside, scrub, crocosmiiflora Neo woodland etc., can be invasive (C. pottsia x C. aurea) Crocus chrysanthus Golden Crocus Neo Established perennial, Church 1997 Crocus nudiflorus Autumn Crocus Established perennial, Warwick, 2 sites 1812- WN Neo 1974- (formerly grown as a source of saffron substitute) Crocus speciosus Bieberstein's Crocus Neo Established perennial, Solihull Church 1997 Crocus tommasinianus Early Crocus Neo Established perennial, Stivichall 1996 Crocus vernus Spring Crocus Neo Established perennial, 3 sites, 1891-1996 Cruciata laevipes Crosswort Scattered perennial, roadsides, grassland, hedges WN Native etc., declining Cuscuta australis Australian Dodder Extinct annual parasite of Chrysanthemums, Ext Cas K/worth 1933 Cuscuta campestris Yellow Dodder Annual Carrot parasite, Wellesbourne 1973, Cas Fillongley 2010

17 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Cuscuta epilinum Flax Dodder Ext Cas Extinct annual Flax parasite, 3 sites 1834-1851 Cuscuta epithymum Dodder Ext Extinct rare annual parasite, many native hosts NV Native 1854-1959 Cuscuta europaea Greater Dodder Ext Extinct rare annual parasite, many native hosts Native 1805-1962 Cuscuta suaveolens Lucerne Dodder Ext Cas Extinct annual Lucerne parasite, Rugby 1864 Cyclamen hederifolium Sowbread Neo Established perennial, Knowle 1996 Cymbalaria muralis Ivy-leaved Toadflax Widespread perennial of urban walls (ssp. Neo muralis) Cymbalaria pallida Italian Toadflax Neo Extinct perennial, wall L/Spa 1985-1998 Cynoglossum Green Hound’s-tongue Ext Extinct biennial, last recorded at Kenilworth and germanicum Native Stratford in 1875 Cynoglossum Hound's-tongue Rare biennial, calc. scrub & grassland, S Warks 9 NNT Native officinale recent sites, 1986-2003 Cynosurus cristatus Crested Dog's-tail Widespread perennial, old & less improved WN Native grassland Cynosurus echinatus Rough Dog's-tail Ext Cas Extinct casual annual, 2 sites B/m 1946 Cyperus eragrostis Pale Galingale Cas Rare transient perennial, Cov 1984, L/Spa 2007 Cyperus longus Galingale Introduced waterside perennial, 6+ sites 1973- (NT) Neo 2007 Cystopteris fragilis Brittle Bladder-fern Rare perennial fern, walls, mid Warks, 4 recent WR Native sites 1983-91 Cytisus scoparius Broom Scattered perennial, disturbed ground, acid Native grassland, roadsides, avoids lime, esp. N Warks, also a garden escape Dactylis glomerata Cock's-foot Widespread & frequent perennial, grassland, Native roadsides, disturbed land etc. Dactylorhiza fuchsii Common Spotted- Widespread but local perennial, less improved orchid Native grassland, disturbed land, damp woodland & scrub Dactylorhiza incarnata Early Marsh-orchid V. rare perennial, damp grassland & marsh, 7 WR Native sites 1884-1964, refound Depper’s Bridge 2002 (ssp. pulchella) Dactylorhiza maculata Heath Spotted-orchid Rare perennial, acid grassland, wet heath, boggy WR Native woods etc., 9 recent sites 1975-2000 (ssp. ericetorum) Dactylorhiza Southern Marsh-orchid Widespread local perennial, wet grassland, marsh WN Native praetermissa etc. Dactylorhiza x grandis A hybrid orchid Scarce perennial hybrid found usually with Native parents, 7 recent sites 1975-1998 (D. fuchsii x D. praetermissa) Dactylorhiza x hallii A hybrid orchid Ext Extinct perennial hybrid, only record Sutton Park Native 1944 (D. maculata x D. praetermissa) Dactylorhiza x wintoni A hybrid orchid V. rare perennial hybrid, only record Depper’s Native Bridge 2002 (D. incarnata x D. praetermissa) Danthonia decumbens Heath-grass Rare perennial, acid grassland, 8 records 1977- WR Native 2001 Daphne laureola Spurge-laurel Scarce small evergreen shrub, calc. woods and WN Native scrub, mostly S Warks Daphne mezereum Mezereon Escape/planted/bird-sown evergreen shrub, 1864- (NV) Ext Cas 1933, not native to Warks, but rare as a British native Datura stramonium Thorn-apple Scattered, bird-seed annual, gardens, waste Neo ground etc., regularly found

18 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Datura ferox Angel’s-trumpets Scarce annual, possibly from bird-seed, soil- Cas heap, B/m 2007 Daucus carota Wild Carrot Biennial of calc. grassland, quarries & roadsides Native in S Warks, sometimes on disturbed ground elsewhere, avoids acid soils (ssp. carota) Deschampsia cespitosa Tufted Hair-grass ssp. Widespread perennial, esp. damp grassland & ssp. cespitosa Native scrub on former pasture, ssp. rarely given, recently 2 ssp. recognised Deschampsia cespitosa Tufted Hair-grass ssp. Under-recorded, woods etc., seemingly the less Native ssp.parviflora common ssp. in Warks Deschampsia flexuosa Wavy Hair-grass Scarce perennial, heathland, acid grassland, acid WN Native woodland Descurainia sophia Flixweed Arch + Rare annual, usually casual, 4 recent sites 1981- WN Cas 2004 Dianthus armeria Deptford Pink Ext Extinct as a native, biennial, Myton 1832, (NE) Native, refound as garden escape, 1980-92, Water Orton Neo Dianthus deltoides Maiden Pink Extinct perennial, 2 records, 1830 as a possible (NT) Ext Cas native, 1960 as an escape Dianthus Cheddar Pink Extinct perennial, garden wall, Barford c.1900 (NV) Ext Cas gratianopolitanus Digitalis lutea Straw Foxglove Neo Naturalised perennial, 1993- Digitalis purpurea Foxglove Widespread biennial/perennial, native of acid Native woods, hedges & roadverges in N & W Warks, also a frequent garden escape Digitaria ciliaris Tropical Finger-grass Neo Bird-seed annual, Warwick 1992-2007- Digitaria sanguinalis Hairy Finger-grass Cas Bird-seed annual, B/m 1983, K/worth 1874 Diplotaxis muralis Annual Wall-rocket Neo Local annual, roadsides, railways, walls, tips etc. Diplotaxis tenuifolia Perennial Wall-rocket Rare perennial, roadsides, railways etc., 4 recent WR Arch sites, 1989-2006 Dipsacus fullonum Wild Teasel Widespread & frequent biennial, roadsides, Native disturbed ground, rough grassland, watersides etc. Dipsacus laciniatus Cut-leaved Teasel Biennial, possibly from wild flower mix, a Cas Wylde Green park, 2007 Dipsacus x A hybrid teasel V. rare biennial hybrid, found with both parents, Cas pseudosilvester Wylde Green 2007 (D. fullonum x D. laciniatus) Dipsacus pilosus Small Teasel Native Scarce waterside biennial, mid Warks WN Dipsacus sativus Fuller's Teasel Cas Perennial, railway, Minworth 1978 Doronicum columnae Eastern Leopard's-bane Cas Perennial escape, woodland, Farnborough 1996 Doronicum Leopard’s-bane Occasional perennial garden escape, esp. woods Neo pardalianches & hedges Doronicum x Wildenow's Leopard's- Hybrid perennial escape, copse Shottery 1999 Neo willdenowii bane (D. pardalianches x D. plantagineum) Draba muralis Wall Whitlowgrass Ext Neo Extinct escape perennial, 2 sites 1930, 1959 (NS) Drosera rotundifolia Common Sundew V. rare insectivorous perennial, bog & mire, now WR Native only at Sutton Park Dryopteris affinis Scaly Male-fern. Widespread but local perennial fern, woods, Native hedges, ssp. rarely provided, but ssp. borreri. probably the commonest, ssp. cambrensis rarest Dryopteris carthusiana Narrow Buckler-fern Native Scarce perennial, shady woodland WN Dryopteris dilatata Broad Buckler-fern Native Widespread perennial, woods, shaded walls, etc. Dryopteris filix-mas Male-fern Native Widespread perennial, woods, shaded walls etc.

19 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Dysphania Mexican-tea Transient bird-seed annual, B/m 1983 only Cas ambrosioides (formerly Chenopodium ambrosioides) Echinochloa colona Shama Millet Cas Annual, bird-seed, Warwick 1995, Dosthill 1996 Echinochloa crus-galli Cockspur Annual, bird-seed, increasing, scattered urban Neo records Echinochloa esculenta Japanese Millet Cas Annual, bird-seed, Warwick 1990 exaltatus Globe-thistle Perennial garden escape, roadside Hampton Lucy Cas 1992 Echinops Glandular Globe-thistle Perennial garden escape, occasionally Neo sphaerocephalus naturalised, 4 sites 1960- Echium vulgare Viper's-bugloss Scarce biennial, roadsides, disturbed land, Native quarries etc. Elatine hexandra Six-stamened V. rare annual aquatic, refound Coleshill Pool WR Native Waterwort 1992 Eleocharis acicularis Needle Spike-rush Native V. rare waterside perennial, refound Ryton 1998 WR Eleocharis multicaulis Many-stalked Spike- Ext Extinct waterside perennial, last record rush Native Bickenhill 1945 Eleocharis palustris Common Spike-rush V. rare ssp., only current site a pond in Hunscote WR Native ssp. palustris ssp. 1988, see below Eleocharis palustris Common Spike-rush Widespread wetland perennial, this is the Native ssp. vulgaris ssp. commoner ssp. Eleocharis Few-flowered Spike- V. rare waterside perennial, only current site WR Native quinqueflora rush Sutton Park 1983 Eleocharis uniglumis Slender Spike-rush Native Rare waterside perennial, 3 recent sites 1990-7 WR Eleogiton fluitans Floating Club-rush V. rare aquatic perennial, now only at a WR Native Packington marsh 1997 Elodea canadensis Canadian Waterweed Widespread abundant aquatic perennial, possibly Neo becoming replaced by the next sp. Elodea nuttallii Nuttall's Waterweed Similar to above, increasing (popular garden Neo pond plant) Elymus caninus Bearded Couch Widespread but local perennial, roadsides, Native hedges, watersides etc. Elytrigia juncea Sand Couch Extinct perennial, a native of the coast imported Ext Neo with sea sand, Emscote, Bedworth Elytrigia repens Common Couch Widespread & abundant perennial, arable, Native hedges, grassland etc. (ssp. repens) Empetrum nigrum Crowberry V. rare dwarf shrub, dry heath, only site Sutton WR Native Park 1990 (ssp. nigrum) Epilobium species Willowherbs Difficult group of perennials, hybrids probably under-recorded, extinction & rarity class not

assigned to these. 8 hybrids found at Burton Green in 2007, possibly a British record. Epilobium brunnescens New Zealand V. rare, base of a wall, 1965-83, WR Neo Willowherb Warwick 1989-90 Epilobium ciliatum American Willowherb Widespread & abundant, gardens, roadsides, Neo disturbed ground, tips, etc. Epilobium hirsutum Great Willowherb Widespread & abundant, esp. marshes, ditches Native and waterside Epilobium lanceolatum Spear-leaved V. rare, S/Avon racecourse 1953, Atherstone WR Native Willowherb quarry 1990 Epilobium montanum Broad-leaved Widespread & abundant, roadsides, disturbed Native Willowherb land, waterside, hedges, tips etc. Epilobium obscurum Short-fruited Widespread but local, roadsides, railways, Native Willowherb watersides, hedges etc.

20 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Epilobium palustre Marsh Willowherb Rare, watersides & marshes, NW Warks, 5 recent WR Native sites 1981-7 Epilobium parviflorum Hoary Willowherb Widespread but local, watersides, marshes, Native roadsides, railways etc. Epilobium roseum Pale Willowherb Widespread but local, watersides, wetlands, Native roadsides etc. Epilobium tetragonum Square-stalked W/herb Widespread but local, watersides, wetlands, Native roadsides, hedges, cultivated ground etc. Epilobium x A hybrid willowherb Hybrid, Birdingbury 1996 (E. montanum x E. Native aggregatum obscurum) Epilobium x A hybrid willowherb Hybrid, Burton Green 2007 (E. hirsutum x E. Native brevipilum tetragonum) Epilobium x dacicum A hybrid willowherb Hybrid, B/m 1874, Cov 2007 (E.parviflorum x E. Native obscurum) Epilobium x erroneum A hybrid willowherb Hybrid, 4 sites 1955-58, possibly extinct (E. Native hirsutum x E. montanum) Epilobium x A hybrid willowherb Hybrid, Warwick 1980, Wilmcote 1997, Burton Native floridulum Green 2007 (E. parviflorum x E. ciliatum) Epilobium x A hybrid willowherb Hybrid, Westwood Heath 2007 (E. montanum x Native interjectum E. ciliatum) Epilobium x limosum A hybrid willowherb Hybrid, 6 sites 1950-62 (E. parviflorum x E. Native montanum) Epilobium x mentiens A hybrid willowherb Hybrid, Warwick 1965, Cov 2007 (E.tetragonum Native x ciliatum) Epilobium x A hybrid willowherb Hybrid Edgbaston 1901, possibly extinct (E. Native heterocaule montanum x E. roseum) Epilobium x palatinum A hybrid willowherb Hybrid, Burton Green 2007 (E. tetragonum x E. Native parviflorum) Epilobium x A hybrid willowherb Hybrid Sutton Park 1951, possibly extinct (E. Native schmidtianum obscurum x E. palustre) Epilobium x A hybrid willowherb Hybrid, Burton Green 2007, (E. tetragonum x E. Native semiobscurum obscurum) Epilobium x A hybrid willowherb Hybrid, Burton Green 2007 (E. hirsutum x E. Native subhirsutum parviflorum) Epilobium x vicinum A hybrid willowherb Hybrid, 5 sites 1950-2007 (E. ciliatum x E. Native obscurum) Epipactis helleborine Broad-leaved Scarce perennial mostly of ancient woodland WN Native Helleborine Epipactis palustris Marsh Helleborine V. rare perennial, wet grassland & marsh, one WR Native recent site Lea Marston 1986-

Epipactis phyllanthes Green-flowered Very rare perennial, one recent site, Walton Hall NS Native Helleborine 2002 Epipactis purpurata Violet Helleborine Rare perennial of shaded woodland, only recent WR Native records Moreton Morrell 1979, Bannam’s Wood 1977, Wolford Wood 2007 Equisetum arvense Field Horsetail Widespread & abundant perennial in a range of Native open habitats, often a garden weed Equisetum fluviatile Water Horsetail Native Localised waterside perennial WN Equisetum hyemale Rough Horsetail Ext Extinct perennial, only record Middleton 1695 Native Equisetum palustre Marsh Horsetail Native Localised waterside perennial WN Equisetum sylvaticum Wood Horsetail Rare perennial, acid woods, N Warks, 5 sites WR Native 1974-2007

21 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Equisetum telmateia Great Horsetail Localised perennial, esp. associated with WN Native seepages and damp areas in woods, hedges, also marshes Equisetum x litorale Shore Horsetail V. rare perennial hybrid, Warwick canalside Native 1995 (E. fluviatile x E. arvense) *Equisetum x A hybrid horsetail V. rare perennial hybrid, canalsides, Bascote Native rothmaleri 1995, Longford 1998 (E. arvense x E. palustre) Eragrostis cilianensis Stink-grass Ext Cas Extinct bird-seed annual, B/m 1983 only Eranthis hyemalis Winter Aconite Naturalised perennial garden escape, scattered, Neo woods, parks etc. Erica cinerea Bell Heather V. rare dwarf shrub, dry heathland, Coleshill WR Native 1981 Baddesley 1996 Erica tetralix Cross-leaved Heath Rare perennial, heaths, N Warks, 3 sites 1987- WR Native 2007 Erigeron acris Blue Fleabane Localised annual of quarries, railways, quarries WN Native tips etc.(formerly E. acer) Erigeron glaucus Seaside Daisy Garden escape perennial, roads, Wylde Green Cas 2007 Erigeron karvinskianus Mexican Fleabane Garden escape perennial, urban walls, pavement Neo etc., increasing Erinus alpinus Fairy Foxglove Perennial, walls, Winterbourne Botanic garden, Neo B/m 2007, spreading nationally Eriophorum Common Cotton-grass Rare perennial, mire and marshy grassland, WR angustifolium Native recent records Kingsbury 1987, Sutton Park 2007, declining Eriophorum vaginatum Hare's-tail Cotton-grass V. rare perennial, bog & mire, recent records WR Native Coleshill 1987, Kingsbury 2002, Sutton Park 2007, declining Erodium botrys Mediterranean Stork's- Extinct annual, Bedworth colliery tip 1964 Ext Cas bill Erodium cicutarium Common Stork's-bill Localised annual, esp. arable, rough grassland Native etc. Erodium lebelii Sticky Stork's-bill Extinct annual, introduced with sea-sand , (NS) Ext Cas Emscote 1963 Erodium maritimum Sea Stork's-bill Ext Cas Extinct annual, Oscott c.1891 Erodium moschatum Musk Stork's-bill Rare annual, 3 recent sites 1984-2007, arable WR Arch etc., possibly native Erophila glabrescens Glabrous Whitlowgrass Rare, but v. similar to E. verna, gravel, walls, 8 WR Native recent sites 1987-2002 Erophila majuscula Hairy Whitlowgrass V. rare but v. similar to E. verna, Warwick 1987 WR Native only Erophila verna Common Whitlowgrass Widespread, disturbed land, railways, roadsides Native etc (records could include the previous 2 spp.) Eruca vesicaria Garden Rocket Annual garden & allotment escape, roadsides, 3 Cas Neo recent records (ssp. sativa) Erucastrum gallicum Hairy Rocket Ext Cas Extinct annual/biennial, Edgbaston 1935 Erucastrum Watercress-leaved Extinct annual/perennial, Sutton Park casual Ext Cas nasturtiifolium Rocket 1877 Erysimum Treacle Mustard Rare annual, rough grassland, arable, quarries WR Arch cheiranthoides etc., 8 recent sites 1981-91 Erysimum cheiri Wallflower Infrequent escape perennial, walls, disturbed Arch land, roadside etc. Erysimum repandum Spreading Treacle- Extinct casual annual, 1 record Milverton 1900 Ext Cas mustard

22 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Escallonia macrantha Escallonia Cas Garden escape shrub, 1 record Cov 1996 Escallonia x A hybrid escallonia Garden escape shrub, 1 record Sutton Coldfield Cas langleyensis 2006 (E. macrantha x E. virgata) Eschscholzia Californian Poppy Garden escape annual, urban roads, 1966, 2004- Cas californica Euonymus europaeus Spindle Localised small tree of hedges & woods, also WN Native planted Euonymus latifolius Large - leaved Spindle Ext Neo Extinct garden escape shrub, Farnborough, 1954, Eupatorium Hemp-agrimony Localised perennial, wet woodland edge, hedges, Native cannabinum banks etc. Euphorbia Wood Spurge Scarce perennial mainly in ancient woods and WN Native amygdaloides hedges of SW Warks, (ssp. amydaloides) Euphorbia cyparissias Cypress Spurge Garden escape, last record as a casual Ext Cas Wellesbourne 1964 Euphorbia esula agg. Leafy Spurge Rare perennial. One modern record Middleton Cas Lakes 2009 Euphorbia exigua Dwarf Spurge Scarce annual arable weed, calc. soils, S Warks, NNT Arch declining Euphorbia helioscopia Sun Spurge Widespread & frequent annual, allotments, Arch gardens, disturbed land, roadsides etc. Euphorbia lathyris Caper Spurge Localised garden escape, disturbed land, Neo roadsides, tips etc. Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge Widespread & frequent annual, allotments, Arch gardens etc. Euphorbia platyphyllos Broad-leaved Spurge V. rare arable annual weed, calcareous soils, S W Arch Warks, 3 recent sites 1988-2002 Euphorbia boissieriana A hybrid spurge Perennial escape established at Small Heath Neo x E. esula sidings, B/m 1989, first UK record? Euphorbia x Twiggy Spurge Garden escape perennial, Stockton 1983, pseudovirgata Neo Shipston-on-Stour 1996 (E. waldsteinii x E. esula) Euphrasia arctica An eyebright Ext Extinct annual, Kineton 1964 (ssp. borealis) Native Euphrasia confusa An eyebright V. rare annual, only recent record Burton Dassett WR Native 1979 Euphrasia micrantha An eyebright Ext Extinct annual, last found Olton c.1960 Native Euphrasia nemorosa An eyebright Scarce annual, a few calc. quarries but most WR Native records unconfirmed – eyebrights are difficult to identify Fagopyrum esculentum Buckwheat Scarce annual, arable escape, bird-seed, disturbed Neo ground, roadsides, tips etc. Fagus sylvatica Beech Widely planted tree, naturalised in some woods, Neo native to S Britain but not Warks Falcaria vulgaris Longleaf V. rare perennial, arable, Newbold-on-Stour WR Neo 1928-2005 Fallopia baldschuanica Russian- Climbing perennial, garden escape, esp. hedges, Neo scrub, mainly urban Fallopia convolvulus Black-bindweed Widespread annual, arable, roadsides, disturbed Arch land etc. Fallopia japonica Japanese Knotweed Widespread & increasing invasive perennial, esp. Neo roadsides & watersides (the planting of it is illegal) Fallopia sachalinensis Giant Knotweed Neo Invasive & increasing perennial, esp. roadsides,

23 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

but less frequent than previous sp. Fallopia x bohemica Hybrid Japanese Rare perennial hybrid, watersides, L/Spa, Knotweed Native Solihull, Guy’s Cliffe 1993-1995 (F. japonica x F. sachalinensis) Festuca species Fescues Large group of perennial grasses, some v. distinctive, some need expert identification, hybrids sown & spontaneous. Festuca altissima Wood Fescue Native V. rare, only Bentley Park Wood 1972-98- WR Festuca brevipila Hard Fescue Cas Grass-seed casual, only Copt Green 1996 Festuca filiformis Fine-leaved Sheep's- Rare, tips, acid soil, NW Warks, 3 recent sites WR Native fescue 1984-2001 Festuca heterophylla Various-leaved Fescue Ext Cas Extinct, Edgbaston garden 1975 Festuca longifolia Blue Fescue Ext Extinct as a native, heaths, last site Leek NR Native & Wootton 1897, casual garden escape L/Spa, B/m Cas Neo 2007 Festuca ovina ssp. Sheep’s-fescue ssp. Rare, acid grassland & heathland, NW Warks, WR Native hirtula locally abundant at Sutton Park, Festuca ovina ssp. Sheep’s-fescue ssp. Rare or possibly overlooked, calc. grassland, WR Native ophioliticola Shipston-on-Stour 1997 Festuca ovina ssp. Sheep’s-fescue ssp. Probably the most frequent ssp., scarce, acid WN ovina Native grassland (could include records of the other ssp.) Festuca rubra ssp. Chewing’s Red Fescue Rare or possibly overlooked, 3 recent sites 1983- WR Native commutata 93 Festuca rubra A Red Fescue ssp. 3 sites, Warwick & S/Avon, 1983-94 Cas ssp. megastachys Festuca rubra A Red Fescue ssp. Widespread & abundant, grasslands, roadsides Native ssp. rubra etc., grass-seed mixtures too Ficaria verna ssp. Lesser Celandine ssp. Widespread & frequent perennial, tolerating fertilis more open habitat than previous ssp., and Native probably the commoner ssp. in Warks (formerly Ranunculus ficaria ssp. ficaria) Ficaria verna Lesser Celandine ssp. Widespread perennial, hedges, woods, gardens ssp. verna etc. often tolerating damp and disturbed Native conditions (formerly Ranunculus ficaria ssp. bulbifer) Ficus carica Fig Small tree widely planted, possibly bird-sown at Neo some sites, L/Spa walls 2006, canalside B/m 2007 Filago minima Small Cudweed Rare annual, disturbed ground, railway, 7 recent WR Native sites 1985-2010 Filago vulgaris Common Cudweed Rare annual, heathland, banks, disturbed ground NNT Native etc., 7 recent records 1990-2010 Filipendula ulmaria Meadowsweet Widespread perennial, wet meadows, marshes, Native hedges-ditches Filipendula vulgaris Dropwort Native Rare perennial, calc. grassland, S Warks WR Foeniculum vulgare Fennel Localised perennial garden escape, roadsides, Arch tips etc. Fragaria ananassa Garden Strawberry Neo Localised perennial, garden escape, tips etc. Fragaria moschata Hautbois Strawberry Scarce perennial garden escape, mainly woods, 3 Neo recent sites Fragaria vesca Wild Strawberry Widespread but localised perennial, woods, Native banks, roadsides, quarries etc.

24 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Frangula alnus Alder Buckthorn Localised shrub, mostly woodland, occasionally WN Native planted Fraxinus excelsior Ash Widespread and common tree, woods, hedges, Native fields, parks, frequently planted Fritillaria meleagris Fritillary Scarce perennial, long-naturalised at some sites, (NV) Neo also a garden escape, 1817-1999- bastardii Tall Ramping-fumitory Ext Cas Extinct annual casual, last found Bilton 1875 Fumaria capreolata White Ramping- V. rare annual, 1981-89, WR Native fumitory Bedworth 1996 (ssp. babingtonii) Fumaria densiflora Dense-flowered V. rare arable annual, Wellesbourne 1959-2003- WR Neo Fumitory Fumaria muralis Common Ramping- Rare annual, tips, allotment, 4 recent sites 1987- WR Native fumitory 2006 (ssp. boraei) Fumaria officinalis Common Fumitory ssp. Widespread annual, arable, gardens, roadsides ssp. officinalis Arch etc, the much commoner ssp. but possibly declining Fumaria officinalis ssp. Common Fumitory ssp. V. rare ssp., possibly overlooked, only Ufton WR Arch wirtgenii 1987 Gagea lutea Yellow Star-of - Ext Extinct perennial, woodlands, last found Edgehill Bethlehem Native 1965 Galanthus nivalis Snowdrop Widespread naturalised perennial, garden escape, Neo woods, hedges etc. Galega officinalis Goat's-rue Localised perennial, tips, roads etc. (some Neo records may refer to garden hybrids) Galeopsis angustifolia Red Hemp-nettle V. rare annual arable weed, only recent records NC Arch Little Compton 1986, Ratley 1992 Galeopsis bifida Bifid Hemp-nettle Scarce annual, rough grassland, disturbed ground WN Native etc., easily overlooked as G. tetrahit Galeopsis speciosa Large-flowered Hemp- V. rare annual arable weed, only recent record NV Arch nettle Maxstoke 2004 Galeopsis tetrahit Common Hemp-nettle Widespread annual, woods, roadsides, arable, Native grassland etc. Galinsoga parviflora Gallant-soldier Scattered annual, allotments, disturbed ground Neo etc., increasing 1955- Galinsoga Shaggy-soldier Scattered annual often occurring alongside the Neo quadriradiata previous similar sp., 1971- Galium album Hedge Bedstraw Infrequent perennial, roadsides, hedges, rough Native grassland, disturbed land etc. (formerly G. mollugo) Galium aparine Cleavers Widespread & abundant annual, hedges, arable, Native disturbed land etc. Galium odoratum Woodruff Infrequent & declined perennial, old woods & WN Native hedges Galium palustre Common Marsh- Rare ssp., but possibly over-looked, last record WR Native ssp. elongatum bedstraw ssp. Bushwood 1996 Galium palustre Common Marsh- Infrequent perennial, waterside & marshes, WN Native ssp. palustre bedstraw ssp. declining Galium pumilum Slender Bedstraw Ext Extinct perennial, calc. grassland, Tredington (NE) Native? 1904, doubtfully native Galium saxatile Heath Bedstraw Infrequent perennial, acid grassland, woods & WN Native hedges, N & W Warks Galium spurium False Cleavers Ext Cas Extinct annual, last found S/Avon tip 1955 Galium tricornutum Corn Cleavers Extinct arable annual weed, S Warks., last NC Ext Arch records c.1960

25 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Galium uliginosum Fen Bedstraw Native Infrequent perennial, watersides & wetland WN Galium verum Lady's Bedstraw Widespread perennial, grassland, hedges, Native roadsides etc. Galium x A hybrid bedstraw Rare perennial hybrid, 3 sites SW Warks 1986- Native pomeranicum 96- (G. verum x G. album) Gastridium Nit-grass Extinct annual, arable, last record Alcester 1957 (NS) Ext Neo ventricosum Genista anglica Petty Whin Rare shrub, heathland districts, N Warks, 2 NNT Native recent sites 1972-97 Genista hispanica Spanish Gorse Naturalised escape, 2 recent sites (ssp. Neo occidentalis) Genista tinctoria Dyer’s Greenweed Rare shrub, calc. grassland, 3 recent sites 1980- WR Native 90 (ssp. tinctoria) Gentianella amarella Autumn Gentian Scarce biennial, calc. grassland and quarries, WN Native (ssp. amarella) Geranium columbinum Long-stalked Crane's- Rare annual, rough grassland, 6 recent records WR Native bill 1988-2007- Geranium dissectum Cut-leaved Crane's-bill Widespread & abundant annual, disturbed Arch ground, arable, grassland, hedges etc. Geranium endressii French Crane's-bill Perennial garden escape, Tamworth 1986, Neo Goldicote 1987 Geranium lucidum Shining Crane’s-bill Widespread but local annual, gardens, roadsides, Native hedges etc. Geranium molle Dove's-foot Crane's-bill Widespread & frequent annual, roadsides, arable, Native disturbed land, hedges etc. Geranium phaeum Dusky Crane's-bill Perennial garden escape, Leamington Hastings Neo 1835-1971- Geranium pratense Meadow Crane's-bill Widespread but local perennial, roadsides, WN Native watersides, damp meadows, hedges etc. Geranium pusillum Small-flowered Localised annual, roadsides, disturbed ground, Native Crane's-bill hedges, grassland etc. Geranium pyrenaicum Hedgerow Crane's-bill Localised perennial, esp. roadsides, possibly Neo increasing Geranium robertianum Herb-Robert Widespread & common biennial, hedges, woods, Native shaded banks etc. Geranium Round-leaved Crane's- Scarce annual of W Warks, roadsides, disturbed WR rotundifolium bill Native ground etc., increasing in B/m where 5+ sites 1995-2007 Geranium sanguineum Bloody Crane's-bill Neo Perennial garden escape, 3 recent sites Geranium sylvaticum Wood Crane's-bill Ext V. rare perennial, Oversley Wood & Middleton Native 1817-66 Geranium versicolor Pencilled Crane's-bill Garden escape perennial hybrid, 1 recent site, Neo Farnborough Hall 1983 Geranium x Purple Crane’s-bill Garden escape perennial hybrid, Ettington 2002, magnificum Cas Neo Griff 2005, Kingsbury 2006 (G. ibericum x G. platypetalum) Geranium x Druce’s Crane's-bill Garden escape perennial hybrid, 3 sites, oxonianum Neo Ettington 1990-7-, B/m 2007 (G. endresssi x G. versicolor) Geropogon glaber Slender Salsify Bird-seed annual, Rugby c.1960, Warwick 1989 Cas (formerly Tragopogon hybridus) Geum rivale Water Avens Native V. rare perennial, now only Arbury Park 1983- WR Geum urbanum Wood Avens Widespread & frequent perennial, hedgerows, Native woods, roadsides etc.

26 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Geum x intermedium A hybrid avens V. rare perennial hybrid, Brandon Wood 1993, Native Ufton Wood 1987 (G. rivale x G. urbanum) Glaucium flavum Yellow Horned-poppy Ext Cas Extinct biennial, Shipston-on-Stour 1867 only Glaux maritima Sea-milkwort Ext Neo Extinct perennial, Stoke (Cov) only 1962-5 Glebionis segetum Corn Marigold Rare arable annual, also escape from wild-flower NV Arch mixes, 9 recent arable sites, usually in v. small numbers (formerly Chrysanthemum segetum) Glechoma hederacea Ground-ivy Widespread perennial, hedges, disturbed ground, Native woods etc. Glyceria declinata Small Sweet-grass Native Localised waterside perennial Glyceria fluitans Floating Sweet-grass Native Widespread waterside perennial Glyceria maxima Reed Sweet-grass Locally dominant perennial of river margins, Native swamp & watersides Glyceria notata Plicate Sweet-grass Native Localised waterside perennial Glyceria x pedicellata Hybrid Sweet-grass Sterile perennial hybrid, watersides (G. fluitans x Native G. notata) Gnaphalium Jersey Cudweed Rare annual, roadside L/ Spa 2004-7, allotment Cas luteoalbum B/m 2007 Gnaphalium Heath Cudweed V. rare annual, heathland & acid grassland, NE sylvaticum Native recent records Hampton-in-Arden 2004, Berkswell 2005 Gnaphalium Marsh Cudweed Localised annual, damp arable land, marshes, Native uliginosum disturbed ground etc. Groenlandia densa Opposite-leaved Rare submerged aquatic, rivers & canals, 4 recent NV Native Pondweed sites 1977-97- Guizotia abyssinica Niger Cas Bird-seed annual, 3 sites 1962-90 Gymnadenia conopsea Fragrant Orchid Ext Extinct perennial of calcareous soils, last Native confirmed record Snitterfield 1948 Gymnocarpium Oak Fern Extinct perennial, only record Sutton Park 1866, Ext Cas dryopteris probably planted Gymnocarpium Limestone Fern Rare perennial, walls, last record Tanworth-in- NS Native robertianum Arden 1979, possibly extinct Hedera helix Ivy Widespread & abundant climbing perennial, Native ssp. helix trees, woods, hedges, walls etc Hedera hibernica Atlantic Ivy Garden escape, probably under-recorded, can Neo grow in similar locations to normal Ivy (formerly H. helix ssp. hibernica) Helianthemum Common Rockrose Rare perennial, calc. grassland, Aston Grove WR nummularium Native 1980, Little Compton 1987, roadside near Chesterton Wood 2006 *Helianthus annuus Sunflower Bird-seed annual or garden escape, B/m 2007, Cas crop & garden plant Helianthus tuberosus Jerusalem Artichoke Neo Perennial garden escape, 3 recent sites Helianthus x laetiflorus Perennial Sunflower Perennial garden escape, 3 sites (H. rigidus x H. Cas tuberosus) Helleborus foetidus Stinking Hellebore Rare perennial of calc. woods & scrub, also a NS Native garden escape, 6 recent sites 1977-2006 Helleborus viridis Green Hellebore V. rare perennial, Bannam’s Wood 2003 (ssp. W Native occidentalis) Helminthotheca Bristly Oxtongue Localised annual/biennial, roadsides, disturbed echioides Arch ground, field margins etc., esp. on calc. soils of S Warks, increasing (formerly Picris echioides) Heracleum Giant Hogweed Neo Localised invasive perennial, esp. watersides &

27 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

mantegazzianum roadsides (the planting of it is illegal) Heracleum Hogweed Widespread & abundant perennial, roadsides, sphondylium Native hedges, woods, grassland, disturbed ground, riverbanks etc. Herniaria glabra Smooth Rupturewort Cas Annual/perennial, garden escape, Finham 1996 Herniaria hirsuta Hairy Rupturewort Ext Cas Extinct annual, K/worth tanyards 1891 Hesperis matronalis Dame's-violet Widespread biennial garden escape, esp. Neo roadsides & hedges, increasing Hieracium Hawkweeds A difficult group of perennials without popular names & with confusing nomenclature, they need expert identification. English names from Sell, P & Murrell, G. 2006. Flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Volume 4. Hieracium acuminatum Tall Hawkweed Native Occasional, tips, railways etc. Hieracium diaphanum Dark-leaved Hawkweed Seemingly rare, only recent records, Leek Neo? Wootton, Wolfhampcote 1984, 1992 Hieracium eboracense Northern Hawkweed Ext Extinct, only record Brailes 1886 Native Hieracium exotericum Jordan’s Hawkweed Seemingly rare, only 4 sites 1977-84-, an Neo? ‘aggregate’ of several microspecies Hieracium sabaudum Autumn Hawkweed Native Widespread, roads, railway, woods etc. Hieracium salticola Bluish-leaved Localised, urban roads & railway, esp. B/m area Neo? Hawkweed Hieracium Cave Hawkweed Escape, Edgbaston 1983 only Neo speluncarum Hieracium Spotted Hawkweed Rare, only recent record Wellesbourne 1998 Neo? spilophaeum Hieracium umbellatum Umbellate Hawkweed V. rare, Little Compton 1980, Kenilworth 1982 WR Native (ssp. umbellatum) Hieracium vagum Glabrous-headed Widespread, railways, tips, scrub etc. Native Hawkweed Hieracium vulgatum Common Hawkweed Ext Seemingly extinct, last record Botley Hill 1965 Native Hippocrepis comosa Horseshoe Vetch V. rare perennial, calc. grassland, only recent WR Native record Little Compton 1994 Hippophae rhamnoides Sea-buckthorn Widely planted, also self-sown along roads, Cov Neo 2007 Hippuris vulgaris Mare’s-tail Native Aquatic perennial, scattered mid & S Warks Hirschfeldia incana Hoary Mustard Recently arrived perennial, tips, roadsides, 4 sites Cas 1983-90- Holcus lanatus Yorkshire-fog Widespread & common perennial, grasslands, Native roadsides etc. Holcus mollis Creeping Soft-grass Frequent perennial, hedges, disturbed ground, Native grassland, woods, etc. Hordelymus europaeus Wood Barley Ext Extinct perennial, only record Aston Grove 1955 NS Native Hordeum distichon Two-rowed Barley Relic of cultivation annual, arable, tips etc. Neo (Barley) Hordeum jubatum Foxtail Barley Bird-seed escape, perennial, roadsides, Cas grasslands etc., 1973-88 Hordeum murinum Wall Barley Widespread & frequent annual, roadsides, Arch grasslands, hedges esp. urban areas (ssp. murinum) Hordeum secalinum Meadow Barley Native Perennial mainly in SE Warks, old calc.

28 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

meadows & roadsides, seemingly decreasing Hordeum vulgare Six-rowed Barley Cas Rare annual, only record S/Avon 1996 Hottonia palustris Water-violet Native Rare aquatic perennial, 4 sites N Warks 1820- WR 1991, translocated to Kingsbury 1991 Humulus lupulus Hop Native Localised climbing perennial, mainly in hedges Huperzia selago Fir Clubmoss Ext Extinct perennial, Coleshill Pool 1817-46 Native Hyacinthoides Spanish Bluebell Perennial garden escape, not always Neo hispanica distinguished from Hybrid Bluebell Hyacinthoides non- Bluebell Widespread perennial, locally abundant in scripta Native ancient woods & hedges, with much of its world population within Britain Hyacinthoides x Hybrid Bluebell Widespread & increasing perennial, esp. hedges massartiana Neo & wood-margins in the vicinity of both parents (H. non-scripta x H. hispanica) Hydrocharis morsus- Frogbit V. rare aquatic perennial, only record Glascote (NV) ranae Cas 1986 where probably an escape. Rare as a British native Hydrocotyle Floating Pennywort Aquatic perennial escape, 1994, Burton Neo ranunculoides Green 2006, Wootton Spinnies 2007 Hydrocotyle vulgaris Marsh Pennywort Rare perennial, marsh & mire, 6 recent sites WR Native 1987-2000 Hyoscyamus niger Henbane Arch Scarce biennial, 9 recent sites 1979-2003 NV Hypericum Tutsan Rare small shrub, woods & hedges, also garden WR Native androsaemum escape, recent records 1988-2007 Hypericum calycinum Rose-of-Sharon Garden escape small shrub, widely planted, 4 Neo recent sites Hypericum elodes Marsh St John’s-wort Ext Extinct perennial, last recorded from Bickenhill Native Plantation and Coleshill Pool in the 1950s Hypericum hircinum Stinking Tutsan Garden escape shrub, Foleshill 1998, Hillmorton Neo 1958 (ssp. majus) Hypericum hirsutum Hairy St John's-wort Scarce perennial, mainly calc. scrub & grassland WN Native in SW Warks Hypericum humifusum Trailing St John's-wort Localised perennial, grassland, roadsides, woods Native etc., avoids calc. soils Hypericum maculatum Imperforate St John's- Localised perennial, disturbed ground, rough Native wort grassland, watersides etc (ssp. obtusiusculum) Hypericum olympicum A Greek St John’s-wort Cas Perennial garden escape, roadside, B/m 2007 Hypericum perforatum Perforate St John's-wort Widespread & frequent perennial, disturbed Native ground, hedges, grassland, woods etc. Hypericum pulchrum Slender St John's-wort Native Localised perennial, hedges, woods etc. WN Hypericum tetrapterum Square-stalked St Widespread perennial, esp. wet grassland, WN Native John's-wort marshes & watersides Hypericum x A hybrid St John's-wort Rare perennial hybrid, 3 sites 1989-98- W Native desetangsii (H. perforatum x H. maculatum) Hypochaeris glabra Smooth Cat's-ear Ext Extinct perennial, acid grassland 1670-1830 NV Native (Ray’s record is the first GB one) Hypochaeris radicata Common Cat's-ear Widespread perennial, grassland, heathland, Native disturbed land, roadsides, hedges etc. Hypopitys monotropa Yellow Bird's-nest ssp. Rare perennial root-parasite, shaded woodland, NE ssp. hypophegea only confirmed site for this ssp. Ufton Fields Native 1986- (both ssp. v.similar) (formerly Monotropa hypopitys ssp. hypophegea)

29 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Hypopitys monotropa Yellow Bird’s-nest ssp. As above, only confirmed site for this ssp. NE ssp. monotropa Wilmcote Rough 1974- (records for Compton Native Verney 1848 & Hams Hall 2001 have not been checked for ssp.) (formerly Monotropa hypopitis ssp. hypopitys) Iberis amara Wild Candytuft Ext Neo Extinct arable annual weed, 3 sites 1847-75 NV Iberis umbellata Garden Candytuft Garden escape annual, only record Warmington Cas 1990 Ilex aquifolium Holly Widespread evergreen shrub/tree, native in acid Native wood and many hedges, but widely planted elsewhere Ilex x altaclarensis Highclere Holly A widely planted hybrid holly naturalised in Neo some woods (I. aquifolium x I. perado) Impatiens capensis Orange Balsam Neo Widespread waterside annual, increasing Impatiens glandulifera Indian Balsam Widespread annual of watersides & wet Neo woodland, highly invasive & increasing Impatiens noli-tangere Touch-me-not Balsam Garden escape annual, wetlands & wet (NS) Neo woodland, Berkswell 1852-2000- Impatiens parviflora Small Balsam Scarce but increasing annual, roads, tips, wet Neo woods etc. Inula conyzae Ploughman's-spikenard Scarce perennial, calc. grassland & scrub, WN Native disturbed land Inula helenium Elecampane Arch & Garden escape perennial, esp. roadsides, hedges, Cas urban areas etc, 5 recent sites 1979-2006 Iris foetidissima Stinking Iris Localised perennial, calc. woods, hedges, WN Native roadsides etc., also a garden escape Iris pseudacorus Yellow Iris Widespread & frequent perennial, waterside, Native marshes etc Isolepis setacea Bristle Club-rush Rare annual/perennial, wetlands & watersides, WR Native esp. N Warks, 6 sites 1982-2005 Jasione montana Sheep's-bit V. rare perennial, heathland & acid grassland, WR Native only recent record Middleton 1989 Juglans regia Walnut Widely planted tree, occasionally self-seeding in Neo hedges etc. Juncus species Rushes A difficult group of perennials (except the annual J. bufonius) of wet or heathy places, hybrids very hard to identify Juncus acutiflorus Sharp-flowered Rush Rare, wetland & mire, 6 recent records 1986- WR Native 2000 Juncus articulatus Jointed Rush Native Widespread & frequent, wetlands & watersides Juncus bufonius Toad Rush Frequent (only annual rush Warks), watersides, Native wetlands, roadsides, disturbed land, arable etc. Juncus bulbosus Bulbous Rush Native Scarce in N & W Warks, acidic wetlands Juncus compressus Round-fruited Rush Rare, S & E Warks, marshes, watersides, wet NNT Native grassland on calc. soils, 5 recent sites 1982-1990 Juncus conglomeratus Compact Rush Most frequent in NW Warks, wetlands, damp Native grassland, damp woods etc. Juncus effusus Soft-rush Widespread & frequent, esp. marshes and wet Native meadows Juncus inflexus Hard Rush Widespread & frequent, esp. marshes & wet Native meadows Juncus squarrosus Heath Rush Rare, dry heathland, mostly NW Warks, 4 recent WR Native sites 1984-2000 Juncus subnodulosus Blunt-flowered Rush Native Rare, marshy areas and watersides, S Warks, 7 WR

30 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

recent sites 1983-1992 Juncus tenuis Slender Rush Neo Localised, marshes, watersides esp. canalsides Juncus x diffusus A hybrid rush Seemingly extinct hybrid, scattered records Ext 1848-1965, perhaps over-looked (J. inflexus x J. Native effusus) Juncus x surrejanus A hybrid rush V. rare hybrid, 1 recent record Native Wood 1983 (J. articulatus x J. acutiflorus) Juniperus communis Common Juniper Garden escape shrub, old plantation Ansty 1998, Cas Neo widely planted (ssp. communis) Kickxia elatine Sharp-leaved Fluellen Arch Scarce arable annual weed, calc. soils, S Warks WN Kickxia spuria Round-leaved Fluellen Arch Scarce arable annual weed, calc. soils, S Warks WN Knautia arvensis Field Scabious Scattered perennial, grassland, roadsides, hedges WN Native etc. on calc. soils, mainly S Warks, declining Koeleria macrantha Crested Hair-grass Rare perennial, calc. grassland, limestone WR Native quarries etc. S Warks, 3 sites 1981-97 Laburnum anagyroides Laburnum Widely planted tree, occasionally self-sown Neo along roadsides, hedges etc. (most planted ones now are the hybrid Voss’s Laburnum) Lactuca sativa Garden Lettuce Rare annual/biennial of disturbed ground. Neo One site, 2011 Lactuca serriola Prickly Lettuce Widespread annual/biennial, disturbed ground, Neo arable, roadsides etc. 1951- Lactuca virosa Great Lettuce Widespread annual/biennial, disturbed ground, Native? arable, roadsides etc., increasing and possibly not

native to Warks, 1985- Lagarosiphon major Curly Waterweed Neo Aquatic perennial pond escape, increasing, 1986- Lagurus ovatus Hare's-tail Garden escape annual (an ornamental grass), 3 Cas sites 1973- Lamiastrum Yellow Archangel ssp. Perennial garden escape, scattered records, esp. galeobdolon Neo hedges, invasive ssp. argentatum Lamiastrum Yellow Archangel ssp. Widespread perennial, mainly ancient woods & WN galeobdolon Native hedges, possibly declining ssp. montanum Lamium album White Dead-nettle Widespread & frequent perennial, disturbed land, Arch roadsides, hedges, grassland, arable etc. Lamium amplexicaule Henbit Dead-nettle Localised annual, arable, disturbed land, garden WN Arch etc., declining Lamium hybridum Cut-leaved Dead-nettle Arch Scarce arable & garden annual WN Lamium maculatum Spotted Dead-nettle Localised garden escape perennial, hedges, Neo disturbed ground, roadsides etc. Lamium purpureum Red Dead-nettle Widespread & common annual, arable, hedges, Arch roadsides, disturbed ground, gardens etc. Lappula squarrosa Bur Forget-me-not Ext Cas Extinct annual, only record Kenilworth 1891 Lapsana communis Nipplewort Widespread & frequent annual, disturbed ground, Native hedges, roadsides etc. (ssp. communis) Larix decidua European Larch Widely planted tree, 3 recent records for self- Neo sown trees Lathraea clandestina Purple Too thwort Scarce garden escape perennial, root-parasite of Neo various trees e.g. Alder, willows & poplars, 5 sites 1983- Lathraea squamaria Toothwort Rare perennial, root-parasite of various trees e.g. WR Native willows, Hazel, Ash & elms, 4 recent sites 1987- 96

31 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Lathyrus aphaca Yellow Vetchling Scarce annual, arable & disturbed land, recent NV Neo records, Alvecote 1976, Wellesbourne 1993

Lathyrus clymenum A mediterranean Cas Bird-seed annual, Cov 1979 Lathyrus grandiflorus Two-flowered Localised garden escape perennial, disturbed Neo Everlasting-pea ground, hedges etc., 1960- Lathyrus latifolius Broad-leaved Similar to above & sometimes confused with it, Neo Everlasting-pea widespread but local garden escape Lathyrus linifolius Bitter-vetch Rare perennial, hedges, roadsides, ancient woods WR Native etc., 4 recent sites 1985-92 Lathyrus hirsutus Hairy Vetchling Ext Cas Extinct annual, only record 1957 Lathyrus niger Black Pea Extinct garden escape perennial, Southam, 1913 Ext Cas only Lathyrus nissolia Grass Vetchling Localised annual, grassland, roadsides, hedges, WN Native increasing Lathyrus pratensis Meadow Vetchling Widespread & frequent perennial, disturbed Native ground, grassland, hedges etc. Lathyrus sylvestris Narrow-leaved Localised perennial, also garden escape, Everlasting-pea Native disturbed ground, hedges, woods, roadsides, grassland etc. Lathyrus tuberosus Tuberous Pea Scarce garden escape perennial, hedges, banks Neo etc., usually short-lived, 3 recent sites Lavatera x clementii A hybrid mallow Garden escape perennial, Coleshill 1996, Cov Cas 1997 (L. olbia x L. thuringiaca, includes ‘L. thuringiaca’) Legousia hybrida Venus’s-looking-glass Rare annual arable weed, 8 recent sites 1980-92, WR Arch declining Lemna gibba Fat Duckweed Native Localised floating aquatic annual Lemna minor Common Duckweed Native Widespread & frequent floating aquatic annual Lemna minuta Least Duckweed Widespread & common floating aquatic annual Neo 1989-, increasing & invasive Lemna trisulca Ivy-leaved Duckweed Native Widespread & frequent submerged annual Leontodon hispidus Rough Hawkbit Localised perennial, grassland, disturbed land, WN Native esp. on calcareous soils in S Warks Leontodon saxatilis Lesser Hawkbit Localised perennial, grassland, disturbed land, WN Native esp. on calcareous soils in S Warks Leonurus cardiaca Motherwort Ext Cas Extinct perennial, last found Wilmcote 1960 Lepidium campestre Field Pepperwort Localised biennial/annual, arable, roadsides, Arch farmyards etc. Lepidium didymum Lesser Swine-cress Widespread & increasing recently-arrived Neo annual, disturbed ground, gardens, tips, roadsides etc. (formerly Coronopus didymus) Lepidium draba Hoary Cress Widespread but localised perennial, disturbed Neo ground, roadsides, grassland etc, increasing (ssp. draba) Lepidium Smith's Pepperwort V. rare perennial, roadsides, farmyards, WR heterophyllum Native grassland, recent records S/Avon 1996, Wappenbury 2003 Lepidium latifolium Dittander Scarce perennial, disturbed ground & roadside, 6 (NS) Neo sites, possibly increasing Lepidium perfoliatum Perfoliate Pepperwort Extinct biennial/annual, only record Hillmorton Ext Cas 1923 Lepidium ruderale Narrow-leaved Localised biennial/annual, disturbed ground, Arch Pepperwort roadsides, gardens etc., salt-tolerant

32 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Lepidium sativum Garden Cress Garden escape annual mostly disturbed land, last Cas record Cov 1985 Lepidium squamatum Swine-cress Widespread but local annual, arable, disturbed Arch ground, gateways etc. (formerly Coronopus squamatus) Lepidium virginicum Least Pepperwort Casual biennial/annual, disturbed ground, last Cas record Lea Marston 1974 Leucanthemum vulgare Oxeye Daisy Widespread perennial, frequent in S Warks, esp. Native calc. grassland & roadsides, limestone quarries & disturbed calc. ground Leucanthemum x Shasta Daisy Occasional garden escape perennial, esp. urban superbum Neo roadsides, railway & disturbed ground (L. lacustre x L. maximum) Leucojum aestivum Summer Snowflake Garden escape perennial, woods, watersides etc., (NS) Neo 2 recent sites, rare native of southern Levisticum officinale Lovage Garden escape perennial, only record Warwick Cas 1996 Leycesteria formosa Himal ayan Bird-sown perennial shrub, L/Spa walls 2007 Neo Honeysuckle Leymus arenarius Lyme-grass Perennial escape, 2 sites, B/m canalsides 1987, Neo 2007 Ligustrum ovalifolium Garden Privet Popular garden shrub, occasionally found on Neo disturbed ground & roadsides (but means of establishment not always clear) Ligustrum vulgare Wild Privet Localised shrub, calc. scrub, woodland & hedges, Native mainly S Warks Lilium martagon Martagon Lily Neo Scarce garden escape perennial, esp. woods Limnanthes douglasii Meadow-foam Cas Garden escape annual, disturbed ground 1996-7 Limosella aquatica Mudwort Rare annual of waterside mud, 4 recent sites NS Native 1986-2004 Linaria pelisseriana Jersey Toadflax Ext Cas Extinct annual, Rugby 1869 only Linaria purpurea Purple Toadflax Widespread perennial, walls, disturbed ground, Neo roadsides etc. esp. urban areas Linaria repens Pale Toadflax Localised perennial disturbed ground, roadsides, WN Arch railways, etc. Linaria vulgaris Common Toadflax Widespread & frequent perennial, disturbed Native ground, roadsides, railways etc. Linaria x dominii A hybrid toadflax V. rare perennial, rough grassland & roadsides, Native B/m 2007, with parents (L. purpurea x L. repens) Linaria x sepium A hybrid toadflax Rare perennial hybrid, railways, 4 sites 1977- Native 2006- (L. vulgaris x L. repens) Linum bienne Pale Flax Escape biennial/perennial, esp. disturbed ground, Cas 4 recent records Linum catharticum Fairy Flax Localised annual, calc. grassland, roadsides & WN Native quarries, esp. S Warks Linum usitatissimum Flax Relic of cultivation & bird-seed annual, Cas Neo roadsides, arable, disturbed land etc. Lithospermum arvense Corn Gromwell Scarce arable annual weed, calc. soils, S Warks, NE Arch 9 recent sites 1986-1995, decreasing Lithospermum Common Gromwell Scarce perennial, mainly calc. scrub & hedges, S WN Native officinale Warks Littorella uniflora Shoreweed Rare waterside annual, esp. mesotrophic lakes, WR Native NW & mid Warks, 3 recent sites 1983-6 Lobelia erinus Garden Lobelia Cas Annual/biennial, escape from urban ‘hanging

33 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

baskets’, selfsown 1996- Lobularia maritima Sweet Alison Garden escape annual, disturbed ground, Neo roadsides, esp. urban, increasing Lolium multiflorum Italian Rye-grass Frequent annual/biennial, arable, grassland (esp. Neo grass leys), roadsides, disturbed land etc. Lolium perenne Perennial Rye-grass Widespread & abundant perennial, grasslands Native (esp. grass leys), disturbed land, amenity grassland etc. Lolium temulentum Darnel Ext Arch Extinct annual, once an arable weed, NC & subsequently a bird-seed casual of disturbed Ext Cas ground, last record Rugby 1965 Lolium x boucheanum A hybrid rye-grass Scarce annual/perennial (L. perenne x L. Neo multiflorum) Lonicera caprifolium Perfoliate Honeysuckle Extinct perennial climber, garden escape, Ext Neo Chadshunt 1892 only Lonicera henryi Henry’s Honeysuckle Perennial climber, bird-sown escape, Rugby Cas 2006 Lonicera japonica Japanese Honeysuckle Perennial climber, garden escape, S/Avon 1998, Neo B/m 2006- Lonicera nitida Wilson's Honeysuckle Neo Garden escape shrub, Cov, L/Spa, B/m 2006- Lonicera Honeysuckle Widespread & frequent perennial climber, esp. Native periclymenum woods & hedges Lonicera pileata Box-leaved Garden escape shrub, Rugby tip, L/Spa towpath, Neo Honeysuckle 2006-7 Lonicera xylosteum Fly Honeysuckle Ext Cas Extinct shrub, Edgbaston Park 1812 Lotus corniculatus Common Bird's-foot- Widespread perennial, grasslands of various Native trefoil sorts, disturbed land, lawns, roadsides etc. Lotus pedunculatus Greater Bird's-foot- Localised perennial wet grassland, ditches, Native trefoil marshes, damp woods etc. Lotus tenuis Narrow-leaved Bird’s- Scarce perennial, calc. grassland & quarries, S WN Native foot-trefoil Warks (formerly L. glaber) Lunaria annua Honesty Widespread & frequent garden escape, disturbed Neo ground, hedges, roadsides, woods etc. Lupinus arboreus Tree Lupin Garden escape perennial, disturbed ground & Neo roadsides, 3 sites 1979-92 Lupinus x regalis Russell Lupin Garden escape perennial, roadsides, railways, Neo disturbed land (L. arboreus x L. polyphyllus) Luzula campestris Field Wood-rush Widespread perennial, grasslands, roadsides, Native lawns etc. Luzula luzuloides White Wood-rush Extinct perennial garden escape, only record Ext Cas 1932 (no location given) Luzula multiflora ssp. Heath Wood-rush ssp. V. rare perennial, Sutton Park only 1990, WR Native congesta possibly over-looked for next ssp. Luzula multiflora ssp. Heath Wood-rush ssp Localised perennial, woods & grassland on more WN Native multiflora acid soils of NW Warks Luzula pilosa Hairy Wood-rush Rare perennial, woods & grassland on more acid WR Native soils of NW Warks, 3 recent sites 1975-2001 Luzula sylvatica Great Wood-rush Native Scarce perennial, ancient woods WN Lycium barbarum Duke of Argyll’s Garden escape shrub, occasional in hedges, Neo Teaplant disturbed ground etc., rarely bird-sown Lycopodiella inundata Marsh Clubmoss Ext Extinct perennial, wet heath, mire & peaty NE Native watersides, last record Coleshill Pool 1842 Lycopodium clavatum Stag’s-horn Clubmoss Ext Extinct perennial, dry heathland & acid Native grassland, last record Sutton Park 1884

34 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Lycopus europaeus Gipsywort Widespread but localised perennial, marshes & Native watersides Lysichiton americanus American Skunk- Garden escape perennial, naturalised in 4 wetland Neo cabbage sites 1967-2007- Lysimachia ciliata Fringed Loosestrife Extinct garden escape perennial, Berkswell 1851 Ext Cas only record Lysimachia nemorum Yellow Pimpernel Scattered perennial, damp ancient woodland, Native hedgerows etc. Lysimachia Creeping-jenny Localised perennial, esp. wet grassland & Native nummularia marshes, also a frequent garden escape Lysimachia punctata Dotted Loosestrife Frequent garden escape perennial, much Neo confused with L. ciliata Lysimachia vulgaris Yellow Loosestrife Native Scarce perennial, waterside & marsh WN Lythrum junceum False Grass-poly Cas Birdseed annual, 2 sites, last Bedworth 1978 Lythrum portula Water-purslane Rare annual, woodland rides, marshes, WR Native watersides etc., 4 recent sites 1979-95 Lythrum salicaria Purple-loosestrife Native Localised perennial, watersides Mahonia aquifolium Oregon-grape Localised garden escape shrub, woods, hedges, Neo disturbed ground etc. Maianthemum May Lily Garden escape perennial, 1961- (NV) Neo bifolium 84-, a rare native elsewhere Malcolmia maritima Virginia Stock Garden escape annual, Edgbaston 1990 only Cas record Malus pumila Apple Widespread escape tree, hedges, roadsides, Neo disturbed ground etc. (formerly M. domestica) Malus sylvestris Crab Apple Widespread tree, mainly woods & hedges, Native hybridises with previous sp. alcea Greater Musk-mallow Garden escape perennial, Erdington 2006 only Cas (but v.similar to next sp.) Malva moschata Musk Mallow Widespread but localised perennial, roadsides, Native grassland, hedges etc. Malva neglecta Dwarf Mallow Scattered local biennial/annual, roadsides, Arch farmyards, arable, grasslands etc., possibly increasing Malva nicaeensis French Mallow Extinct biennial/annual, Milverton 1876, K/worth Ext Cas 1891 Malva parviflora Least Mallow Ext Cas Extinct annual, Milverton 1902, Offchurch 1963 Malva pseudolavatera Smaller Tree-mallow Garden escape perennial, L/Spa 1994, Cov 1997 Cas (formerly Lavatera cretica) Malva pusilla Small Mallow Cas Annual, K/worth 1881, L/Spa allotments 1990 Malva setigera Rough Marsh-mallow Annual arable, only recent record Kineton area Neo 1996-2004, also known as a casual B/m 1957 (formerly Althaea hirsuta) Malva sylvestris Common Mallow Widespread perennial, roadsides, disturbed Arch ground, hedges, grassland etc. Malva trimestris Royal Mallow Garden escape annual, L/Spa 1994 only Cas (formerly Lavatera trimestris) Marrubium vulgare White Horehound Extinct, 8 records 1817-1957, also an (NS) Ext Cas archaeological record, a scarce native elsewhere Matricaria chamomilla Scented Mayweed Widespread but declining annual, arable, Arch roadsides, farmyards etc.(formerly M. recutita) Matricaria discoidea Pineappleweed Widespread & frequent annual, paths, disturbed Neo ground, roadsides, cultivated land etc. Matteucia Ostrich Fern Neo Perennial fern, naturalised Guy’s Cliffe 1961-,

35 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

struthiopteris Leek Wootton 1998 Meconopsis cambrica Welsh Poppy Localised perennial garden escape, esp. urban (NS) Neo roads, a rare native elsewhere Medicago arabica Spotted Medick Localised annual, roadsides, grassland, arable, S Neo & mid Warks Medicago laciniata Tattered Medick Ext Cas Extinct annual, Bidford 1957-8, Nuneaton 1958 Medicago lupulina Black Medick Widespread & frequent annual, disturbed ground, Native roadsides, grassland etc. Medicago minima Bur Medick Extinct annual, railways, disturbed ground, last (NV) Ext Cas record Warwick 1972 Medicago polymorpha Toothed Medick Rare annual, last record Warwick 1981, possibly (NS) Cas extinct, a scarce native of the coast Medicago sativa Sickle Medick Scarce perennial, roadsides, disturbed ground, 6 NS Neo ssp. falcata recent sites 1975-95 Medicago sativa Lucerne Localised perennial, roadsides, arable, disturbed ssp. sativa Neo ground etc., a crop relic Medicago sativa Sand Lucerne Perennial, Cov canalside 1997 only record Neo nothossp. varia (formerly M. sativa ssp. varia) Melampyrum pratense Common Cow-wheat Rare annual root hemi-parasite, ancient acid WR Native woods, 5 recent sites 1974-2000 Melica uniflora Wood Melick Native Localised perennial, ancient woods & hedgerows WN Melilotus albus White Melilot Scattered annual/biennial, esp. roadsides & Neo disturbed ground Melilotus altissimus Tall Melilot Frequent biennial/perennial, esp. roadsides & Arch disturbed ground Melilotus indicus Small Melilot Scarce annual, roadsides, disturbed ground, Neo allotments etc., 4 recent sites Melilotus officinalis Ribbed Melilot Frequent biennial, esp. roadsides & disturbed Neo ground Melissa officinalis Balm Occasional garden escape perennial, esp. Neo roadsides, railways, disturbed ground etc. Mentha species Mints Aromatic perennials, distinctive scents. Hybrids difficult to identify, arise spontaneously, and may be escape Mentha aquatica Water Mint Widespread & frequent, mainly waterside & Native wetlands Mentha arvensis Corn Mint Scarce & declined, woodland rides, arable, Native watersides etc. Mentha pulegium Pennyroyal Ext Extinct native, wet heaths, 1787-1866, also a NE Native & garden escape, 3 sites, hedge, tips, 1991-2006- Cas Mentha requienii Corsican Mint Escape, lawn, paving, Winterbourne Botanic Cas Garden 2007 Mentha spicata Spear Mint Occasional escape, esp. roadsides & disturbed Neo ground Mentha suaveolens Round-leaved Mint Ext Extinct, 2 records Sutton Park 1870-3 Native Mentha x gracilis Bushy Mint Rare hybrid, wetlands & allotment, 4 recent sites, Native 1986-91- (M. arvensis x M. spicata) Mentha x piperita Peppermint Garden escape hybrid, 2 recent sites, Alveston Neo 1988, Bedworth 1992 (M. aquatica x M. spicata) Mentha x verticillata Whorled Mint Rare hybrid, watersides, 4 recent sites, 1986-91- Native (M. arvensis x M. aquatica)

36 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Mentha x villosa Apple-mint Localised garden escape hybrid, roadsides, tips, Neo allotments etc. (M. spicata x M. suavolens) Mentha x Sharp-toothed Mint Garden escape hybrid, L/Spa 1986, Sutton Park Neo villosonervata 1997 (M. spicata x M. longifolia) Menyanthes trifoliata Bogbean Scarce perennial, mesotrophic watersides & WN Native shallow pools, also a garden pond escape Mercurialis annua Annual Mercury Scarce annual, disturbed land, mainly urban, WN Neo possibly increasing Mercurialis perennis Dog's Mercury Native Widespread perennial, esp. woods & hedges Mespilus germanica Medlar Cas Scarce shrub, usually planted Milium effusum Wood Millet Native Localised perennial, ancient woods & hedges WN Mimulus guttatus Monkeyflower Neo Localised perennial, watersides Minuartia hybrida Fine-leaved Sandwort Rare annual, disturbed ground, 3 recent sites NE Native 1988-1994

Misopates orontium Weasel’s-snout V. rare arable annual weed, recent records Binley NV Arch 1996, nr. Kineton 1986 Moehringia trinervia Three-nerved Sandwort Widespread but localised annual, esp. woodland Native rides & hedges Moenchia erecta Upright Chickweed Ext Extinct annual, heaths, last record Yarningale Native Common 1898 Molinia caerulea Purple Moor-grass Scarce perennial, wet heath, mire, boggy WN Native woodland clearings, declining Montia fontana Blinks ssp. V. rare annual, wetlands, only recent records WR Native ssp. amporitana Sutton Park 1986, Cornet’s End 1987 Montia fontana Blinks ssp. As above, only recent records nr. K/worth 1985, WR Native ssp. chondrosperma Dorridge 1998 Montia fontana Blinks ssp. As above, only record Sutton Park 1874-1986- WR Native ssp. variabilis Muscari armeniacum Garden Grape-hyacinth Occasional garden escape perennial, 6 recent Neo sites Muscari neglectum Grape-hyacinth Garden escape perennial, Maxstoke 1987, a rare (VU) Cas native of East Anglia Mycelis muralis Wall Lettuce Widespread perennial, walls, hedges, woods etc., Native esp. urban Myosotis arvensis Field Forget-me-not Widespread annual/perennial, roadsides, Arch disturbed ground, arable, grassland etc. Myosotis discolor Changing Forget-me- Scarce annual, grassland, roadsides, railways, Native not paths, disturbed ground etc. Myosotis laxa Tufted Forget-me-not Localised annual/biennial, watersides & marshes Native (ssp. caespitosa) Myosotis ramosissima Early Forget-me-not Scarce annual, grassland, disturbed land, Native roadsides & railways, mainly calc. soils, S Warks Myosotis scorpioides Water Forget-me-not Widespread & frequent perennial, waterside & Native wetlands Myosotis secunda Creeping Forget-me-not Rare annual/perennial, mire & boggy waterside, WR Native NW Warks, 3 recent sites Myosotis sylvatica Wood Forget-me-not Widespread perennial, woods, hedges, roadsides Native etc., also a garden escape Myosotis x suzae A hybrid forget-me-not V. rare hybrid, 2 records, Lower Shuckburgh Native canal 1963, Farnborough lake 1985 (M. scorpioides x M. laxa) Myosoton aquaticum Water Chickweed Widespread perennial, watersides & marshes, Native esp. in river valleys

37 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Myosurus minimus Mousetail Scarce arable annual weed, 6 recent sites 1983- NV Native 2001, declining Myriophyllum Alternate Water-milfoil Ext Extinct submerged perennial aquatic, alterniflorum Native mesotrophic pools, last record Sutton Park 1968 Myriophyllum Parrot's-feather Submerged perennial aquatic, 6 sites 1991-2007, Neo aquaticum invasive pond escape Myriophyllum Spiked Water-milfoil Frequent submerged perennial aquatic, possibly Native spicatum declining Myriophyllum Whorled Water-milfoil Ext Extinct submerged perennial aquatic, last record NV verticillatum Native Rugby 1955 Myrrhis odorata Sweet Cicely Scarce garden escape perennial, hedges, railways, Neo watersides etc., 2 recent sites 1984, 1996 Narcissus poeticus Pheasant's-eye Daffodil Garden escape perennial, esp. hedges, 2 sites Neo 1984, 2004 (ssp. poeticus) Narcissus Wild Daffodil Rare perennial woods, hedges etc., also planted, WR Native pseudonarcissus 6 sites 1983-2005 as a native Narcissus x Nonesuch Daffodil Extinct garden escape perennial, only record incomparabilis Ext Neo Guy’s Cliffe 1876-91 (N. poeticus x N. pseudonarcissus) Narcissus x Primrose-peerless Uncommon garden escape perennial, only recent Neo medioluteus record Snitterfield 1987 (N. tazetta x N. poeticus) Nardus stricta Mat-grass V. rare perennial, acid grassland & heathland, WR Native Cov 1994, Nuneaton 2001, Grendon Common 2010 Narthecium ossifragum Bog Asphodel Ext Extinct perennial, bog & mire, last site Coleshill Native Bog 1962 Nasturtium Narrow-fruited Widespread but localised waterside perennial Native microphyllum Watercress (formerly Rorippa microphylla) Nasturtium officinale Watercress Widespread but localised waterside perennial Native (formerly Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum) Nasturtium x sterile Hybrid Watercress Scarce waterside perennial, often without Native parents, also crop escape (N. officinalis x N. microphyllum) Neottia nidus-avis Bird’s-nest Orchid Rare perennial, shaded woodland, 4 recent sites NNT Native 1969-2003 Neottia ovata Common Twayblade Localised perennial, calc. woods, scrub & WN Native grassland, mainly S Warks (formerly Listera ovata) Nepeta cataria Cat-mint V. rare perennial, mainly hedges on calc. soils, NV Arch only recent record Shilton 1998 Nepeta x faassenii Garden Cat-mint Garden escape perennial, S/Avon 1992, B/m Neo 2006 (N. racemosa x N. nepetella) Neslia paniculata Ball Mustard Ext Cas Extinct bird-seed annual, Rugby 1897, 1957 Nicandra physalodes Apple-of-Peru Localised bird-seed annual, esp. disturbed ground Neo & gardens Nicotiana x sanderae A sweet tobacco hybrid Garden escape annual, derelict garden, B/m Cas 2006-7 Nigella damascena Love - in - a - mist Scarce garden escape annual, esp. urban areas, Cas 1999-2007 Nuphar lutea Yellow Water-lily Widespread aquatic perennial, rivers, lakes, Native ponds, canals, introduced at some sites Nymphaea alba White Water-lily Localised aquatic perennial, esp. lakes, Native introduced at some sites (ssp. alba) Nymphoides peltata Fringed Water-lily Neo Localised aquatic perennial, an increasing & (NS)

38 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

invasive escape, but a rare native in parts of Britain Odontites vernus ssp. Red Bartsia ssp. Localised annual root hemi-parasite, grassland, serotinus Native disturbed land etc., esp. calc. soils in S & E Warks (ssp. often not provided) Odontites vernus ssp. Red Bartsia ssp. As for above, same distribution, possibly the Native vernus more common ssp. in Warks Oenanthe aquatica Fine-leaved Water- V. rare aquatic annual/biennial, only modern WR Native dropwort record Frankton 1995 Oenanthe crocata Hemlock Water- Localised perennial, mainly watersides incl. Native dropwort wooded streams Oenanthe fistulosa Tubular Water- Scarce perennial, watersides & marshes, 9 recent NV Native dropwort sites 1972-2004 Oenanthe fluviatilis River Water-dropwort Rare partially-submerged aquatic perennial, R. WR Native Leam, R. Avon, 6 recent sites Oenanthe lachenalii Parsley Water-dropwort Rare perennial, waterside & marshes, 3 recent WR Native sites, Wilmcote 1987, S/Avon 1987, Alvecote 1992 Oenanthe silaifolia Narrow-leaved Water- Ext Extinct perennial, watersides & marshes, last NT dropwort Native record S/Avon 1854 Oenothera species Evening-primroses Escapes, naturalised on disturbed ground, railways, roadsides etc., annual or biennial, hybrids much studied locally Oenothera biennis Common Evening- Localised in Warks, 13 recent sites 1979-1990 Neo primrose Oenothera cambrica Small-flowered Scarce, introduced with sea-sand, Emscote, Neo Evening-primrose 1963-, decreasing during this period Oenothera glazioviana Large-flowered Widespread, probably the commonest species in Neo Evening-primrose Warks, but easily confused with hybrids) 1952- Oenothera stricta Fragrant Evening- Rare, Coleshill 1871, refound L/Spa 1989, not Cas primrose hybridising Oenothera x britannica A hybrid evening- Rare, 6 sites 1979-90, both hybrid combinations primrose Neo found (O. cambrica x O. glazioviana, and vice- versa) Oenothera x fallax Intermediate Evening- Localised, 1988-2000, both hybrid combinations primrose Neo found (O. glazioviana x O. biennis and vice- versa) Oenothera biennis x O. A hybrid evening- Frequent, 1978-97, both hybrid combinations Native cambrica primrose found Oenothera x O. fallax x A hybrid evening- V. rare, triple hybrid, 2 records Warwick 1979, Native O. cambrica primrose Rugby 1989 Omphalodes verna Blue-eyed-Mary Rare perennial garden escape, esp. roadside, Neo 1982-96 Onobrychis viciifolia Sainfoin Scarce perennial seed-mix escape, rare crop, (NT) Neo mainly roadsides & disturbed land, 7 recent sites, a rare native of southern Britain, but not Warks Onoclea sensibilis Sensitive Fern Extinct perennial, Leek Wootton 1964 only Ext Neo record Ononis repens Common Restharrow Localised perennial, grassland, roadsides, Native quarries, disturbed ground, mainly on calc. soils in S & E Warks (ssp. repens) Ononis spinosa Spiny Restharrow Scarce perennial, grassland, roadsides, quarries, WN? Native disturbed ground, mainly on calc. soils in S & E Warks

39 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Onopordum acanthium Cotton Thistle Localised biennial, roadsides, grassland, Arch watersides, disturbed ground etc., some records garden escapes Ophioglossum Adder's-tongue Scarce perennial fern, mostly old relatively WN Native vulgatum unimproved grassland Ophrys apifera Orchid Widespread local perennial, esp. disturbed WN Native ground & roadsides; Wasp Orchid (var. trollii) is rare in S Warks on calc. roadsides Ophrys insectifera Fly Orchid V. rare perennial, only recent record Snitterfield NV Native Bushes 1988 but possibly now extinct here Orchis Man Orchid V. rare perennial, just Ufton Fields 1968-2004 (NE) Neo anthropophorum (formerly Aceras anthropophora) Orchis mascula Early-purple Orchid Scarce perennial, mostly ancient calc. woods in S WN Native Warks, occasionally hedges & roadsides Oreopteris -scented Fern V. rare perennial fern, acid grassland & heaths, W Native limbosperma only recent site Earlswood 1999 Origanum vulgare Marjoram Scarce perennial, calc. grassland, roadsides, WN Native railways, hedges & open scrub, S Warks, also a garden escape Ornithogalum nutans Drooping Star-of- Scarce garden escape perennial, churchyards & Neo Bethlehem roadsides, 3 recent sites 1974-90 Ornithogalum Spiked Star-of- Scarce garden escape perennial, orchards, (NS) pyrenaicum Bethlehem Neo hayfield, roadsides, 4 sites 1985-92, a rare native elsewhere in Britain Ornithogalum Star-of-Bethlehem Scarce perennial formerly cultivated, esp. woods umbellatum ssp. Neo & roadsides (formerly O. angustifolium) campestre Ornithopus perpusillus Bird's-foot Rare annual, disturbed sandy ground, dry heath WR Native etc., avoiding calc. soils, N Warks, 8 recent sites, 1968-2007 Orobanche elatior Knapweed Broomrape Extinct perennial root-parasite (of Greater Ext Knapweed), calc. grassland, last record Native Whichford 1957 Orobanche minor Common Broomrape Rare perennial root-parasite (various hosts), esp. WR Native grassland & arable land, 9 recent sites 1974-2004 Orobanche rapum- Greater Broomrape Extinct perennial root-parasite (of Broom & NT Ext genistae gorses), heathland & acid grassland, last record Native Whitley 1847 Oryzopsis miliacea Smilo-grass Cas Garden escape perennial, roadside L/Spa 2005 Osmunda regalis Royal Fern Perennial fern, native of water margins in Ext heathland districts but extinct in Warks by 1908; Native now a neophyte naturalised or self-sown in B/m, & Neo L/Wootton, Rugby 1988-2006 Oxalis acetosella Wood-sorrel Scattered perennial, mostly ancient woods & Native hedges Oxalis articulata Pink-sorrel Uncommon garden escape perennial, mainly Cas disturbed ground & roadsides in urban areas Oxalis corniculata Procumbent Yellow- Widespread & frequent perennial, roadsides, Neo sorrel walls, urban paths etc. Oxalis exilis Least Yellow-sorrel Neo Similar to above, increasing since 1988 Oxalis incarnata Pale Pink-sorrel Cas Garden escape perennial, walls etc., 3 sites 1987- Oxalis latifolia Garden Pink-sorrel Neo Garden escape perennial, waste, Henley 1996 Oxalis stricta Upright Yellow sorrel Garden escape perennial, walls & disturbed Neo ground, 6 recent sites

40 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Panicum capillare Witch-grass Annual, disturbed ground, tips etc. from Cas birdseed, agricultural seed etc., B/m 1983, 2007 Panicum miliaceum Common Millet Occasional annual of disturbed land, pheasant feeding areas etc., bird-seed and agricultural seed Cas escape, increasingly planted on farmland as a wild bird crop Papaver argemone Prickly Poppy Scarce & declining annual, mainly arable & NV Arch disturbed ground, 9 recent sites 1980-2007 Papaver atlanticum Atlas Poppy Perennial garden escape, roadsides, Rugby, B/m Neo 2006- Papaver dubium Long-headed Poppy Widespread & frequent annual, mainly arable & ssp. Arch disturbed ground (formerly P. dubium ssp.dubium) Papaver lecoqii Babington’s Poppy Localised annual, arable, roadsides & disturbed Arch ground, esp. on calcareous soils of S Warks (formerly P. dubium ssp. lecoqii) Papaver hybridum Rough Poppy Arch V. rare arable annual, Wellesbourne 1990 only WR Papaver rhoeas Common Poppy Widespread & locally abundant annual, arable, Arch disturbed ground, grassland etc. Papaver somniferum Opium Poppy Widespread annual, roadsides, disturbed ground, Arch allotments etc. (ssp. somniferum) Parapholis incurva Curved Hard-grass Extinct annual, K/worth skin-yard 1902 only, a (NS) Ext Cas scarce native of the coast Parentucellia viscosa Yellow Bartsia Annual root hemi-parasite, disturbed land & grasslands, a recent colonist spreading inland Neo from use of grassland seed mixtures , 4 sites 1995-2001 Parietaria judaica Pellitory-of-the-wall Native Localised perennial, mostly urban walls Paris quadrifolia Herb-Paris Rare perennial, ancient calc. woods, 9 recent WR Native sites 1979-2000 Parnassia palustris Grass-of-Parnassus V. rare perennial, mire, Sutton Park only 1812- WR Native 2007 Passiflora caerulea Blue Passion-flower Garden escape perennial climber, pavements, Cas B/m & L/Spa 2007 Pastinaca sativa Wild Parsnip Localised biennial, calc. grassland, quarries & WN Native roadsides, mainly S Warks (var. sativa) Pedicularis palustris Marsh Lousewort V. rare annual/biennial, root hemi-parasite, mire WR Native & bog, Sutton Park only 1812-2007 Pedicularis sylvatica Lousewort Rare biennial root hemi-parasite, wet heath & WR Native poor-fen, NW Warks, 3 recent sites 1985-2007 (ssp. sylvatica) Pentaglottis Alkanet Widespread perennial, roadsides, disturbed Neo sempervirens ground, hedges, grassland etc. Persicaria amphibia Amphibious Bistort Widespread wetland perennial, often watersides Native and open water, but also as a terrestrial plant on roadsides & disturbed ground Persicaria Red Bistort Uncommon garden escape perennial, recent Neo amplexicaulis records Ashlawn, Portway, B/m Persicaria bistorta Common Bistort Infrequent perennial, roadsides, watersides, Native marshes, grassland, hedges, etc. Persicaria campanulata Lesser Knotweed Uncommon garden escape perennial, Sutton Neo Park, B/m Persicaria capitata A knotweed Garden escape perennial (used in hanging- Neo baskets), Cov 1992, L/Spa 2002-7

41 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Persicaria hydropiper Water-pepper Native Localised annual, mainly waterside Persicaria lapathifolia Pale Persicaria Localised annual, arable, roadsides, disturbed Native ground, watersides etc. Persicaria maculosa Redshank Widespread & frequent annual, roadsides, Native disturbed ground, arable, watersides, grasslands etc. Persicaria minor Small Water-pepper V. rare annual, wetlands, Sutton Park only 1880- NV Native 1995 Persicaria mitis Tasteless Water-pepper Ext Extinct annual, only record Bourton 1892 NV Native Persicaria wallichii Himalayan Knotweed Scarce perennial, roadside, watersides etc., 5 Neo recent sites 1980-95, increasing albus White Butterbur Uncommon garden escape perennial, 3 recent Neo sites 1985-9 Petasites fragrans Winter Heliotrope Frequent garden escape perennial, roadsides, Neo disturbed ground, hedges etc., increasing, Petasites hybridus Butterbur Localised perennial, mainly watersides & Native roadside ditches Petasites japonicus Giant Butterbur Garden escape perennial, 1 recent record, Neo Combrook Petrorhagia nanteuilii Childing Pink Extinct annual escape, L/Spa 1966, a rare native (NV) Ext Cas of the S coast Petroselinum crispum Garden Parsley Uncommon garden escape biennial, only recent Cas record Warmington Petroselinum segetum Corn Parsley Very rare annual/biennial arable weed, calc. WR Native soils, one modern site, DM Kineton 2011 Petunia x hybrida Petunia Garden escape annual, B/m 1997 (P. axillaris x P. Cas integrifolia) Phacelia tanacetifolia Phacelia Occasional garden or agricultural escape Cas (increasingly grown on farmland as a nectar source for ), 5 recent sites Phalaris aquatica Bulbous Canary-grass Perennial used for game-cover & game-bird Neo food, mainly arable, 4 sites Phalaris arundinacea Reed Canary-grass Widespread & frequent perennial, watersides, Native marshes, damp grassland etc. Phalaris canariensis Canary-grass Frequent annual, esp. disturbed ground & Neo roadsides, escape from bird-seed, agricultural seed etc. Phalaris minor Lesser Canary-grass Annual, game cover & bird-seed escape, arable Cas & disturbed ground, 4 sites Phalaris paradoxa Awned Canary-grass Cas Annual, game-bird seed, arable, 1993, 2005 Phegopteris connectilis Beech Fern Ext Extinct fern, Berkswell 1848 Native Philadelphus Mock-orange Garden escape shrub, 3 recent sites 1983-93 Neo coronarius Philadelphus Hairy Mock-orange Garden escape shrub, 1 site Minworth 2006 (a 'Virginalis Group' Neo hybrid possibly involving P. coronarius x P. microphyllus x P. pubescens) Phleum arenarium Sand Cat's-tail Annual, introduced with sea-sand, Warwick Neo 1964-97, possibly extinct now Phleum bertolonii Smaller Cat’s-tail Localised perennial, mainly grassland and Native roadsides, possibly over-looked Phleum pratense Timothy Widespread & frequent perennial, grassland, Native roadsides and disturbed ground

42 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Phragmites australis Common Reed Localised perennial, watersides, marshes & Native ditches Physalis alkekengi Japanese-lantern Garden escape perennial, 1 recent record B/m Neo 2006 Physalis peruviana Cape-gooseberry Cas Garden escape perennial, 1997 Phyteuma spicatum Spiked Rampion Extinct garden escape, Hill Wootton 1863, 1865, (EN) Ext Cas a rare native of Sussex Phytolacca acinosa Indian Pokeweed Cas Garden escape perennial, Warwick 1973 Picea abies Norway Spruce Widely planted tree, occasionally self-sowing?, Neo 11 doubtful records Picris hieracioides Hawkweed Oxtongue Scarce biennial/perennial, calc. grassland, scrub WN Native & disturbed land, S Warks Pilosella aurantiaca Fox-and-cubs Localised garden escape perennial escape, esp. Neo lawns & churchyards Pilosella flagellaris Shetland Mouse-ear- Extinct garden escape, Ryton 1963 (ssp. Ext Neo hawkweed flagellaris) Pilosella officinarum Mouse-ear-hawkweed Widespread perennial, grassland, disturbed Native ground, lawns, hedges etc. Pilularia globulifera Pillwort Ext Extinct perennial fern, Sutton Park, Coleshill NT Native 1818-98 Pimpinella major Greater Burnet- Scarce perennial, grassland, roadsides, hedges WN Native saxifrage etc. mainly NE Warks Pimpinella saxifraga Lesser Burnet-saxifrage Localised perennial, dry & usually calc. WN Native grassland, disturbed land, roadsides & hedges. Mainly S Warks Pinguicula vulgaris Common Butterwort V. rare insectivorous perennial, bog & mire, a WR Native few old records for NW Warks, now only surviving at Sutton Park Pinus sylvestris Scots Pine Widely planted tree, possibly self-seeding in a (NS) Neo few places, native of Scotland but not England Pisum sativum Garden Pea Cas Garden escape & crop relic annual, 3 sites Plantago arenaria Branched Plantain Extinct annual, bird-seed, Myton 1882, Rugby Ext Cas 1965 Plantago coronopus Buck's-horn Plantain Localised annual/perennial, salted roads, Native increasing Plantago lanceolata Ribwort Plantain Widespread & frequent perennial, mainly Native roadsides, grassland & disturbed ground Plantago major Greater Plantain ssp. Rare perennial (possibly over-looked), Hampton WR ssp. intermedia Native in Arden 1989, Snitterfield 1996, but ssp. usually not distinguished Plantago major Greater Plantain ssp. Widespread & frequent perennial, grassland, ssp. major Native paths, roadsides, gardens etc., the commoner ssp. in GB Plantago media Hoary Plantain Scarce perennial, mainly in older, less improved WN Native grasslands, decreasing Platanthera bifolia Lesser Butterfly-orchid V. rare perennial, calc. woodland & scrub, Ufton NV Native Wood 1984-95, Moreton Morrell 2002 Platanthera chlorantha Greater Butterfly- Rare perennial, calc. grassland, quarries, scrub & NNT Native orchid woods, S Warks Poa angustifolia Narrow-leaved Localised perennial, grasslands, roadsides, Meadow-grass Native railways, disturbed ground etc. esp. on calc soils, possibly over-looked Poa annua Annual Meadow-grass Widespread & frequent annual, road verges, Native disturbed land, grassland, arable etc.

43 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Poa chaixii Broad-leaved Meadow- Scarce garden escape perennial, 2 recent records, Neo grass L/Spa canalside 1987, Walton 1988 Poa compressa Flattened Meadow- Localised perennial, disturbed ground, walls, Native grass roadsides & railways Poa humilis Spreading Meadow- Localised perennial, esp. old damp meadows WN Native grass Poa infirma Early Meadow-grass Very rare short-lived annual. One site only, M40 WR Native Warwick services, 2011 Poa nemoralis Wood Meadow-grass Scarce perennial, mainly ancient woods & WN Native hedges Poa palustris Swamp Meadow-grass Rare perennial, unknown site 1932, Astley Castle WR Neo moat 1996 Poa pratensis Smooth Meadow-grass Widespread & frequent perennial, various Native grassland types, roadsides, disturbed ground etc. Poa trivialis Rough Meadow-grass Widespread & frequent perennial, grassland, Native roadsides, arable, disturbed ground, waterside, marshes, hedges etc. Polemonium Jacob’s-ladder Scarce garden escape perennial, tips, etc. 6 recent (NR) Neo caeruleum sites, a scarce native elsewhere in Britain Polygala serpyllifolia Heath Milkwort Rare perennial, mainly heathland & acid WR Native grassland, 6 sites 1982-2001 Polygala vulgaris Common Milkwort Localised perennial, esp. calc grassland in S WN Native Warks, also some acid sites (ssp. only once provided, ssp. vulgaris) Polygonatum Solomon's-seal Scarce garden escape perennial, mainly woods & Neo multiflorum roadsides Polygonatum odoratum Angular Solomon's-seal Garden escape perennial, 2 recent sites 1983, (NS) Neo 1989, a scarce native elsewhere in Britain Polygonatum x Garden Solomon’s seal Garden escape perennial, 2 recent sites, Sutton hybridum Neo Park 1990, Earlswood 1992 (P. multiflorum x P. odoratum) Polygonum arenastrum Equal-leaved Knotgrass Widespread but localised annual, roadsides, Arch disturbed ground, arable, farmyards etc. Polygonum aviculare Knotgrass Widespread & frequent annual, disturbed ground, Native roadsides, farmyards, arable, grassland etc. Polygonum patulum Red-knotgrass Extinct annual similar to above, only Saltley Ext Cas 1964 Polygonum rurivagum Cornfield Knotgrass Rare arable weed, calc. soils, 4 recent sites 1989- WR Arch 92 Polypodium Intermediate Polypody Frequent perennial fern, limestone & lime- Native interjectum mortared walls, banksides, esp. S Warks Polypodium vulgare Polypody Scarce perennial fern, walls, hedges, tree-stumps WN Native in woodland & scrub Polypodium x A hybrid polypody Rare hybrid perennial fern, 4 sites, 1983-1996 (P. Native mantoniae vulgare x P. interjectum) Polypogon Annual Beard-grass Annual from bird-seed etc., locally frequent at (NS) monspeliensis Neo Salford Priors, 2005-7, a scarce native of coastal areas Polypogon viridis Water Bent Annual/perennial, L/Spa roads 2005-, B/m Neo Botanic Garden 2007 Polystichum aculeatum Hard Shield-fern Localised perennial fern, mostly woods & Native hedges, mid & S Warks Polystichum setiferum Soft Shield-fern Localised perennial fern, woods & hedges, more Native frequent & widespread than previous sp.

44 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Pontederia cordata Pickerelweed Neo Introduced. One site DM Kineton 2011 Populus alba White Poplar Frequently planted tree, sometimes naturalising Neo by suckering Populus nigra ssp. Black-poplar Widespread but localised tree, usually planted, WN betulifolia but naturalised or possibly native along certain Native rivers, streams and ditches (esp. Alne & Tame valleys) Populus tremula Aspen Widespread but localised tree, mainly in ancient Native woods, occasionally planted elsewhere Populus x canescens Grey Poplar Widely planted hedge & field tree in S & E (P. alba x P. tremula) Neo Warks, but naturalised along some riverbanks and hedges by suckering Potamogeton species Pondweeds Floating & submerged perennial aquatics, diminishing due to water pollution, river engineering etc. Identification can be v. difficult and occasional hybrids complicate matters further. Potamogeton Sharp-leaved Pondweed Ext Extinct, only record canal Rugby c.1859 NC acutifolius Native Potamogeton alpinus Red Pondweed Ext Extinct, several records 1842-1967, the last at Native Newton Potamogeton Small Pondweed Scarce submerged aquatic, ponds & lakes, Native berchtoldii commonest of the v. small spp. in Warks Potamogeton Grass-wrack Pondweed Ext Extinct, many records canals 1837-1965, last at NE compressus Native Napton Potamogeton crispus Curled Pondweed Widespread submerged aquatic, ponds, canals & Native rivers Potamogeton friesii Flat-stalked Pondweed V. rare submerged aquatic, NNT Native 1992-7, , Wormleighton 1985 Potamogeton lucens Shining Pondweed Rare, unpolluted canals, rivers & ponds, 7 recent WR Native sites Potamogeton natans Broad-leaved Widespread & locally frequent in ponds, canals Native Pondweed & rivers Potamogeton nodosus Loddon Pondweed Ext Extinct, R. Stour at 1856 only NV Native record Potamogeton Blunt-leaved Pondweed Rare submerged aquatic, ponds & lakes, 8 recent WR Native obtusifolius sites Potamogeton Fennel Pondweed Widespread submerged aquatic, canals, rivers & pectinatus Native ponds, the commonest narrow-leaved pondweed in Warks, pollution-tolerant Potamogeton Perfoliate Pondweed Localised submerged aquatic, canals, rivers & Native perfoliatus ponds, possibly favouring larger waterbodies Potamogeton Bog Pondweed V. rare, mesotrophic waterbodies & boggy pools, WR Native polygonifolius Bickenhill 1986, Exhall 1997 Potamogeton Long-stalked Pondweed Ext Extinct, Sutton Park 1909, canal Rugby c.1960 NT praelongus Native Potamogeton pusillus Lesser Pondweed Native Localised, rivers, canals & ponds Potamogeton trichoides Hairlike Pondweed Native V. rare, only recent record Bascote 1989 WR Potamogeton x Long-leaved Pondweed Ext Extinct, Earlswood Reservoir, 1893-1959 angustifolius Native (P. lucens x P. gramineus, formerly P. x zizii) Potamogeton x ‘Cadbury's Pondweed’ Extinct endemic, Seeswood Pool, Nuneaton Ext cadburyae 1948, only known site in world (P. lucens x P. Native crispus) Potamogeton x lintonii Linton's Pondweed Ext Extinct, canal Hockley Heath 1962, canal

45 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Native Edgbaston 1961 (P. friesii x P. crispus) Potamogeton x A hybrid pondweed V. rare, canal Warwick 1870, canal Cov 1957, Native salicifolius 1996 (P. lucens x P. perfoliatus) Potentilla anglica Trailing Tormentil Rare perennial, moderately acidic grassland, WR Native woodland, roadsides etc. avoiding calc. soils, 6 recent sites Potentilla anserina Silverweed Widespread & frequent perennial, seasonally Native flooded grassland, disturbed land, roadsides etc. Potentilla argentea Hoary Cinquefoil V. rare perennial, siding Water Orton 1982, NNT Native Woodloes 1983 Potentilla erecta Tormentil Localised perennial, acid grassland, heathland, Native woodland, roadsides etc. NW Warks Potentilla indica Yellow-flowered Perennial escape, Frankton 1998, alleys L/Spa Neo Strawberry 2005- (formerly Duchesnea indica) Potentilla intermedia Russian Cinquefoil Perennial garden escape, sidings Water Orton Neo 1981-3 Potentilla norvegica Ternate-leaved Extinct garden escape perennial, Minworth 1940, Ext Cas Cinquefoil Wellesbourne 1954 Potentilla recta Sulphur Cinquefoil Scarce garden escape perennial, roadsides, Neo hedges, tips etc., 6 recent sites Potentilla reptans Creeping Cinquefoil Widespread & frequent perennial, roadsides, Native disturbed ground, grassland, hedges etc. Potentilla sterilis Barren Strawberry Localised perennial, roadsides, hedgerows, Native grassland, woodland & scrub Potentilla x mixta A hybrid cinquefoil Frequent perennial, much commoner than P. erecta or P. anglica, hedges, roadsides, banks Native etc., often without a parent (P. erecta x P. reptans or P. anglica x P. reptans) Potentilla x suberecta A hybrid tormentil Rare perennial hybrid, often with a parent, Native roadsides, lawns, hedges etc. (P. anglica x P. erecta) Poterium sanguisorba Fodder Burnet Perennial, escaped fodder crop & from ssp. balearicum wildflower seeds, 2 recent records, Halford 1986, Neo Cov 1988 (formerly Sanguisorba minor ssp. muricata) Poterium sanguisorba Salad Burnet Localised perennial in S Warks, mainly calc. WN ssp. sanguisorba Native grassland & quarries (formerly Sanguisorba minor ssp. minor) Primula veris Cowslip Frequent but declined perennial, less improved Native grasslands, roadsides, railway etc. Primula vulgaris Primrose Frequent perennial of ancient woods, hedges & Native banks Primula x polyantha False Oxlip Localised perennial hybrid, usually with both Native parents, hedges, woods, churchyards etc. (P. vulgaris x P. veris) Prunella vulgaris Selfheal Widespread & frequent perennial, disturbed Native ground, grassland (including garden lawns), roadsides etc. Prunus avium Wild Cherry Widespread tree, native of ancient woods and Native hedges, widely planted elsewhere Prunus cerasifera Cherry Plum Widespread small tree, naturalised in many Neo hedges, also widely planted Prunus cerasus Dwarf Cherry Rare small tree, hedges, similar to P. avium, 3 WR Arch recent sites, possibly overlooked

46 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Prunus domestica Wild Plum Localised small tree, naturalised in hedges, on ssp. domestica Arch road verges etc, ssp. not often given and difficult to distinguish without fruit Prunus domestica Bullace & Damson Occasional in hedges, Damson frequently planted Arch ssp. insititia in orchards and gardens Prunus domestica Greengage Rare garden escape tree, possibly self-sown at Neo ssp. italica Warwick riverside Prunus laurocerasus Cherry Laurel Large evergreen shrub, naturalised in some Neo woods, widely planted Prunus lusitanica Portugal Laurel Large evergreen shrub naturalised in some Neo woods, widely planted. Prunus padus Bird Cherry Widely planted but possibly naturalised at some Neo sites Prunus spinosa Blackthorn Widespread & frequent in hedges, woods and as Native scrub, said to hybridise with P. domestica (= P. x fruticans) alba Pale Corydalis Scarce garden escape perennial, wall L/Spa Neo 2005- Pseudofumaria lutea Yellow Corydalis Frequent garden escape perennial, esp. urban Neo walls Pteridium aquilinum Bracken Perennial fern, locally abundant on acid soils of Native woods, heaths, hedges, esp. NW Warks, locally in parts of S Warks Pteris cretica Ribbon Fern Neo Self-sown perennial, wall L/Spa 1991-2007- Puccinellia distans ssp. Reflexed Saltmarsh- Widespread but localised salt-tolerant perennial, distans grass Neo roadsides (esp. of major & urban ones), increasing Pulicaria dysenterica Common Fleabane Widespread but localised perennial, watersides, Native marshes, roadsides etc. Pulicaria vulgaris Small Fleabane Ext Extinct annual, last record Myton 1834 NC Native Pulmonaria officinalis Lungwort Neo Scarce perennial garden escape Pyracantha rogersiana Asian Firethorn Neo Garden escape shrub, probably bird-sown, 2 sites Pyrola minor Common Wintergreen Ext Extinct perennial, Meriden 1873 Native Pyrus communis Pear Frequent as a planted tree, possibly naturalised in Arch some hedges, woods & fields (though difficult to be sure) Pyrus pyraster Wild Pear Rare hedgerow tree, reputably 4 sites in S Warks WR Neo 1995-6 Quercus cerris Oak Widely planted tree but naturalised and invasive Neo in some woods Quercus petraea Sessile Oak Localised tree, common in some ancient acid Native woods of N & W Warks, occasionally planted elsewhere Quercus robur Pedunculate Oak Widespread & frequent tree, in a variety of Native habitats both as a wild and planted tree Quercus x rosacea A hybrid oak Usually present at edges of woods containing Q. Native petraea or in surrounding land (Q. petraea x Q. robur) Radiola linoides Allseed Ext Extinct annual of damp acid grassland, wet heath NT Native etc., NW Warks, last record Cornet’s End 1893 Ranunculus species Buttercups, Water- Plants that vary from fully terrestrial (buttercups)

47 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

crowfoots, Crowfoots to almost fully submerged aquatics of both and Spearworts standing and flowing water (water-crowfoots). Water-crowfoots are much declined and challenging to identify with several hybrids complicating matters further. Ranunculus acris Meadow Buttercup Widespread & frequent perennial, damp Native grassland, roadsides, watersides etc. Ranunculus aquatilis Common Water- Widespread but localised aquatic, mainly ponds, Native crowfoot the commonest water-crowfoot in Warks Ranunculus arvensis Corn Buttercup Arch Scarce annual, mainly arable, declining NC Ranunculus auricomus Goldilocks Buttercup Widespread but localised, esp. ancient woods & Native hedges Ranunculus bulbosus Bulbous Buttercup Widespread & frequent perennial, esp. dry Native grassland, roadsides and disturbed ground Ranunculus circinatus Fan-leaved Water- Rare aquatic, ponds & canals, 3 recent sites, WR Native crowfoot Edgbaston, Ryton, R.Leam, 1975-86 Ranunculus flammula Lesser Spearwort Localised perennial in NW Warks, marshes, Native ssp. flammula watersides, wet meadows, avoiding calc. areas Ranunculus fluitans River Water-crowfoot Rare aquatic, rivers, 3 recent sites, Rivers Itchen, WR Native Nene, Tame Ranunculus hederaceus Ivy-leaved Crowfoot Rare, marshes & watersides, 3 recent sites, mid WR Native Warks Ranunculus lingua Greater Spearwort Localised perennial, marshes & watersides, Native widely planted in ponds & increasing as an escape Ranunculus Round-leaved Crowfoot V. rare aquatic, boggy pools, only recent site WR Native omiophyllus Sutton Park, 1989 Ranunculus parviflorus Small-flowered Rare annual, arable, roadsides, banks, 3 recent WR Native Buttercup sites, mid Warks Ranunculus peltatus Pond Water-crowfoot Native Scarce aquatic, ponds in mid Warks WN Ranunculus Stream Water-crowfoot Scarce aquatic, locally abundant in Rivers WN penicillatus Native Blythe, Leam, Tame & Itchen (ssp. pseudofluitans where critically checked) Ranunculus repens Creeping Buttercup Widespread & frequent perennial, grasslands, Native disturbed ground, arable, roadsides, gardens etc. Ranunculus sardous Hairy Buttercup V. rare annual, mainly arable, Myton 1891, WR Neo Wellesbourne 1992 Ranunculus sceleratus Celery-leaved Widespread but localised annual, marshes, Native Buttercup watersides & wet fields (esp. on damp mud) Ranunculus Thread-leaved Water- Scarce aquatic, ponds & rivers, Rivers Blythe & WN Native trichophyllus crowfoot Sowe Ranunculus A hybrid water- V. rare, c.1974 (no site given), apparently the trichophyllus x crowfoot Native only convincing example of this hybrid in Britain R. peltatus Ranunculus x bachii Wirtgen’s hybrid Ext No records since c.1960, R. Alne area (parentage Water-crowfoot Native unclear, possibly R. fluitans x R. trichophyllus) Ranunculus x lutzii A hybrid water- Ext Seemingly extinct, 3 sites c.1960 (R. crowfoot Native trichophyllus x R. aquatilis) Ranunculus x A hybrid water- V. rare endemic, Coleshill pools, 1974, possibly Native virzionensis crowfoot the only British record (R. aquatilis x R. peltatus) Raphanus raphanistrum Wild Radish Widespread but localised annual, roadsides, Arch arable, farmyards, disturbed land etc. (ssp. raphanistrum) Raphanus sativus Garden Radish Cas Escape of cultivation, waste ground B/m 1988-9

48 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Rapistrum rugosum Bastard Cabbage Scarce annual/perennial, disturbed ground & Neo grassland, 6 sites (ssp. linnaeanum) Reseda alba White Mignonette Rare annual/perennial, disturbed ground, 3 recent WN Neo sites, B/m 1997 Reseda lutea Wild Mignonette Widespread but localised biennial/perennial, Native mainly disturbed ground, dry grassland & roadsides esp. calc. soils Reseda luteola Weld Widespread but localised biennial, mainly Arch disturbed ground of quarries & industrial sites Rhagadiolus stellatus Star Hawkbit Ext Cas Extinct birdseed annual, Rugby 1965 Rhamnus cathartica Buckthorn Localised shrub, mainly in hedges on calc. soils Native of S Warks Rheum x rhababarum Rhubarb Garden escape perennial, 1 record Warmington Cas Neo 1986 Rhinanthus A yellow-rattle Presumed escape from wild flower mix used at alectorolophus Cas Neo Wellesbourne by-pass, 1986 (possibly first British record) Rhinanthus minor Yellow-rattle ssp. Scarce annual root hemi-parasite, old and less WN ssp. minor Native improved hay meadows, but also used in wildflower seed mixes Rhinanthus minor Yellow-rattle ssp. Rare autumnal-flowering ssp., wet grassland (a WN Native? ssp. stenophyllus northern ssp. possibly not native to Warks) Rhododendron Rhododendron Invasive evergreen shrub, naturalised & invasive Neo ponticum in some acid woods, also widely planted Rhus typhina Stag's-horn Sumach Widely planted suckering shrub, 2 records as a Neo naturalised plant, B/m 1993, Cov 1996 Rhynchospora alba White Beak-sedge Ext Extinct perennial, bogs, last record Packington Native 1885 Ribes alpinum Mountain Currant Garden escape shrub, last record Fenny (NS) Neo Compton, 1991, a rare native elsewhere in Britain Ribes nigrum Black Currant Occasional garden escape/relic/birdsown shrub, Neo woods, watersides and waste places Ribes rubrum Red Currant Widespread but localised, esp. damp woods, Native watersides and hedges, prob. native at some sites but also a garden escape/relic/birdsown shrub Ribes sanguineum Flowering Currant Neo Garden escape shrub, 3 sites B/m 2006-7 Ribes uva-crispa Gooseberry Garden escape shrub , hedges, woods, Neo watersides, roadsides & sometimes bird-sown on walls Robinia pseudoacacia False-acacia Widely planted and frequently suckering over a Neo large area to become naturalised, possibly setting seed too Rorippa amphibia Great Yellow-cress Native Localised perennial, mainly watersides Rorippa islandica Northern Yellow-cress Native Very rare. One record. Earlswood Lakes 2010 WR Rorippa palustris Marsh Yellow-cress Widespread but localised annual/perennial, esp. Native watersides, occasionally roadsides & gardens Rorippa sylvestris Creeping Yellow-cress Native Localised perennial, mainly watersides Rorippa x anceps A hybrid yellow-cress Rare perennial, water-meadow L/Spa 1988, Native Abbot’s Salford 1989 (R. sylvestris x R. amphibia) Rorippa x Walthamstow Yellow- Rare perennial, arable field Clifton 2005, Cas armoracoides cress probably not native (R. sylvestris x R. austriaca) Rorippa x erythrocaulis Thames Yellow-cress Native Rare hybrid perennial, river bank R. Avon, NV

49 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

S/Avon 1989 (R. palustris x R. amphibia) Rosa species Roses Difficult group of shrubs/climbers, with c.100 British species & hybrids, most of which need expert identification. Rosa agrestis Small-leaved Sweet- Ext Extinct, Chesterton Wood, 1889 NT briar Native Rosa arvensis Field-rose Widespread & frequent, hedges, scrub etc., Native second commonest wild rose in Warks Rosa caesia Hairy Dog-rose Ext Extinct, last record Tamworth 1876 (a northern ssp. caesia Native ssp.) Rosa caesia Glaucous Dog-rose Rare, limestone quarries Southam, Bishop’s WR Native ssp. vosagiaca Itchington 1997 Rosa canina Dog-rose Commonest wild rose in Warks, hedges, scrub, Native woodland edge etc., all 4 ‘groups’ (Transitorii, Lutetianae, Dumales, Pubescentes) recorded Rosa ferruginea Red-leaved Rose Garden escape, probably bird-sown, Rugby 2006, Neo B/m 2006 Rosa ‘Hollandica’ Dutch Rose Garden escape, old railway Rugby 1999, Dosthill Neo 2001 Rosa micrantha Small-flowered Sweet- V. rare in S Warks, woods, & hedges on calc. WR Native briar soils, last record Wilmcote Rough 1997 Rosa multiflora Many-flowered Rose Neo Garden escape, 4 sites 1966-2006 Rosa obtusifolia Round-leaved Dog-rose Native Widespread but localised Rosa rubiginosa Sweet-briar Seemingly scarce as a native but distribution WN Native obscured by planted & bird-sown specimens Rosa rugosa Japanese Rose Garden escape (popular in landscaping), bird- Neo sown, 7 recent sites Rosa sherardii Sherard's Downy-rose Native Rare, hedges & scrub, 6 recent sites 1993-2005 WR Rosa spinosissima Burnet Rose Ext Presumed extinct, last record as a native Aston Native, Grove 1962, 6 recent sites 1992-2006 represent Neo garden escapes or planted specimens Rosa stylosa Short-styled Field-rose V. rare, usually hedges on calc. soils, 2 recent WR Native sites Offchurch 1981, Stockton 1995 Rosa tomentosa Harsh Downy-rose Rare, mainly hedges, 3 recent sites, 1989, 1996, WR Native declining Rosa virginiana Virginian Rose Neo Garden escape, wall, Hockley, 1996 Rosa x andegavensis A hybrid rose Scarce, 14 sites 1866-2005 (R. stylosa x R. Native canina) Rosa x biturigensis A hybrid rose Possible , 1 site 1997 (R. spinossisima x Neo R. rubiginosa) Rosa x cottettii A hybrid rose Ext Extinct, Rugby c.1870 (R. caesia x R. tomentosa) Native Rosa x dumalis A hybrid rose Frequent, sometimes planted (R. canina x R. Native caesia, with both R. caesia ssp. involved ) Rosa x dumetorum A hybrid rose Native Scarce, 7 recent sites (R. canina x R. obtusifolia) Rosa x gallicoides A hybrid rose Ext Extinct, 2 sites, 1877, Chesterton 1890 Native (R. arvensis x R. rubiginosa) Rosa x involuta A hybrid rose Ext Extinct, 4 sites 1861-1890 (R. spinosissima x R. Native sherardii) Rosa x nitidula A hybrid rose Rare, Harborough Magna 1883, Haselor, c.1960, Native Wilmcote Rough 1995 (R. canina x R. rubiginosa) Rosa x rothschildii A hybrid rose Native Rare, 4 sites 1876-1997 (R. canina x R. sherardii)

50 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Rosa x sabinii A hybrid rose V. rare, Allesley 1853 (R. spinosissima x R. Ext Neo mollis) Rosa x scabriuscula A hybrid rose Native Rare, 4 recent sites (R. canina x R. tomentosa) Rosa x toddiae A hybrid rose V. rare, 1887, Bedworth 2005 (R. Native canina x R. micrantha) Rosa x verticillacantha A hybrid rose Widespread & frequent, commonest wild hybrid Native rose in Warks, (R. arvensis x R. canina, also known as R. x irregularis) species Brambles, raspberries Widespread often abundant shrubs & scramblers, (includes ‘Rubus etc. with over 300 British species & microspecies, fruticosus’ aggregate) mostly requiring expert identification. The aggregate name ‘R. fruticosus’ is not used by experts. Rarity and extinction status uncertain for

most, so not noted for most. The number of 10- kilometre squares (km) for each sp. in Warks as shown in the maps of Edees & Newton (1988) is indicated for some species plus any subsequent records. Rubus adamsii A bramble Native 4 km, no post-1970 records Rubus adscitus A bramble Native 2 km, plus 1 record 1989 Rubus adspersus A bramble Native 1 km, no post-1970 records Rubus albionis A bramble Native 4 km, no post-1970 records Rubus amplificatus A bramble Native c. 14 km, no post-1970 records Rubus anglocandicans A bramble Native c. 9 km (as R. falcatus), 1 recent record Rubus anglofuscus A bramble Native 8 km (as R. fuscus), 1 record 1988 Rubus armeniacus A bramble cultivar Escape & birdsown cultivar ‘Himalayan Giant’, Neo 1982-87 (=R. procerus) Rubus armipotens A bramble Native c. 2 km (as R. winteri), no post-1970 records Rubus arrheniiformis A bramble Native Last record Sutton Park 1901 Rubus bagnallianus A bramble Native c. 6 km, 1875-1987 Rubus bartonii A bramble Native c. 2 km, no post-1970 records Rubus bertramii A bramble Native c. 2 km (as R. opacus), no post-1970 records Rubus bloxamianus A bramble Native c. 7 km (as R. granulatus) Rubus bloxamii A bramble Native c. 4 km 1880-1987 Rubus boraeanus A bramble Native 5 km Rubus botryeros A bramble Native 1 km Rubus boudiccae A bramble Native c. 6 km Rubus caesius Dewberry Widespread in mid & S Warks, calc. scrub & Native hedges, roadsides, watersides etc. Rubus calvatus A bramble Native c. 3 km 1885-c.1950 Rubus cardiophyllus A bramble Native c. 14 km 1874-1987 Rubus cissburiensis A bramble Native 1 km, no post-1970 records Rubus conjungens A bramble Scattered records, mainly N, W & mid Warks., Native 1874-1988 Rubus cockburnianus White-stemmed Garden & birdsown escape, B/m 2007 Neo Bramble Rubus criniger A bramble Native c. 2 km, no post-1970 records Rubus dasyphyllus A bramble Native Widespread records, 1876-1987 Rubus diversus A bramble Native 1 km, no post-1970 records Rubus eboracensis A bramble Native 1 km Rubus echinatoides A bramble Native c. 9 km, 1951-1988

51 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Rubus echinatus A bramble Native Widespread records, 1860-1988 (=R. discerptus) Rubus eligantispinosus A bramble cultivar Garden escape, 2 km, esp. railways, no post-1970 Cas records Rubus euryanthemus A bramble Native 2 records, 1957-74 Rubus flexuosus A bramble Native 8 records, 1870-1974 (=R. foliosus) Rubus gratus A bramble Native 8 records, 1879-c. 1960 Rubus hylocharis A bramble Native 4 km Rubus hylonomus A bramble Native 2 records, 1915-1965, no post-1970 records Rubus idaeus Raspberry Widespread & locally frequent garden Native escape/native, hedges, woods, roadsides, banks etc., scarcer in S Warks. Rubus infestus A bramble Native 2 km, no post-1970 records Rubus insectifolius A bramble Native c. 4 records 1878-1974 Rubus intensior A bramble Native 1 record 1988 Rubus laciniatus A bramble Neo Bird-sown cultivar, 5 sites 1950-1995 Rubus lanaticaulis A bramble Native 1 km, no post-1970 records Rubus leightonii A bramble Native Widespread records 1885-1987 Rubus leyanus A bramble Native 2 records 1988 Rubus lindebergii A bramble Native 1 km 1879, no post-1970 records Rubus lindleianus A bramble Native Widespread records, 1874-1987 Rubus longithyrsiger A bramble Native 2 km 1988 Rubus macrophyllus A bramble Native 3 km, no post-1970 records Rubus mercicus A bramble Extinct Last record Water Orton 1905 NR Native Rubus micans A bramble Native 8 km, 1891-1987 Rubus moylei A bramble Native 1 km, no post-1970 records Rubus mucronulatus A bramble Native 5 records, 1893-1974 Rubus murrayi A bramble Native Occasional in W Warks, 1883-1988 Rubus nemoralis A bramble Native 6 records, 1881-1987 Rubus nemorosus A bramble Native c. 8 km, 1847-1985 (=R. balfourianus) Rubus nessensis A bramble Native 2 km, no post-1970 records Rubus newbridgensis A bramble Native 2 records 1988 Rubus pallidus A bramble Native 5 km 1882-1974 Rubus pampinosus A bramble Native c. 3 km 1965-1988 (=R. favonii) Rubus pascuorum A bramble Native 2 records c.1885, no post-1970 records Rubus platyacanthus A bramble 11 km N & W Warks, 1882-c. 1960 (=R. Native carpinifolius) Rubus plicatus A bramble Native 4 km, 1884-1954, no post-1970 records Rubus polyanthemus A bramble Native c. 10 km, 1887- 1987 Rubus proiectus A bramble Native 1 record, 1988 Rubus pruinosus A bramble Native 19 km, 1852-1987 (=R. sublustris) Rubus pyramidalis A bramble Native c. 7 km, c.1850 -1963 Rubus radula A bramble Native c. 4 km Rubus raduloides A bramble Native c. 2 km, no post-1970 records Rubus robiae A bramble Native 1 record 1988 Rubus rossensis A bramble Native c. 3 km, 1879-1988 (=R. crassifolius) Rubus rubritinctus A bramble Native 2 km, 1897-c. 1960, no post-1970 records Rubus rufescens A bramble Native c. 8 km, 1897-1988 Rubus scaber A bramble Native c. 4 records, 1880-1988

52 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Rubus scabripes A bramble Native c. 6 km, 1881-1974 A bramble Native c. 10 records, 1873-c. 1960, no post-1970 records Rubus sprengelii A bramble Native c. 16 records, 1873-1988 Rubus tricolor Chinese Bramble Garden escape & self-sown, canalside, B/m, Neo 2007 Rubus tuberculatus A bramble Native Widespread except E Warks, 3 records 1987 Rubus ulmifolius A bramble Native Widespread, the commonest Warks bramble Rubus varvicensis A bramble c. 7 km, 1894-1974, endemic to VC 38 & 39 Native (=R. mercius) Rubus vestitus A bramble Widespread & often abundant in woodland, Native 1852-1987 Rubus warrenii A bramble Native c. 4 km, no post-1970 records Rubus watsonii A bramble Native 2 km, 1949, 1989 (=R. drymophilus) Rubus winteri A bramble Native 1 km, 1884, no post-1970 records Rubus wirralensis A bramble Native c. 7 km, 2 records 1988- Rubus caesius x R. A hybrid bramble V. rare but possibly over-looked, 1 record 1987 Native ulmifolius Rubus ulmifolius x A hybrid bramble V. rare but possibly over-looked, 2 records 1987, Native R. vestitus 1988 Rumex acetosa Common Sorrel Widespread & frequent perennial, grassland, Native roadsides, disturbed ground etc. (ssp. acetosa) Rumex acetosella ssp. Sheep's Sorrel ssp. Widespread perennial, most frequent in N Warks, acetosella Native grassland, roadsides, hedgerows etc., esp. on acid soils, ssp. not often provided Rumex acetosella ssp. Sheep’s Sorrel ssp. Seemingly rare, Snitterfield 1988 only WR Native pyrenaicus Rumex conglomeratus Clustered Dock Widespread & frequent biennial/perennial, esp. Native watersides, marshes & wet grassland Rumex crispus Curled Dock Widespread & frequent perennial, roadside, Native farmyards, disturbed ground, grassland, cultivated land etc. (ssp. crispus) Rumex hydrolapathum Water Dock Native Localised perennial, mainly watersides Rumex maritimus Golden Dock Native Scarce annual/perennial, mainly watersides WN Rumex obtusifolius Broad-leaved Dock Widespread & frequent perennial, grassland, Native disturbed land, roadsides, hedgerows, arable land etc. Rumex palustris Marsh Dock Native Rare. Only site Draycote Water 2000-2010 WR Rumex pulcher Fiddle Dock Rare perennial, dry grassland & roadsides, S WR Native Warks, 3 sites 1984- Rumex sanguineus Wood Dock Widespread & frequent perennial, marshes, Native hedgerows, roadsides etc., often in shaded & damp places Rumex x abortivus A hybrid dock Ext V. rare hybrid, pre-1970 record, details unknown Native (R. conglomeratus x R. obtusifolius) Rumex x dufftii A hybrid dock Ext Possibly extinct, one doubtful record Meriden Native 1952 (R. sanguineus x R. obtusifolius) Rumex x fallacinus A hybrid dock Very rare. Only record Draycote Water 2010 Native (R. crispus x R. maritimus) Rumex x pratensis A hybrid dock Rare but possibly over-looked, Hampton-in- Native Arden 1992 & 1872-1960, commonest British Rumex hybrid (R. crispus x R. obtusifolius) Rumex x ruhmeri A hybrid dock V. rare, only records Bramcote 1969 & 1973 (R. Native conglomeratus x R. sanguineus)

53 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Rumex x sagorski A hybrid dock Ext Possibly extinct, Shustoke 1958 only (R. crispus Native x R. sanguineus) Rumex x schulzii A hybrid dock Ext Possibly extinct, only record Rugby 1965 (R. Native crispus x R. conglomeratus) Rumex x weberi A hybrid dock Ext One doubtful record Leamington Hastings 1961 Native (R. hydrolapathum x R. obtusifolium) Ruscus aculeatus Butcher's-broom Neo Scarce garden escape shrub, mainly in woods Sagina apetala Annual Pearlwort ssp. Widespread but localised annual, roadsides and Native ssp. apetala disturbed ground, ssp. often not provided Sagina filicaulis Annual Pearlwort ssp. As above, possibly the commoner ssp. in Warks Native (formerly S. apetala ssp. erecta) Sagina nodosa Knotted Pearlwort V. rare perennial, only recent site Sutton Park WR Native 1982-2006 Sagina procumbens Procumbent Pearlwort Widespread & frequent perennial, disturbed Native ground, pavements, cultivated land etc. Sagittaria sagittifolia Arrowhead Native Localised aquatic perennial, rivers & canals Salix species Willows Native & introduced trees & shrubs, many spp. frequently planted, often difficult to identify due

to the existence of many varieties, cultivars, and hybrids (some involving 3 parent spp.). Salix alba White Willow Widely planted tree, sometimes naturalised, esp. Arch watersides, wet ditches, ditched hedgerows etc., frequently pollarded Salix aurita Eared Willow Rare shrub, acid grassland, wet heath, marshes, WR Native scrub & woods, esp. on acid soils of NW Warks, only recent records Hay Wood 1983, B/m 2006 Salix caprea Goat Willow Widespread but localised shrub/small tree, damp Native woods, watersides, marshes, hedges etc. (ssp. caprea) Salix cinerea Grey Willow ssp. Rare, not planted, watersides, damp hedges etc., WR Native ssp. cinerea 4 recent sites 1987-98 Salix cinerea Grey Willow ssp. Widespread & frequent, wetlands, disturbed land, ssp. oleifolia Native watersides, hedges, roadsides, damp woodland etc. Salix eriocephala Heart-leaved Willow Naturalised garden escape, Sutton Park 1979- Neo 2006 Salix fragilis Crack-willow Widespread & frequent tree, planted plus Arch naturalised, watersides, wetlands & wet woodland, frequently pollarded Salix myrsinifolia Dark-leaved Willow Naturalised escape (possibly planted), Neo Pool 1984-92 Salix pentandra Bay Willow Rare shrub, wetlands, watersides & hedges, 6 WR Native recent sites 1976-96 Salix purpurea Purple Willow Rare shrub, watersides & hedges, 4 recent sites WR Native 1983-95 Salix repens Creeping Willow Ext Extinct as a native, last record Sutton Park c. Native, 1960; introduced with sea-sand at Emscote, Neo Warwick c. 1960-1995 Salix triandra Almond Willow Rare shrub, mainly watersides & hedges, 6 recent WR Arch records Salix viminalis Osier Localised shrub, watersides, wetlands and old Arch withy beds etc. Salix x alopecuroides A hybrid willow 1 pre-1970 record, no site given (S. fragilis x S. Neo? triandra)

54 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Salix x calodendron Holme Willow Rare triple hybrid, 2 recent sites Shrewley 1984, Neo Cov 1994 (S. viminalis x S. caprea x S. cinerea) Salix x forbyana Fine Osier Rare triple hybrid, last sites Edgbaston Pool & Ext Neo Shrewley c.1960, presumed extinct (S. purpurea x S. viminalis x S. cinerea) Salix x fruticosa Shrubby Osier Only record Lowsonford 1965, possibly extinct Ext Neo? (S. aurita x S. viminalis) Salix x latifolia A hybrid willow Only record Shrewley 1966, possibly extinct (S. Ext Neo caprea x S. mysinifolia) Salix x laurina Laurel-leaved Willow Only record Shrewley 1966, possibly extinct (S. Ext Neo cinerea x S. physifolia) Salix x mollissima Sharp-stipuled Willow Last record Church Lawford c.1960, possibly Ext Arch extinct (S. triandra x S. viminalis) Salix x multinervis A hybrid willow V. rare, Earlswood 1982, Hampton-in-Arden Native 1992 (S. cinerea x S. aurita) Salix x reichardtii A hybrid willow Localised, the commonest Salix hybrid in Warks Native (S. caprea x S. cinerea) Salix x rubens Hybrid Crack-willow Last records c.1960, formerly planted, possibly Ext Neo extinct (S. alba x S. fragilis) Salix x sericans Broad-leaved Osier V. rare, planted and possibly naturalised, last Neo? record Henwood 1999 (S. caprea x S. viminalis) Salix x smithiana Silky-leaved Osier Scarce hybrid, 2 recent sites, Kineton 1977& Neo? 1995 (S. viminalis x S. cinerea) kali Prickly Saltwort Extinct annual, introduced with imported sea- (NV) Ext Neo ssp. kali sand, only one site in Warwick 1963 Salsola kali Spineless Saltwort Annual with only one record, Cov 1994 Cas Neo ssp. tragus (formerly S. kali ssp. ruthenica) Salvia pratensis Meadow Clary Extinct perennial, less improved grasslands, last NT Ext record as native Birdingbury 1908, subsequently Native & recorded as a possible escape Cas 2001-4 Salvia verbenaca Wild Clary V. rare perennial, calc. grassland & scrub, WR Native Bidford, Alderminster 1995 Sambucus ebulus Dwarf Elder Rare perennial, mainly hedges, 3 recent sites WR Arch 1990-94 Sambucus nigra Elder Widespread & frequent shrub, hedges, woods, Native scrub, disturbed land etc., sometimes bird-sown on walls and occasionally planted Samolus valerandi Brookweed Rare perennial, watersides & marshes, 3 recent WR Native sites 1984-95 Sanguisorba officinalis Great Burnet Localised perennial, mainly damp grassland, WN Native occasionally watersides, wetlands, roadsides etc. Sanicula europea Sanicle Native Localised perennial, shady woodland WN Saponaria officinalis Soapwort Occasional garden escape perennial, roadsides, Arch disturbed ground etc. Saxifraga cymbalaria Celandine Saxifrage Garden escape annual, 2 recent sites, Cov 1996, Neo Wibtoft 1998 Saxifraga granulata Meadow Saxifrage Scarce perennial, older & less improved WN Native grassland, cemeteries etc. Saxifraga hypnoides Mossy Saxifrage Ext Neo Garden escape perennial, only record Cov 1851 (NV) Saxifraga tridactylites Rue-leaved Saxifrage Native Localised annual, mainly old limestone walls WN Scabiosa columbaria Small Scabious Rare perennial, mainly calc. grassland, 5 recent WR Native records, 1980-2006 Scandix pecten-veneris Shepherd’s-needle Arch Rare arable annual weed, 5 recent records, 1986- NC

55 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

2007 Schedonorus Tall Fescue Localised on roadsides, in woods, roads, Native arundinaceus grassland etc. (formerly Festuca arundinacea) Schedonorus giganteus Giant Fescue Localised, hedges, woods, watersides etc. Native (formerly Festuca gigantea) Schedonorus pratensis Meadow Fescue Localised & decreasing, old meadows, roadsides WN Native etc. (formerly Festuca pratensis) Schedonorus x A hybrid fescue V. rare hybrid, Moreton Morrell 1990, Fenny Native aschersonianus Compton 1997 (S. pratensis x S. arundinaceus) X Schedolium A hybrid fescue/rye- V. rare hybrid, S/Avon meadow 1996 Native braunii grass (Schedonorus pratensis x Lolium multiflorum) X Schedolium A hybrid fescue/rye- V. rare hybrid, Knowle meadow 1981 Native holmbergii grass (Schedonorus arundinaceus x Lolium perenne) X Schedolium A hybrid fescue/rye- Occasional scattered records, 1857-1998-, grass- loliaceum grass Neo seed mixtures (Schedonorus pratensis x Lolium perenne) X Schedolium krasanii A hybrid fescue-rye- V. rare hybrid, Butler’s Marston 1977 grass Native (Schedonorus arundinaceus x Lolium multiflorum) Schoenoplectus Common Club-rush Widespread aquatic/waterside perennial, locally Native lacustris frequent along rivers & around lakes Schoenoplectus Grey Club-rush Localised waterside perennial, 5 recent records WN Native tabernaemontani Schoenus nigricans Black Bog-rush Ext Extinct perennial, fens, Dosthill 1670, Coleshill Native 1817 Scirpus sylvaticus Wood Club-rush Native Localised perennial, watersides & marshes Scleranthus annuus Annual Knawel Localised annual, arable & sandy & gravelly NE Native places, avoiding calc. soils (ssp. annuus) Scorpiurus muricatus Caterpillar-plant Annual, from bird-seed, Rugby 1982, allotment Cas L/Spa 1986 Scorzonera humilis Viper's-grass Extinct perennial, pasture, Portway 1954-1965, (NV) Ext Neo probably not native to Warks, though source unclear Scorzoneroides Autumn Hawkbit Widespread & frequent perennial, grasslands of autumnalis Native various sorts, roadsides, disturbed ground, lawns etc. (formerly Leontodon autumnalis) Scrophularia auriculata Water Figwort Native Frequent perennial, waterside & marshes Scrophularia nodosa Common Figwort Widespread perennial, woods, marshes, Native roadsides, hedges etc. Scrophularia umbrosa Green Figwort V. rare perennial, only modern records from WR Native Moreton Morrell 1871-2004 Scrophularia vernalis Yellow Figwort V. rare perennial, possibly from game cover or Neo game feed, Walton 1988-2006 Scutellaria galericulata Skullcap Widespread perennial, watersides, marshes & Native wet woodland Scutellaria minor Lesser Skullcap Very rare perennial, bog, mire & damp acid WR Native woodland. One modern record Sutton Park 2010 Scutellaria x hybrida A hybrid skullcap Ext Extinct hybrid perennial, canal, Sowe Waste Native 1887 (S. galericulata x S. minor) Secale cereale Rye Cas Crop & bird-seed annual, 3 sites, 1993-2004 Securigera varia Crown Vetch Garden escape perennial, 3 recent sites, 1977- Neo 1990 Sedum acre Biting Stonecrop Scattered perennial, walls, surfaced ground, roofs Native and disturbed ground

56 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Sedum album White Stonecrop Localised garden escape perennial, walls, Neo disturbed ground, roadsides, railways, etc. Sedum anglicum English Stonecrop Cas 2 sites 1996- Sedum forsterianum Rock Stonecrop Extinct garden escape perennial, only record (NS) Ext Neo Oversley 1872, native to W Britain Sedum rupestre Reflexed Stonecrop Localised garden escape, walls, roofs, disturbed Neo ground etc. Sedum kamtschaticum Kamchatka Stonecrop Neo Rare garden escape, Snitterfield, 2011 Sedum sexangulare Tasteless Stonecrop Ext Neo Extinct garden escape perennial, last record 1848 Sedum spectabile Butterfly Stonecrop Neo Garden escape perennial, W Warks c. 1999 Sedum spurium Caucasian-stonecrop Localised garden escape, disturbed ground, walls Neo etc. Sedum telephium Orpine Rare perennial, native & garden escape, woods, WR Native hedges & roadsides, 6 recent sites Selaginella kraussiana Krauss’s Clubmoss Garden escape perennial, rockeries, B/m Botanic Neo Garden 2007 Sempervivum tectorum House-leek Garden escape perennial, roof, Temple Balsall Neo 1989 and 2010 Senecio aquaticus Marsh Ragwort Widespread but local perennial, marshes, Native watersides & wet grassland Senecio cineraria Silver Ragwort Garden escape perennial, Cov 1994, Neo 1998 Senecio erucifolius Hoary Ragwort Localised perennial, grassland, disturbed ground, WN Native roadsides, railways & scrub on calc. soils, mainly S Warks Senecio inaequidens Narrow-leaved Ragwort Neo Invasive garden escape perennial, 4 sites 2000-7 Senecio jacobaea Common Ragwort Widespread & frequent perennial, roadsides, grasslands, disturbed land, woodland rides, Native hedges etc. (a notifiable weed that landowners must remove under some circumstances) Senecio squalidus Oxford Ragwort Widespread but localised annual /perennial, Neo disturbed ground, railways, old buildings etc. Senecio sylvaticus Heath Groundsel Localised annual, hedges, roadsides, rough Native grassland, sandy arable etc., avoiding calc. soils, mainly N Warks Senecio viscosus Sticky Groundsel Localised annual, disturbed ground, roadsides, Neo railways etc., avoiding calc. soils, mainly N Warks Senecio vulgaris Groundsel Widespread & frequent annual, disturbed ground, Native roadsides, arable, gardens etc. Senecio x albescens A hybrid ragwort Rare perennial, 3 sites, 2004-2006 Neo (S. cineraria x S. jacobaea) Senecio x baxteri A hybrid ragwort Extinct annual, only records B/m 1945, Ext Neo Alvecote 1960 (S. squalidus x S. vulgaris) Senecio x ostenfeldii A hybrid ragwort V. rare, S/Avon 1988 (S. jacobaea x S. Native aquaticus) Senecio x A hybrid ragwort Scarce annual hybrid, railway, roadsides etc., 8 Neo subnebrodensis recent records (S. squalidus x S. viscosus) Serratula tinctoria Saw-wort Scarce perennial, grassland, roadsides, wetlands WN Native etc. Setaria italica Foxtail Bristle-grass Bird-seed annual, 2 recent sites, B/m 1983, L/Spa Cas 1989 Setaria parviflora Knotroot Bristle-grass Cas Bird-seed annual/perennial, K/worth 1999 Setaria pumila Yellow Bristle-grass Cas Occasional birdseed annual, tips, gardens, game-

57 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

bird feed Setaria verticillata Rough Bristle-grass Cas Bird-seed annual, 3 recent sites, 1973-2004 Setaria viridis Green Bristle-grass Occasional bird-seed annual, self-sowing, Neo increasing Sherardia arvensis Field Madder Localised annual, arable, short grassland, WN Native roadsides etc. Sida spinosa Prickly Mallow Cas Birdseed annual/perennial, 1 site B/m 1983 Silaum silaus Pepper-saxifrage Localised perennial, old & less improved WN Native grassland, roadsides etc., esp. on calc. soils of S Warks Silene armeria Sweet-William Bird-seed annual, only record Rugby 1982 Cas Catchfly Silene cretica A catchfly Ext Neo Extinct annual, only record Sutton Park 1877 Silene dioica Red Campion Widespread & frequent perennial, woods, Native roadsides, hedges etc. Silene gallica Small-flowered Ext Arch Extinct annual, sandy arable, last ‘native’ record NE Catchfly & Cas 1913, only recent record B/m 1983 (probably Neo from birdseed) Silene flos-cuculi Ragged-robin Widespread but localised perennial, marshes, wet WN Native meadows, watersides, damp woods (formerly Lychnis flos-cuculi) Silene latifolia White Campion Widespread perennial, roadsides, hedges, Arch disturbed land etc. (ssp. alba) Silene noctiflora Night-flowering Rare annual arable weed, S & E Warks, 3 recent NV Arch Catchfly sites 1986-98 Silene nutans Nottingham Catchfly Extinct annual, only record Oscott 1891, not (NT) Ext Neo native to Warks Silene viscaria Sticky Catchfly Garden escape perennial, Edgbaston 1990, also a (NT) Cas very rare British native elsewhere (formerly Lychnis viscaria) Silene vulgaris Bladder Campion Localised perennial, roadsides, railways, Native disturbed land etc. (ssp. vulgaris) Silene x hampeana A hybrid campion Occasional perennial, esp. roadsides, often in Native ‘hybrid swarms’ (S. latifolia x S. dioica) Silybum marianum Thistle Cas Scarce annual/biennial, 4 recent sites 1990-2004 Sinapis alba White Mustard Localised annual, arable, disturbed ground, Arch roadsides etc., diminishing Sinapis arvensis Charlock Widespread annual, arable, disturbed ground, Arch roadsides etc. Sison amomum Stone Parsley Localised biennial, mainly roadsides & hedges WN Native on calc. soils in S Warks Sisymbrium Tall Rocket Scarce annual, last record 1989 Neo altissimum Sisymbrium officinale Hedge Mustard Widespread & frequent annual/biennial, Arch roadsides, disturbed land, hedges etc. Sisymbrium orientale Eastern Rocket Localised annual, esp. urban roads & disturbed Neo ground, increasing Sisymbrium Many-podded Hedge- Annual, only record Hams Hall 1987 Cas polyceratium mustard Sisymbrium Perennial Rocket Possible garden escape perennial, allotment Neo strictissimum L/Spa 2006 Sisyrinchium Blue-eyed-grass Possible garden escape perennial, Exhall 1989, Neo bermudiana Middleton 1997 Sisyrinchium striatum Pale Yellow-eyed-grass Cas Possible garden escape perennial, roadside B/m

58 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

2007 Smyrnium olusatrum Alexanders Scarce biennial, fairly salt-tolerant, roadsides Neo 1989-2007, increasing Solanum dulcamara Bittersweet Widespread perennial, hedges, marshes, Native roadsides, etc. Solanum lycopersicum Tomato Garden escape annual, probably not self-sowing, Cas 1996, 1998 (formerly Lycopersicon esculentum) Solanum nigrum Black Nightshade ssp. Frequent annual, esp. in S Warks, arable, ssp. nigrum Native gardens, roadsides, disturbed land etc., the commoner ssp. Solanum nigrum Black Nightshade ssp. Scarce annual, 5 sites 1997-2006, possibly Neo ssp. schultesii overlooked Solanum physalifolium Green Nightshade Localised annual, arable, tips & roadsides, a crop Neo seed contaminant, 1959-99 Solanum rostratum Buffalo-bur Scarce annual, esp. arable & disturbed ground, Cas from bird-seed, crop seed, 1982-2005 Solanum tuberosum Potato Relic of cultivation perennial, recent records Cas Henley 1996, B/m 2007 Soleirolia soleirolii Mind-your-own- Localised garden escape perennial, urban alleys Neo business etc. Solidago graminifolia Grass-leaved Extinct garden escape, B/m 1943 only Ext Neo Goldenrod Solidago canadensis Canadian Goldenrod Frequent garden escape perennial, disturbed Neo ground, roadsides, railways, tips etc. Solidago gigantea Early Goldenrod As above, but seemingly less common, 1980- Neo 2007 (ssp. serotina) Solidago virgaurea Goldenrod Rare perennial, hedgerows, roadsides, railways, WR Native esp. W Warks, 4 recent sites Sonchus arvensis Corn Sow-thistle Widespread & frequent perennial, roadsides, Native disturbed ground, arable etc. Sonchus asper Prickly Sow-thistle Widespread & frequent perennial, roadsides, Native disturbed ground, arable etc. Sonchus oleraceus Smooth Sow-thistle Widespread & frequent perennial, roadsides, Native disturbed ground, arable etc. Sonchus tenerrimus A casual sow-thistle Cas Perennial, alley L/Spa 2004-6 only record Sorbaria sorbifolia Sorbaria Neo Garden escape shrub. Ladywalk 2010 Sorbaria tomentosa Himalayan Sorbaria Garden escape shrub, bird-sown, walls, Rugby Neo 2005-7 Sorbus aria Common Whitebeam Frequently planted tree, also recorded as self- Neo sown Sorbus aucuparia Rowan A native tree of ancient acid woods, frequently Native planted elsewhere Sorbus intermedia Swedish Whitebeam Frequently planted tree, also recorded as Neo naturalised at a few sites Sorbus torminalis Wild Service-tree Scarce tree of ancient woods, occasionally WN Native planted Sorghum bicolor Great Millet Annual, from gamebird-seed at Alscot 2004, Cas bird-seed Cov 2005 Sorghum halapense Johnson-grass Cas Perennial, from bird-seed, B/m 1983 only record Sparganium emersum Unbranched Bur-reed Localised aquatic perennial, watersides & swamp WN Native of rivers, canals, pools Sparganium erectum Branched Bur-reed ssp. Widespread aquatic perennial, watersides & ssp. erectum Native swamp, ssp. often not given, 6 recent records for this ssp.

59 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Sparganium erectum Branched Bur-reed ssp. 8 recent sites Native ssp. micocarpum Sparganium erectum Branched Bur-reed ssp. 6 recent sites Native ssp. neglectum Sparganium erectum Branched Bur-reed ssp. V. rare ssp. (but possibly overlooked), WR Native ssp. oocarpum Welford/Avon 1947, 1995 Sparganium natans Least Bur-reed Ext Extinct aquatic perennial, last record Arbury Native 1854 Spartium junceum Spanish Broom Neo Garden escape shrub, Cov 1988 Spergula arvensis Corn Spurrey Localised annual, esp. arable & allotments, N NV Arch Warks, avoids calc. soils Spergularia marina Lesser Sea-spurrey Localised but increasing salt-tolerant annual, Neo roadsides Spergularia rubra Sand Spurrey Localised annual, mainly disturbed sandy and Native gravelly ground Spiraea douglasii Steeple-bush Garden escape shrub, Fulready 1992 (ssp. Cas menziesii) Spiraea japonica Japanese Spiraea Cas Garden escape shrub, pavement, B/m 2007 Spiraea x Confused Bridewort Garden escape shrub, 1992-2006 (S. salicilifolia Neo pseudosalicifolia x S. douglassii) Spiraea salicifolia Bridewort Garden escape shrub, only recent record Neo Earlswood 1992 Spiranthes spiralis Autumn Lady's-tresses Ext Extinct perennial, last record K/worth 1873 NT Native Spirodela polyrhiza Greater Duckweed Rare floating aquatic perennial, ponds & canals, WR Native 5 recent sites Stachys annua Annual Yellow- Extinct annual, Sutton Park 1877, Hatton 1955 Ext Neo woundwort Stachys arvensis Field Woundwort Rare annual, mainly arable & disturbed ground, 6 NNT Arch recent sites Stachys byzantina Lamb’s-ear Cas Garden escape perennial, Nuneaton 2005 Stachys palustris Marsh Woundwort Localised perennial, esp. watersides (increasingly Native sold for ponds) Stachys sylvatica Hedge Woundwort Widespread & frequent perennial, hedges, Native roadsides, woods etc. Stachys x ambigua A hybrid woundwort Rare perennial, watersides, 3 recent sites, 1986- Native 98 (S. sylvatica x S. palustris) Stellaria alsine Bog Stitchwort Localised perennial, mainly marshes & WN Native watersides Stellaria graminea Lesser Stitchwort Widespread perennial, grassland, woods, hedges, Native roadsides etc. Stellaria holostea Greater Stitchwort Widespread perennial, hedges, roadsides, woods Native etc., declining Stellaria media Common Chickweed Widespread & frequent annual, arable, disturbed Native land, gardens, grassland etc. Stellaria neglecta Greater Chickweed Localised annual/perennial, hedges, roadsides, Native wet woods etc. Stellaria nemorum Wood Chickweed Extinct perennial, Alcester 1817, Honington Ext Cas? 1891, possibly planted Stellaria pallida Lesser Chickweed Rare annual, Burton Dassett 1985, Fenny WR Native Compton 1989 Stellaria palustris Marsh Stitchwort Very rare perennial of damp areas. NV Native One modern record Middleton Lakes 2009 Stratiotes aloides Water-soldier Neo Aquatic escape perennial, 5 sites, 1977-2006, a (NT)

60 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

scarce native of E England Succisa pratensis Devil’s-bit Scabious Localised perennial, damp meadows, watersides, WN Native woods etc. Sutera cordata Bacopa ‘Snowflake’ Window-box escape perennial, asphalt, B/m Cas 1997 Sutera ?cordata Bacopa sp. Garden escape annual/perennial, roadside, Castle Cas Bromwich 2006 Symphoricarpos albus Snowberry Localised suckering shrub, game cover & garden Neo escape, mainly woods & hedges Symphytum asperum Rough Comfrey Extinct garden escape perennial, last record Ext Neo Temple Balsall 1967 Symphytum Creeping Comfrey Scarce garden escape perennial, roadsides & Neo grandiflorum woodland Symphytum officinale Common Comfrey Localised perennial, roadsides, watersides, Native disturbed ground etc. Symphytum orientale White Comfrey Scarce perennial garden escape, roadsides, Neo ditches, disturbed ground, walls etc. Symphytum tauricum Crimean Comfrey Extinct perennial, Warwick 1879, presumed Ext Neo garden escape Symphytum tuberosum Tuberous Comfrey Garden escape perennial, Shipston 1983, Neo 1987 Symphytum x Russian Comfrey Widespread garden escape perennial, commonest Neo uplandicum Comfrey in Warks (S. asperum x S. officinale) Syringa vulgaris Lilac Popular garden shrub, sometimes naturalising by Neo suckering, hedges, disturbed ground etc. Tagetes patula French Marigold Cas Garden escape annual, B/m 2007 Tamus communis Black Bryony Widespread climbing perennial, mainly hedges & Native scrub Tanacetum parthenium Feverfew Widespread perennial, mainly roadsides & Neo disturbed ground, esp. in urban areas Tanacetum vulgare Tansy Native Localised perennial, roadsides, tips Taraxacum ‘officinale’ Dandelions Widespread perennials of grasslands (incl. agg. garden lawns), roadsides, disturbed land etc. ‘T. officinale’ is an aggregate name not used by national experts. 235 British microspecies, but few of these critically recorded after 1970, so

rarity levels not assigned & extinctions not certain. English names are from Sell, P & Murrell, G. 2006 Flora of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 4. Taraxacum aequilobum Twisted-bracted 1 record, B/m 1974 Neo Dandelion Taraxacum alatum Green Dandelion Native 2 records, B/m 1974, Stockton 1980 Taraxacum Purple-bracted Ext 10 records, 1956-65, S & mid Warks brachyglossum Dandelion Native Taraxacum bracteatum Dark-green Dandelion Native 3 sites, 1952-1997 Taraxacum British Dandelion Ext 1 record, Guy’s Cliffe 1962 britannicum Native Taraxacum coartatum Irregular-bracted 1 record, Bickmarsh 1997 Neo Dandelion Taraxacum dahlstedtii Dahlstedt’s Dandelion 2 records, Crabbs Cross, near Redditch 1997, Native Farnborough 1953 (T. stenoglossum) Taraxacum Double-toothed Native 3 sites, 1952-1985

61 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

duplidentifrons dandelion Taraxacum Wide-stalked Ext 4 sites, 1963-1964 euryphyllum Dandelion Native Taraxacum Broad-stalked 1 record, Lighthorne 1983 Native? expallidiforme Dandelion Taraxacum faeroense Faroes Dandelion 20 sites, esp. N & mid Warks (includes ‘T. Native spectabile’) Taraxacum fulviforme Green-bracted 3 sites, 1893-1982 Native Dandelion Taraxacum Many-toothed 2 sites, 1963, Warwick 1982 Native glauciniforme Dandelion Taraxacum hamatum Hooked-lobed Ext 6 sites, 1875-1957 Dandelion Native Taraxacum Cut-leaved Dandelion 16 sites, 1893-1971 Native lacistophyllum Taraxacum laeticolor Pale-stalked Dandelion Neo? 1 record, Bickmarsh 1999 Taraxacum leptodon Yellow-styled 1 record, Crabbs Cross, near Redditch 1997 Neo Dandelion Taraxacum nordstedtii Nordstedt’s Dandelion Native 12 sites, 1896-1971, mainly N & mid Warks Taraxacum oxoniense Oxford Dandelion Native 13 sites, 1954-1980, mainly S Warks Taraxacum piceatum Leaden-bracted 1 record Cheapside, Bidford on Avon 1996 Neo? Dandelion Taraxacum polyodon Common Dandelion 2 records, Crabbs Cross, Redditch 1997, Harbury Native? 1971 Taraxacum Smooth Dandelion 1 record, Guy’s Cliffe 1986 Native? sagittipotens Taraxacum Sahlin’s Dandelion 1 record, Major’s Green, Solihull 2001 Native sahlinianum Taraxacum sellandi Selland’s Dandelion Native 1 record, Churchover 1988 Taraxacum Large Hook-lobed Ext 1 record, nr. Harbury 1964 subhamatum Dandelion Native Taraxacum trilobatum Three-lobed Dandelion Neo 1 record, Redditch 1997 Taraxacum Dull-leaved Dandelion 1 record, Warwick 1971 Neo? undulatiflorum Taraxacum Claw-lobed Dandelion Ext 2 records, Merevale Park 1963, Sutton Park 1951 unguilobum Native Taxus baccata Yew Widespread planted tree, esp. in churchyards and Native historic properties but bird-sown in some woods & other places Teesdalia nudicaulis Shepherd’s Cress Ext Extinct annual, last record Flecknoe 1961 NT Native Tellima grandiflora Fringecups Neo Garden escape perennial, 3 sites 1990-96 Tetragonia New Zealand Spinach Garden escape annual, L/Spa 1992 only record Cas tetragonioides Tetragonolobus Dragon's-teeth Garden escape perennial, Bishop’s Itchington Cas maritimus 2000 only Teucrium chamaedrys Wall Germander Garden escape perennial, 2 sites, 1962, Cas Walsgrave 2003 Teucrium scorodonia Wood Sage Localised perennial, hedgerows, scrub, woods & Native disturbed land on acid soils, mostly N Warks Thalictrum French Meadow-rue Garden escape perennial, Cas aquilegiifolium 1998, Berkswell 2005 Thalictrum flavum Common Meadow-rue Native Localised perennial, marshes WN

62 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Thalictrum minus Lesser Meadow-rue Scarce garden escape perennial, tips, old gardens, Neo hedges Thelypteris palustris Marsh Fern Ext Extinct fern, marshes, last record Sutton Park NS Native 1877 Thlaspi arvense Field Penny-cress Localised annual, mostly arable & disturbed WN Arch land, declining Thuja plicata Western Red-Cedar Neo Self-sown seedlings seen, Oversley Wood 2011 Thymus polytrichus Wild Thyme Scarce perennial, calc. grassland & quarries, S. WN Native Warks (ssp. britannicus) Thymus pulegioides Large Thyme Rare perennial, mostly calc. grassland & WR Native quarries, S Warks, 3 recent sites Tilia cordata Small-leaved Lime As a native, a localised tree of ancient woods WN Native where often coppiced, also planted in parks, churchyards etc. Tilia platyphyllos Large-leaved Lime Questionable native in Warks, 3 recent records of (NS) possibly naturalised trees 1983-92, widely Neo? planted, esp. in parks, a rare native in some other parts of Britain Tolmiea menziesii Pick-a-back-plant Garden escape perennial, woods, most recent Neo record 1998 Torilis arvensis Spreading Hedge- Rare annual, mostly arable on calc. soils of S NE Arch parsley Warks, much declined, 7 recent sites Torilis japonica Upright Hedge-parsley Widespread annual/biennial, mainly hedges & Native roadsides Torilis nodosa Knotted Hedge-parsley Rare annual, grassland, roadsides, hedges etc., S WR Native & E Warks, 4 recent sites Trachystemon Abraham-Isaac-Jacob Garden escape perennial, Hatton 1983, Warwick Neo orientalis 1986 Tragopogon porrifolius Salsify Scarce garden & allotment escape biennial, Neo roadsides, allotments etc Tragopogon pratensis Goat's-beard ssp. Localised annual/perennial, roadsides, grassland, Native ssp. minor disturbed land etc., ssp. rarely given Tragopogon pratensis Goat’s-beard ssp. Only record, Burton Green 1892-4 Ext Neo ssp. orientalis Tragopogon pratensis Goat’s-beard ssp. Scarce ssp., disturbed ground, canalsides, v. Neo ssp. pratensis similar to ssp. minor, possibly overlooked Trichophorum Deergrass V. rare perennial, wet heath & bogs, only site WR germanicum Native Sutton Park 1670-1990- (formerly T. cespitosum ssp. germanicum) Trifolium arvense Hare's-foot Clover Localised annual, disturbed sandy ground, Native railways, roadsides etc. Trifolium aureum Large Trefoil Annual, only recent record Water Orton sidings Cas 1984 Trifolium campestre Hop Trefoil Widespread but localised annual, disturbed Native ground, grassland, railways etc. Trifolium dubium Lesser Trefoil Widespread & frequent annual, grassland, Native roadsides, disturbed ground, lawns etc. Trifolium fragiferum Strawberry Clover Rare perennial, mainly roadsides & grassland on WR Native calc. soils of S & E Warks, 8 recent sites Trifolium hybridum Alsike Clover Widespread but localised perennial, roadsides, Neo disturbed ground, grassland etc. Trifolium incarnatum Crimson Clover Scarce relic of cultivation annual, tips & Neo disturbed ground, 4 recent sites (ssp. incarnatum) Trifolium medium Zigzag Clover Native Localised perennial, esp. NW Warks, grassland,

63 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

roadsides, railways, hedges, disturbed ground etc. Trifolium micranthum Slender Trefoil Localised annual, lawns, grasslands & roadsides, Native esp. on lighter sandy soils Trifolium pratense Red Clover Widespread & frequent perennial, grassland, Native roadsides, disturbed land, arable etc., often sown within grass leys Trifolium repens White Clover Widespread & frequent perennial, grassland, Native roadsides, disturbed land, arable etc., often sown within grass leys Trifolium resupinatum Reversed Clover Ext Cas Extinct casual, Oscott 1891 only Trifolium scabrum Rough Clover V. rare annual, long history from grasslands & WR Native quarries of the Burton Dassett area Trifolium striatum Knotted Clover Rare annual, grasslands & roadsides, esp. on WR Native sandy soil, 7 recent sites Trifolium Subterranean Clover V. rare annual, dry grassland, only recent site WR Native subterraneum Sherbourne, 1982-92- Triglochin palustris Marsh Arrowgrass Scarce perennial, wetlands & watersides WN Native (formerly T. palustre) Trigonella caerulea Blue Fenugreek Ext Neo Extinct annual, only record Shirley 1953 Trigonella foenum- Fenugreek Annual, spice-herb & bird-seed, L/Spa 1986 Cas graecum Tripleurospermum Scentless Mayweed Widespread & frequent annual, arable, roadsides, Arch inodorum disturbed ground, farmyards etc. Trisetum flavescens Yellow Oat-grass Native Widespread perennial, esp. grassland & roadsides Triticum aestivum Bread Wheat (Wheat) Relic of cultivation & from bird-seed annual, Neo arable, tips etc. Tropaeolum majus Nasturtium Cas Garden escape annual, Elmdon 2007 Tulipa sylvestris Wild Tulip Garden escape perennial, roadsides & meadows, Neo 5 sites Turritis glabra Tower Mustard Extinct biennial, Marston Green 1868 (NE) Ext Neo (formerly Arabis glabra) Tussilago farfara Colt's-foot Widespread & frequent perennial, disturbed Native ground, roadsides, railways etc. Typha angustifolia Lesser Bulrush Localised waterside perennial, ponds & lakes, WN Native sometimes planted Typha latifolia Bulrush Widespread & frequent waterside perennial, Native ponds, lakes, rivers & canals Typha x glauca Hybrid Bulrush V. rare, only site Edgbaston Pool 2006 (T. Native latifolia x T. angustifolia) Ulex europaeus Gorse Widespread & frequent shrub, grassland, heath, hedges, roadsides, railways & disturbed land on Native acidic soils in N & W Warks, also hillsides in S & E Warks Ulex gallii Western Gorse Native Scarce shrub, heathland, NW Warks WN

64 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Ulmus species Elms Large trees mostly eliminated by 1970’s DED. Various hybrids (some seemingly involving 3 spp), ssp. & varieties complicate identification. Much disagreement over & nomenclature - names used by CMF very out of date and some determinations probably dubious. Typically planted or suckering. Regrowth sometimes hard to identify. The following is a provisional assessment (the status of English and Wych Elms are the only certain ones). Ulmus glabra Wych Elm Widespread as regrowth, esp. in hedges & Native woods, most of our few surviving large elms are this sp. Ulmus minor Cornish Elm A single questionable record for a hedge near Unclear ssp. angustifolia Brinklow 1963 Ulmus minor Small-leaved (Field) Previously widespread in S & E Warks, very few Native? ssp. minor Elm recent records even for regrowth Ulmus minor Jersey Elm Extinct tree once popular in urban streets, ssp. sarniensis Ext Neo? reported from 5 sites in hedges c.1960 (possibly all planted) Ulmus plotii Plot's Elm Formerly localised in W & N Warks, 7 records in WN Native CMF (c.1950-60), possibly a survivor in Warwick Ulmus procera English Elm Common in rural hedges as regrowth (our most frequent elm), though no large trees survived Native? DED. Once known as the ‘Warwickshire Weed’. Considered an archaeophyte in Britain by some experts. Ulmus x elegantissima A hybrid elm Said to have been frequent in woods & Native hedgerows by CMF, 1 possible recent record, Wolston 1997 (U. glabra x U. plotii) Ulmus x hollandica Dutch Elm group Assorted hybrids once often planted. A large elm near Wellesbourne may be this hybrid (U. glabra Neo x U. minor, apparently sometimes with U. plotii as a 3rd parent). Ulmus x vegeta Huntingdon Elm Probably always planted, one large tree survives, Neo Humber Rd, Cov (U. glabra x U. minor) Ulmus x viminalis A hybrid elm Unconfirmed records in CMF, c.1950-60, a Native poorly defined hybrid (U. minor x U. plotii) Umbilicus rupestris Navelwort V. rare perennial, walls, only recent site WR Native? 1990- Urtica dioica Stinging Nettle Widespread & abundant perennial, woods, Native hedges, marshes, watersides, roadsides, gardens etc. Urtica membranacea A nettle Annual, Warwick pavement 2006-7, first GB Cas record Urtica pilulifera Roman Nettle Ext Neo Extinct annual, Warwick 1823 Urtica urens Small Nettle Localised annual, mainly arable & disturbed Arch ground Utricularia australis Bladderwort Rare insectivorous aquatic perennial, WR Native mesotrophic pools & lakes, NW Warks, 3 sites 1988-2006 Utricularia minor Lesser Bladderwort Ext Extinct insectivorous aquatic perennial, boggy Native pools, last record Sutton Park 1934

65 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

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Vaccaria hispanica Cowherb Cas Rare bird-seed annual, 3 recent sites 1977-2004 Vaccinium myrtillus Bilberry Scarce small shrub, ancient acid woods & WN Native heathland, NW & W Warks Vaccinium oxycoccos Cranberry V. rare small shrub, wet heath & bog, NW WR Native Warks, only surviving at Sutton Park Vaccinium vitis-idaea Cowberry V. rare local shrub, wet heath, only surviving at WR Native Sutton Park Vaccinium x A hybrid Vaccinium Ext Extinct or possibly overlooked, Sutton Park 1889 intermedium Native (V. vitis-idea x V. mytillus) Valeriana dioica Marsh Valerian V. rare perennial, mostly marshes & watersides, WR Native only recent records Tanworth-in-Arden & Dorridge 2005 Valeriana officinalis Common Valerian Localised perennial, marshes, watersides, wet WN Native grassland, hedges, ditches etc. mostly in NW Warks Valerianella carinata Keeled-fruited Localised but increasing annual, disturbed Arch Cornsalad ground, walls, paths etc. Valerianella dentata Narrow-fruited V. rare arable annual weed, only recent records NE Arch Cornsalad Combrook 1986, Ufton 1990 Valerianella locusta Common Cornsalad Localised annual, disturbed ground, walls, Native railways etc. Valerianella rimosa Broad-fruited Extinct arable annual weed, last record Ext Arch NE Cornsalad 1873 blattaria Moth Mullein Garden escape annual/biennial, 1 recent site, Neo S/Avon c.1990 Verbascum Dense-flowered Garden escape biennial, Cranhill 1996, Neo densiflorum Mullein Beaudesert 1996 Verbascum lychnitis White Mullein Garden escape biennial, only record Kingsbury (NS) Neo 1999, a scarce native in other parts of Britain Verbascum nigrum Dark Mullein Localised biennial/perennial, grassland, Native roadsides, railways, disturbed ground, hedges etc. Verbascum phlomoides Orange Mullein Scarce garden escape biennial, disturbed land & Neo railways Verbascum speciosum Hungarian Mullein Garden escape biennial, only recent record Great Neo Alne 1983 Great Mullein Widespread but localised biennial, roadsides, Native disturbed land, railways etc., the commonest mullein in Warks Verbascum virgatum Twiggy Mullein Scarce biennial, roadsides, disturbed ground, Neo railways etc. Verbascum x lemaitrei A hybrid mullein V. rare, last record Bearley sidings 1995-7 (V. Native virgatum x V. thapsus) Verbascum x A hybrid mullein V. rare biennial usually found with both parents, Native semialbum Baginton Castle 1997 (V. thapsus x V. nigrum) Verbascum x thapsi A hybrid mullein V. rare biennial, Warwick 1968, Kingsbury 1999 Neo (V. thapsus x V. lychnitis) Verbena bonariensis Argentinian Vervain Garden escape perennial, roadsides, L/Spa & Cas B/m Verbena officinalis Vervain Scarce perennial, disturbed ground, railways, Arch allotments, quarries etc. Veronica agrestis Green Field-speedwell Localised annual, arable, roadsides, gardens etc., Arch declining Veronica anagallis- Blue Water-Speedwell Rare perennial, watersides & wetlands, 3 recent WR Native aquatica sites

66 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

Veronica arvensis Wall Speedwell Widespread & frequent annual, arable, roadsides, Native disturbed land, grassland etc. Veronica beccabunga Brooklime Native Frequent waterside perennial Veronica catenata Pink Water-Speedwell Native Localised waterside perennial Veronica chamaedrys Germander Speedwell Widespread but localised perennial, roadsides, Native disturbed land, hedges, grassland, arable, woods etc. Veronica dieffenbachii Diffenbach’s Hebe Perennial garden escape, wall, Sutton Coldfield Neo 2006 (formerly Hebe dieffenbachii) Veronica filiformis Slender Speedwell Widespread perennial, grassland, roadsides, Neo disturbed land, garden lawns etc. Veronica hederifolia Ivy-leaved Speedwell Widespread annual, arable, allotments, more Arch ssp. hederifolia ssp. often in rural habitats than ssp. lucorum Veronica hederifolia Ivy-leaved Speedwell Widespread & frequent annual, arable, roadsides, Arch ssp. lucorum ssp. disturbed land, gardens, hedges etc. Veronica longifolia Garden Speedwell Garden escape perennial, Rugby 1984, Dosthill Cas 1997 Veronica montana Wood Speedwell Native Scarce perennial, esp. ancient woods & hedges WN Veronica officinalis Heath Speedwell Localised perennial, grassland, roadsides, Native woodland, heaths etc., esp. W Warks Veronica persica Common Field- Widespread & frequent annual, arable, gardens, Neo speedwell roadsides, farmyards etc. Veronica polita Grey Field-speedwell Scattered local annual, mainly arable & gardens, Neo esp. on calc. soils of SE Warks Veronica scutellata Marsh Speedwell Native Scarce perennial, marshes & watersides WN Veronica serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved Widespread & frequent perennial, grassland, Speedwell Native arable, garden lawns, roadsides etc. (ssp. serpyllifolia) Veronica spicata Spiked Speedwell Garden escape perennial, easily confused with V. Cas longifolia, roadside, B/m 2006 Viburnum lantana Wayfaring-tree Localised shrub, hedges, scrub & woods, mainly Native on calc. soils of S Warks Viburnum opulus Guelder-rose Widespread but localised shrub, hedges, scrub, Native woods, watersides etc. Vicia cracca Tufted Vetch Widespread & frequent perennial, hedges, Native roadsides, railway, disturbed ground, watersides etc. Vicia faba Broad Bean Cas Relic of cultivation annual, Coleshill 2000 Vicia hirsuta Hairy Tare Widespread & frequent annual, roadsides, Native disturbed ground, grassland & hedges Vicia hybrida Hairy Yellow-vetch Ext Cas Extinct casual, c. 1932, no location Vicia lathyroides Spring Vetch V. rare annual, only recent record Piles Coppice WR Native 1996-2001 Vicia lutea Yellow-vetch Rare escape annual, 3 recent sites, 1997-2003, a (NT) Cas scarce native of the coast Vicia parviflora Slender Tare Rare annual, arable, rough grassland & disturbed NV Native land, only recent records Lighthorne 1992, Wellesbourne 1997 Vicia sativa Common Vetch ssp. Localised annual, dry grassland, roadsides, Native ssp. nigra railways & disturbed land Vicia sativa Common Vetch ssp. Fodder crop escape, arable land & disturbed Arch ssp. sativa ground, local status unclear Vicia sativa Common Vetch ssp. Widespread & frequent annual (the commonest Arch ssp. segetalis ssp.), grassland, disturbed land, roadsides,

67 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

hedges, arable etc. Vicia sepium Bush Vetch Widespread & locally frequent perennial, Native roadsides, railways, disturbed land, hedges etc. Vicia sylvatica Wood Vetch Ext Extinct perennial, last record Bentley Park 1836 Native Vicia tenuifolia Fine-leaved Vetch V. rare perennial, roadsides & railways, only WR Neo recent record Kineton 1985 Vicia tetrasperma Smooth Tare Widespread but localised annual, arable, Native roadsides, hedges, disturbed land, woods etc. Vicia villosa Fodder Vetch Scarce annual from bird-seen or grain, Cov tip Neo 1974, S/Avon roadside 1992-4 Vinca major Greater Periwinkle Localised garden escape, roadsides, railways, Neo hedges, urban & rural Vinca minor Lesser Periwinkle Occasional garden escape perennial, roadsides, Arch railways, woods, hedges etc. Viola arvensis Field Pansy Widespread but localised annual, mainly arable Arch & disturbed ground Viola canina Heath Dog-violet V. rare perennial, acid grassland, recent records NNT Native Coombe Park 1982, Brandon 2005 (ssp.canina) Viola cornuta Horned Pansy Ext Neo Extinct garden escape perennial, Emscote 1966 Viola hirta Hairy Violet Localised perennial, roads, banks, hedges, WN Native grassland on calc. soils, S Warks Viola lactea Pale Dog-violet Ext Extinct perennial, only record Keresley 1857 NV Native Viola odorata Sweet Violet Widespread & frequent native & garden escape Native perennial, mainly hedges & woods on calc. soils Viola palustris Marsh Violet Rare perennial, mire & bog, NW Warks, 4 sites WR Native 1985-2000 (ssp. palustris) Viola reichenbachiana Early Dog-violet Scarce perennial, ancient woods, hedges, WN Native roadsides, gardens etc Viola riviniana Common Dog-violet Frequent perennial of NW Warks, scarcer in S, Native hedges, woods, roadsides, gardens etc. Viola tricolor Wild Pansy Rare & declined annual, mainly arable & NNT Native disturbed ground (ssp. tricolor) Viola x bavarica A hybrid dog-violet Rare perennial, 2 recent sites, gardens, L/Spa Native 2007 (V. riviniana x V. reichenbachiana) Viola x intersita A hybrid dog-violet Ext Extinct perennial, only record Coleshill Bog Native 1954 (V. riviniana x V. canina) Viola x scabra A hybrid violet Extinct perennial, last records Houndshill, Ext Bidford, Exhall 1959, but possibly overlooked Native (V. odorata x V. hirta) Viola x wittrockiana Garden Pansy Garden escape annual, often ‘miniature’, B/m Cas 2006-7, L/Spa 2006-7 (V. lutea x V. tricolor x V. altaica) Viscum album Mistletoe Localised tree & shrub epiphytic parasitic, local Native hosts include Apple, Hawthorn, Common Lime, Hybrid Black Poplar and False Acacia Vitis vinifera Grape-vine Perennial climber, Walsgrave Hospital 1990 Cas (probably from discarded pips!) Vulpia bromoides Squirreltail Fescue Localised annual, disturbed ground, roadsides, Native railways, dry grassland, walls etc. Vulpia myuros Rat's-tail Fescue Localised annual, railway, roadsides, disturbed Arch ground etc., increasing Wahlenbergia Ivy-leaved Bellflower Ext Extinct perennial, wet heath & bog, last record NT

68 CATEGORY RARI TY CLASS CLASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME POPULAR NAME NOTES

hederacea Native Arbury Hall 1847-72 Xanthium spinosum Spiny Cocklebur Extinct annual, skinyards K/worth 1873, tip Ext Cas Bedworth 1964 Zannichellia palustris Horned Pondweed Localised submerged aquatic perennial, ponds, Native rivers & canals

69 APPENDIX 1

EXTINCT NATIVE AND ARCHEOPHYTE PLANT SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES

These are arranged in order of last recorded year. Hybrids, casuals & microspecies are excluded.

Great Fen-sedge Cladium mariscus (1670) Rough Horsetail Equisetum hyemale (1695) Black Bog-rush Schoenus nigricans (1817) Smooth Cat’s-ear Hypochaeris glabra (1830) Small Fleabane Pulicaria vulgaris (1830) Deptford Pink Dianthus armeria (1832) Wood Vetch Vicia sylvatica (1836) Marsh Clubmoss Lycopodiella inundatum (1842) Fir Clubmoss Huperzia selago (1846) Greater Broomrape Orobanche rapum-genistae (1847) Beech Fern Phegopteris connectilis (1848) Lesser Calamint Clinopodium calamintha (1851) Rampion Bellflower Campanula rapunculus (1851) Narrow-leaved Water-dropwort Oenanthe silaifolia (1854) Least Bur-reed Sparganium natans (1854) Loddon Pondweed Potamogeton nodosus (1856) Green-flowered Helleborine Epipactis phyllanthes (1857) Pale Dog-violet Viola lactea (1857) Sharp-leaved Pondweed Potamogeton acutifolius (1859) Wood Crane’s-bill Geranium sylvaticum (1866) Pennyroyal Mentha pulegium (1866) Ivy-leaved Bellflower Wahlenbergia hederacea (1872) Round-leaved Mint Mentha suavolens (1873) Common Wintergreen Pyrola minor (1873) Autumn Lady’s-tresses Spiranthes spiralis (1873) Broad-fruited Cornsalad Valerianella rimosa (1873) Green Hound’s-tongue Cynoglossum germanicum (1875) Hairy Dog-rose Rosa caesia ssp. caesia (1876) Marsh Fern Thelypteris palustris (1877) Frog Orchid Coeloglossum viride (1878) Water-violet Hottonia palustris (1878) Stag’s-horn Clubmoss Lycopodium clavatum (1884) Marsh Stitchwort Stellaria palustris (1884) White Beak-sedge Rhynchospora alba (1885) A hawkweed Hieracium eboracense (1886) White Helleborine Cephalanthera damasonium (1887) Small-leaved Sweet-briar Rosa agrestis (1889) Bur Chervil Anthriscus caucalis (1891) Green Spleenwort Asplenium viride (1893) Blue Fescue Festuca longifolia (1897) Upright Chickweed Moenchia erecta (1898) Pillwort Pilularia globulifera (1898) Chamomile Chamaemelum nobile (1901)

70 Slender Bedstraw Galium pumilum (1904) Royal Fern Osmunda regalis (1908) Meadow Clary Salvia pratensis (1908) Pheasant’s-eye Adonis annua (1920) Lesser Bladderwort Utricularia minor (1934) Many-stalked Spike-rush Eleocharis multicaulis (1945) Fragrant Orchid Gymnadenia conopsea (1948) Corn Parsley Petroselinum segetum (1950) Corncockle Agrostemma githago (1955) Wood Barley Hordelymus europaeus (1955) Whorled Water-milfoil Myriophyllum verticilllatum(1955) Knapweed Broomrape Orobanche elatior (1957) Lesser Water-plantain Baldellia ranunculoides (1957) Dodder Cuscuta epithymum (1959) Stinking Goosefoot Chenopodium vulvaria (1960) Marsh Hawk’s-beard Crepis paludosa (1960) Creeping Willow Salix repens (1960) An eyebright Euphrasia micrantha (c.1960) Long-stalked Pondweed Potamogeton praelongus (c.1960) Shepherd’s Cress Teesdalia nudicaulis (1961) A Lady’s-mantle Alchemilla xanthochlora (1961) Chaffweed Anagallis minima (1961) Burnet Rose Rosa spinossisima (1962) Greater Dodder Cuscuta europaea (1962) Bog Asphodel Narthecium ossifragum (1962) Lesser Skullcap Scutellaria minor (1962) Hairy Rock-cress Arabis hirsuta (1963) Narrow-leaved Bittercress Cardamine impatiens (1963) An eyebright Euphrasia arctica (1964) Yellow Star-of-Bethlehem Gagea lutea (1965) A hawkweed Hieracium vulgatum (1965) Grass-wrack Pondweed Potamogeton compressus (1965) Red Pondweed Potamogeton alpinus (1967) Alternate Water-Milfoil Myriophyllum alternifolium (1968)

Extinctions of native and naturalised habitat specialists Woodland – 7 species Hedgerows – no species Permanent grassland – 19 species Water courses and wetlands – 19 species Arable land – 12 species Heathland and mire – 16 species Disturbed ground – 4 species The built environment – no species

71 APPENDIX 2

RED DATA LIST PLANTS RECORDED SINCE 1970

A new list of rare British plants was published in 2005, The Red Data List for Great Britain (Cheffings & Farrell, Eds). The following categories were used and the British totals and totals for Warwickshire are given, excluding casual records of species not native to VC38 and those native species not recorded since 1970. Names of species are also given for each category.

Critically Endangered Species (annotated NC in checklist) Total of NC species in Britain 35 Total of NC species in VC 38 4

Bupleurum rotundifolium (Thorow-wax) Galeopsis angustifolia (Red Hemp-nettle) Ranunculus arvensis (Corn Buttercup) Scandix pecten-veneris (Shepherd’s-needle) n.b. All these 4 species are arable annuals.

Endangered Species (annotated NE in checklist) Total of NE species in Britain 90 Total of NE species in VC 38 11

Aceras anthropophorum (Man Orchid) Anthemis arvensis (Corn Chamomile) Campanula patula (Spreading Bellflower) Gnaphalium sylvaticum (Heath Cudweed) Lithospermum arvense (Corn Gromwell) Minuartia hybrida (Fine-leaved Sandwort) Monotropa hypopitys ssp. hypophegea and ssp.hypopitys (Yellow Bird’s-nest) Scleranthus annuus (Annual Knawel) Torilis arvensis (Spreading Hedge-parsley) Valerianella dentata (Narrow-fruited Cornsalad) n.b.. 5 of the 11 species are arable annuals

Vulnerable Species (annotated NV in checklist) Total of NV species in Britain 220 Total of NV species in VC 38 22

Allium oleraceum (Field Garlic) Anthemis cotula (Stinking Chamomile) Blysmus compressus (Flat-sedge) Bromus secalinus (Rye Brome) Cephalanthera longifolia (Narrow-leaved Helleborine) Chenopodium bonus-henricus (Good-King-Henry) Chrysanthemum segetum (Corn Marigold) Clinopodium acinos (Basil Thyme) Galeopsis speciosa (Large-flowered Hemp-nettle)

72 Groenlandia densa (Opposite-leaved Pondweed) Hyoscyamus niger (Henbane) Myosurus minimus (Mousetail) Nepeta cataria (Cat-mint) Oenanthe fistulosa (Tubular Water-dropwort) Ophrys insectifera (Fly Orchid) Papaver argemone (Prickly Poppy) Persicaria minor (Small Water-pepper) Platanthera bifolia (Lesser Butterfly-orchid) Rorippa x erythrocaulis (Thames Yellow-cress) Silene noctiflora (Night-flowering Catchfly) Spergula arvensis (Corn Spurrey) Vicia parviflora (Slender Tare) n.b. 8 of the 22 species are arable annuals.

Near Threatened Species (annotated NNT in checklist) Total of NNT species in Britain 98 Total of NNT species in VC 38 15

Carex diandra (Lesser Tussock-sedge) Colchicum autumnale (Meadow Saffron) Cynoglossum officinale (Hound’s-tongue) Euphorbia exigua (Dwarf Spurge) Filago vulgaris (Common Cudweed) Genista anglica (Petty Whin) Juncus compressus (Round-fruited Rush) Neottia nidus-avis (Bird’s-nest Orchid) Orchis morio (Green-winged Orchid) Platanthera chlorantha (Greater Butterfly-orchid) Potamogeton friesii (Flat-stalked Pondweed) Potentilla argentea (Hoary Cinquefoil) Stachys arvensis (Field Woundwort) Viola canina (Heath Dog-violet) Viola tricolour (Wild Pansy) n.b. 3 of the 15 species are arable annuals

73