Album (Limber) De Hoog from Antarctica

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Boletín Micológico Vol. 9 (1-2): 9-13 1994 A RECORD OF ARTHROBOTRYS TORTOR JAROWAJA AND ENGYODONTIUM ALBUM (LIMBER) DE HOOG FROM ANTARCTICA.

G. Caretta, G. Del Frate & Anna M. Mangiarotti. Istituto di Micologia Medica "R. Ciferri e P. Redaelli" Via S. Epifanio, 14 - 27100 Pavia (ltaly).

Palabras clave: Arthrohotrys tortor, ElIgyodolltium a/hum, suelos antárticos. Key words: Artltrohotrys tortor, El1gyodontium a/hum, antarctic soils.

SUMMARY RESUMEN

We report for the first time iso lates of Arthrohotrys f Primeros aislamielltos Alltarticos de Arthrohotrys tortor tortor and ElIgyodolltiunt a/hum from Mid Victoria Jarowaja y Ellg)'odolltium alhuIII (Limher) De l/oog. 1 Land (Antarctica). These fungi are discussed with notes on their ecology. Se reporta por primera vez el aislamiento de Arthrohotrys tortor y ElIgyodontium olhum desde Mid . Victoria Land (Antártica). Se discuten ambos taxa con algunos comentarios ecológicos.

INTRODUCTION

In a survey of microfungi in soil, mosses and isolation and identification haye been described previously ornithogenic material collected in Victoria Land (Del Frate and Caretta. 1990). A good cultural medium (Anlarctica) during the ltalian expeditions 1988-89, suitable for isolation of so me filamentous fungi, 1989-90 and 1990-91. 269 isolates representative of 18 particularly the entomogenous and nematophagous ones, genera have been isolated. A preliminar)' lisling was was the " moss plate culture" . The moss used was compiled in a previous paper (Del Frate and Carelta. Brachythecium rutabulum (Hedl1'.) Bruch el al. , collected 1990). Furthermore. a number of additional species of in the Pavia Botanical Garden; it was sterilized, placed in difficull idenlification was isolated, and from these petri dishes and moistened with sterile water. The {lntarctic enlomogenous and nematophagous fungi: microscopic material was distributed on the surface ofthe moss plates. examination led to their attribution lO the genus which were then incubated at various -temperatures (8. Engyodontium as E. a/hum (Limber) de Hoog, and 15, 25 and 40° C) for up to 12 weeks. This natural Arthrobotrys as A. tortor Jarowaja. respectivel)'. This is substrate has been found also to be suitable for the culture Ihe firsl reporl ofthe observation of lhese two fungi from of Antarctic mel11bers ofthe keratinophilic fungi. Most of Anlarctica. these fungi grow and sporulate in culture at lel11peratures Weconsider these records ofparlicular laxonomical in the range of lO-15°C. and ecological interest. . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION MATERIAL AND METHODS Over 269 strains ofhmgi have been isolated from Collections of material (212 samples) were made 212 sal11pIes of soiL mosses and ornithogenic material during the Italian expeditions 1988-91 at 7 localions o[ collected in 7 localities of the Mid Victoria Land. Ihe Mid Victoria Land (Terra Nova). Ross Sector (160- In general the highest occurrences of fungi were 170° E). The localities. the melhods used for h\l1gal recorded from mosses and soi l when mosses were present.

9 Arlhrobol/)'S lortor and Engpdonl/1II11 oll>lIlII/i·olll Anrarclica. G. CareNa el al.

The nematophagous A rthrohotrys tortor and lhe In studies on the occurrence ofpredaceous fungi of entomogenous Engyodontium a/hum, Acremonium the genus Artltrohotrys on various substrates in Poland, strictum, Beauveria hassiana and Paecilomyces seven strainsofA. tortorwere isolated by Jarowaja (1970) farinosus \Vere isolated only or mainly from moss and from loess soil; t\Vo isolates trapped nematodes by means s()il-moss AIso the cellulolytic Chrysosporium of predaceous bulb organs and haustoria. verrucosum and Geomyces pannorum var. panllorum \Vere isolated from mosses and ornithogenic material ArthrohotrJ's tortor has not been recorded in other (feathers). Thelebolus microsporus, a minute 8-spore investigations on various substrata. Yet this species was ascomycete (Montemartini Corte et al.. 1993. Phoma listed by Schenck et al. (1977) among the 48 recognized herbarum, ascomycetous yeast of the genus Toru /opsis species ofthe genlls Artltrohotrys. Van Oorschot (1985) and basidiomycetous yeast of the genera Cryptococcus revised this genus and recognized 27 species and 5 and Sporoholomyces \Vere frequently isolated from bird varieties. Arthrohotrys tortor was listed by her as a dung. synonym of A. conoides Drechsler. As \Ve explained aboye. A. tortor differs sufficientIy from A. conoides to NEWRECORDS warrant classification as a separate species. A . tortor and Arthrohotrys tortor Jaroll'aja A. conoides differ mainly in the conidiophores. In A. tortor conidiophores of the intermediate type bet\Veen During investigations of hyphomycetes on mosses candelabrelloid and arthrobot~ ' oid or geniclllarioid are from Antarctica at Edmonson Poinl. Cape King. Mou nt present: conidia are elonga le . In A . conoides Melbourne. numerous isolates \Vere obtained in culture conidiophores proliferate repeatedly. conidia are elongate and found to possess conidiogenous structmesand conidial obovoidal and much longer 30-46 x 11.5-14 Jll11. morphology similar to A . tortor. Morphological investigations were carried out on moss plate cultures and Nematophagous f·ungi have been recorded in soi l on other agar plate fonnulations (OA. Sabouraud' s agar. and vegetation samples coIlected from various sites in ,Emerson 's agar medium): moss plate cultures proved to Anlarctica at 68°S (Gray and Smith. 198'+). In 2-+ species be particularly llsef111 for the gro\\1h of this fungus. of nematophagolls fungi recorded. A rthrohotr,rs rohusta According to the original description and classification was reported as the only species of this genus. This of A. tortor by Jarowaja (1968: 1970) om strains \Vere species was only isolated from bird-associated sites. identified as this species Spontaneolls trap formation was widely observed in the Antarctic iso lates and their distribution is most probably According to Jarowaja (1968). A. tortor has a varied linked to the bird poplIlation (Gray. 1985). structure o[ the spore bearing part of lhe conidiophores. A new springtail-predaceolls hyphomycete of Conidiophores in A. tortor can be of lhe inlermediale Gressittacallfha terranova isolated from moss species type between candelabrelloid and arthrobolryoid or Bryum a/gens and Ceratodoll purpllreus in Antarctica genicularioid. with the apical part coyered wilh short was described as Artlz robotrysferox by Onofri and Tosi denticles. Heads of conidia rather elongated. some\yhat (1992). Il produces aerial predaceous organs consisting irregular: conidia 20-26 long and (9) 11-1'+ JlI11 wide. of ovoidal ceIls surrounded by an adhesive secretion and Oyaline. obovoidal lo clavate. 2 ~ celle. \útll one median supporled by 2-cell stalks. Strains of A. tortor that \Ve septum. slightly constricted at the septlll11. Sometimes the isolated in Antarctica are close toA.ferox, but lhey do not fungus forms small additional conidiophores bearing a exhibit the peculiarity in culture of A . ferox to produce loose apical verticillate head of 2-11 drop-like predaceous organs on the aerial hyphae. According to l11icroconidia ",ith one septllll1. Chlamydospores are Onofri and Tosi (1992), the production of predaceous ofte\) presenL intercalarl'. solit a ~ ' or arranged in short organs is v e~ · difficulL Further studies are required to chains. Optil11al gro\yth was observed at 2.+" C and no fuIly evaluate thisability fromour strains ofArtltrohotl}'s. developll1ent \\as [ound to occur 'at 6 or 30" C. Besides the conidia of A. fero.\: are smaller than those of A. tortor. According lo Jarowaja (1968). A. tortor differs fromA. cO/loides Drechsler in the morphology of conidia: Ellgyodolltium a/hum (Limbe,.) de Hoog the conidia ofA . conoides are 1110re.slcnder. arise on blunt papillose sterigll1ata and are collected in regular apical The genus Ellgyodontium \Vas erected by de Hoog and intercala~ ' clusters. The fungus captures and eats (1978) toaccoll1modate species in which some polyblastic ee\worms (Nematoda). conidiogenolls cells \Vith narrow denticles are formed.

10 Arlhroboll}'S 101'101' and Eng}?donlilllll alblllllfi"olll Anlarclica. G. Carella el al.

Seven species were included in this genus by de Hoog, conidiogenous celIs, or rachids. ofthe antarctic strains of being ene ofthem E. a/hum (Lil/lbel~ de Hoog. This is E. a/hum are longer. They are similar to the geniculale a new combination erected by de Hoog for Tritirachium rachids of the genera Acrodontium and Tritirochium . u/hum 'Lilllber (basionym) and Beauveria alha (Lil/lbel~ that develop sympodially. Saooas. li'his genus is characterized by hyaline. branched Engyodontium a/hum is close to E. parvisporum conicliophores. subverticillate to verticilIate. polyblastic (Peteh) de Hoog: the main feature for distinguishing of coni(!jiogenous celIs formi ng holoblastic one-celI-conidia both species is, according to de Hoog, the rachids, on butl-shaped denticles on elongated rachids. cylindrical, slightly flexuosewith extremelythin denticles Engyodontium is closely related to genlls Tritirachium inE.parvisporum, with geniculate butt-shapeddenticles and shows features which link the anamorph genera on the edges in E. a/hum. Ver.ticillium and Aphanocladium (Gams et al., 1984). The host of E. olhum strains isolated in Antarctica Tritiruchium Lilllber differs in pigmented colonies and is difficult to determine. In this area the presence of reguléllily geniculate conidiiferous rachids with flat conidial colIembola and miles has been confirmed. It is interesting scaFS. In E. u/hum branching of conidiophore is strictIy to note ho\\' the nematophagous A. tortor and the veliticillate, rachids geniculate with regulady spaced and entomogenousE. a/hum, as well asAcremoniummictum, butt-shaped denticles concentrated in the apical region. Beauveria bassiana andPaecilomycesfarinosus appear 1Vhe morphological characteristics oC our isolates from to be a component of the m)'cota of this glaciated area. Victo~ia Land (Antarctica) were ver)' similar toE. a/hum Their occurrence was found in Antarctica to be restricted as reported by de Hoog. On moss plate culture and PDA to the mosses or the soi1 on which the mosses are present. our strains produce ",hite colonies with abundant aerial Occurrence of these fungi on this substratum could be myeelium. Conidiophores are ascendent to sllberect. linked tocolIembola and nematode populations. colonists branehing verticillate. conidiiferous rachids geniculate ofthis potentialIy favourable habitat, as it is lhe case with producing conidia from short denticles. conidia sublllate the bryoflora in Victoria Land consisting of sparsely to elIipsoidal, 2.5-3.5 x 2-3 ¡.1I11. The sympodial de\'eloped communities of turf- and cushion-forming mosses (Broady et al .. 1987: Longton. 1973).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Dr. Walter Qams for his valuable suggestions and criticisms on this paper, colleagues S. Onofri. O. Maggi and S. Sedmack who collected the samples in Antarctica, the National Programme of Antarctic Research for financial gran! and the E.N.E.A. for technical support.

REFERENCES

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11 Arthrobótrys torror and Engpdontllllll alblllll lrolll .'Intaretlea. G. Cm'etta et al.

,' J;rrowlljll, N. ( 1968) Art¡'robotrys tortor sp. no\'. New predacious Ollofl'i, S. & Tosi S. (1992) Art¡'robotrysferox sp. nov., u springtJI . n e m a t od~- killin g fungus. Acta mycologica. 4: 241 -247. capturing Hypho111 ycete fi'OIIl continental Antarctica. Mycotaxl 44. 445-451. ------,--'------(1970) Th~ genusArt¡'",botrys. .-\ctn 111ycologica 6: 337- 406. OOl'SdlOt, C.A.N. VUII. (1985) Taxl1nomy ofthe Dactylaria comple V. A revi ewofArllrrobotry·s and allied genero. Studies in Mycolog Longt!!", R. E. (1973) A class ilication oftelTestrial wgdationnear Mc 26: 6 1-95. ! Murdo Sound, continental Antarcti ca. Canadian Jl1l1lllal ol'Botany ) 1: 23 39-2349. Schcllck, S.; Kl'lIdl'ick, \V.B. & Pl'IIllICr, D. ( 1977) A new nematod' trapping Hyphol11)'cde and a reevalllation of Dact)'laria 8n M Olltenulrtill.i C0I1e, A.; Clu 'ettn, G. & Del Fl'llt~, G. ( 1993) - Notes Artllrobotrys. Canudian JOlll1lal 01' Botany 55 : 977-985. on T¡'elebollls microsportls i so 1at~d in .'\.ntarctica. Mycotaxon XLVIII: 343-358.

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12 Arlhrobolrys lo/'lor and Engy.)dol1lilllll alblllllfrolll A nlarClica. G. Cm'e lla el al.

Fig. 1: Artlzrobotrys tortor. Tips of conidiophorcs: A arthrobotryoid: B gcniculariod: e, D, E candelabrelloid; F extended arthrobotryoid: C conidia. A. bars = 20 ~Ull: B-C. bars = 10 ¡.Ull. H-I. Engyodontium (I/bum; mono and bi\'crticillatc conidiophores: gcniculatc rachids \Vith denticles. Bars = 10 ¡.un