Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 bu 7 n 1 er g,rsetvl.Sneta iete aeawy been always have they time that Since respectively. ago, years 110 and 170 about id) n 7 fet nmmasadhmnhat.Bsdo h rsn nweg tis it knowledge present the on Based health. human and reptiles and environment amphibia, mammals both (fish, the on that vertebrates concluded effects on in (7) effects bees, (6) behaviour honey and analytical arthropods); parasitoids, birds); (non-target and nontarget organisms predators, (3) and non-target organisms, fate on worms aquatic effects factors); earth (4) organisms, (5) soil); soil environmental residues; and plants, water microorganisms, quantify air, of in persistence and effect and (mobility determine metabolites/toxins, to of methods production action, Beauveria nttt o ilgclCnrl enihtas 4,D627Drsat emn.Tel: Germany. Forestry, Darmstadt, and D-64287 Agriculture 243, Heinrichstrasse for Control, Centre Biological Research for Biological Institute Federal Zimmermann, Gisbert Correspondence: species fungal and Vuillemin entomopathogenic two The Introduction side-effects safety, fate, environmental Keywords: two the of to on identity (1) papers respect presented: published numerous With are been issues and have issues. safety aspects following developed, 30 safety safety past been other same the and have during toxicological the products environmental, even mycoinsecticides biological, commercial different or many as Petch, similar products (Sacc.) on their fungi, focus and however, entomopathogenic them available, are fungi of guidelines registration entomopathogenic most several Worldwide, of registration. their use necessitates commercial The Abstract 2007) February 9 accepted 2006; December 1 returned 2006; September Control, 21 Biological (Received for Institute Forestry, and Germany Agriculture for Darmstadt, Centre Research Biological Federal ZIMMERMANN GISBERT fungi entomopathogenic bassiana the Beauveria of safety on Review REVIEW Technology and Science Biocontrol O:10.1080/09583150701309006 online DOI: 1360-0478 print/ISSN 0958-3157 ISSN 2007 April 30 online published First Fax:  965 0 9.Emi:[email protected] E-mail: 290. 407 6151 49 p.(itr,ntrlocrec n egahcldsrbto,hs ag,md of mode range, host distribution, geographical and occurrence natural (history, spp. euei asaa euei brongniartii Beauveria bassiana, Beauveria euei brongniartii Beauveria Á 0yas h i ftepeetrve st umrs hs aa The data. these summarise to is review present the of aim The years. 40 Beauveria euei bassiana Beauveria pce r osdrdt esafe. be to considered are species 07 756:553 17(5/6): 2007; , and Scad)Pthwr ecie o h is time first the for described were Petch (Saccardo) # euei brongniartii Beauveria 07Tyo Francis & Taylor 2007 Bl.Ci. ul.and Vuill. (Bals.-Criv.) euei bassiana Beauveria Beauveria Á 596 curne otrne toxins, range, host occurrence, , p. 2 ilgclpoete of properties biological (2) spp.; euei brongniartii Beauveria (Balsamo-Crivelli)  965 4070. 6151 49 Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 19) ote ta.(01,Vsegade l 20)adCpig(04.Agood A of (2004). issues Copping and safety (2003) various al. et of Vestergaard (2001), summary al. et Goettel (1997), 554 raim rvrssi ne ota ietv n o h uhrsto faplant guidance a A of viruses. authorisation or the micro-organisms for micro- of and of Directive preparations consisting that on to substance based an I active product by Annex protection an submitted in of be viruses to to inclusion or IIIB dossier organisms the and the IIB for for Annexes respectively, requirements guideline). the applicant, the out of (and set I testing 91/414/EEC Annex extensive in Directive after microorganism possible only the is of www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/ product inclusion microbial a at of registration national found be can 128818.htm. and (128818) ingredients/factsheets/factsheet_128924.htm 74040 ATCC that Mu and concluded later, State years he appropriate and to few animals Although subjected man, A are time. to products regulations. different harmless that such general discussed Federal that at in carefully recommended are he very knowledge insects plants, He to scientific crops. pathogenic to the products microorganisms even control microbial of and of (1957) safety vertebrates Steinhaus aspects the other species. on for questions man, two concern raised these to who no first of was the early considerations there possibly the control, safety was In microbial insects. or pest especially side-effects of and control possible for control used biological be of should and days can that fungi as considered osberssadrs aaeet ae eiw nsft fentomopathogenic of safety on reviews on also Later especially management. on and issues discussions risk improve safety fungi and an discuss and stimulate and should risks published identify and which to possible agents coauthors was vertebrates control for intention and microbial to intended The to Cook microorganisms control. linked and disease of of 1996, 1990) plant evaluation safety on and al. In safety pest the scientific sections et 1990). for to including (Saik Shadduck framework alone (1990), interesting wildlife & were al. dedicated and document (Siegel et book, animals advisory humans Laird first domestic an by The to as published (1982). safety IOBC was al. entomo- one the insecticides of et agents of microbial registration Hall biological auspices the by with not for the does published guidelines even a under situation First risk’’ and fungi that ‘‘no negative’. so pesticides, A pathogenic a believe is not. chemical prove it ‘I is absolutely with that it stated cannot evidence that not evidence reasonable and certainly concrete is pathogens of there and exist, absence when principles insect the safe main in of as the and registered outlined safety be (1981) the Burges should 1990). pathogen 1981; testing al. Burges for 1980; et Austwick Laird guidelines (e.g. 1982; detail al. more et in Hall discussed were review aspects similar safety A 1990, (1973). time. Ignoffo that by at later countries safety years other so two for and worked published USA have them was the scientists testing of good without insect guidelines many of pathogens registration so safety that insect the incredible with testing seems for for long ‘it necessity rickettsiae said the and emphasised fungi and of also protozoa, pathogens He viruses, side-effects vertebrates. bacteria, on and i.e. on as knowledge man pathogens, the well sections insect summarised as of Heimpel some safety 1971, animals In on which warm-blooded included. already other in biological were and insects for mycology, beneficial humans use insect on practical fungi of insects, entomopathogenic of basics diseases and fungal control on German) in (unfortunately ihnteE,sft euain r ouetdi h ietv 144EC A 91/414/EEC. Directive the in documented are regulations safety EU, the Within ihteicesn neeti ilgclcnrlo etiscsbten18 and 1980 between insects pest of control biological in interest increasing the With .Zimmermann G. Beauveria .bassiana B. p.wr ulse yGetladJaronski and Goettel by published were spp. ¨ ller-Ko tanGA(294 n strain and (128924) GHA strain ¨ lr(95 ulse book a published (1965) gler ... .H lomentioned also He ’. Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 sltsadseis oreno omrydsrbdseisof species described formerly of Fourteen numerous of species. characteristics and morphological and isolates cultural comprise studies mycoinsecticides. of as Identity fungi these of use intended the and process both of registration behaviour environmental the and species, side-effects possible safety, OECD the the on by published also is pesticides 2003). microbial (Anon. of requirements registration for .globulifera B. n15,Mcedpbihdtefrt aeu eiwo ieaueo h genera of the synonyms as on described literature of review careful first, the published Beauveria MacLeod 1954, In shiotae nldda tan of strains as included ul.t he species: three to Vuill. ecito fteseisi rsne,icuigakyt pce,morphological The species, figures. to representative some key and a of synonyms names including former synonymous of presented, main list is huge a species characteristics, the of description suclue,o elws opnih oiignu el oss fgooeto globose of consist cells Conidiogenous pinkish. to reverse The yellowish colonies. reddish or 2005). occasionally Buckley or uncoloured, yellowish & is later genus Rehner white, the 2005; by of (Rehner characterised is phylogenetics detail in and discussed taxonomy was the Recently, (1997). Humber h i ftepeetrve st umrs n ics u rsn knowledge present our discuss and summarise to is review present the of aim The ute ecitosof descriptions Further .brongniartii B. ugsSynonym bassiana B. Fungus 2006). al. et Bioscience al .Mi yoysof synonyms Main I. Table ec (1926) Petch ulei (1912) Vuillemin r tan of strains are .bassiana B. and (Balsamo-Crivelli) Beauveria , .effusa B. (Saccardo) Tritirachium .tenella B. and .bassiana B. , .vexans B. .bassiana B. spp. .bassiana B. .brongniartii B. .bassiana B. Beauveria nldn aooi eiino ohgnr.The genera. both of revision taxonomic a including , .bassiana B. ae,D og(92 etitdtegenus the restricted (1972) Hoog De Later, . prtihmepigaeum Sporotrichum densa Isaria melolonthae Botrytis brongniartii Botrytis tenella Botrytis tenella Beauveria euei densa Beauveria shiotae Isaria minimum Sporotrichum globuliferum Sporotrichum densum Sporotrichum stephanoderis Botrytis effusa Botrytis ortsbrongniartii Botrytis bassiana Botrytis bassiana Botrytis necans Botrytis bassiana Botrytis globulifera Beauveria euei laxa Beauveria while , , .doryphorae B. and , p.aepeetdb oshe l 18)and (1980) al. et Domsch by presented are spp. .brongniartii B. and .brongniartii B. .densa B. sbssfrfrhrdsusoswti the within discussions further for basis as , ik(1892) Link and uu(1931) Kuru euei (1911) Beauverie .tnla euei stephanoderis Beauveria tenella. B. acro(1874) Saccardo ase(1914) Massee ec (1931) Petch ik(1914) Link var. ac subsp. Sacc. (1835) Balsamo Sc. cedsnuMLo (1954) McLeod sensu McLeod (Sacc.) .brongniartii B. acro(1892) Saccardo subsp. Sc. ier (1929) Ciferri (Sacc.) Se. iad(1914) Picard (Speg.) , , ik(1809) Link al (1923) Bally lunzinensis .melolonthae B. .delacroixii B. azw(1912) Daszew pgazn (1881) Speggazzini Mced15;D og17;CABI 1972; Hoog De 1954; (MacLeod pgazn (1880) Speggazzini delacroixii and tenella aeyof Safety zliy (1941) Szilvinyi .alba B. r rsne nTbeI. Table in presented are eari (1937) Delacroix Sc.Dlcox(1893) Delacroix (Sacc. and , .brongniartii B. Beauveria comprehensive A . euei bassiana Beauveria .acridiorum B. Beauveria Beauveria Beauveria Beauveria Beauveria spp. , .laxa B. and were were 555 B. , Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 oii r yln,gooet ral lisia,gnrly2 generally ellipsoidal, broadly 20- to to globose up hyaline, an are and Conidia part basal flask-shaped oii r omdi lses ieso al rcto balls. cotton or balls snow like clusters, in formed are conidia suclue,yloiho iks.Tecndoeosclsas oss fa of consist to also contrast In cells rachis. long conidiogenous a The with part pinkish. basal reverse flask-shaped The or colonies. or reddish yellowish subglobose or pinkish uncoloured, to yellowish is later white, first by characterised h yln oii r lisia,(2 ellipsoidal, are conidia hyaline the ilgclpoete of properties Biological 2005; Rehner 2002; al. et Asia. Liu from 2002; all far al. However, et 2005). Buckley Bo & 1988; Rehner al. et (Shimazu Clavicipitaceae) genus solitary. are or groups small in arranged also netos,Senas(99 umrsdteifcinpoes h eeomn of of development use the practical process, the infection and disease the the summarised (1949) Steinhaus Infections’, brongniartii uoencr borer, corn European and, of (1954) history MacLeod early (1949), The (1972). Steinhaus Hoog by De detail by in later, presented are genus characteristics the genera the on of study comprehensive most The History nlddin included pomonella tla auaitGuep are asm-rvlii 85 h aei h name the famous it the gave by who described 1835, and in bassiana Balsamo-Crivelli studied Botrytis Gabriel then Giuseppe was naturalist disease fungus a a Italian The observed cause He can experiments. fungus disease. a of infection that theory show germ to silkworms, the first in enunciating the thus was insects, who in Italy, disease from Lodi di Bassi Agostino oeta 0 er g yGad(1892). of Giard study by extensive ago An years 1954). against 100 use (MacLeod than its century more to 19th respect with the fungus of this end the at investigators genus 2005). type. giutr,ocad,frsr,genos n ntetoiswr etoe against mentioned were ( tropics the in and which greenhouse forestry, orchards, agriculture, vigintioctomaculata nldn ai swl spatclapcswspbihdltrb ern(91.At (1981). Ferron by later published was aspects the practical time, as that well as basic including 556  eetivsiain aedmntae htteei ietln ewe the between link direct a is there that demonstrated have investigations Recent ntebo fMu of book the In ic h is ecitoso h genus the of descriptions first the Since new the created Vuillemin 1912 in and again fungus the studied Beauverie 1911, In .tenella B. .Zimmermann G. euei brongniartii Beauveria Beauveria Beauveria .bassiana B. eas etoe rcia s of use practical mentioned also He . .bassiana B. eeue nbooto gis etiscs nascino ‘Fungous on section a In insects. pest against biocontrol in used were oee,wsapidmil against mainly applied was however, ) obxmori Bombyx .bassiana B. Beauveria nhnu fBsi(tihu 99 Mu 1949; (Steinhaus Bassi of honour in , nhnro euei,o hc h species the which of Beauverie, of honor in n h eemrhgenus teleomorph the and eiwo etcnrlo h fungi the of control pest on review A . a enue o oto upss h fungus The purposes. control for used been had ¨ ller-Ko Ostrinia gis h hnhbug, chinch the against , n fisseisadteclua n morphological and cultural the and species its of and Beauveria hc ecle wiemsadn’adsatdtefirst the started and muscardine’ ‘white called he which , rdc Bvrn a xesvl sdi h SRon USSR the in used extensively was ‘Boverin’ product ¨ a endsrbdudrdfeetnmsb several by names different under described been has lr(95,2 pce n aiiso etiscsin insects pest of families and species 28 (1965), gler ( Pyrausta .bassiana B.  2.5 ) Beauveria spp. ) eootamelolontha Melolontha nubilalis m ogrci,msl omn zig-zag. a forming mostly rachis, long m Á . ( 4.5 Beauveria Cordyceps Beauveria euei globulifera Beauveria gis oeps net,mil the mainly insects, pest some against lsu leucopterus Blissus .bassiana B. eemrh aebe ecie so described been have teleomorphs  n h oln moth, codling the and , 6) Melolontha m .Cndaaecutrd but clustered, are Conidia m. both , and Acmct:Hypocreales, (Ascomycota: Beauveria ¨ ller-Ko Tritirachium euei brongniartii Beauveria .bassiana B. tre n13.I was It 1835. in started a led published already was Á .bassiana B. 3 p.and spp. ¨ . lr16;Rehner 1965; gler  hc ae was later which , and 2 .brongniartii B. Á 2.5 Metarhizium .bassiana B. h history the , eaethe became Carpocapsa Epilachna m .The m. and B. is , Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 .brongniartii B. Country/Origin Company/Producer name Product/Trade bassiana B. Zimmermann 2005; Fungus Gazdik & Kabaluk 2004; Copping 2001; al. et Wraight 2005). 2001; al. et (Butt development al I yoetcdsof Mycopesticides II. Table eeain oetadcliae ol,sn lw n ue,dsr oladrunning and soil desert dunes, and blows sand soils, cultivated for Habitats and Japan. forest and vegetation, Zealand New Siberia, bassiana east B. Nepal, of Bahamas, occurrence the the of Africa, Reports South (1980). al. et Domsch by bassiana listed are areas and countries pce olce nvroslclte hogotCnd.H lorpre that condition pathological reported a creates also fungus tissues. the the He that within show Canada. not did throughout examination histological localities various Beauveria in collected species on nifce net ohi eprt n rpclaestruhu h world. the throughout areas tropical that and mentioned temperate (1954) in both MacLeod insects infected on found bassiana Beauveria distribution geographical and occurrence Natural 2004; Copping 2001; al. et 2005). Wraight Gazdik 2001; & al. Kabaluk et (Butt 2005; II Zimmermann Table in summarised is ment nubilalis n e Hse ise 1981). Tinsley beetle, & (Hussey potato tea and Colorado the against mainly hectars decemlineata of thousands against ( h curneaddsrbto of distribution and occurrence The h rsn tt of state present The  .tenella B. .melolontha M. ncorn, in r rmTre,teIoyCat qaoilWs fia eta Africa, central Africa, West equatorial Coast, Ivory the Turkey, from are tan eefudwti h ugtsuso 4rdns However, rodents. 14 of tissues lung the within found were strains ag rma liesi,t etln,pa os ol ihsvna type savannah with soils bogs, peat heathland, to soil, alpine an from range ) n h oln moth codling the and , reo rbogoVenezuela India Italy Columbia Republic Czech France Phytopharma SOM Probioagro Calliope) NPP, (formerly India Arysta Trichobass-P Biocontrol Andermatt Trichobass-L Intrachem BB Racer Proecol LST Ostrinil Fytovita Naturalis-L Naturalis Mycotrol-O Stanes ES Mycotrol Conidia Boverol 22WP BotaniGard ES BotaniGard Bio-Power ils-aiiiNtoDnoJapan Italy Switzerland France Calliope) NPP, (formerly Arysta AG Biocontrol Andermatt Agrifutur-Kwizda Denko Nitto Melocont-Pilzgerste Engerlingspilz Biolisa-Kamikiri Lbu Betel Schweizer Beauveria edoiu punctatus Dendrolimus stems ieydsrbtdseiso h eu.I sgenerally is It genus. the of species distributed widely most the is nChina, In . Beauveria euei bassiana Beauveria .bassiana B. rdcsrgsee rudrcmeca develop- commercial under or registered products .bassiana B. yi pomonella Cydia M hmclTihdxSpain Chemical/Trichodex AMC Inc. Biosciences Troy BioAgriculture) Emerald (formerly International Laverlam BioAgriculture) Emerald (formerly International Laverlam frel rcShezrSeeds) Schweizer Eric (formerly npnsand pines on .bassiana B. and a rdcdadwdl sdagainst used widely and produced was .brongniartii B. a sltdfo 3dfeetinsect different 63 from isolated was while , and Nephotettix aeyof Safety eitrdo ne commercial under or registered .brongniartii B. .brongniartii B. Beauveria efopr nrice on leafhoppers USA Switzerland USA USA Switzerland Á a applied was Leptinotarsa Austria nvarious in spp. 557 O. B. Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 sltdfo h i.I td nfna idvriyi h i fTrn tl,the Italy, Turin, of m air CFU the 0.2 in of biodiversity mean fungal a on at study found a was In species air. the from isolated bassiana odtrieadqatf residues quantify and determine to aiu eetv ei o slto of isolation for media selective various a lofudntrlyocrigo hlolnso aiu egrwplants of hedgerow occurrence various natural of the of bark on range phylloplanes the information on from Further 2006). bassiana and occurring Eilenberg 1980) naturally & Tribe (Meyling found & also (Doberski was trees elm al. caroliniana of et base Domsch (see the Isles media, British selective the Using in dunes sand and open a from Italy Greece, in reported in 1980). rossa been terra grassland has Kong, alpine It Hong habitats. in an soil different forest in habitats, as alpine well bogs, as insects in distribution ae.As,ioain rmterioln fpa o lns h hzshr of rhizosphere mentioned. the were plants, birds free-living bog of peat droppings and of feathers rhizoplane nests, the bark, dead from clover, isolations Also, water. brongniartii optl h ugswsioae oehrwt 8ohrfna pce Rie tal. et (Rainer species fungal other 98 mentioned with (2004) together Nolard isolated 2000). was fungus the hospital, a macularius aa agdfo o3.1 to 0 from of ranged density Japan natural The 1996). Filipello-Marchisio guttata Leatherdale of by nemorum catalogued hosts are Listed Britain 1954; from about (1970). (MacLeod known mentioned fungi orders (1954) entomopathogenic different of MacLeod which species 1990). from from al. species insects et insect of Goettel 60 1988; variety Li wide 1970; a Leatherdale from isolated and bassiana Beauveria al. et range (Hageskal Host water derived groundwater in not but Norway, 2006). in water drinking (see humans health and human mammals vertebrates including on vertebrates in Effects occurrence natural For patients. neumonidae, 558 serrata jacobaea h ecito ftes-ald‘alrabi-at Zmemn 96 and 1986) (Zimmermann ‘Galleria-bait-bait’ so-called the of description The euei bassiana Beauveria Although euei brongniartii Beauveria and .Zimmermann G. n spiders. and ) , , htdcr olivacea Phytodectra ngnrlada nedpyei aiu ln pce r eotdin reported are species plant various in endophyte an as and general in hogottewrd(al III). (Table world the throughout ,Hmpea( Homoptera ), yi nigricans Cydia , fet nPlants on Effects iowo,hphrba)(il oiho 91.Rcnl,tespecies the Recently, 1991). Polishook & (Bills hornbeam) hop (ironwood, .hispidulus S. a on tonly at found was Beauveria .Rcnl,both Recently, ). aisfuliginosus Lasius sauiutu nooahgncfnu hc a enfound been has which fungus entomopathogenic ubiquitous a is a lobe sltdfo h ufc n h neiro plants. of interior the and surface the from isolated been also has ( ih mhba etlsadbirds and reptiles amphibia, fish, .bassiana B. p.aen omnaron fungi, airborne common no are spp. sls omnthan common less is , .bassiana B. ,Clotr ( Coleoptera ), Eulecanium respectively. , nhnmspomorum Anthonomus  , 10 Beauveria tohnhssulcatus Otiorhynchus 3 Beauveria , aela oahg nraei h idnsof findings the in increase huge a to lead have ) F m CFU B .bassiana B. Vespula a sltdfo ako l re n rmsi at soil from and trees elm of bark from isolated was . F m CFU 0.1 r eeotr ( Heteroptera are Beauveria p.,Lpdpea( Lepidoptera spp.), tan aebe sltd h ot f106 of hosts The isolated. been have strains  ahoimbrunnipes Lathrobium 2 p.wr on nsraewater-derived surface in found were spp. spp., day  ntearo ui wlig fallergic of dwellings humid of air the in 3 .bassiana B.  uig1 otsprya,while year, per months 10 during , p.fo ol(see soil from spp.  obspratorum Bombus 1 yatrater Hylaster .bassiana B. 3 Siaue l 02.I h i of air the In 2002). al. et (Shimazu , uigoemnh(iad & (Airaudi month one during ioalineatus Sitona and ) irmrsbidens Picromerus u lohsaworldwide a has also but , Hepialus fet nmmasand mammals on Effects , ntearo oetin forest a of air the in ,Hmnpea(Ich- Hymenoptera ), B avaquattuordecim- Calvia . bassiana ,Dpea( Diptera ), nltclmethods Analytical , .sulcifrons S. spp., Calluna , Anthocoris Hypocrita a been has Carpinus heath, Leria Host , B. B. B. S. Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 S olfo 0 ie n2 rhrs rm16 From orchards: 21 in sites 105 from Soil analysed: were fields 82 from samples Soil USA Switzerland Spain: Poland: Poland: Poland: Poland: Panama: Japan Norway: contained 1 samples, soils subantarctic 163 In Zealand New Nepal Islands Macquarie emn n10si ape rmdfeetlctosand locations different from samples soil 100 In samples, soil 590 From Italy: Germany Finland of occurrence Natural III. Table oainRslsReference Results the locations 86 from samples soil 266 In Canada Location areas. and countries zc Republic: Czech 3hs pce fAaiadsrbtdi ee eeaadsxfmle r itd The listed. are families six and which genera in seven in orders distributed Acarina insect of species host 13 bassiana B. Alicante ifrn oltypes soil Different Sdt mountains) (Sudety meadows Mid-forest rbefields arable and plantations Hop orchards plum and Apple rpclforest Tropical otenparts Northern otenpart Southern rbesoil arable Bohemia; South ae nwrdiedt,L 18)lse 0 pce fisc ot of hosts insect of species 707 listed (1988) Li data, worldwide on Based hs opie51gnr n 4 aiiso 5odr.I addition, In orders. 15 of families 149 and genera 521 comprise These . eeisolated were mainly orchards isolated also was host, its by brongniartii sites 61 from soils of bassiana B. n loess and bassiana B. rmvrosareas various from .bassiana B. .bassiana B. ohknso orchards of kinds both bassiana B. efctigants leaf-cutting bassiana B. cylindrosporum were bassiana found B. Species ones. compared conventionally farms to managed organically arable of from fields soils in fungi entomopathogenic of occurrence higher Significantly .bassiana B. common most was the entomopathogen samples, soil 188 In oeto rpadsoils cropland or forest bassiana B. bassiana B. bassiana B. 19.8% from oltypes, soil farms organic arable and from conventional soils on in fields differences of no strains isolated; 25 were samples soil 146 From slts and isolates) were species abundant most .bassiana B. euei bassiana Beauveria .bassiana B. , eootamelolontha Melolontha a iie osi ie colonised sites soil to limited was a otfeunl on n21% in found frequently most was a h oiatseisi muck in species dominant the was a oiati oludrsadin sward under soil in dominant was a eetdi olna ooisof colonies near soil in detected was a fe sltdfo oetsisSiaue l (2002) al. et Shimazu soils forest from isolated often was a sltdfo e olsmlsDo n elr(2003) Keller and Dhoj in than soils pasture samples in soil higher few was a from isolated was and nalsi ye n ra vial itiwk ta.(1996) al. et Mietkiewski available areas and types soil all in .anisopliae M. .anisopliae M. .brongniartii B. .bassiana B. a enfuda ahgnaea follows: as are pathogen a as found been has .bassiana B. a on n22% in found was .bassiana B. and 37isolates) (357 and and .bassiana B. Tolypocladium eeisolated were euei brongniartii Beauveria .anisopliae M. ; .bassiana B. a isolated was .bassiana B. (187 aeyof Safety B. hpr-lne l (2003) al. et Shapiro-Ilan (2003) al. et Keller (2003) al. et Asensio (1996) Mietkiewski and Tkaczuk itiwk ta.(1994) al. et Mietkiewski ta.(2003) al. et Sapieha-Waszkiewicz uhse l (2004) al. et Hughes lne ta.(2002) al. et Klingen aac ta.(1997) al. et Tarasco akradBre (1998) Barker and Barker (1997) Rath and Roddam Va lepe ta.(1989) al. et Kleespies (2002) al. et Landa iohae l (1998) al. et Bidochka Beauveria ¨ ntesi ndifferent in soil the in nnn(1996) nninen spp. 559 Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 neto rcs.Tefrtpbiain eln ihteifcino eti pest the certain and of action infection of the mode the with with Mu dealing dealing publications publications by first insects of The number process. huge infection a is There action of Mode from those to 2001). distance al. genetic et large Curculionidae, non- a from have (Cicadidae), (Cerambycidae, isolates hosts However, coleopteran Homoptera Orthoptera. Coleoptera and (Pyralidae), Phasmatodea (Vespidae), hosts: Lepidoptera Hymenoptera Nitidulidae), following of Lucanidae, occurrence the Ipidae, the on mentioned reports the and summarised (2003) al. et Vestergaard 560 ufcs emnto n ucsflifcindpnso ubro atr,e.g. factors, of number a on depends infection successful and (5) Germination surfaces. reactions; yeast i.e. defense conidia. In new bodies/blastospores, surfaces. of immune production hyphal and host of and dead the formation from response outgrowth the by saprophytic (6) through host cells; host penetration like the (3) the germination; within (1) overcoming (2) proliferation steps: cuticle; following (4) the the to cuticle; of spore the consists of pathway attachment infection disease The biology percutaneously. of molecular generally (1998). Khachatourians and aspects by genetics biochemical presented the is the development and disease aspects on of physico-chemical specific overview its more for comprehensive development, 1998 Pendland A & Boucias e.g. information). (see summarised are process infection lionidae, Chrysomelidae, (Coccinellidae, tera tenella te net.Acrigt etedl 17) h itdhssof hosts listed the (1970), Leatherdale to According insects. other melolontha Melolontha in one. species insect virulent target most a it the against Therefore, isolates select different 2003). to pests of Shapiro-Ilan target virulence order & the other Cottrell screen against 1998; to virulent al. necessary highly et is are Ekesi soil 1990; the Johnson from & or (Feng insect host distinct a from atr n eiotr.Frhroe eea hundred several Furthermore, Blattaria, Lepidoptera. Sipho- Isoptera, Hymenoptera, and Coleoptera, Dermaptera, naptera Diptera, Orthoptera, Heteroptera, Acari, Homoptera, Gastropoda, Thysanoptera, follows: as (1990) nw htms sltso hsfnu aearsrce otrne(ote tal. et (Goettel range host that restricted examples a several are have there fungus and 2003), Fungus this al. of et Entomopathogenic Vestergaard isolates 1990; ARS most that USDA known the in listed are collection. insects host numerous 6 eitr,()Ototr,()Spoatr,()Iotr,(0 Thysanoptera, Embioptera. Diptera, (10) (15) Blattariae, (5) Isoptera, (14) (9) Dermaptera, Homoptera, (13) Siphonaptera, Neuroptera, (4) (12) (8) Mantodea, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, (11) (3) (7) Hemiptera, Coleoptera, (6) (2) Lepidoptera, (1) taheti u otehdohbct ftecndaa ela h cuticular the as well as conidia the of hydrophobicity the to due is Attachment fungi, entomopathogenic other in As nEurope, In oee,dsietepeaec of prevalence the despite However, h otrneadseiiiyof specificity and range host The ¨ ller-Ko .Zimmermann G. r:Htrpea(ettmde,Lpdpea( Lepidoptera (Pentatomidae), Heteroptera are: ) tohsmssus Strophosomus ¨ .bassiana B. lr(95.Teeoe nti eto nytegnrlapcso the of aspects general the only section this in Therefore, (1965). gler .bassiana B. .brongniartii B. uha h ikom eecmie ySenas(99 and (1949) Steinhaus by compiled were silkworm, the as such , and oii oti yrpoi-yepoeno hi exterior their on protein hydrophobin-type a contain conidia , ) yeotr (Formicidae, Hymenoptera .), .hippocastani M. anyatcstefedadtefrs cockchafer, forest the and field the attacks mainly ltuai braccata Plateumaris .bassiana B. Beauveria .bassiana B. oee,tefnu a loocron occur also may fungus the However, . nahg ubro rhoos tis it arthropods, of number huge a in pce takterhs insects host their attack species slse yGetle al. et Goettel by listed is eilslupulinus Hepialus , Vespula aeuel tenella Galerucella .bassiana B. Melolontha .brongniartii B. .bassiana B. p. n spiders. and spp.) .brongniartii B. sltsfrom isolates p.(Enkerli spp. ,Coleop- ), Curcu- , isolates (  B. Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 ihsbtne htaeipratfrfna eonto,lk reaioaisor acids amino of free germination Generally, like coated germination. recognition, be and fungal also attachment alcohols bassiana trigger for may and may important cuticle ketones and the are peptides, esters, However, that cuticular wax activity. substances certain aldehydes, antimicrobial with optimal acids, by possess as fatty influenced may such short-chain which further factors, as is environmental such Germination certain lipids, humidity. and and stage host temperature and host susceptible netimn ytmaeacmlxpoesadcmrs aymlclrand molecular many comprise and process Go complex & certain a (Vilcinskas and reactions are the phenoloxidase cellular and system of fungus penetrating immune production the between by insect interactions e.g. The melanisation. activities, and proteases, hemocytes response including host by several enzymes, is by several process of penetration production may The the tubes lipases. pegs. and by germ chitinases infection and penetration, Before means and mouthparts. mechnical appressoria the so-called or produce segments between joints, eaiua n edn hne,terdcino oywih rfecundity, or weight body of reduction (Mu the fever behavioural changes, or feeding malformations conidia and its produce Africa, behavioural in locusts the in on e.g. persist or, conidia also body. cadaver may producing the the fungus the and inside inside conditions, stage body dry hyphal host very the Under the in cadaver. of the of out surface exterior emerging by 3 phase take saprophytic may pathogenesis it aphids, the In of 2 strain. end fungus the the body. of and fat virulence by insect the the and produced of hemolymph death 1998). is the the Pendland in & by oosporein (Boucias nutrients followed depletes is metabolite fungus process This the the body, insect stage, toxins. of the production this the and during growth brongniartii vegetative other example, extensive invade by to insect For fungus host the enabling the hemolymph, of the tissues in passively detoxify distributed are which which proteins, with and of insect. respond production the inhibitors the in insects protease of toxins host consist fungal inducible the reactions These compounds, while reactions. antifungal toxins, defence humoral and and enzymes cellular proteolytic produce spp. r loal opouedfeetmtblts ihrsett eitainadrisk and toxicological registration particular to of respect are activities With fungi special metabolites. their entomopathogenic or and different that metabolites produce compounds these surprising assessment, to not of able diverse is variety also have it generally are Therefore, wide which functions. metabolism, a and secondary activities produce their within fungi, mostly metabolites, especially and Microorganisms, metabolites/toxins of Production 2003). al. et Á h eerto ftectcelyr n h einn fivso saccompanied is invasion of beginning the and layers cuticle the of penetration The like cuticle, the of areas non-sclerotised thinner, penetrates fungus the Generally uigteicbto eid h ugsmyafc t otisc throughout insect host its affect may fungus the period, incubation the During and temperature stage, host the host, the on depends period incubation The cells, like yeast i.e. bodies, hyphal produces fungus the penetration, successful After ek.Atrtehs et n ne ui odtos h ugssat its starts fungus the conditions, humid under and death host the After weeks. 4 oii trsatraot1 n slreycmltdb 0ha 20 at h 20 by completed largely is and h 10 about after starts conidia hc svsbeb unn t otcdvrrd uigisivso of invasion its During red. cadaver host its turning by visible is which , ¨ z19) uigteifcinprocess, infection the During 1999). tz ¨ ller-Ko ¨ lr16;Eei20;Ouedraogo 2001; Ekesi 1965; gler Á as hl nsaa larvae, scarab in while days, 4 aeyof Safety Beauveria Beauveria spp. Á 25 561 8 C. B. B. Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 ugsMtblt Reference Metabolite felina B. brongniartii B. bassiana B. Fungus Fge ta.20) diinly h eodr eaoieccoprnAis A cyclosporin metabolite secondary the protein Additionally, chitosanase-like 2004). hydrophilic, 2004). Vey by a & al. produced as (Fuguet haemolymph identified et the was macromole- the (Fuguet in macromolecule melanising mycosis and that toxic during bassianolide, evidence One secreted secondary also and are weight is beauvericin toxins molecular There as cular tenellin. low Table such and are in bassianin presented peptides molecules are pigments cyclic These insecticidal 2001). mainly these al. et metabolites, of Vey 2000; majority al. A et IV. Strasser 1994; al. et Mazet of metabolites important most the chapter, following the In interest. 562 .brongniartii B. Buis&Pnln 98.Temi eaoiepoue by produced metabolite main The 1998). Pendland & (Boucias speetdb oet 18) h uhrsmaie h nweg ftoxic of as knowledge such the Deuteromycetes, summarises entomopathogenic author well-known The Beauveria by (1981). produced Roberts metabolites by presented is aeyise.Arcn eiwo oi eaoie fetmptoei fungi entomopathogenic (2001). al. of et Vey metabolites by given toxic was purposes on biocontrol other review for recent used as those considered A These including pest be medicine. we in only issues. human Today, cannot use in products. generally safety pharmaceuticals for metabolites natural and fungal proposed on drugs that fungi new studies demonstrate objectives for specific chemistry search of basic the safety use conduct add for should the still to chemicals evaluate are (4) new for and to which search control; (3) insects, to (2) control; to action; pest toxic of mode in metabolites the elucidate fungal to on (1) important: studies of objectives principle ascomycete he oeue f2hdoysvlrcai.Ntalioae of isolates all Not acid. 2-hydroxyisovaleric of of molecules molecules three three of sequence repeating bassiana. Beauvericin oosporein. ie ySrse ta.(00 n e ta.(01.Bavrcnhsas enisolated been also has as Beauvericin is tenuipes such (2001). beauveriolide, al. fungi, et and Vey other and bassianolide (2000) from metabolites, al. et other Strasser two by given and beauvericin of activity beauvericin n ftefrtcmrhnieoeveso h oiso nooahgncfungi entomopathogenic of toxins the on overviews comprehensive first the of One Both .Zimmermann G. Beauveria Nlnnae l 00 n,epcal rmmmeso h genus the of members from especially and, 2000) al. et (Nilanonta , eueii satxccci eaesppieadcmrssacyclic a comprises and hexadepsipeptide cyclic toxic a is Beauvericin Metarhizium nvitro in Cordyceps stems motn opudwihwsrpre is from first reported was which compound important most the is .bassiana B. r rsne n hi curneadgnrlatvte r outlined. are activities general and occurrence their and presented are etui i ta.(2002) al. et Kim (2001) al. et Vey Mu (2000); al. et Strasser (2004) Vey and Quesada-Moraga (1981) Roberts B Destruxin acid Oxalic Oosporein Bassiacridin acid Oxalic oosporein tenellin, beauveriolides, beauverolides, bassianolide, bassianin, Beauvericin, p.pouesvrltxccompounds toxic several produce spp. al V ao eaoie rdcdby produced metabolites Major IV. Table frcrepnigltrtr e oet,18) eiwo the on review A 1981). Roberts, see literature corresponding (for n h genus the and , ouaa Aspergillus Nomuraea, hc a rgnlyfudin found originally was which , aclmcsfumosoroseus Paecilomyces Entomophthora N- ehlpeyaaieatraigwith alternating phenylalanine methyl , Paecilomyces seRbrs1981), Roberts (see tasre l 20) e ta.(2001) al. et Vey (2000); al. et Strasser Beauveria es ao epeetdfour presented He lato. sensu ¨ ller-Ko nvitro in ¨ lr(95;Rbrs(1981) Roberts (1965); gler oyoldu inflatum Tolypocladium spp. and .bassiana B. and .brongniartii B. Verticillium .bassiana B. nvivo in Paecilomyces Fusarium produce the , (e.g. and B. is Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 eetdbavrcni utrsof (1991) al. cultures et Gupta 1998). in al. et Logrieco beauvericin 1995; al. et detected Bottalico 1991; al. et Gupta (e.g. .semitectum F. oet ta.20)cnimta eueii sacmo eaoieo many of metabolite common a is 2002; beauvericin al. and that et with Logrieco results confirm 2002; These al. 2002) 2002). et al. phytopathogenic Fotso al. et 1998; et (Pascale al. hybrids et Moretti maize (Munkvold the data all and Africa published in South other Poland, detected Austria, was Italy, in and maize USA of contaminant natural a as found sambucinum F. beomiforme F. eogn o2 aa h olwn pce rdcdbeauvericin: produced species following the taxa, var. 25 to belonging moniliforme F. il( dial dl osfis u o gis ikomlra t10 p natfca diet. aphid the artificial on in beauvericin ppm of 1000 effects some at reported larvae and (2002) shrimp silkworm graminum al. brine Schizaphis against et larvae, not Ganassi mosquito Recently, bacteria, but some against houseflies, (1981), noticed Roberts adult been to have According effects properties. toxic ionophoric and cytotoxic, antibiotic, slkl htbavrcnfudadioae rmfosadfesi auederives nature in feeds and foods from isolated and found from beauvericin that likely is tenuipes e ta.20;Psaee l 02.Ivsiain nteefc fbavrcnt the lepidopteran to beauvericin the of from effect the SF-9 on Investigations line 1998; 2002). al. cell al. et et insect (Logrieco Pascale cytolysis 2001; causes al. and et apoptosis Vey to similar death cell programmed salina Artemia eueii asdaot1%dces ntenme fval el,adteeffect the of and effect cells, no experiments, viable 30 time-course of at in number beauvericin However, of the concentrations. concentration higher in micromolar at decrease One increased 2004). 10% al. about et caused Fornelli beauvericin 2003; al. et (Calo cytotoxicity n 2m eueii e gde hwdn feto n ftetat observed. traits the of any on other effect with no co-occurrs moniliformin mostly showed mg 2.7 diet to kg up per of beauvericin dosages that mg field indicate 12 the results and in The containing contamination 2003). diets natural al. of from et effect (Zollitsch beauvericin the (see study and to moniliformin plants broilers mycotoxins with the these conducted were of trials feeding protoplasts food, towards toxicity 2002). high al. et showed Moretti it however, of barley, apoptosis inducing and 2003). al. proliferation a (Dombrink-Kurtzman et at suppressing lymphocytes observed Calo by blood was peripheral by functions cells of immune reported viability the in was decline affect origin a 10 h, myeloid 24 of of of concentration time lines exposure an cell After human (2004). two to beauvericin netgtoso eueii aedmntae htti eaoiehsinsectidal, has metabolite this that demonstrated have beauvericin of Investigations eueii saseii hlseo clrnfrs niio n stxctowards toxic is and inhibitor acyltransferase cholesterol specific a is Beauvericin hte eueii hudb ena odmctxni o e la,bcueit because clear, yet not is mycotoxin food a as seen be should beauvericin Whether in beauvericin of occurrence natural and the wheat to tomato, respect melon, With of roots on symptoms any cause not did Beauvericin acuminatum Fusarium lsoimfalciparum Plasmodium Fusarium C 64wsrpre yNlnnae l (2000). al. et Nilanonta by reported was 1614 BCC , n ae,ac-curneo eueii ihfmnsnB fumonisin with beauvericin of co-occurrence a later, and , and , a eotd(otlc ta.19) rm94 From 1995). al. et (Bottalico reported was species. aveadaantisc,mrn n ua ellns tcninduce can It lines. cell human and murine insect, against and larvae .dlamini F. pce ahrta from than rather species , Fusarium m .acuminatum F. a oie ncl iblt Cl ta.20) yooiiyof Cytotoxicity 2003). al. et (Calo viability cell on noticed was M .subglutinans F. niyoatra ( Antimycobacterial . m rhge.I uky,fmnsnB1adbavrcnmay beauvericin and B-1 fumonisin turkeys, In higher. or M , .equiseti F. pce n cusi ies od n ed contaminated feeds and foods diverse in occurs and species ciiyo eueii n eueii sltdfrom isolated A beauvericin and beauvericin of activity ) Fusarium Lgic ta.19) h eaoiehsas been also has metabolite The 1998). al. et (Logrieco var. , .longipes F. eaoie,sc sfmnsn.I n ae it case, any In fumonisins. as such metabolites, uaimmoniliforme Fusarium armeniacum .bassiana B. yoatru tuberculosis Mycobacterium pdpeafrugiperda Spodoptera , .nygamai F. , . .anthophilum F. aeyof Safety , Fusarium Fusarium- .oxysporum F. var. Beauveria n antiplasmo- and ) subglutinans eeldaclear a revealed , .acuminatum F. .avenaceum F. sltstested isolates contaminated spp. , .poae F. 1 563 and in P. , , Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 nsi nihdwt h omrilpoutad64m m mg 6.4 and product commercial the with enriched soil in Furthermore, 2001). al. chicks. et Vey 1-day-old 1984; Wyatt LD to & an vivo toxic (Manning indicated injection In hamsters be intraperitoneal broiler and after to in mice no weight gout in found body has avian toxicity was cause its oosporein to on and Obviously, studies reported turkeys been bacteria. and has gram-negative It chicks effects. gram-positive on phytotoxic against activity effect and antibiotic antifungal many little has This by and but (2005a,b). produced compound al. antiviral also bacteria, et an is is Seger which It and fungi. dihydroxybenzoquinone, (2001) soil al. a et is Vey pigment (2000), al. red-coloured et Strasser by presented of isolates many by produced agents III Oosporein or antiartherosclerotic I beauveriolide as of production compounds for 2005). lead patent a potential Recently, by 2004). as al. first et promise the (Namatame are show They from demonstrated macrophages. and isolated with peritoneal III cyclodepsipeptides mouse and primary microbial I in Beauveriolides accumulation medicine. droplet to human of seem in broth Beauveriolides drugs 2004). culture 1999, as al. potential et have (Namatame bassianolide yeasts. and beauverolides from beauvericin protein and binding chitin Beauveriolides a to similarity against limited activity a specific showed has protein and insecticidal locusts This of mortality. nymphs 50% nearly instar caused fourth of Injection 2004). migratoria Vey & (Queseda-Moraga locusts mycelium. sterile Bassiacridin only properties producing anthelmintic 2000; fungus strong a al. PF1022, has in called PF1022 et found substance, (2000). was related Strasser al. and structurally et (see Weckwerth a by of beauvericin reported biosynthesis to was The 2001). similar al. activity et Vey antibiotic and ionophoric al. Bassianolide et Strasser (see 1997). metabolites two Khatchatourians these on & information (Jeffs 2000). published ATPases little membrane very is erythrocyte There the inhibit which tenellin and Bassianin utr eimws30m L mg 300 was in medium produced oosporein of culture amount maximum a The present. amounts negligible revealed 564 oaofed(bnsene l 00 tasre l 00 ee ta.2005c). al. et Seger 2000; al. et Strasser 2000; al. et (Abendstein field potato ‘Melocont yoe ave(tasre l 00.Teerslsdmntaeta h uniyof quantity the that demonstrate fungi results these These by 2000). produced al. oosporein et (Strasser larvae mycosed oaopat n uesatrapiaino ‘Melocont in of detected application were after oosporein, tubers as such and metabolites, plants fungal potato No media. liquid rich nutrient Beauveria .Zimmermann G. and † ihtepr rti trltvl o oae(3.3 dosage low relatively at protein pure the with Plgrt’(giuu-wza,200 (Agrifutur-Kwizda), -Pilzgerste’ stemjrscnaymtblt rdcdby produced metabolite secondary major the is nvitro in satxcpoen htwsprfe rmasri of strain a from purified was that protein, toxic a is p F-99 nslciemdawsgatd(mr Tomoda & (Omura granted was media selective on (FO-6979) sp. saohrccootdpietd rdcdby produced cyclo-octadepsipeptide another is Beauveria tde ntedsrbto fosoeni h environment the in oosporein of distribution the on studies r w elwclue o-etd eodr metabolites secondary non-peptide yellow-coloured two are p F-99 hwdptn niioyatvt flipid of activity inhibitory potent showed (FO-6979) sp. .bassiana B. nvivo in  1 . gkg mg 3.2 , opeesv vriw nosoenare oosporein on overviews Comprehensive . r etdswt iia tutr to structure similar a with peptides are suulymc esta htscee in secreted that than less much usually is m namcsdlra .2m m mg 0.02 larva, mycosed a in g nvivo in  1 † ntecmeca product commercial the in Plgrt’it h olo a of soil the into -Pilzgerste’ nirhrslrtceffects antiartherosclerotic .brongniartii B. 50 m  oi/ oyweight) body toxin/g g au f05m kg mg 0.5 of value 2 .bassiana B. nsi nihdby enriched soil in .bassiana B. n salso is and infecting Locusta with   2 1 Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 xlcacid Oxalic rwh hsipi rpoogascesu neto,eg gis oldeln pest dwelling soil and against germination e.g. the infection, stop successful or a the reduce prolong and may insects. or an entomopathogen temperatures impair within the low growth thus the of growth, contrast, accelerate requirements In host or temperature insect. reduce the the host may in on or and insect depending entomopathogen on pest an insect inactivate the fungus may with the temperatures contact High of before environment. viability the in and and growth insect germination, the influencing Temperature. field. the that hypothesis the support which 2005), al. by et secretion Cell-free (Kirkland acid 1993). oxalic dipping grasshopper Khachatourians after species & the not tick (Bidochka was In of acid grasshoppers supernatants the 2001). in culture however virulence 1991), al. Khachatourians to et & related (Bidochka Vey observed was (see conidia proteins sanguinipes can it cuticular Melanoplus because determinant specific pathogenicity important an solubilise considered is It 1981). Roberts nooahgncfni h motneo hs clgclprmtr was of parameters use ecological commercial solar these effective, and Mu of for 1965; moisture Madelin responsible or & importance (Clerk also humidity early The recognised environ- temperature, are fungi. abiotic are important factors entomopathogenic most strongly fungi These The is factors. for environment radiation. biotic the constraints and in abiotic microorganism mental several any of by survival affected and radiation) propagation solar The humidity, (temperature, factors environmental of Effect pathogenesis. during factor acaricidal potent a as acts 97 elr&Zmemn 99 ua19) hsscinsmaie some the summarises on radiation section solar This and of humidity 1995). longevity temperature, of and Fuxa effect activity the 1989; of Zimmermann observations general & Keller 1977; aiu bu 30 about maximum cetss(..HwlJns&Glepe19;Fruse l 97 alwrh& Hallsworth 1997; other al. by et later Fargues substantiated of 1990; isolates been African Gillespie have Among 1999). & values Magan Hywel-Jones These (e.g. 1977). scientists Campbell & Roberts prlto falioae eertre t1 n 35 and 15 30 at and 20 retarded between was 25 were or isolates isolates different of all temperature of sporulation fMcureIln emntda 5 at germinated Island Macquarie of on of point h eprtr ag o rwhadsouaini ewe n 33 and 2 between is sporulation and 22 growth of for optimum range temperature the .brongniartii B. uvvlo nooahgn.Soegriaino h netctceadsporulation and cuticle insect the on germination Spore entomopathogens. of survival Humidity. In .bassiana, B. Á 30 .bassiana B. 8 Eeie l 99.I contrast, In 1999). al. et (Ekesi C uiiyi eyipratevrnetlfco fetn h fiayand efficacy the affecting factor environmental important very a is Humidity e prtr a feta nooahgni ifrn asby ways different in entomopathogen an affect can Temperature sscee by secreted is a enntcddrn trg t2 at storage during noticed been has Á 23 h piu eprtr s23 is temperature optimum the 8 prsi t50 at is spores (Mu C Á 38 yegsi ciiybtenoai cdand acid oxalic between activity synergistic a , B .bassiana B. 8 .bassiana B. ,dpnigo h sltstse (Mu tested isolates the on depending C, . ¨ bassiana ller-Ko .bassiana B. 8 ¨ o 0mn(asa ta.17) In 1970). al. et (Walstad min 10 for C lr16;Rbrs&Cmbl 97.Got of Growth 1977). Campbell & Roberts 1965; gler ope oardcini h Ho h medium, the of pH the in reduction a to coupled , otiigoai cdcue otlt nseveral in mortality caused acid oxalic containing and 8 Rda ah19) h hra death thermal The 1997). Rath & (Roddam C .brongniartii B. .bassiana B. and .bassiana B. ¨ ller-Ko .brongniartii B. Á 28 8 8 Aegr1992). (Aregger C ¨ ,temnmm5 minimum the C, emnto,rda rwhand growth radial germination, , lr16;Rbrs&Campbell & Roberts 1965; gler sltsfo uatrtcsoils subantarctic from isolates ntelbrtr swl sin as well as laboratory the in aeyof Safety 8 Tfr rnl 2003) Pringle & (Tefera C 8 ,wieteoptimum the while C, (Mu Beauveria ¨ ¨ ller-Ko ller-Ko Á .brongniartii B. 10 .bassiana B. ¨ ¨ 8 lr1965; gler ihan with C 8 lr1965; gler spp. n the and C 565 Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 hncnieigmitr fet ntefed eeal,terneo relative of range the Generally, surfaces field. insect the of or or germination in leaf macroclimate for effects on the (RH) and microhumidity moisture humidity between viability or distinguish the considering microclimate to affect when have the may We temperature and spores. high macrohumidity high fungal with hand, other of conjunction the On in persistence moisture. high humidity require low insect host or dead the of outgrowth after H hl emnto n rwhi eadda 4 n 2.Hwvr fungal However, 60 of 92%. macrohumidities and low 94% relatively at 99% at noticed at retarded been occurs is have germination insects growth in of and reduction infections slight germination A while 1999). RH, Magan & Hallsworth 1970; yterltv uiiyadmitr otn ftecnda o xml,the example, For conidia. the of content moisture affected of strongly conidia and when also dry humidity is insect of viability temperatures relative relative the different surrounding al. infect the the at et of conidia and independent by Vidal of cuticle germinate 1993; insect longevity the been to al. The on also layer humidity. et able oil has Bateman thin are a 1988; humidities by spores covered al. relative was fungal et low foliage Obviously, (Prior or at 2003). formulations integument infection oil host Successful with the cases. observed of these surface in the higher at microhumidity the Presumably 28 nciae ihnhuso aswe xoe osnih Grnre l 97.In 1977). al. et all (Gardner of sunlight 99% are sunlight, to fungal simulated entomopathogens exposed under of when that experiments days reveal persistence laboratory or literature field hours the within the in inactivated presented affecting results factor The environmental insecticides. detrimental most the Kige l 91.Atrirdainwt iuae ulgt gof n Garcia and Ignoffo sunlight, min simulated 31 with about after of irradiation UV-B life half and After a UV-A found 1981). at (1992) and al. min, et 16 nearly (Krieg after UV-C at inactivated radiation. Solar 1965). Madelin & (Clerk temperature higher at o rmr a ermna oalioae etd(age ta.19) nthe In 1996). al. et (Fargues crested on tested and coverslips isolates glass all onto water ( to in exposure applied detrimental wheatgrass an conidia was of i.e. survival more exposure, the or laboratory, increasing h with 2 decreased for survival the that demonstrated (295 sunlight hr r eea ehd n ehiusfrslcieioaino entomopathogenic of isolation selective for including techniques fungi, and methods several are residues There quantify and determine 2000; to methods al. Analytical et Edgington 2005). UV- 1995; Behle various & al. Leland of et 2001; incorporation Inglis al. to (e.g. et led formulations Cohen have conidial application to after protectants agents control fungus microbial entomopathogenic the in demonstrated as fumosoroseus abilities Paecilomyces inactivating isolates more among has was sunlight sunlight oil simulated after to in mortality (97% susceptibility survival leaves in of on Conidial differences than Significant min) 1995). 60 min). al. after 60 mortality et (74% glass (Inglis on radiation pronounced UV-B to exposure 566 h ermna fet fsnih mlctn h eaieysotpritneof persistence short relatively the implicating sunlight of effects detrimental The Á .bassiana B. 6dy t25 at days 56 .Zimmermann G. goyo cristatum Agropyron Á 10n)o h uvvlo oii f6 sltsof isolates 65 of conidia of survival the on nm) 1100 ulgt seilyU- (290 UV-B especially Sunlight, eedmntae yMre-aise l 19) lo diffuse Also, (1995). al. et Morley-Davies by demonstrated were .bassiana B. 8 n 58 H oe Hicesstelneiyo prseven spores of longevity the increases RH lower A RH. 75.8% and C Sise l 1996). al. et (Smits .bassiana B. .bassiana B. and a eue ygetrta 5 fe 5min 15 after 95% than greater by reduced was ) .brongniartii B. .bassiana B. oii faot2h h nlec fsimulated of influence The h. 2 about of conidia a 3 asa 8 at days 635 was Á 3 m n VA(330 UV-A and nm) 330 Getl&Igi 97.A aveof larvae As 1997). Inglis & (Goettel oii s100 is conidia 8 n %R ncnrs to contrast in RH 0% and C .bassiana B. Á 2 Wltde al. et (Walstad 92% Á oii were conidia .bassiana B. 0 m,is nm), 400 Á 70%. Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 ta.20;Siaue l 02 ake ta.20;Nlr 04 see 2004; Nolard 2004; al. et Lackner 2002; al. distribution geographical et and Shimazu occurrence 2000; al. et bassiana olo lnshv enue Ve ern16;Mu 1966; quantitative Ferron & gives (Veen technique used washing been have leaf plants a the or with of or reisolation combination soil to for in method media and media selective plating analysis selective Different results. of qualitative dilution use for serial The used soil. soil from generally fungi is isolate 1986) indirectly (Zimmermann method’ bait mellonella Galleria ..i re otasi h ugsfo otmnto eieit h pest the into device contamination a from fungus the for transmit vector or to carrier mechanical order a as in function e.g. may Insects cases. many in odr lses hrfr,i sovosta hs ye fcndaaeeasily are of conidia observations of few types only these are that there obvious However, is air. by it transported Therefore, clusters. powdery ibrefnu,btteerslsdcmn that document results these but fungus, airborne hsfnu rmsi.I l ae,temnmmnme o eoeyo both of recovery for number minimum the cases, all In soil. Beauveria from fungus this mhnclado erccie n18,Bihr ta.fud htmdabsdon based media that chlor- Dodine found, streptomycin, fungicide al. the as et containing Beilharz such rose agar 1982, oxgall, al. antibiotics, oatmeal In contained et and media tetracycline. Chase first and/or cycloheximide 1982; the amphenicol al. agents, violet, et selective crystal As Beilharz 1996). 1980; Bengal, al. Tribe et & Strasser Doberski 1986; 1976; Catroux & Joussier oii of Conidia air in non-target persistence and on Mobility effects unintended with important environment potential the are groundwater. in e.g. of agent distribution contamination control safety, unintended or displacement, microbial ecological their a including of its organisms, behaviour to and fate respect the on Studies environment the specific in of behaviour fate and the Fate monitor 2004). to al. and et populations (Enkerli fungus environment study the to in strains applied be also of can strains identifying for bassiana Bidochka group- tool rDNA (see powerful 28s that fungi a found are (1997) entomopathogenic al. introns et of Neuveglise I 2005). strains Buckley & among Rehner fungi. 2001; distinguish these of and isolation copper- identify selective a for Therefore, useful copper. be to also tolerant could highly medium were based fungi entomogenous that found pcfcmcoaelt akr in markers microsatellite specific osdrbyipoe h eetvt for selectivity the improved considerably ta.(96 eosrtdta uretmdu otiigcycloheximide containing medium nutrient a that demonstrated Dodine (1996) For (0.05%), (1986). al. al. et Chase by et suggested was benomyl of addition h rnpraino uglsoe hog h i yiscshsbe documented been has insects by air the through spores fungal of transportation The ait fdfeetbohmcladmlclrmtoshsbe eeoe to developed been has methods molecular and biochemical different of Ba variety soils, A polluted metal heavy in flora microbial the on study a During oocrntrlyi h i Arui&FlploMrhso19;Rainer 1996; Filipello-Marchisio & (Airaudi air the in naturally occur do , Rhe uke 03 aebe dniid hs irstliemarkers microsatellite These identified. been have 2003) Buckley & (Rehner pce saot10 about is species .bassiana B. † r ooiul estv oetmptoei ug,te‘Galleria the fungi, entomopathogenic to sensitive notoriously are 01)adatboiswsbs utdfrslcieioainof isolation selective for suited best was antibiotics and (0.1%) and .brongniartii B. 2 oii rpoaue e fsoil. of g 1 per propagules or conidia .brongniartii B. and .bassiana B. fet nmmasadhmnhealth human and mammals on Effects r r,o ml ieadaepoue in produced are and size small of dry, are † ( .bassiana B. N- Ekrie l 01 n in and 2001) al. et (Enkerli oeygaiiemonoacetate) dodecylguanidine Beauveria and aeyof Safety .brongniartii. B. ¨ ller-Ko .anisopliae M. and .brongniartii B. Beauveria ¨ .brongniartii B. p. especially spp., lr&Sen1970; Stein & gler Beauveria lo strain- Also, .bassiana B. ae,the Later, . ˚a t (1991) ˚th spp. Strasser , Natural san as ). from 567 B. B. , Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 ibeatrsoaei trl qeu ouin f065 ala 4 at NaCl 0.675% of solutions at were aqueous water fungi sterile store distilled entomopathogenic in to Several sterile, storage years. able seven after in to was viable successfully up (1976) periods fungi Boesewinkel for saprophytic temperature (1939). room and Castellani pathogenic by plant ago 650 years 60 as than water more (3) (2) and conditions, soil, dispersal. laboratory the for into under spores responsible fungi water: of is of in migration/percolation raindrops storage spores for longterm fungal responsible of for is persistence used water and be mobility can the water on (1) aspects different are There water in and persistence leaves and wheatgrass Mobility on conidia the of 99% than more al. days et 16 28 at (Kouassi 75%, leaves than celery more of on conidia than of sativa higher (CFUs) viability units significantly The forming was colony 2003). of lettuce number the on However, celery. recovered and lettuce of foliage on of persistence the on Studies Krieg of 1996). (e.g. al. laboratory survival of et the inactivation the Fargues in rapid 1981; demonstrated affecting al. A been factors et has plants. hours important on within and most radiation air Madelin the ultraviolet the of & in one (Clerk spores is fungal humidities component, (290 low UV-B nm) the than 400 i.e. sunlight, sooner natural Undoubtedly, germination 1965). the reduce humidities borer, corn European ciiywsls ewe n 0dy otapiain(ade ta.1977). al. et (Gardner application of post evaluations days 10 original and the 5 of between one-half that lost demonstrated was have foliage, activity soybean as such surfaces, plant 25 to 8 from increases temperature radiation (see sunlight and humidity (Mu beetle, bark 2004). the free with al. from et demonstrated isolated (Kreutz been also has of were was transmission experiments species beetles Similar traps. semi-field The sap in 2003). caught Vega example, beetles sap & For flying (Dowd 2004). sites al. overwintering to et Kreutz with see contaminated references (for population xrtdval oii n1%o hi ea rpig n,tu,mytase the 2002a). transfer Lewis may & thus, (Bruck and, mechanically and droppings droppings fecal fecal their their of via 14% both in fungus conidia viable excreted 568 rnigwtri owy(aekle l 2006). al. et & (Hageskal (Bruck maize Norway young in of water surface both drinking the Recently, to transfer 2002b). fungal Lewis of amount the reduce residues bassiana oiiyadpritnei soil in persistence and Mobility trg ffna utrsi ae sa ayadcepmto,wihwsused was which method, cheap and easy an is water in cultures fungal of Storage iblt ntepatsraemyas eifune ytepattp.Field type. plant the by influenced be also may surface plant the on Viability h iblt of viability The ae srsosbefrproaino prsit oladwl edsusdin discussed be will and soil into spores of percolation for responsible is Water Á ¨ 5 naflalae eedsryd(nlse l 1993). al. et (Inglis destroyed were leaves alfalfa on 85% ller-Ko n rse hagas( wheatgrass crested and ) .Zimmermann G. ) h ogvt fdycndao ls ufcsdcessa h storage the as decreases surfaces glass on conidia dry of longevity The )). rmtesi otesraeo hr-tg on nrae eeso crop of levels Increased corn. whorl-stage of surface the to soil the from ¨ lr&Zmemn 1980). Zimmermann & gler .bassiana B. .bassiana B. .bassiana B. appiu freemani Carpophilus srnanubilalis Ostrinia eeldacndapritneadifciiyu o2 days 26 to up infectivity and persistence conidia a revealed feto niomna factors environmental of Effect analpasa cierl ntedseslof dispersal the in role active an plays Rainfall . na uoncltv eieadtaserdtefungus the transferred and device autoinoculative an in Beauveria prsi h i smil fetdb temperature, by affected mainly is air the in spores goyo cristatum Agropyron .bassiana B. 8 n yepsr olgt ihstorage High light. to exposure by and C unl ncr.Belsfed Beetles corn. in tunnels , p.wr on nsraewater-derived surface in found were spp. safnioeta sfeunl on in found frequently is that fungivore a is npylpae fafla( alfalfa of phylloplanes on a eue fe ordy by days four after reduced was ) .bassiana B. Á ( eprtr,hmdt,solar humidity, temperature, 3 m n VA(330 UV-A and nm) 330 .bassiana B. .bassiana B. nlbrtr and laboratory in 8 o 2 for C p typographus Ips .bassiana B. oii on conidia oii by conidia Medicago Á years 3 B. Á Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 h 06c ouno h w te ye n eecletdi h flet When effluent. the formulated in collected of were and through types movement moved CFU’s other the two vertical of the 12.5% of the Approximately column types. cm applied soil 30.6 When two the 1987). in Gardner cm & 15.2 soil, (Storey the upper columns to cm suspension 30.6 aqueous in an as types were soil CFU sifted four, fewer in 10-fold general, In applied. 8 was an rain at artificial recorded and columns soil ecltn ae nsoemvmn hog olwsas tde sn plant- 1998). of Fravel a effect using The studied 1992). also was (Zimmermann soil found through was of movement effluent isolate spore pathogenic mL on 1 water per had percolating spores spore The movement one column. vertical the of the than on spores of Studies dry cm particles. and 2 organic wet upper or of over clay the and on in soil adsorbed silt-loam were been et a conidia probably (Ignoffo from recovered rain filtrate of the in cm of recovered 16.25 were 90% of conidia equivalent no the However, to 1977). exposure al. after filtrate the in recovered ounu o30 to up column prswihhv aynnwtigca eano h ufc Bre 1950). of spores (Burges of surface movement the vertical fungus entomopathogenic for on while responsible remain ramannianus readily, is coat water down Mucor (1960), non-wetting wash Hepple coat waxy to mucilaginous a According a have have which that spores Spores 1950). (Burges cm) (see world the throughout 0 soil from found the distribution in geographical naturally occur csse.Ti en htatcmn a eapeeust o h relationship the for prerequisite a be may macroorganisms. particular respect, and the attachment from this micro- that eliminated between In not fundamental means are attachment of water. This they i.e. that is ecosystem. ground microorganisms, ensures adhesion surfaces between the to microbial interaction microorganisms the and that contaminate of function to out or the percolates pointed in reach only safety (1980) significance fungus environmental not Bitton the for and does that (2) Marshall insect; demonstrated and root host be the area the to into with introduced root has be contact it to into has i.e. come fungus feed considerations, the to mostly case, order which this In pests, in plants. dwelling area host soil their of of biocontrol roots effective on for biotic (1) as reasons: different arthropods soil soil and as Mobility. water/rain well as to agrochem- 1989). microorganisms factors. and due Zimmermann soil water, biotic & mainly and and (Keller and factors factors moisture is abiotic abiotic temperature, soil several as properties, on icals soil the specific depends in are persistence These spores contrast, fungal In arthropods. of mobility The soil in persistence and Mobility h usinhwvri,hwde a hs ug eclt notesi.First soil. the the into affect may percolate type soil fungi and of spore these the Spores can that show deep migration. species fungal how other with is, experiments however question The etclmvmn fcmecal omltdcndaof conidia formulated commercially of movement Vertical Concerning h oiiyo uglsoe nadit h oli frlvnefrtwo for relevance of is soil the into and in spores fungal of mobility The Á 5to20 .bassiana B. Á Á 0c,whereas cm, 40 0c et oprdwt 0 a with compared depth cm 10 u nyoe hr itne.Aot7%o oii fthe of conidia of 75% About distances. short over only but , uaimoxysporum Fusarium Á Zygorrhynchus .I a ute endmntae that demonstrated been further has It ). 5c et ndfeetaal ol Mekesie l 1995). al. et (Mietkiewski soils arable different in depth cm 25 .anisopliae M. ouaarileyi Nomuraea and .brongniartii, B. Penicillium  hog 0c adclm eeldta less that revealed column sand 30-cm a through and 0 fteval F’ eercvrdi the in recovered were CFU’s viable the of 90% .sp. f. .bassiana B. aee na1.-mclm fsn were sand of column 10.5-cm a on layered Gliomastix prsso eyltl oeet(5 movement little very show spores niveum thsbe rvnta hs fungi these that proven been has it Á omltoswr lcdon placed were Formulations . ahraiytruhasand a through readily wash mdph(rcaGra& (Gracia-Garza depth cm 2 oii a netgtdin investigated was conidia aeyof Safety .bassiana B. aua curec and occurrrence Natural .bassiana B. Beauveria a measured was spp. ol be could Á 569 10 Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 bassiana Mu ibeatrsxyas the years, six after viable httesi irboahsa mato h ciiyof activity the on impact an has indicating extracts, microbiota humus-rich the filtering of soil by layers and the overlaying autoclaving of by that reduced extracts was than inhibition inhibiting The less soil. were of layer growth soil hyphal soil deepest and the in germination insects Conidial bassiana of conidia. presence B. of the behaviour i.e. the nutrients, of influence source might external an by stimulated soil of conidia that of found authors germination The the (1961). Freund suppress and microorganisms Wartenberg by antibiotic later and (1958) Huber by usacsrlae ysi irognsspa ao oei ugsai.Clerk fungistasis. in role major a of inhibitory play that conidia that microorganisms consider found authors soil (1969) several responsible by although inhibitor(s) unknown, released the still of substances is nature fungistasis the However, soil to of soils. for conidia According natural that in Actinomycetes. reported effects as have fungistatic authors such several microorganisms, (1969), antibiotic Clerk by induced effect’ 570 hc rdcdawtrslbeihbtrof inhibitor water-soluble a produced which olwspiaiydpneto eprtr n olwtrcnet oii half-lives 25 Conidia at content. days water 14 soil and from temperature ranged on dependent primarily was soil years. six after phenomenon. dynamic a be to and soils natural fungistasis in Soil soils general 1953). than in be Hinson & other to fungistasis (Dobbs shown environment widespread ago been years soil A 50 has 1972). about the postulated Ford of and fungal & found conditions of was (Watson by growth moisture (b) terminated and or or temperature germination, retarded for favourable is non-sterile in moisture hyphae fungistasis. germinate and not soil temperature do under is at dormancy, not constitutive aspect soil propagules, or main fungal endogenous viable one of (a) influence respect, whereby the phenomenon, this the In describes factors. term The abiotic and biotic versus several (sifted 2003). al. structure et Persistence. (Hozzank possible pore These earthworms also 1989). and is soil direction 2003) al. movement vertical (Dromph their and et the affect Collembola horizontal spores Storey in by of type, movement size 1988; Finally, and soil. Gardner soil shape the the through & also the probably (Storey in and soil) profiles that observed undisturbed soil that indicate four than all observations less of i.e. considerably cm majority, was The 5 soil. migration sifted of the columns types, soil undisturbed hycnlddthat concluded They h aemne hwddaai nrae h ugsai feti amended in effect fungistatic The in increase. treated to soil related dramatic sterile possibly in was showed conidia soil whereas nonsterile manner days, 22 same than less the in loss complete often with ae auain oii edat held Conidia saturation. water oseiesi mne ihcro wetadpasrw lcoe htn and/or chitin) gluciose, straw, pea 55 and at (wheat soils carbon (KNO from with nitrogen days amended 10 soil after nonsterile recoverable not were Conidia codn oLngadDnlsn(91,tevaiiyof viability the (1981), Donaldson and Lingg to According of survival the concerning experiments First ¨ ller-Ko .Zimmermann G. and ¨ lradZmemn 18)fudta the that found (1980) Zimmermann and gler saraymnind essec ffna prsi h oli fetdby affected is soil the in spores fungal of persistence mentioned, already As a niie nuseiie qeu xrcso ol xrcso the of Extracts soil. of extracts aqueous unsterilised in inhibited was .brongniartii B. 3 ,NH .bassiana B. 4 l ra moimtrrt)sucswsgetydecreased greatly was sources tartrate) ammonium urea, Cl, .brongniartii B. 8 n 5 ae auaint 7 asa 10 at days 276 to saturation water 75% and C eesoe t4 at stored were .bassiana B. sawa arpyeadseko ‘conservation a of speak and saprophyte weak a is  eiilu urticae Penicillium 15 slt fe oryaswt erae viability decreased with years four after isolate  8 r bet emnt nseiie olo in or soil sterilised in germinate to able are xiie iteo ols nviability. in loss no or little exhibited C 4 ftecndarmie nteupper the in remained conidia the of 94% 8 nseiesi o rsrainpurposes, preservation for soil sterile in C .bassiana B. .bassiana B. hc a fe sltdand isolated often was which , .bassiana B. ntesi eecridout carried were soil the in rdnadLockwood and Groden . .bassiana B. Beauveria 8 .Cndasria in survival Conidia C. .bassiana B. .bassiana B. slt a still was isolate p.When spp. r ujc to subject are 8 n 25% and C oii in conidia nsoil. in B. Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 F g CFU to who detrimental (1996) was al. LC manure et fresh in Rosin containing by reduction soil supported of that 1000-fold also instars found are and third findings 10- and These respectively. a first Pyralidae), (1990). kill in al. to resulted et required McDowell bioassays values by before loss postulated A was soil soil. sterilisation in Sterilising pH by increasing mechanisms with fungistatic increased and of years on between varied effect levels fungistatic Fungistatic a noticed (1991) rae nOtbradNvme ile oices.Si eprtrsbten20 between temperatures Soil increase. no yielded 25 November and and October in treated oto h prswr on t0 at found were spores the of most bu ny02 for 0.2% only about nuaini ol hl lycae lsoprswr tl cieatrtomnh at months two after active still were blastospores clay-coated 20 while of soil, in of persistence incubation blastospores the The Naked while (1983). period. al. days, longer et 200 Fargues a about for be persisted to bassiana conidia conidia of applied formulation of granular persistence the estimated (1989) ae fcmotdmnr eebnfca.Ovosy eti atr ntefresh the in factors certain Obviously, of survival beneficial. the were reduce manure manure composted of rates ollyr t5 at layers soil h oldph hnteeprmn a tre nMy h orsodn values corresponding the May, in started was experiment the 10 were When depth. soil the uvvli fetdb eea hsclfcosadtesi irboa ihan With microbiota. soil conidia 19 at the that months inocula and six suggest that after found factors results (1985) The Robert physical and of peat. several Fargues method, organic by biodegradation high experimental affected the is to survival compared at soil loam half-life sandy organic mean in longest conidia The 10 for soils. the and weeks nonsterile studied of 44.4 two (1990) survival in was on al. conidia value temperature noncoated of et and and Studdert lysis coated potential biocontrol. clay in water for a soil implicated to fungus between response a antagonists environmental relationship the of that of part introduction stated important massive an authors considered be The must blastospores protozoa. and bacteria netgtdudrlbrtr n il odtos(Mu conditions field and laboratory under investigated w rp aflaadcetdwetrs)o h eoiinadsubsequent and influenced formulation deposition nor crop clay the Neither a magnitude. in of on persistence order conidial one wheatgrass) than less crested were days and and of emulsion) (alfalfa oil persistence 15% and crops oil, (water, formulations two three of influence the investigated ugskresfo a oAgs eeal eutdi nices f1 of increase an in resulted generally August to of Applications May control. from cockchafer kernels for experiments fungus of frame the within ae upnin tart f10 of rate a at suspensions water 96.We trigteeprmn nOtbr h ubro ibeconidia viable of number the October, in experiment 10 about the from decreased starting When 1986). h essec of persistence The netgtoso h essec of persistence the on Investigations 8 .bassiana B. .Ca otn sapoeto gis idgaaino uglpoaue ysoil by propagules fungal of biodegradation against protection a is coating Clay C. 8 8  .Ca-otn nraetesria fcnda uvvlwslne ntelow the in longer was Survival conidia. of survival the increase Clay-coating C. n ihca otn a oiieefc nteocrec n density and occurrence the on effect positive a had content clay high a and C 7 1 lsoprsi oladterpoeto yca-otn a netgtdby investigated was clay-coating by protection their and soil in blastospores ttebgnigt bu 10 about to beginning the at r olcmae outetdcnrlpos(ese ta.20) Soils 2003). al. et (Kessler plots control untreated to compared soil dry Á .bassiana B. eesbtnilydgae n ujc o70 to subject and degraded substantially were 5ad15 and 15 .bassiana B. 8 .I nte xeiet oii eesra nts ra as areas test on spread were conidia experiment, another In C. .bassiana B. 6 Á g oii nsi.Rdcin uigwne fe 225 after winter during Reductions soil. in conidia 0c Tn-uln&Va & (Tyni-Juslin cm 20  1 Á omsoil. loam r olt bu 10 about to soil dry .bassiana B. 10 fteoiial pedsoeaon.I om soil, loamy In amount. spore spread originally the of Á prsm spores m hl nhms hywr on ndeeper in found were they humus, in while cm, 5 oii natfcal otmntdsi was soil contaminated artificially in conidia .brongniartii B. 5 .bassiana B. oii g conidia .  .bassiana B. 2 fe n er h encut were counts mean the year, one After . lsoapslignosellus Elasmopalpus  4 1 ¨ ntosisfo ifrn areas. different from soils two in nnn19) nlse l (1997) al. et Inglis 1990). nninen r10 or  r olatr1ya.Soe tal. et Storey year. 1 after soil dry eedn anyi Switzerland in mainly done were 0br 00bars (0.0 bars 10 ¨ eeiatvtdatr3weeks 3 after inactivated were aeyof Safety ller-Ko 3 fe n eracrigto according year one after .bassiana B. Á ¨ lr&Zimmermann & gler 0 r egtloss weight dry 80% Beauveria hra high whereas , (Lepidoptera:  .brongiartii B. .bassiana B. saturation) spp. Á 5  Á 571 272 10 B. 50 3 Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 uvvlof survival of oxysporum 572 htte eentdslcdb h xtcoe.Ekrie l 20)suidthe studied (2004) al. et Enkerli ones. exotic the by introduced displaced of not behaviour were indicating environment, they local the that in predominated strains indigenous the but of reisolated, strains applied al. inundatively et punctatus Wang of by fate obtained also the were monitored results Similar 1995). al. in et (2004) (Gullino soil natural a of of strains antagonistic manipulated oxysporum, genetically and wild-type an of introduction of release inundative on studies to example, able interfere For be of not should microbiota. should strain agents they atoxigenic resident biocontrol but activity, soil, the biocontrol the for with in themselves or maintain plants and microorgan- nontarget survive on other application displace After or pre-empt isms. potentially that could means microorganisms control This biological other environment. with aerial coexistence the interactions. evolutionary in of insects lasting forms on different long as includes a well is as there soil that the of in prevalence occurs widely natural the on Investigations microorganisms other on Effects organisms field. non-target the on in Effects strains dissimilar between exchange genetic preventing barrier a be high the reveals host the (La without unlikely is soil multiplication in saprophytic a fungus that and the fungus of the of decrease specificity rapid The longer. aie oiei sltswr lotcmltl ipae Cty19) e,i risk using a in study Yet, 1994). (Cotty case displaced completely analysis almost were isolates toxigenic native, of strains groups indigenous compatibility vegetative of and of number strains large applied among a observed (VCG) who that (2004), al. et were suggested Castrillo strains results intermediate or The mutated brongniartii and isolated. applied indigenous The strains, also applied 2004). genetic the al. to to et subjected addition and (Enkerli soil markers from microsatellite brongniartii recovered assess- specific were their using safety isolates of analyses and Switzerland, understanding in impact for tests ecological field also their after but years environment, Several agents, living ments. biocontrol the new with of interactions development the more for was decline the content, 2005). organic high al. with et soils (Kessler In Switzerland of grubs 90%. in When pronounced. nearly types insect, host soil was the different of soil absence in the In kernels 2004). fungus of application rmtevepito aey h ancneni htmcoraim ple for applied microorganisms that is concern main the safety, of viewpoint the From oioigo nrdcdmcoraim nteevrneti seta o only not essential is environment the in microorganisms introduced of Monitoring .brongniartii B. .Zimmermann G. nsuhetCia uigoeya,teidgnu n xtcsriswere strains exotic and indigenous the year, one During China. southwest in .bassiana B. ocontrol to eesdaoeo nmxue i o nefr ihtemcoilequilibrium microbial the with interfere not did mixture, in or alone released tan eedtce talstsu o1 er fe hi plcto.In application. their after years 14 to up sites all at detected were strains .brongniartii B. ol oxs ntesm aia.Teeosrain r upre by supported are observations These habitat. same the in coexist could hra eprtrsaoe27 above temperatures whereas , seglu flavus Aspergillus Fusarium n nel ta.(04 in (2004) al. et Enkerli and .bassiana B. .brongniartii B. .brongniartii B. nsi a ute xmndfroe 6mnh after months 16 over for examined further was soil in Fusarium .melolontha M. it ntersdn olmcoit eeldta the that revealed microbiota soil resident the on wilts n eylwlvlo eobnto hc may which recombination of level low very a and notesi fcto ilssoe htthe that showed fields cotton of soil the into pce,teefc fantagonistic of effect the species, tan o oto of control for strains a ple against applied was .melolontha M. eepeet h uvvlwssignificantly was survival the present, were .bassiana B. .brongniartii B. 8 a eaieifune The influence. negative a had C .bassiana B. h euto nteCUin CFU the in reduction the , aesonta hsfungus this that shown have .melolontha M. .melolontha M. age l (2004) al. et Wang . against Dendrolimus ¨ nvarious in gee al. et ngle Fusarium Fusarium rb in grubs B. B. Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 omrykonas attack- fungus known hyperparasitic formerly A large fungi. the phytopathogenic ing to especially, due and unlikely antagonistic 2004). is al. field et (Castrillo the groups in compatibility vegetative strains of introduced number and indigenous between ln ahgn One ta.20) codn oteexperiments, the to According 2004). al. 11 et isolate (Ownley pathogens plant enhl,teei nicesditrs ots n use and test to interest increased an is there Meanwhile, of inhibitor overgrow with water-soluble interactions a produced in Furthermore, habitat. same the in of strains coexist indigenous and could applied that suggested results The Switzerland. oaae l 04.LngadDnlsn(91 eotdta h uvvlof to survival related the possibly that was both reported of (1981) combinations Donaldson or and sources Lingg of 2004). conidia al. et Posada an n urea(90 a rvosyosre that sites. some observed in previously complex disease had seedling (1970) a Nuorteva against cotton and protect Laine also and tests, .brongniartii B. ermna fet fteefnii lns nsmaiigteps literature, past of the observation summarising of In opportunity plants. in ample fungi was these there Mu of that effects insects, detrimental pest root-feeding of filtrate culture a by inhibited rayohritrcin ihpat hudb asd nteps 0 years, 100 past the In raised. be should plants with interactions bassiana B. other side-effects any phytopathogenic possible or of question the Nevertheless, entomopathogens. Both plants on Effects of germination conidial several and of growth growth the from metabolites inhibited and 1997), Tiefenbrunner takn hs ebvrs lite l 20)hpteiewehrpat use plants whether hypothesise (2000) al. fungi entomopathogenic et and plant Elliot the herbivores. on feeding these insect natural pest attacking the The plant, conclusion. the same between the to in come reviewed presently is plants can We on occurrence known. not are plants yhu ultimum Pythium conditions, greenhouse of Under incidence disease the basidium pisoaulmi Ophiostoma yeilgot ftrepyoahgn ftegenera the of phytopathogens three Rosellinia of both growth to mycelial resistance showed yhu irregulare Pythium hr r eea eot nitrcin of interactions on reports several are There eetrsac a eosrtdta hr r aiu r-rpi interactions tri-trophic various are there that demonstrated has research Recent ¨ ller-Ko .bassiana B. Beauveria ) ¨ Á .bsin nvitro in bassiana B. lr(95 ocue htsd-fet raypyoahgncatvt on activity phytopathogenic any or side-effects that concluded (1965) gler a infcnl eue yflrtsof filtrates by reduced significantly was annosus 8cudreduce could 98 .bassiana B. and ( .brongniartii B. .tenella B. ( , pce r yia oldeln ug n r nw obe to known are and fungi dwelling soil typical are species , and eaoytsulmi Ceratocystis Clonostachys . hm betae Phoma .debaryanum P. euei bassiana Beauveria eaopr parasitica Melanospora .brongniartii B. nnntrl olaeddwt abnsucs nitrogen sources, carbon with amended soil nonsterile in hm betae Phoma a togatgnsi feton effect antagonistic strong a had ) hzcoi solani Rhizoctonia Beauveria .bassiana B. p.and spp. aebe sdfrbooto fs ayla-and leaf- many so of biocontrol for used been have , Kas ta.20;Zmemn unpublished). Zimmermann 2004; al. et (Krauss Fusarium .bassiana B. hm exigua Phoma Gmae l 94 n infcnl reduced significantly and 1984) al. et (Gemma ) aua curneadgorpia distribution geographical and occurrence Natural and ortscinerea Botrytis h lclgo et(oet ta.1993). al. et (Roberti beet of blackleg the , steascomycete the is pce Vsl obv 94.The 1994). Koubova & (Vesely species a loa naoitcatvt against activity antagonistic an also had Trichoderma Septoria p.(agae ta.19) Mycelial 1996). al. et (Langbauer spp. .bassiana B. and (Mu .bassiana B. Br ta.1996). al. et (Bark apn-f ftmt ngreenhouse in tomato of damping-off ¨ Beauveria .brongniartii B. var. ller-Ko ( .bassiana, B. Leptosphaeria and foveata p.wihmysprs or suppress may which spp. aeyof Safety ¨ .bassiana B. hr r lovarious also are There . lr16;Mroa1991; Markova 1961; gler rdcdi iudculture liquid in produced Fusarium uaimoxysporum Fusarium eiilu urticae Penicillium p.wt hyperparasitic, with spp. .bassiana B. ypsopr parasitica Syspastospora and eeatgnsi to antagonistic were Beauveria eei exchange genetic a ) .bassiana B. hzcoi solani Rhizoctonia , nodorum Fomes Armillaria Riezi & (Reisenzein .brongniartii B. loagainst also .bassiana B. spp. ( which , while , Hetero- were und 573 and . , Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 hr r eea eot niaigta h ln pce a fetteifciiyand infectivity the affect may species plant of the that persistence indicating reports several are There leucopterus 574 eeal aeabodhs ag n r fe sdfrbooto fsi dwelling soil of biocontrol for used often are and range host broad a have generally in mentioned already As plants. nooahgn sbdgad gis ebvrs h otitrsiginteractions interesting follows: most as The are herbivores. against bodyguards as entomopathogens aly and barley, smentioned, As organisms soil on Effects See 2005a; al. et Seger to risks 2000; no al. pose et species (Abendstein the metabolites/toxins tubers Therefore, potatoes. or the plants in potato detected ( was oosporein potatoes no and seed against evaluated vitro were oosporein metabolite from ug n etiscsi h atta oi eaoie of metabolites toxic that fact poppy, the opium is insects in pest and and fungi 2005) al. et (Dubois that plants revealed culture somniferum experiments tissue Recent banana 2001). in al. et (Lewis bassiana observed were pathogens a 1ad7% epciey(oas ta.20) ypsof Nymphs 2003). al. et (Kouassi respectively of foliage 78%, On 2000). and vaporariorum Walker of & 91 (Poprawski mortality was melon the on celery, and reared lettuce flies white than fungus oet ta.20) h httxcptnilof potential (see phytotoxic plants The these of 2002). protoplasts and the al. wheat towards tomato, et melon, toxicity of high roots Moretti showed on it symptoms however, any cause barley, not did Beauvericin food. mL sue htsqetrdtmtn by is It tomatine of 2000). al. inhibition sequestered et (Poprawski that susceptible less significantly assumed were plants tomato on reared seilycr Bn ei 92.Suishv eosrtdta h fungus, translocated the of colonised, that conidia injection, Some demonstrated or plants. have corn application in foliar Studies persisted by and 1992). corn whorl-stage Lewis to & applied (Bing corn especially ramn oB rngnccr yrd n hi erioie (2 isolines near their and hybrids corn transgenic Bt greenhouse, to the In treatment 2000). Lewis & (Wagner vitro in efsraeo onadpntaei.Vrlnebosasdmntae that demonstrated bioassays Virulence it. penetrate and corn bassiana of surface leaf .Pat a fettepritneo h entomopathogen; the of persistence entomopathogen; the the 3. affect by may infection Plants the 2. affect may Plants 1. nte seto h r-rpi neatosbtenpat,entomopathogenic plants, between interactions tri-trophic the of aspect Another euei bassiana Beauveria  .bassiana B. 1 and Fusarium .Zimmermann G. ,adn infcn ifrne nse emnto rpeec froot of presence or germination seed in differences significant no and ), ohv ermna feton effect detrimental a have to a lofnto sa noht nccaselns(oaa&Vg 2005), Vega & (Posada seedlings cocoa in endophyte an as function also may osntls iuec against virulence lose not does nsitu in e nsrhmadcr eemr eitn to resistant more were corn and sorghum on fed , eii argentifolii Bemisia QeaaMrg ta.2006). al. et (Quesada-Moraga .bassiana B. eehgl ucpil to susceptible highly were .bassiana B. pce n o from not and species h egto al n ueswsuafce by unaffected was tubers and haulm of weight The . .bassiana B. ). a ess sa noht ihnplants. within endophyte an as persist can a enrpre ob nedpyeo eti plants, certain of endophyte an be to reported been has fe h eerto rcs,a oaiewsdemonstrated was tomatine as process, penetration the after aok n od(95 on htcic bugs, chinch that found (1985) Todd and Ramoska . and erdo otnwssgiiatyls ucpil othe to susceptible less significantly was cotton on reared .brongniartii B. rdcino metabolites/toxins of Production yu lineolaris Lygus .bassiana B. .bassiana. B. .bassiana B. srnanubilalis Ostrinia .vaporariorum T. .bassiana B. .bassiana B. sovosywdsra nmieand maize in widespread obviously is r omnyfudi ol They soil. in found commonly are nccme lns hl insects while plants, cucumber on dlssvndy ottreatment post days seven adults .brongniartii B. Beauveria a ple salqi seed liquid a as applied was r bet emnt nthe on germinate to able are nei a ooie corn colonised has it once ypsmyepanthe explain may nymphs .bassiana B. oau tuberosum Solanum eueii derived beauvericin , p.myetrthe enter may spp.  .brongniartii B. n t main its and hntoeon those than 10 rdcinof Production Trialeurodes 10 Papaver conidia Blissus ) B. B. in , Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 fimetaria and ihu asn otlt rayohrhrflefcs(rz ta.2001). al. et (Broza effects harmful other any of or of tests mortality Pathogenicity causing without to susceptible not was that indication subtenuis Onychiurus bassiana bassiana neto (Sams infection etrar 02.B ipn h olmoasi 1 in collembolans the dipping By 2002). Vestergaard dead, to susceptible not otxct rptoeiiywsosre in observed was pathogenicity or toxicity No organisms aquatic on Effects soil. of in vectors fungi as these act of can collembolans contrast, In Beauveria mites. and collembolans soil-dwelling example, For 2003). 2001, Dromph n etcldrcinb h mite the by direction vertical and uiecl ie n a nueaotss(acl ta.20) ntemysid the In 2002). al. et (Pascale apoptosis induce can and bahia lines cell murine tanGAwsas o netosaanttegasshrimp, grass the against infectious not also was GHA Strain of conidia inhabiting soil non-target other on noticed. effects be or should interactions invertebrates possible Therefore, pests. eea uhr (Sams authors several species, collembolan three unpubl.). (Zimmermann, the infection for of fungi sign these on feeding of observed attractiveness the of brongniartii test a In oii of conidia ykoldeteeaen ulse tde eadn fet fother of effects regarding studies of published as well no as are metabolites there knowledge my otlte,btteewr trbtdt ihpriuaedniysneheat-killed since density 1994a). particulate al. et high (Genthner a lethal to proved attributed shrimp also were mysid controls the these In but 1994b). mortalities, al. et bahia (Genthner Americamysis contamination oral and percutaneous otlt vrtecnrl.Atrcniuu xoueof exposure continuous After controls. the over mortality g n noecs loi 1 in also case one in and  hs idnsso htteeaen rvr o ermna fet ntetested the on effects detrimental low very or no are there that show findings These n16,Sams 1964, In ipra fetmptoei ug yClebln a endmntae by demonstrated been has Collembolans by fungi entomopathogenic of Dispersal eueii a enfudt ehgl oi towards toxic highly be to found been has Beauvericin 1 osmafimetaria Folsomia e egt n fthe of one weight, wet .brongniartii B. eueii a oi ta LC an at toxic was beauvericin , Beauveria , rmfnu-netdlra of larvae fungus-infected from a lofudi ihfeunyo ra ubro h collembolan the of number great a on frequency high in found also was H p.adtu a lya motn oefrtedsesladtransmission and dispersal the for role important an play may thus and spp. .brongniartii B. .bassiana B. . a on ob oeatatv hnbkrsyat ie eealso were Mites yeast. baker’s than attractive more be to found was assimilis ˇin .bassiana B. ifce ave hsmt pce sas bet rnmtsoe of spores transmit to able also is species mite This larvae. -infected ˇin ˇa ˇa ´kova .bassiana B. kfudta h mites the that found ´k oassetbehost, susceptible a to .brongniartii B. (formerly Vse ta.18) h uhr ocue htteewsno was there that concluded authors The 1987). al. et (Visser , Sams & ´ and .bassiana B. ˇin .bassiana B. tanGAprltefr2 as(ote aosi1997). Jaronski & (Goettel days 21 for litre per GHA strain yoatuaassimilis Hypogastrura ˇa .brongniartii B. o 4dy t20 at days 14 for ´kova  P .brongniartii B. ildteclebln h collembolan The collembolan. the killed 10 . minuta Sams & ´ . 8 ˇin yiossbahia Mysidopsis yohgsputrescentiae Tyrophagus oii mL conidia ˇa k17) h rnmsino prsof spores of transmission The 1970). ´k acsai phyllognathi Sancassania tcnue n nciae h netpathogen insect the inactivated and consumed It . and ildwiegusof grubs white killed a lodmntae Dop 2003). (Dromph demonstrated also was 50 .bassiana B. .brongniartii B. nautcorganisms. aquatic on alramellonella Galleria ˇin f05 gL mg 0.56 of sltsicesdtemraiysignificantly. mortality the increased isolates 8 ˇa yohgsputrescentiae Tyrophagus nshgu otiig1 containing sphagnum in C k17;Zmemn oe1983; Bode & Zimmermann 1970; ´k eeromolitor Tenebrio  ahi magna Daphnia 1 oeo h uglioae increased isolates fungal the of none , and ) sdsrbtdbt nahorizontal a in both distributed is .bassiana B. riooaminuta Proisotoma   eecnutdaantadults against conducted were 10 1 aeyof Safety ed niscsadas on also and insects on feeds Melolontha Gnhe ta.19a.To 1994a). al. et (Genthner .fimetaria F. 7 hc srssatt fungal to resistant is which ohatyones. healthy to oii mL conidia ytecollembolans the by , rei salina Artemia hnepsdt 1 to exposed when aamntspugio Palaemonetes oii asdhigh caused conidia Beauveria and p.wtotany without spp. osmacandida Folsomia and crssiro Acarus   1 Dop & (Dromph .minuta P. 10 .bassiana B. suspension aveand larvae Beauveria spp. Beauveria 8 conidia after ,  575 10 are A. B. B. F to 9 . Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 etoe yGetle l 19,20)adVsegade l 20) h last The (2003). of al. range et host Vestergaard wide and is the 2001) information despite (1997, that general al. conclude Further, et authors parasitoids. Goettel by and mentioned predators silkworms, pollinators, of strain GHA The 2003). Shapiro-Ilan & (Cottrell osbesd-fet fetmptoei ug nvrertsadmnwere men and vertebrates on fungi entomopathogenic Mu by of summarised plants side-effects birds) and Possible reptiles and amphibia, (fish, earthworms vertebrates on Effects insects, adverse beneficial possible of honeybees, 2003). indication al. any (Table vertebrates, reveal et beetles affected (Vestergaard not not carabid on did were and investigations earthworms cicindellid effects field and collembolans, from bees demon- Data infect honey bioassays V). while to Laboratory conditions, possible stress habitat. was unter soil it in that worldwide strated occurs and Scarabaeidae, ahgnct either to pathogenic arthropods non-target that other known well and is earthworms It bees, honey parasitoids, predators, on Effects 576 n aebe odce ihsvrlioae of isolates several with conducted been have and into taken are factors spacio-temporal and organisms, nontarget on selection impact minimal isolate with consideration. used when be can especially fungus this that suggests For trait. strain-specific a really is adult specificity to host however, example, species; arthropod aeytssaeicue ntergsrto rcs fcommercial of process registration the in included are tests safety the listed who of (1990), One field. al the et in V. Goettel few Table a by only given in and of was presented laboratory reports the effects are in comprehensive done Examples first were the organisms. studies the non-target of Most other and beneficial ndti yHjkadGetl(00 n aosie l (2003). al. laboratory discussed et also Jaronski under was and topic (2000) infected This or Goettel range nature. are and nature Hajek in in host which by infected infected detail be insects in physiological be necessarily not can Non-target while The may insects laboratory, conditions. conditions, the which 2000). in field demonstrates infected be Butler range under can host that & ecological species insect the (Hajek of range the range demonstrates host of ecological glasshouses. control in for insects when e.g. beneficial or areas, with species, wide together cockchafer European on used the is used of are or meadows fungi important on these especially grasshoppers of is This products organisms. commercial non-target when family on side-effects coleopteran possible the of question of members to restricted mostly being Scarabaeidae. range host narrower hr r ueosppr nteefc of effect the on papers numerous are There the and range host physiological the between difference a is there Generally, the raises systems protection crop different in fungi these of use practical The .Zimmermann G. .v-nigrum O. .bassiana B. .bassiana B. euei brongniartii Beauveria ¨ ller-Ko .v-nigrum O. .bassiana B. u o oaut fteAinld beetle, lady Asian the of adults to beetle, not lady but the from isolates ¨ nnnagtivrerts uha esadother and bees as such invertebrates, nontarget on lr(97 ery4 er g.Tdy ealdvertebrate detailed Today, ago. years 40 nearly (1967) gler or a iehs ag,ocrigo eea hundred several on occurring range, host wide a has .axyridis H. a arwrhs ag,mil including mainly range, host narrower a has ncontrast, In . .bassiana B. .bassiana B. lav-nigrum Olla .bassiana B. .bassiana B. .brongniartii B. and a o significantly not was Beauveria amnaaxyridis Harmonia vdnet date to evidence , eeal,both Generally, . eepathogenic were , .brongniartii B. a much a has .bassiana B. products on Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 Carabidae, Carabidae: bassiana B. terrestris Bombus ebdo lampros Bembidion psmlieaB bassiana B. bassiana mellifera B. Apis mellifera Apis psmlieaB bassiana B. mellifera Apis psmlieaB brongniartii B. mellifera Apis rhoo and Arthropod mlsisccmrsB bassiana B. cucumeris Amblyseius piiscolemani Aphidius otre organisms. nontarget al .Eape fefcsof effects of Examples V. Table eeiilorganism Beneficial Staphylinidae .niger P. oblongopunctatus, Pterostichus brevicollis, Nebria ruefescens Leistus caraboides Cychrus violaceus Carabus piceus C. micropterus Calanthus gnmdorsale Agonum populations nematode nasaformosa Encarsia persimilis Phytoseiulus insidiosus Orius .bassiana B. .bassiana B. .bassiana B. (Naturalis-L) bassiana B. tanJW-1) strain formulation, (commercial bassiana B. preparation) spore (unformulated Bio-Power) (Naturalis-L, oaiadWP) BotaniGard (Naturalis-L, Formulation) (Strain/ Fungus .bassiana B. Trials LF eut/bevtosReference Results/Observations (L/F) Lab./ Field and / elgbenme a netd low infected; was number negligible A F/L / bet netbmlbe;i appears it bumblebees; infect to Able L/F / odtietlefc hnsprayed when effect detrimental No L/F oavreefcsntcdHcse al. et Hicks noticed effects adverse No L ihyssetbeudrlaboratory under susceptible Highly L L 0dydeayadcnatsuishad studies contact and dietary 30-day L neto eesi dl rudbeetles ground adult in levels Infection F hoprfshdasrne negative stronger a had Chlorpyrifos F oii eeapidi e hives: bee in applied were Conidia F ongtv fet oie Wallner noticed effects negative No F .brongniartii B. angustatus .%;a pzoi ntestaphylinid rugosus the Anotylus in epizootic an max. 7.0%); Staphylinidae and (Carabidae 7.6% low max. were beetles rove and ucpiiiyo ohspecies both of susceptibility nopat htaentatatv to attractive not bumblebees are that plants is sprayed onto fungus or the soil if into risks incorporated no are there that matta h irba treatment microbial the than impact n asdmcssa 10 at mycosis caused tested and concentrations highest two the bassiana B. in greenhouse rates infection lower conditions, feto eaiu,lra n colony and characteristics larvae behaviour, on noticeable effect no and mortality low osgiiatefc;LC effect; significant no bee per neto)9.285 ingestion) noecsdccme leaves cucumber excised onto 3% a observed was (37%) eue e ogvt at longevity bee reduced srisadfruain)o eeca and beneficial on formulations) and (strains 6% and (67%) m g/bee aeyof Safety 50 6 Á 2 days, (23 10 Gyrohypnus 8 Beauveria spores ta.(1995) al. et Steenberg (2001) (1998) Steenberg and Riedel ta.(2003) al. et Hokkanen (2001) al. et Wang (2001) Oetting and Ludwig (1996) al. et Alves (1990) Vandenberg (2004) Copping (1988) (2001) al. et Jacobson spp. 577 Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 578 Nontarget otre arthropods Nontarget otre arthropods Nontarget bassiana B. rotundata Megachile yiheu testaceipe Lysiphlebus Earthworms: Earthworms: omc oytn .brongniartii B. polyctena Formica bassiana B. semiclausum Diadegma Earthworms: oemglamaculate Coleomegilla oemglamaculate Coleomegilla bassiana B. maculate Coleomegilla bassiana B. carnea Chrysoperla ehlnmatrai .bassiana B. tarsalis Cephalonomia ( V Table eeiilorganism Beneficial rangeland) on pollinators and parasitoids predators, (major arthropods (forests) (forests) piiscolmani Aphidius caliginosa Aporrectodea ubiu terrestris Lumbricus n others and terrestris Lumbricus lengi and roi connexa Eriopis .Zimmermann G. Continued ) sri GHA) (strain bassiana B. .brongniartii B. .brongniartii B. control) grasshopper for (strain .bassiana B. (Bb64) bassiana B. .brongniartii B. grains) barley of product (commercial brongniartii B. 1 isolates) (10 bassiana B. 731) ARSEF (isolate bassiana B. 3113) ARSEF (isolate Formulation) (Strain/ Fungus Trials LF eut/bevtosReference Results/Observations (L/F) Lab./ Field / oefc nlbadi il oie ozn tal. et Hozzank noticed field in and lab in effect No L/F / omraiywsosre igland Pingel observed was mortality No L/F pa-plcto ffoeigaflain alfalfa flowering of Spray-application L oefc nhthn aeo oon Nuutinen cocoons of rate hatching on effect No L oefc nerhwrsntcdArregger- noticed worms earth on effect No L sltswr ihyvrln,3 virulent, highly were isolates 6 L ermna fet ncocoon on effects Detrimental L otlt fe ietapiainof application direct after Mortality L eprtr,savto n nutrition and starvation Temperature, L osaitcldfeecsi the in differences statistical No F 61nnagtseieswere specimens nontarget 1671 F ny11 f1.6 olce insects collected 10.165 of 1.1% Only F osgiiatipcso both on impacts significant No F ongtv fet oie Dombrow noticed effects negative No F Á bnac fara insects aerial of abundance n Lepidoptera and Coleoptera Homoptera, Thysanoptera, Araneae, from infected, species were mainly them of 3.4% collected: n pdr eeinfected were spiders and u rmda bees dead from out however control; treatment and in difference no 9%; mortality averaged male and female pots: parasitoids nconcentration on depending emergence and production mortality low caused isolates ufcsrsle nn infection no in resulted leaf surfaces sprayed via exposure spores; h otices nautadlarval and adult mortality in increase most the susceptibility the affected significantly stresses 68.6% and mortality 52.5 in resulted wheat xouet 0 n 0 gkg mg 500 and 100 to exposure h 3 ; urto tescaused stress nutrition .bassiana B. grew  1 ulr(1999) Fuller and Brinkman (1988) al. et Back (1986) Cerutti and Baltensweiler (1992) Johnson and Goettel (1999) al. et Murphy ta.(1991) al. et (1992) Zavadil (2003) (2004) Furlong (2000) al. et Todorova (1988) ta.(1988) al. et Magalhaes (1989) Lighthart and Donegan (2001) Lord ei (1996) Lewis Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 oee,i e ae,ifcin of infections cases, few a in however, Beauveria opn 20) oavreefcso tanGAwr bevdi mro and embryos in observed were GHA strain of fish the effects of adverse larvae No (2004). Copping n aosi(97 n o h rdc Naturalis-L product the for and (1997) Jaronski for and fish against tests Safety Fish ano ru a 30m L mg 7300 was trout rainbow Naturalis-L rrp auaB bassiana B. Serangium nasuta Prorops rdtr mites: Predatory brongniartii B. versicolor Poecilus eilsbouau .bassiana B. bioculatus Perillus iei senegalensis Pimelia o-agtbeetle Non-target Nontarget ( V Table eeiilorganism Beneficial parcesetosum aphidimyza Aphidoletes eremicus Eretmocerus formosa Encarsia Parasites: sibiria Dacnusa colemani A. insidiosus O. paayu lopezi Apoanagyrus hebetor Bracon hispida Trachyderma communities (forests) arthropods Continued pce aebe rvnt enntxcadnnifciu overtebrates, to non-infectious and non-toxic be to proven been have species † i o fetfs mro,lra raut;teLC the adults; or larvae embryos, fish affect not did ) iehlspromelas Pimephales .bassiana B. Btngr ES) (Botanigard bassiana B. 3isolates) (3 Melocont-WG) and WP, Melocont- Pilzgerste, (Melocont- .bassiana B. sxisolates) (six 16) SP (strain bassiana B. concentrate) (emulsifiable bassiana B. Formulation) (Strain/ Fungus .bassiana B.  1 ncnrs,we eeoigebyso h inland the of embryos developing when contrast, In . Trials LF eut/bevtosReference Results/Observations (L/F) Lab./ Field h rdtrhdsgiiatylower significantly had predator The L tan2 asdtelws infection lowest the caused 25 Strain L osgiiatngtv fet on effects negative significant No L oifcinin infection No L sltswr ihyptoei,isolate pathogenic, highly were isolates 5 L a eused be Can F odtcal fet vee al. et Ivie effects detectable No F rm31 netbae collected, invertebrates 3615 From F hnepsdfr3 ast 1 to days 31 for exposed when , .bassiana B. eerpre o h slt H yGoettel by GHA isolate the for reported were rycue 6 mortality 86% caused prey on feeding bassiana with sprayed when survivorship level application of during caution with Used of application during recommended Not .versicolor P. parasitoids hispida T. P4 hwdlwpathogenicity low showed IPP46 oetdeln netbaepopulation on invertebrate impact forest-dwelling negative significant a without bassiana infected; became 2.8% only .bassiana B. B.bassiana hnwith than ol eapidt oetsoil forest to applied be could 0%mraiyi the in mortality 100% ; .bassiana B. .hebetor B. ol eobserved be could aeas ennoticed. been also have † .senegalensis P. swl sfor as well as .fumosoroseus P. aeyof Safety and contaminated .lopezi A. B. and Beauveria B. ;  .brongniartii B. 50 10 3 as for days) (31 9 ta.(1998) al. et Poprawski ta.(2000) al. et Rosa La De (2003) al. et Shipp (2005) al. et Traugott (1999) al. et Danfa (2002) ta.(2002) al. et Todorova (1997) al. et Parker F L CFU spp. 579  by 1 . Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 iduh&Gnhe 94.I tanof 1992; strain Middaugh a & LC In (Genthner the Austria) larvae 1994). 95.041, and Genthner embryos & in Middaugh observed were effects adverse fish, silverside (1.5 pheasants ring-necked female and and Male treatments survival. any or among mass found ( body were growth, differences in No control 1997). the al. et (Althouse weight 580 tanIBT9.3 n 501(uti) itr LD Dietary (Austria): 95.041 and 95.031 IMBST strain hl eodcnaiae otiede hnkp nya 16 at only kept when died tortoise contaminated second a while id,epcal on ns eentcd(aek ue18) codn to According 1988). Ruge for & toxicity (Havelka LD bird Oral noticed non-target the were (2004), ones, Copping young especially birds, alr ducks mallard eeal neetbe n18,alrefedtilwscridoti Germany in out carried was trial significantly field not were was large days changes a 25 Histopathological and 1987, 17 groups. with In at control gain undetectable. and weight generally the challenged sexes, between both different In 2002). al. et oosre fetlvl(OL t3 asws30 gL mg 3000 was days 30 at (NOEL) level effect observed no nuain h oaews9.8 was dosage The incubation. of suspension fungal A Amphibia ucpiiiyt h ugs hnatros a eta 22 at kept was their tortoise explain a may which When 1995). stress Gonzales-Cabo fungus. temperature 1962; the under al. and to et captivity susceptibility (Georg in tortoises were reptiles captive The in disease and pulmonary 1979), a al. et (Fromtling be alligator American to attributed fungus A fecal Reptiles in established was 1980). spores al. of et Viability tissues. (Donovan-Peluso the growth. of pellets mycelial any of in of recorded washings free was recovery were fungus viscera or The mortality No human. 70-kg a for eoie nterfo,o nietyb osmn ugsifce net.The insects. Mu old. fungus-infected years 100 consuming than more by is birds indirectly in side-effects or spores possible consuming food, about by concern directly their fungi on entomopathogenic to deposited exposed become may Birds Birds 1967). . Lo 10 of mL 0.5 16)mnindta codn oE eax(nGad19) hces e white fed chickens, 1892), Giard (in Devaux E. of to grubs according that mentioned (1967) n ieefcs oee,peieeaiain eentcridota httime. that at out carried not were examinations young precise Later, However, side-effects. any hsau colchicus Phasianus Á .brongniartii B. 2.8 .Zimmermann G. 50 Melolontha  10 5dy)frquail for days) (5 ac sparvensis Falco 14 6  eii beryllina Menidia prsof spores lsoprsha blastospores 00m kg mg 4000 eecalne e swt oii of conidia with os per challenged were ) lsoprsaanttefrs cockchafer forest the against blastospores p netdwith infected sp. .bassiana B. 50 a 0dy)frribwtotws70 gL mg 7200 was trout rainbow for days) 30 (at .bassiana B. .bassiana B.  eefdwt 5 with fed were  1 . 00m kg mg 2000  eeepsdt oii of conidia to exposed were ,  a e oteloadfrog, leopard the to fed was 1 10 .Drn hseprmn,n ieefcson side-effects no experiment, this During ). 8 .brongniartii B. a bevdt as netosi captive a in infections cause to observed was oii orsodn o2.22 to corresponding conidia noteln,n otlt a observed, was mortality no lung, the into   1 10 .bassiana B. .brongniartii B. al b aae;for gavage); (by daily .bassiana B. 6 prsof spores ( .tenella B. 50 a mlctdi causing in implicated was  .bassiana B. tanAC 44 is: 74040 ATCC strain eootahippocastani Melolontha 5dy)frqaland quail for days) (5 1 aapipiens Rana ,ddntdemonstrate not did ), 8 8 IBT9.3 and 95.031 (IMBST .bassiana B. seMu (see C Cpig2004). (Copping n netdwith injected and C .bassiana B.  .brongniartii B.  10 e gbody kg per ¨ ¨ 1 ller-Ko ller-Ko hl the while , 12 i gastric via (Johnson various , conidia ¨ ¨ gler gler Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 htalri,ptoei rtxcrssfrhmn n aml aebe tesdin stressed been Mu the have 1957; mammals of and unusual one (Steinhaus humans not as for is papers considered risks it many toxic Therefore, be agents. or to biocontrol pathogenic has as allergic, fungi and that using concern of hazards primary potential of main especially is humans fungi, and mammals entomopathogenic of Safety health human and mammals on Effects upss eas h oii fbt ug r dy,rltvl ml (2 small relatively biocontrol ‘dry’, for are application fungi after form both inhalable of the an when conidia in and the spores air of Because the concentrations into purposes. high released to are repeatedly fungi exposed are who facilities brongniartii ecin ovrosfnicnocr codn oNlr 20) 5 (2004), Nolard to According of allergic occur. types of can all range wide so fungi a antigens, various Generally, polysaccharide man. to to and reactions allergenic protein potentially certain are by microorganisms caused are Allergies noodle of Allergy preparation the for flour that wheat found to (2003a) additive physiological al. an bread. et as beneficial and Yoon used provide paper, be another could could synnemata In which humans. activity, for activities of modulating extracts system 2001; of 1997, immune that addition al. the reported et on Korea Goettel (2003b) South 1990; from Shadduck papers bassiana & some B. Recently, Siegel 2003). 1990; al. al. et Vestergaard et Saik 1981; Burges ta.17)adfo 0 ptmseiesfo aetlpoewres five workers, telephone male from specimens sputum 103 from and contained 1970) al. et in globose, leg’ad‘uglalrisi okevrnet’ Concerning environments’. al. work in et allergies Gumowski ‘fungal by and summarised allergy’ are allergy (Austwick weakness fungal and of headache Basics fever, (1991). causing 1981). allergen, Burges the 1980; of dose inhaled heavy etcdsaepae nTp n I.Tp leg sa meit epneto or response asthma immediate heavy an 4 rhinitis, response is in delayed allergy a resulting is I allergen allergy Type inhaled III biological III. Type an of lacrymation. and of safety I amounts the Type small to in relatively relevant later placed Allergies The respiratory. and are erythema. is or pesticides sensitisation, several sensitisation lachrymation cause of or distress, route may respiratory one main like antigens to reactions elicit associated sensitised can been fungus exposures have to allergy Exposure respiratory moulds. from suffering population ainshsiaie rmcrncploaydsae oeta 5 fmr than of more colonies more of or 15% one of contain than sputum to more from found readily were fungi disease, could samples of pulmonary sputum survey fungus 3000 chronic a the In from tissues. that hospitalised the shown patients within not condition pathological has a examination create histological But, rodents. aLo 15)rpre,that distribution reported, geographical (1954) after MacLeod and tract respiratory occurrence lower Natural the reach may and air 1980). by (Austwick spread inhalation easily are they clusters, oad(04 ifrnitsbten‘udo i uglalry,‘norarfungal air ‘indoor allergy’, fungal air ‘outdoor between differenciates (2004) Nolard h aua curneof occurrence natural The Beauveria lege ralri ecin ol cu nwresi production in workers in occur could reactions allergic or allergies , .bassiana B. ohmnfo ouet oal e seto hsfnu.Yo tal. et Yoon fungus. this of aspect new totally a documents food human to p Cmtc ta.17) uosie l 19)lse about listed (1991) al. et Gumowski 1974). al. et (Comstock sp. n 2 and Á .bassiana B. 6 .bassiana B. m ,oa,in oval, m, ¨ ller-Ko .bassiana B. ¨ ntearhsaraybe etoe in mentioned been already has air the in lr16;Info17;Aswc 1980; Austwick 1973; Ignoffo 1967; gler a on ihnteln ise f14 of tissues lung the within found was .brongniartii B. .bassiana B. and ynmt a niogln and anticoagulant had synnemata Á fe xouet relatively a to exposure after h 8 oiiyadpritnei air in persistence and Mobility aeyof Safety n rdcdi dusty in produced and ) and Beauveria .bassiana B. .brongniartii B. B . bassiana Á 5 fthe of 15% .bassiana B. spp. Á and 3 (Pore ,to m 581 m, B. . Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 bevtoscnimta uglcndacnanmr legnct asn factors (Mu causing blastospores produced allergenicity culture more submerged to contain and conidia hyphae to fungal compared that confirm of observations blastospores dusty and of dry powder spore a producing when edce ekesadfvrwr oie.Hg ee n ecinsmlrt an to similar reaction a and Sams fever Dr by High noticed noticed. were Generally, shock were process. anaphylactic production fever the and during weakness especially species, headache, this by caused humans in Mu reactions. allergic or eentcdb okr ftecmayMctc uigmn er fmass of years many with experiments during Inhalation Mycotech 1997). Jaronski company & the (Goettel Murza brongniartii fungus reaction of and hypersensitivity the Mel’nikova workers human of of by production by incidents reported no noticed findings, also these were were to contrast workers In in (1980). reactions Allergic 1967). oee,teeaesm ouet htindicate that documents some are there However, eshrflatrol n ramn e ek hr sn ob,ta h pr dose were spore reactions the the m that g But doubt, no 5 time. is to short There corresponding a week. high within per rather treatment died was dusting one They only by flask. after week 10-L harmful per a less times in two conidia treated mg were mice 50 experiments, preliminary In (1967). iko neto ohmn rmmas nteohrhand, other (Mu the medicine On Chinese the in mammals. is years fungi of or entomopathogenic larvae humans of diseased use to fungus the infection in concerns of main risk the of one allergy, Besides testing. potential Pathogenicity/Toxicity skin intradermal reactive by strongly confirmed other and from A identified allergens was 2005). among kDa) cross-reactive al. (35 are allergen et which (Westwood of some fungi proteins, reactive IgE studies, molecular In potential. allergenic 0 uglgnr soitdwt allergy; with associated genera fungal 100 LD brongniartii Beauveria a o on nmuelns nfrhrihlto xeiet with experiments inhalation further In lungs. mouse in found not was Scse l 95 o ta.19;Ksae l 00 ilr20)adi rabbit a in and 2003) case Sigler first 2000; the described al. (1985) al. et et Kisla Sachs example, 1997; For of al. 1987). cases al. et et some Low (Ishibashi medically are cornea 1985; there al. but Nevertheless, et common, 2006). (Sachs less Kirchmair genus & of the Strasser where emergence 2004; recipients, al. the on et on (Walsh pathogens overview fungal an important in and infections, aua curne Beauveria occurrence. Natural aiu nml,tefnu i o irt rmtelnsit te ras n the and 4 organs, other fungus into the lungs of the rid from completely migrate were not lungs did fungus the animals, various 582 yCpig(2004). Copping on by data irritant and inhalation Some  hs netgtosadfnig eelta oii of conidia that reveal findings and investigations These 1.2 .bassiana B. 50 rats :  .Zimmermann G. .bassiana B. 10 8  ( .tenella B. F/nml osbeirtn oee,si n eprtr system. respiratory and skin eyes, to irritant Possible CFU/animal. 00m kg mg 2000 eaii naptetfloigtermvlo ona oeg body. foreign corneal a of removal the following patient a in keratitis a enrpre stecueo yoi eaii nhumans in keratitis mycotic of cause the as reported been has Beauveria n liomc (‘Ru albino-mice and ) ¨ tanIBT9.3 n 501(uti) ct dermal Acute (Austria): 95.041 and 95.031 IMBST strain ller-Ko  obxmori Bombyx 1 idyirtn osi frabbits. of skin to irritant Mildly . .bassiana B. pce aebe aeyietfe saet fhuman of agents as identified rarely been have species ¨ ¨ lr(97 etossvrlcsso legcreactions allergic of cases several mentions (1967) gler ller-Ko asaasri TC700 naain LC inhalation: 74040: ATCC strain bassiana .bassiana B. .bassiana B. ¨ lr1965). gler  aebe sda eiat o udesof hundreds for medicants as used been have 3 uhratoswr ee bevd These observed. never were reactions such , .bassiana B. .bassiana B. fe itlgcleaiain h fungus the examination, histological After . Á asltr(e’ioa&Mra1980). Murza & (Mel’nikova later days 5 ˇin ¨ ˇa ie’ eerpre yMu by reported were diger’) oee,we h a okn with working was she when However, . ´kova and .bassiana B. ,Paa n e sitn n1965 in assistant her and Praha, ´, .brongniartii B. rd xrcspsesnumerous possess extracts crude a o etoe tta time. that at mentioned not was Beauveria a as lege and/ allergies cause may Beauveria .bassiana B. .bassiana B. sntmentioned not is r lopresented also are .bassiana B. pce have species ¨ ¨ ller-Ko ller-Ko tefor itself specific 50 rats : ¨ ¨ and gler gler B. Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 eotdi uky(Gu Turkey in reported ahgncbtalri ecin eentcd omrilyue tanof LD The strain 1980). or used Murza toxic & commercially No (Mel’nikova A rats. intravenously several noticed. white rabbits against were adult They safety with reactions (1968). bassiana tests allergic for Schaerffenberg feeding but tested by and pathogenic conducted extensively inhalation were injection, been experiments included has first fungus The mammals. the biocontrol, for of strain isolated The secured. was leakage air without recovered the patient bassiana after The infection. treatment of antifungal cause primary any the was operation lung after by caused hypothesised empyema (2004) of to al. case et exposed first Tucker the was fungus. Recently, patient the with their contact that into came patients these both In itraconazole. and 2004). B al. amphotericin et the with (Tucker treated cases, Zealand successfully New was from infection reported The was leukemia lymphoblastic acute uha ens rseln ihn in fifcinwsosre.Ocular observed. was infection suspension, emulsifiable of an signs and flowable no oil reaction, with peroral an moderate or swelling a formulations, powder, two intraperitoneal or conidial of after with redness introduction days test days as 7 irritation 3 within ocular such rats within an from and cleared In was application. the application fungus of The any intratracheal vertebrates, in demonstrated other after was and toxicity rats or with infectivity their tests No of (1997). Butte Jaronski testing and International, safety Goettel Laverlam (now the Corporation with Mycotech MT) of experiences The /tech_128818. htm. and oppbppd1/biopesticides/ingredients/tech_docs/tech_128924.htm bassiana otefnu,eg yueo a of use by e.g. fungus, the 35 to at grow not did even isolate a Recently, successful. was daily) twice orally mg disseminated of (200 case Antifungal second (2002). itraconazole al. et with with Henke by therapy successfully reported was treated therapy immunosuppressive was receiving patient The fluconazole. 2000). oral and al. natamycin et normal topical the (Kisla depressed to woman have due 82-year-old may keratitis to fungal therapy prior A This antibiotics mechanisms. and elements. protective mycotic corticosteroids of topical with identification treated the was patient the However, xeietldata. Experimental eutdi nLD an in resulted that hnijce nohatymice. healthy into injected when oeta ahgnct fB asaat iewssuidb nrmsua injection intramuscular by studied was mice to 2 bassiana of B. of pathogenicity potential nmlwsmr hn1.1 than more was animal diitaino Boverin of administration h is ouetdhmnde iseifcinwt a with infection tissue deep human documented first The umre n P vlain ftxct/ahgnct aaaeaalbefor available are data toxicity/pathogenicity of evaluations EPA and Summaries  .bassiana B. 10 8 i o rwa 37 at grow not did a diitrdt liort nrgsrclyaditaeioelyadto and intraperitoneally and intragastrically rats albino to administered was tan H n TC700o h P est:http://www.epa.gov/ website: EPA the on 74040 ATCC and GHA strains hg)ad2 and (high) Beauveria osntcueifcin utpy o uvv o oeta days 3 than more for survive nor multiply, infection, cause not does 50 uigtedvlpetadrgsrto of registration and development the During f0.6 of sltswr nbet rwa 37 at grow to unable were isolates ¨ cne l 06.Teatostikta rlne i leakage air prolonged that think authors The 2006). al. et rcan  10 † 9 8 5 Beauveria  utitaeioelyaditaatial oabn rats albino to intragastrically and intraperitoneally dust C. . kg g 0.1 lw oii Smll ta.19) twsconcluded was It 1992). al. et (Semalulu conidia (low) 8 .bassiana B. 10 .I ohcss h ainswr o xoe directly exposed not were patients the cases, both In C. 10 2.2 , .bassiana B.  .bassiana B. neto na muoupesdptetwith patient immunosuppressed an in infection 1  n oeta 0gkg g 10 than more and rdc.Tu,w a nyseuaehow speculate only can we Thus, product. 10 10 .bassiana B. hl iigi narclua area. agricultural an in living while n 4.0 and .bassiana B. tanGAaeas rsne by presented also are GHA strain aeyof Safety  8 ,adteNwZealand New the and C, 10 na5-erodmnwas man 51-year-old a in Beauveria 50 a lodsrbdi an in described also was 10 ubro prsper spores of number epciey Single respectively. ,  .bassiana B. Beauveria 1 epciey The respectively. , p napatient a in sp. spp. products 583 B. B. B. Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 oiiy oifciiyo ahgnct a bevdi asatr2 asepsr to exposure days 21 after rats in observed was 1.8 pathogenicity or infectivity No toxicity: r lopeetdb opn (2004): Copping by presented also are iad ,FlploMrhsoV 96 uglboiest ntearo ui.Mcptooi 136:95 Mycopathologia Turin. of air the in biodiversity Fungal of 1996. V. Evaluation Marchisio Filipello 2000. D, H. Airaudi Strasser B, Pernfuss D, Abendstein only showed rabbits to conidia of erythema. application dermal transitory and irritation minimal in resulted 584 lhueC,Ptre E cwnL.19.Efcso on mrcnksrl ( kestrels American young on Effects 1997. LC. McEwen BE, Petersen CM, Althouse Asra:Aueoa LD oral Acute (Austria): non-pathogenic. and toxic nml knadee osbeirtn oee,si n eprtr ytm Dermal, system. respiratory and skin Naturalis-L eyes, with to studies irritant inhalation and Possible oral eye: and Skin animal. netvt rptoeiiyfo igeds f1.1 of dose single a from pathogenicity or infectivity nnw eiwr o aeul edn h aucitadpoiighelpful providing and References manuscript the reading two and carefully Canada, Centre, for suggestions. Research Lethbridge reviewers Goettel, Mark unknown Dr thanks author The Acknowledgements producers, review fungi. for on this two decisions as that and these well work of hoped, future as registration their is and scientists, for development It for authorities the excluded. knowledge regulatory and protection of be registrants basis never potential known fundamental can Additionally, vertebrate a allergic risks avoid strains. provides certain to all necessary new are However, risks, application be and of reactions. should process possible production organisms registrations the avoid during non-target future measures on to and within studies actual Nevertheless, on relevant made our and safe. of and tests basis as pathogenicity/toxicity the organisms On considered effects fungi. non-target detrimental be these serious on of both no application knowledge, effects far, presented after So observed their humans. been and have environment, mammals including the vertebrates, in behaviour euei bassiana Beauveria Conclusions ct emlLD dermal Acute o icnrlo etiscs h rsn eiwdcmns htteei broad a is there that fungus documents, review of present tons The that used on insects. widely means still pest knowledge products are The This of and time. countries, biocontrol years. that several biological in during for 100 requirements used for registration and than the produced used passed been more have are have species for and both of insects distribution, material worldwide pest a of have control which fungi pathogenic opri eadn httxct nse oaos icnrlSineadTcnlg 10:789 Technology and Science Biocontrol potatoes. seed on phytotoxicity regarding oosporein 59:507 to exposed 102. oepeiedt nmmainptoeiiytxct fboth of pathogenicity/toxicity mammalian on data precise Some  10 .Zimmermann G. Á 9 512. ooyfriguiskg units forming colony euei bassiana Beauveria .bassiana B. 50 rats : and .brongniartii B.  50 iisciie ultno niomna otmnto n Toxicology and Contamination Environmental of Bulletin bioinsecticide. euei brongniartii Beauveria Beauveria and rats : 00m kg mg 2000 .brongniartii B.   1 00m kg mg 5000 ct rlLD oral Acute . species, .bassiana B.  (  1 naain LC Inhalation: . † .tenella B. nrt niae httefnu snon- is fungus the that indicated rats on .bassiana B. ..o hi ilg,terft and fate their biology, their on i.e. ,  tanIBT9.3 n 95.041 and 95.031 IMBST strain 1 euei brongniartii Beauveria tanAC 44:Mammalian 74040: ATCC strain nrt,teewsn toxicity, no was there rats, In .  r w elkonentomo- well-known two are ) 50 10 rats : 9 and 50 F kg CFU rats :  .brongniartii B. 18   Beauveria  10 1 1.2 n t metabolite its and . 8 ac sparverius Falco  F kg CFU 10 should , 8 species Á CFU/ 796.  1 Á ) . Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 rnmnM,Fle W 99 nuneof Influence 1999. BW. Fuller Publishers. MA, Academic Kluwer Brinkman MA: Boston, pathology. insect of Principles 1998. JC. Pendland DG, Boucias le B aciiL,PriaR,BugazL.19.Efcso oeisc ahgn nthe on pathogens insect some of Effects 1996. LL. Baumgratz RM, Pereira LC, Marchini SB, Alves rz ,PriaR,Sia L 01 h ossetblt fsi olmoat netptoesand pathogens insect to Collembola soil of nonsusceptibility The 2001. JL. Stimac RM, Pereira M, Broza atnwie ,CrtiF 96 eih u Bericht 1986. F. Cerutti W, Baltensweiler nnm 03 udnefrRgsrto eurmnsfrMcoilPsiie.OC eison Series OECD fungus Pesticides. the Microbial of production for Conidia 1992. Requirements E. Aregger Registration for Guidance 2003. Anonym. akH pee ,Na B, Spreier H, Back aea P ae ,MoeD ro .19.Teehne netvt of infectivity enhanced The 1993. and C. Prior deforestation D, of Moore fungus indicators M, Carey biological entomopathogenic RP, Bateman as an entomopathogens of Generalist 1998. properties CM. Antibiotic Barker CW, 1996. Barker SC. Kang YH, Kim DG, Lee YG, Bark Ba utikPC 90 h ahgncapcso h s ffni h edfrrs nlssadregistration and analysis risk for need The fungi: of use the of aspects pathogenic The 1980. PKC. Austwick sni ,CroelT oe-iie A oe-lraL.20.Etmptoei ug nsisfrom soils in fungi Entomopathogenic 2003. LV. Lopez-Llorca JA, Lopez-Jiminez T, Carbonell L, Asensio Auto zur Grundlagen 1992 E. Arregger-Zavadil elazV,Prer G wr L 92 oie eetv gn o eti olfni rnatosof Transactions fungi. soil certain for agent selective A Dodine: 1982. HL. Swart DG, Parberry VC, Beilharz iohaM,KsesiJ,Wl A.19.Ocrec fteetmptoei fungi entomopathogenic the of Occurrence 1998. GAM. Wild JE, Kasperski MJ, Bidochka by produced acids metabolic of implication The 1991. GG. Khachatourians editors. MJ, N, Magan Bidochka CW, Jackson TM, Butt In: fungi. biocontrol of fate the Monitoring 2001. MJ. Bidochka iohaM,Kahtuin G 93 xlcai yepouto in hyperproduction acid Oxalic 1993. GG. Khachatourians MJ, Bidochka oH iC,L G a Z iZ.20.Mlclrietfiaino h eemrhof teleomorph the of identification Molecular 2002. ZZ. Li MZ, Fan ZG, Li CR, Li H, Bo igL,LwsL.19.Endophytic 1992. LC. Lewis LA, Bing from Microfungi 1991. JD. Polishook GF, Bills otlc ,Lgic ,RteiA oet ,Rnoz ,CraP 95 eueii n uoii B fumonisin and Beauvericin 1995. P. Corda G, Randozzo A, Society Moretti Mycological A, British Ritieni A, the Logrieco of A, Transactions Bottalico water. in cultures fungal of Storage 1976. HJ. Boesewinkel ˚a preharvest rhoo ouain.EvrnetlEtmlg 28:863 Entomology Environmental populations. arthropod 568. p 607. mFrteikHrt18 u i rhooefua itiugndrFrtihnVruh-und Versuchs- Forstlichen der Mitteilungen Arthropodenfauna. die auf Baden-Wu 1987 Forschungsanstalt Hardt Forstbezirk im fiaie oe bee, honey africanized hi oeta ssaegr fmcoilpsiie.Pdbooi 45:523 Pedobiologia pesticides. microbial of scavengers as potential their e adads itiugndrShezrshnEtmlgshnGslshf 59:267 Gesellschaft Entomologischen Schweizerischen der Mitteilungen Waldrandes. des ( uigsoaea 2 at storage during 51. p (2003)5, ENV/JM/Mono 18, No. Pesticides omltost eetlcssa o uiiis naso ple ilg 122:145 Biology Applied of Annals humidities. low at 22:189 locusts Ecology of desert Journal to Zealand formulations New soils. Waikato on impacts use land agricultural 12:245 bassiana Beauveria 95:1140 Research Mycological soil. from fungi entomogenous of isolation ffni clgclBlei Sokom 31:91 (Stockholm) Bulletin Ecological fungi. of Maika des Pathogen als Petch (Sacc.) lcnepoic.SaihJunlo giutrlRsac 1:37 Research Agricultural of Journal Spanish province. Alicante 153. p Switzerland, h rts yooia oit 79:507 Society Mycological British the oay76:1198 Botany anisopliae 58:106 Pathology bassiana 193 pp International. CAB Wallingford: potential. and problems 218. progress, agents: biocontrol as Fungi eae oauiial abnsuc u o ovrlne ora fIvrert ahlg 62:53 Pathology Invertebrate of Journal virulence. to not but source carbon utilizable a to related bassiana and stage growth plant 1482. 66:183 t .19.Tlrneo oprb nooeosfniadteueo opraeddmdafor media copper-amended of use the and fungi entomogenous by copper of Tolerance 1991. E. ˚th eootamelolontha Melolontha Á Á yoao 81:229 Mycotaxon . 5 Kra ihEgihSummary). English with (Korean 250 185. nptoeei ftemgaoygrasshopper, migratory the of pathogenesis in and uaimmoniliforme Fusarium euei bassiana Beauveria Á 1204. Á ¨ 8 117. rgD heeanU 98 uwrugndsWaldmaika des Auswirkungen 1988. U. Thielemann D, hrig .Junlo netbaePtooy59:2 Pathology Invertebrate of Journal C. on psmellifera Apis . i e Pilz dem mit L.) srnanubilalis Ostrinia uaimoxysporum Fusarium ¨ Á tebr,Febr/.132:141 Freiburg/B. rttemberg, 236. az a o nSrii.Fo diie n otmnns12:599 Contaminants and Additives Food Sardinia. in rot ear maize nsisfo eprt n erntenhbtt.Cnda ora of Journal Canadian habitats. near-nothern and temperate from soils in euei bassiana Beauveria .(y. pde.Junlo ple noooy120:559 Entomology Applied of Journal Apidae). (Hym., L. Á ¨ 511. euei brongniartii Beauveria es( fers (Hu ¨ e i eewrugnenrBeka einer Nebenwirkungen die ber ¨ apnscaroliniana Carpinus ¨ nr.Booto cec n ehooy2:39 Technology and Science Biocontrol bner). and ooi n Artspezifita und kologie euei bassiana Beauveria eootamelolontha Melolontha Á euei brongniartii Beauveria 102. ortscinerea Botrytis Blao ulei ncr:teiflec fthe of influence the corn: in Vuillemin (Balsamo) eaolssanguinipes Melanoplus Á 867. Á Á 154 Sc. ec u i Arthropodenfauna die auf Petch (Sacc.) 10. aainJunlo oay69:1477 Botany of Journal Canadian . Á oenJunlo ln Pathology Plant of Journal Korean . tanGAo otre rangeland nontarget on GHA strain 45. aeyof Safety ¨ e Pilzes des t ..PDTei,ETH-Zu Thesis, PhD L.). nbre n ult evaluation quality and barley on euei bassiana Beauveria Á Á eahzu flavoviride Metarhizium 534. 1142. ¨ ferbeka Beauveria ora fInvertebrate of Journal . ¨ pugdsMaika des mpfung euei brongniartii Beauveria ¨ Á mpfungsversuches 152. Á 196. Á 274. 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North and Madagascar from , p typographus Ips Beauveria Á 2162. n h mycoparasites the and ¨ euei brongniartii Beauveria e ndrUgbn o Darmstadt. von Umgebung der in den Cl,Soyia)i h aoaoyand laboratory the in Scolytidae) (Col., imnso rtrct membranes. erythrocyte on pigments Á Á 848. 660. eootamelolontha Melolontha iCnrl48:307 BioControl . Á 601. euei bassiana Beauveria euei bassiana Beauveria nmrmn de `nombrement Á ¨ 48. euei bassiana Beauveria lce okme von Vorkommen rlichen rnlnel occidentalis Frankliniella Á euei bassiana Beauveria 260. Clonostachys ntesi after soil the in Á 270. Á BioControl . 319. Metarhizium Á (Balsamo) 346. Beauveria Beauveria keratitis. Á 198. nthe in spp., Á . Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 etedl .17.Teatrpdhsso nooeosfnii rti.Etmpaa15:419 Entomophaga Britain. in fungi entomogenous of hosts arthropod The 1970. D. 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Chelkowski A, Ritieni P, Golinski M, Kostecki G, Castella A, Moretti A, Logrieco oreoA iz ,FraaeR iin .20.Ocrec fbavrcnadenaisi wheat in enniatins wasp and the beauvericin of of Response Occurrence 2001. 2002. A. JC. Ritieni Lord R, Ferracane A, Rizzo A, Logrieco ¨ geT enusB ee ,Srse .20.Fedefiayeauto of evaluation efficacy Field 2005. H. Strasser C, Seger B, Pernfuss T, ngle 56:119 noooy18:169 Entomology on insecticides of impact 241 pp Press. summary). Periodical Academic English Beijing: 1. Vol. China, in fungi bassiana Beauveria 15:309 eootamelolontha Melolontha hno a ug eietfidi aa uu fhmn?LrnoRioOooi 83:117 Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie humans? of mucus nasal in identified be fungi can on when ona16:698 Cornea Pilz entomopathogenen den durch II:195 Arten Session Brno, ISTRO-Conference, Republic. Czech in soils 201. arable in fungi entomopathogenic 259. p Press. 15. p 111. Fennica Forestalia Acta Cooke). netbaePtooy52:471 Pathology Invertebrate and 32:818 Botany of Journal to pathogenicity on effects bassiana noooy19:137 Entomology bassiana bassiana 58:450 Pathology 1 Invertebrate pp of Sons. Journal & Bulgaria. Wiley J. York: New surfaces. to microorganisms of Adsorption in connections 38:191 Pathology Invertebrate of Journal soil. rzehlssurinamensis Oryzaephalus bassiana hmclfrso opri nbolrcik.PutySine63:251 Science Poultry chicks. broiler in oosporein of forms chemical irba netcds ora fHgee pdmooy irbooyadImnlg 24:425 Immunology and Microbiology Epidemiology, Hygiene, of Journal insecticides. microbial by production fetdby affected optoaradicans Zoophthora Á Á 134. 320. against Hpoyee:Mnlae)a recndao neto nishs,teswote ri beetle, grain sawtoothed the host, its in infection or conidia free as Moniliales) (Hyphomycetes: infected Bl. ul.und Vuill. (Bals.) uaimavenaceum Fusarium Fusarium Cordyceps Á lsoapslignosellus Elasmopalpus eaopr parasitica Melanospora 699. pdpeaexigua Spodoptera nB rngncadnntasei on rpSine41:1395 Science Crop corn. non-transgenic and transgenic Bt in Á Á 178. 141. nptt utrs yoi 57:54 Sydowia cultures. potato in oteccieldpredator coccinellid the to pce.ApidEvrnetlMcoilg 64:3084 Microbiology Environmental Applied species. ae nIS58 DAsqecs yooia eerh106:1100 Research Mycological sequences. rDNA ITS-5.8S on based Á peeu degenerans Ipheseius Clotr:Svnde.Booia oto 21:300 Control Biological Sivanidae). (Coleoptera: 890. ¨ yu lineolaris Lygus .tenella B. e i naoitsh iwrugdriskeptoee Pilze insektenpathogenen der Einwirkung antagonistische die ber Á 473. edbih.ApidEvrnetlMcoilg 68:82 Microbiology Environmental Applied blight. head euei bassiana Beauveria ave xeini 50:142 Experientia larvae. Dlc. im u e uzlcwm ( Wurzelschwamm den auf Siem. (Delacr.) attacking euei bassiana Beauveria ehlnmatarsalis Cephalonomia Lpdpea yaia)o efsrae n ol Environmental soil. and surfaces leaf on Pyralidae) (Lepidoptera: euei bassiana Beauveria Htrpea iia) icnrlSineadTechnology and Science Biocontrol Miridae). (Heteroptera: euei bassiana Beauveria Á Aai htside.Junlo giutrladUrban and Agricultural of Journal Phytoseiidae). (Acari: 200. euei bassiana Beauveria Beauveria Á oemglamaculate Coleomegilla 452. ihlgi o rtcinfo oa aito and radiation solar from protection for lignin with Á Chaetomium n td n plcto fentomogenous of application and Study In: . 93. eaii ue yde aelrdissection. lamellar deep by cured keratitis ul.and Vuill. Hmnpea ehlde to Bethylidae) (Hymenoptera: Á 147. Á Bl. ul.Pflanzenschutzberichte Vuill. (Bals.) 5 i hns ihLtnnmsand names Latin with Chinese (in 255 aeyof Safety nahweevil ash on Á otmntdcr n various and corn contaminated 259. Tritirachium and euei brongniartii Beauveria euei bassiana Beauveria Á roi connexa Eriopis Á 5. Beauveria 304. Á euei bassiana Beauveria 3088. troyhsfraxini Stereonychus oe annosus Fomes Á euei bassiana Beauveria ibr Canadian Limber. 1400. Á 85. spp. ora of Journal . Á Fusarium oii in conidia Beauveria Beauveria Beauveria Beauveria 121. Á against Á 1108. Á 591 (Fr.) 431. 435. and in Á - Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 itiwk ,Grk ,TazkC 95 curneo nooahgncfnii oli eainto relation in soil in fungi entomopathogenic mid-forest of of Occurrence soil 1995. from C. Tkaczuk isolated R, fungi Gorski Entomopathogenic R, 1994. Mietkiewski S. Balazy Z, Klukowski R, Mietkiewski of teratogenicity and Infectivity 1994: FJ. Genthner DP, Middaugh eln V iebr .20.Ioainadcaatrsto of characterisation and Isolation 2006. J. Eilenberg NV, Meyling 592 olyDve ,MoeD ro J 95 cenn of Screening 1995. CJ. Prior D, Moore J, Morley-Davies of soil in fungi entomopathogenic of Occurrence 1996. R. Gorski Z, Machowicz-Stefaniak R, Mietkiewski Mu by beauvericin of Production 2002. A. Logrieco L, Corazza A, Ritieni A, Tafuri A, Belisario A, Moretti Mu Mu Mu Mu Mu aaaeI ooaH aaaN iS,OuaS 99 tutr lcdto ffna beauveriolide- fungal of elucidation Structure 1999. natural S. and Omura SY, pathogens Si fungal N, Tabata and between H, Tomoda Interaction fusaproliferin I, 1999. Namatame of M. Occurrence Parrella D, 1998. Damm-Kattari A. Von Ritieni B, Murphy A, Moretti A, Logrieco HM, Stahr G, Munkvold aaaeI ooaH siah ,OuaS 04 niteoei ciiyo uglbeauveriolides, fungal of activity Antiatherogenic 2004. S. Omura S, Ishibashi H, Tomoda I, Namatame oadN 04 leg omud.BC esetr16:1 Newsletter Va BCCM J, Tyni-Juslin moulds. V, to Nuutinen Allergy 2004. D, N. Pittayakhajonwut Nolard S, Kamchonwongpaisan P, Palittapongarnpim P, of strains Kittakoop identifying M, for tool Isaka powerful C, a introns: Nilanonta group-I rDNA 28s 1997. G. Riba Y, Brygoo C, Neuveglise mr ,Tmd .20.SlcinmdafrbavroieIo eueild I n rcs for process and III beauveriolide or I beauveriolide for media Selection 2005. H. Tomoda S, Omura wlyB,PriaR,KigmnW,QilyN,Lci M 2004. BM. Leckie NB, Quigley WE, Klingeman RM, Pereira BH, Ownley udag M usnM ote S rdu .20.Ihbto ffna rwhi thermoregulating in growth fungal of Inhibition 2003. J. Brodeur MS, Goettel M, Cusson RM, Ouedraogo ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ et.Poednso h ofrneo Ata n oeta s fbooia etcnrlo plants’, on control pest biological of use potential and ‘Actual 22 on Poland, conference Skierniewice, the of 24:33 Proceedings E depth. Seria Rolniczych, Nauk Roczniki mountains. Sudety of meadows 27:95 Toxicology and Contamination Environmental of Archives embryos. 110:188 Research Mycological vegetation. hedgerow of phylloplanes ora fPatPtooy108:661 Pathology Plant of Journal xouet iuae ulgtadarneo eprtrs yooia eerh100:31 Research Mycological temperatures. of range a and sunlight simulated to exposure 25:47 E Seria Rolniczych, Nauk Roczniki fields. arable adjacent and plantations hop the ifrn ae of races different Dlc. im etcrf fu Zeitschrift Siem. (Delacr.) n rnlgndrIskemklge eln .PryVra.p444. p Verlag. Parey P. Berlin: Insektenmykologie. der Grundlagen und rgn noohg 12:429 Entomophaga Fragen. von 25:301 64:3923 I,anvlihbtro ii rpe omto nmuemcahgs ora fAtbois52:7 Antibiotics of Journal macraphages. mouse in formation droplet lipid of inhibitor 22:181 novel Bulletin a IOBC/wprs III, pests. greenhouse of biocontrol combined for Implication enemies: in beauvericin 31:285 Entomophaga Laboratoriumsbedingungen. und Freiland- unter Boden niioso ii rpe cuuaini arpae.Poednso h ainlAaeyof Academy National the of Proceedings macrophages. in accumulation 101:737 USA droplet Sciences lipid of inhibitors nooaaii eaoeo h acigo atwr ( earthworm of hatching the on nematode entomoparasitic fungus pathogenic from cyclodepsipeptides insect antiplasmodial the and Antimycobacterial 2000. Y. 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BCC the , Á eahzu anisopliae Metarhizium 99. Metarhizium Fusarium euei bassiana Beauveria pretdacaliginosa Aporrectodea Á  3. Beauveria. euei bassiana Beauveria euei bassiana Beauveria itaeto ukeo.European muskmelon. of agent wilt Á euei bassiana Beauveria 195. and Á Á Beauveria 38. euei bassiana Beauveria 102. Bl. ul.zrInfektion zur Vuill. (Bals.) var. Á Á oon nlaboratory. in cocoons ) 292. 605. acridum in ¨ nkontaminiertem in Á dlingsbeka p.cndawith conidia spp. 758. eii beryllina Menidia euei tenella Beauveria Á sltsfrom isolates 51. Á ora of Journal . 38. Á ¨ 76. dual a , Á mpfung 184. Á 12. Á Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 14:34 6 November 2007 iglR,LwsL.19.Tefungus fumonisins, The of 1996. LC. Accumulation Lewis 2002. RL, J. Pingel Chelkowski H, Wisniewska M, of Pronczuk applications A, soil of Visconti Impact M, 1997. Pascale M. 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Lewis DI, Shapiro F, Rosin eueii n uarlfrni az yrd ncltdudrfil odtoswith conditions field under inoculated hybrids maize in fusaproliferin proliferatum and beauvericin and feto h netpredator insect the on effect aclmcsfumosoroseus Paecilomyces eprtr ies 101:627 Disease Respiratory 29:1048 Entomology Environmental 151:11 Mycopathologia yorae)a nedpyei oo edig ( seedlings cocoa in endophyte an as Hypocreales) niomna noooy27:785 Entomology Environmental parcesetosum aclmcsfumosoroseus Paecilomyces ia) ora fIvrert ahlg 52:66 Pathology pest Invertebrate weevil of cocoa Journal nidae). the to Hyphomycetes) (Deuteromycotina: decemlineata Leptinotarsa parasitica fungus nohtcclnsto foimpoppy, opium of colonisation Endophytic nooahgnnPilzes entomopathogenen to links and diversification cryptic for bassiana Armillaria dtr.Isc-uglascain.Eooyadeouin xod nvriyPesp 3 pp Press fungus University Oxford: Entomology evolution. and Environmental Ecology plants. associations. host Insect-fungal selected editors. on activity feeding of result 14:146 a as Lygaeidae) (Hem., 149:87 Mycopathologia environment. otlt n ucpiiiyt h nooahgncfungus entomopathogenic the to susceptibility and mortality 188, n ln iess1970 diseases plant and anisopliae Metarhizium noooia oit fAeia10:19 America of Society Entomological netbaePtooy68:194 Pathology Invertebrate bassiana Mariannaea Á euei bassiana Beauveria euei bassiana Beauveria 148. tan yoahlga161:323 Mycopathologia strain. rmsbnaci aqai sad ora fIvrert ahlg 69:285 Pathology Invertebrate of Journal Island. Macquarie subantarctic from yoaaieo h fungus the of mycoparasite a , und yooia eerh106:1026 Research Mycological . Clotr:Ccielde,a motn rdtro htfle Hmpea Aleyrodidae). (Homoptera: whiteflies of predator important an Coccinellidae), (Coleoptera: Rosellinia p nnnagtfrs rhoos ilgclCnrl8:203 Control Biological arthropods. forest nontarget on sp. ora fPatDsae n ln rtcin100:203 Protection Plant and Diseases Plant of Journal . ¨ e .20.Boiest n ocnrto faron ug nahospital a in fungi airborne of concentration and Biodiversity 2000. R. der Á Á rtohcascain ora fIsc cec 4:24. Science Insect of Journal association. tritrophic A : flneshtbrct 57:15 Pflanzenschutzberichte . idcdmraiyof mortality -induced 20. 90 odn cdmcPes p441 pp Press. Academic London: 1980. yooia eerh108:441 Research Mycological . gis w ouain of populations two against Acmct:Hpcels.MlclrEooyNts3:409 Notes Ecology Molecular Hypocreales). (Ascomycota: Beauveria euei bassiana Beauveria oemglamaculate Coleomegilla Á 628. Á 195. Á Á 795. hlgn nerdfo ula SadEIaeune:evidence EFI-asequences: ISTand nuclear from inferred phylogeny Á 1053. Cordyceps euei bassiana Beauveria 97. Á Á 76. 329. euei bassiana Beauveria aae somniferum Papaver Á 1030. Bl. ul.afShdiz e Gattungen der Schadpilze auf Vuill. (Bals.) Á eemrh.Mclga97:84 Mycologia teleomorphs. raerdsvaporariorum Trialeurodes 72. horm cacao Theobroma eGe.Booia oto 6:137 Control Biological Geer. De Á Bemisia 24. ´nez-Dia Blao ulei nacr csse:Its ecosystem: corn a in Vuillemin (Balsamo) Á 452. atrye plutus Pantorhytes euei bassiana Beauveria Beauveria takn h ooaoptt beetle potato Colorado the attacking ya entomopathogenic an by , eahzu anisopliae Metarhizium htfle Hmpea Aleyrodidae). (Homoptera: whiteflies euei bassiana Beauveria zR,Snig-lae .2006. C. Santiago-Alvarez RM, ´z Á aeyof Safety .Mclga97:1195 Mycologia ). 464. euei bassiana Beauveria euei bassiana Beauveria n eaF,BakelM, Blackwell FE, Vega In: . Hmpea Aleyrodidae). 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