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Contemporary Writing in English from India's Northeast : a Study in Ecopolitics

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Contemporary Writing in English from India's Northeast : a Study in Ecopolitics CONTEMPORARY WRITING IN ENGLISH FROM INDIA’S NORTHEAST : A STUDY IN ECOPOLITICS (Thesis submitted to the Nagaland University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English) By MR. DEBASHIS BARUAH Regn. No.-430/2011 (w.e.f. 12.06.2009) Under the Supervision of DR. NIGAMANANDA DAS DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND EDUCATION NAGALAND UNIVERSITY, KOHIMA CAMPUS MERIEMA, KOHIMA, NAGALAND-797001 2012 - DECLARATION - I hereby declare that the thesis entitled Contemporary Writing in English from India’s Northeast: A Study in Ecopolitics is a record of bonafide research done by me under the supervision of Dr. Nigamananda Das, in the Department of English, Nagaland University, Kohima Campus during the period of 2009-12 and that it has not been submitted either in full or in part to any other university or institute for the award of any other degree, diploma and title. Dated Kohima, the 5th July, 2012 Mr. Debashis Baruah Regn. No. - 430/2011 (w.e.f. 12.06.2009) Countersigned by : HEAD SUPERVISOR i Nagaland University Dr. Nigamananda Das Department of English MA (Utkal), PGCTE, PGDTE (CIEFL) Nagaland University M.Phil (Madurai) Ph.D. (Utkal) Kohima - 797001, Nagaland - India Assistant Professor Mobile: 09436608904 Email: [email protected] -CERTIFICATE- This is to certify that the thesis entitled Contemporary Writing in English from India’s Northeast: A Study in Ecopolitics is a bonafide record of research work done by Mr. Debashis Baruah (Regn. No. 430/2011), Department of English, Nagaland University, Campus –Kohima during 2009-12. Submitted to the Nagaland University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English, this thesis has not previously formed the basis for the award of any other degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or other title and that the thesis represents independent and original work on the part of the candidate under my guidance. This is again certified that the candidate as a part-time scholar has fulfilled the criteria mentioned in the University Ordinance-OC-4 for submission of the thesis. The 5th of July, 2012 KOHIMA SUPERVISOR ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Nigamananda Das, Department of English, Nagaland University for his enlightening guidance as well as enriching counsel without which this work would not have been possible. He has been the guiding spirit all through this project and has been my constant source of inspiration in bringing this thesis out to this final shape. I would also like to acknowledge the cooperation and support extended by the Head of the Department and other faculty members of the Department of English, Nagaland University. I am thankful to the Principal, Furkating College, the institution I belong to, and my colleagues both in and outside my department for their ceaseless concern for the work I have done. I must proffer my heart-felt gratitude to my daughter Anwesha (Rajee) and wife Suchibrata, who kept on encouraging me to ensure that I brought this project to finality. I would also like to record my profound sense of gratitude and indebtedness to my father Monoranjan Baruah, mother Aruna Baruah and my in-laws for their blessings and relentless support. The encouragement and inspiration of all my family members have kept me buoyant throughout this job. I am immensely thankful to each and every one of them. Date : 5th July, 2012 DEBASHIS BARUAH iii PREFACE The northeastern region of India, casually stereotyped and commonly referred to as ‘the Northeast’, is a geographical area of 2.55 lakh square kilometers that actually comprises eight different states namely Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura. It is a meeting place of different tribes and ethnic groups with their varied tradition, culture, religion, language and dialects. An archive of some rare species of flora and fauna, it is also quite rich in biodiversity. It contains more than one-third of the country’s total biodiversity and is one of the 18 biodiversity hotspots of the world. With its mountains, hills, rivers, valleys, people, myths, legends, rites and rituals the region is blessed with a unique ecology. Writing in English from Northeast India is relatively a new literature. This corpus of writing is a recent thing in comparison to the literatures in English from other parts of India. As a discourse of self-expression it took shape casually in the eighties and the nineties of the twentieth century, while Indian provincial writing in English began in Bengal much before Independence. The writers writing at present are the first generation of writers. As such, it is premature to talk of a tradition of Northeast Indian Writing in English at this point of time. But in this relatively short span of time it seems to attain a legitimate and powerful voice by articulating their senses and sentiments and focusing on some of the contemporary core issues. It is a distinctive voice in the realm of Indian Writing in English. Works by some of the writers from this region have been included in the Post-Graduate English syllabus in some Indian universities like Nagaland University, NEHU, Delhi University and IGNOU. But does here the critical attention this corpus of writing that adds a new and iv varied dimension to the body of Indian Writing in English enlarging its existing domain end? Although the eight states of the region hugely differ from each other in tradition, culture, language, and religion, it is possible to locate some common grounds, shared values and concerns of these writers. Issues like insurgency, identity crisis, search for roots, self-assertion, claim for a political space, and also an ecological concern in their writing unite them on a common platform. Their writing manifests different aspects of the entire ecosystem of the region. They celebrate the ecological glory of Northeast with a keen ecological awareness. This thesis tries to examine the aspects of ecopolitics entailing ecomysticism, ecofeminism and the like in the works of select writers who can be said to be representative among those writers who write in English, or whose works have been translated into English. From an apparent reading it seems that varied aspects of ecopolitics are available in the works of these writers. The thesis makes an attempt to study the extent of availability and the validity thereof. The first chapter presents an overview of writing in English and in translations as well from Northeast India. It also builds the theoretical framework required for the study. Chapter two deals with prose writing, both fiction and non-fiction. A few novels, short stories as well as non-fictional work by some select writers from Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland are studied examining the matrix of ecology, ecofeminism and mysticism. Chapter three deals with plays. The states of Northeast India have plays written in their vernacular languages. Some of these states have rich tradition of theatre that dates back to centuries. But a few representative work of some of the v Manipuri and Assamese playwrights have been translated into English. This chapter tries to explore the ecological and ecomystical world in select plays by Manipuri and Assamese playwrights. Chapter four discusses the myriad manifestations of ecology in contemporary poetry. Some of the works of select poets from the eight states are examined using the tenets of ecocriticism. It tries to study the extent of availability of varied aspects of ecopolitics in poetry. The fifth chapter looks into contemporary writing in English from Northeast India as a postcolonial discourse. The term ‘Postecolonial’ is a portmanteau word derived from the combination of the words ‘postcolonial’ and ‘ecological’. It is a theorizing of the ecological and postcolonial concerns to address the issues of ecocide derived from the current contexts of the marginalization of Nature, environmental racism etc. In both colonial and postcolonial times there have been several forms of resistance in Northeast India to safeguard the erosion of its biodiversity. This chapter tries to look into the reflection of such resistance in literatures of this region. The concluding sixth chapter sums up the findings of the previous chapters. It tries to define contemporary writing in English from Northeast India from an ecological viewpoint. It is seen from this study that these writers seem to use ecology, in a conscious way, as a tool for acquiring an identity — an identity which is unique, legitimate and a powerful one. It is felt that the unique ecology of the region has been pivotal in shaping an aesthetic sensibility in these writers. Contemporary writing in English from India’s Northeast present before us a myriad, mesmerizing world of nature, and, at the same time, echo a conscious voice of resistance as well as assertion. It negotiates varied issues simultaneously — it fights against the stereotypical construct vi ‘Northeast’, asserts an identity, and tries to create a ‘space’ and a ‘place’ for itself amidst political and cultural hegemony. This study shows that the ecology of the region is one of their strongest weapons for all such negotiations. Their writing presents a critique of the colonial perspective of, and the colonial attitude towards, the environment. It is also a literature of resistance against what can be termed as neo- colonialism. Because of this consciousness of the ecological degradation and efforts of propagating ecological preservation in writing, this body of ecological writing can very well be said canonical. It is seen from this study of both creative and critical works of the contemporary prose writers, playwrights and the poets from Northeast India that writing in English from this region has a world of possibilities.
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