The Image of Russia in the Balkans
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Confronting the Costs of War Project War Finance Data Documentation
Confronting the Costs of War Project War Finance Data Documentation Version 2.0 Last update completed: Fall 2014 Rosella Cappella Zielinski, Boston University *Update Note: This updated version would not be possible without the generous support of Boston University’s Center for Finance, Law, and Policy. This updated version could not have been completed without the assistance of graduate students Joshua Lacey, Aki Nakai, Brian Smith, and Lenka Wieluns. The author would also like to thank Ed Mansfield, Avery Goldstein, Alex Weisiger, Michael Horowitz, Matt Levendusky, and Jessica Stanton for encouragement and advice throughout the building of the initial dataset. Table of Contents Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 3 Parameters....................................................................................................................................... 4 A Note on the Cost of War and War Finance ................................................................................. 6 Coding Rules................................................................................................................................... 7 Sources, Quality, and Caveats ........................................................................................................ 8 Notes on the Format of Datafile “XXXX_2.0.csv” ...................................................................... 11 War Finance from 1823 to 2003 .................................................................................................. -
£<5 T VV\V Rwve,___CONTINUED in JACKET Ssc Schvuulv Withlll
SOCIÉTÉ DES NATIONS. IjAÇKET^jj LEAGUE OF NATIONS. REGISTRY. r t Classement. , - - Jf)C\r Dossier N“ | 0^-vU ^), N' **>- Classement Document N". £<5 T_VV\V rwvE,____ SsC Schvuulv W ithlll REMETTRE CE DOCUMENT L'USAGE DE CET EMPLACEMENT EST remettre ce document (En second lieu). réservé au Registry. (En premier lieu). ■chedule within Document ) précédent i Index A. Index B. Schedule within Voir les dossiers : - A classer ' ' ' CONTINUED IN JACKET r rT « » % 1JACKET 3 Ï 1 9 2 a . % SOCIETE DES NATIONS. LEAGUE OF NATIONS. HF.GI8IRV. RUSSIAN REFUGEES Document No. I). -i.,r No. "T ... 2. 3 3 /<$/[ 22278 fîfy\< \£n.|iv d .C A O oM iZa 6 F 3x^{y* M • ^ (Kn I 'l'i-mitrr-Kcw.) (Kn Beuoinl-liini). Héeponaos, &c. (Out Letter Book) : C I'i tf&jXrZ' ^ " Ç/i^ __L J - a TRANSLATION of letter from M r .H A H N,Odessa to Mr Gorvin. t0* I6th November 1923. No.3554 A. Dear Mr Gorvin, A few days ago a small Italian steamer "ALLA" arrived here with about 300 Wrangel soldiers from Varna. About 80# of these refugees have been sent to their native country 'oy the Refugees Association, ^he journey from Varna to Odessa under very unfavourable conditions, costs 10 to 15 Turkish liras. These immigrants nave found here a shelter in the Feeding point of tfe Evacuation Authorities, but they are isolated. They get I pound bread per day, some soup (meat every two days) andbgruel for supper. They are examined as to their state of health and undergo treatment where necessary. -
The Production of Lexical Tone in Croatian
The production of lexical tone in Croatian Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie im Fachbereich Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaften der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität zu Frankfurt am Main vorgelegt von Jevgenij Zintchenko Jurlina aus Kiew 2018 (Einreichungsjahr) 2019 (Erscheinungsjahr) 1. Gutacher: Prof. Dr. Henning Reetz 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Sven Grawunder Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 01.11.2018 ABSTRACT Jevgenij Zintchenko Jurlina: The production of lexical tone in Croatian (Under the direction of Prof. Dr. Henning Reetz and Prof. Dr. Sven Grawunder) This dissertation is an investigation of pitch accent, or lexical tone, in standard Croatian. The first chapter presents an in-depth overview of the history of the Croatian language, its relationship to Serbo-Croatian, its dialect groups and pronunciation variants, and general phonology. The second chapter explains the difference between various types of prosodic prominence and describes systems of pitch accent in various languages from different parts of the world: Yucatec Maya, Lithuanian and Limburgian. Following is a detailed account of the history of tone in Serbo-Croatian and Croatian, the specifics of its tonal system, intonational phonology and finally, a review of the most prominent phonetic investigations of tone in that language. The focal point of this dissertation is a production experiment, in which ten native speakers of Croatian from the region of Slavonia were recorded. The material recorded included a diverse selection of monosyllabic, bisyllabic, trisyllabic and quadrisyllabic words, containing all four accents of standard Croatian: short falling, long falling, short rising and long rising. Each target word was spoken in initial, medial and final positions of natural Croatian sentences. -
Russia's Hostile Measures in Europe
Russia’s Hostile Measures in Europe Understanding the Threat Raphael S. Cohen, Andrew Radin C O R P O R A T I O N For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR1793 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-1-9774-0077-2 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2019 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface This report is the collaborative and equal effort of the coauthors, who are listed in alphabetical order. The report documents research and analysis conducted through 2017 as part of a project entitled Russia, European Security, and “Measures Short of War,” sponsored by the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, G-3/5/7, U.S. -
The Ethno-Cultural Belongingness of Aromanians, Vlachs, Catholics, and Lipovans/Old Believers in Romania and Bulgaria (1990–2012)
CULTURĂ ŞI IDENTITATE NAŢIONALĂ THE ETHNO-CULTURAL BELONGINGNESS OF AROMANIANS, VLACHS, CATHOLICS, AND LIPOVANS/OLD BELIEVERS IN ROMANIA AND BULGARIA (1990–2012) MARIN CONSTANTIN∗ ABSTRACT This study is conceived as a historical and ethnographic contextualization of ethno-linguistic groups in contemporary Southeastern Europe, with a comparative approach of several transborder communities from Romania and Bulgaria (Aromanians, Catholics, Lipovans/Old Believers, and Vlachs), between 1990 and 2012. I am mainly interested in (1) presenting the ethno-demographic situation and geographic distribution of ethnic groups in Romania and Bulgaria, (2) repertorying the cultural traits characteristic for homonymous ethnic groups in the two countries, and (3) synthesizing the theoretical data of current anthropological literature on the ethno-cultural variability in Southeastern Europe. In essence, my methodology compares the ethno-demographic evolution in Romania and Bulgaria (192–2011), within the legislative framework of the two countries, to map afterward the distribution of ethnic groups across Romanian and Bulgarian regions. It is on such a ground that the ethnic characters will next be interpreted as either homologous between ethno-linguistic communities bearing identical or similar ethnonyms in both countries, or as interethnic analogies due to migration, coexistence, and acculturation among the same groups, while living in common or neighboring geographical areas. Keywords: ethnic characters, ethno-linguistic communities, cultural belongingness, -
Serbia & Montenegro
PROFILE OF INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT : SERBIA & MONTENEGRO Compilation of the information available in the Global IDP Database of the Norwegian Refugee Council (as of 27 September, 2005) Also available at http://www.idpproject.org Users of this document are welcome to credit the Global IDP Database for the collection of information. The opinions expressed here are those of the sources and are not necessarily shared by the Global IDP Project or NRC Norwegian Refugee Council/Global IDP Project Chemin de Balexert, 7-9 1219 Geneva - Switzerland Tel: + 41 22 799 07 00 Fax: + 41 22 799 07 01 E-mail : [email protected] CONTENTS CONTENTS 1 PROFILE SUMMARY 8 IDPS FROM KOSOVO: STUCK BETWEEN UNCERTAIN RETURN PROSPECTS AND DENIAL OF LOCAL INTEGRATION 8 CAUSES AND BACKGROUND 12 BACKGROUND 12 THE CONFLICT IN KOSOVO (1981-1999): INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY FINALLY IMPOSES AUTONOMY OF THE PROVINCE TO YUGOSLAV AUTHORITIES 12 OUSTING OF PRESIDENT MILOSEVIC OPENS NEW ERA OF DEMOCRACY (2000-2003) 14 DJINDJIC ASSASSINATION THREATENS CONTINUATION OF SERBIA’S REFORMS (2003) 15 KOSOVO UNDER INTERNATIONAL ADMINISTRATION (2003) 16 BACKGROUND TO THE CONFLICT IN SOUTHERN SERBIA (2000-2005) 18 UNCERTAINTY AROUND FINAL STATUS ISSUE HAS A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON DISPLACEMENT AND RETURN (2005) 21 CAUSES OF DISPLACEMENT 23 DISPLACEMENT BEFORE AND DURING NATO INTERVENTION (1998-1999) 23 MASSIVE RETURN OF KOSOVO ALBANIANS SINCE END OF NATO INTERVENTION (FROM JUNE 1999) 26 LARGE SCALE DISPLACEMENT OF ETHNIC MINORITIES FOLLOWING THE NATO INTERVENTION (1999) 26 DISPLACEMENT CAUSED BY -
Russian Atrocities in Asia and Europe During the Months
RUSSIAN ATROCITIES IN ASIA AND EUROPE DURING THE MONTHS OF JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST 1877. CONSTANTINOPLE PRINTED BY A. H. BOYAJIAN 1877. A collection of various official and private telegrams respecting the atrocities committed by the Russians in Asia and Europe during the months of June, July, and August 1877. Series Editor’s Notes Russian Atrocities in Asia and Europe is an unsophisticated work. In the book the Ottoman Government simply printed reports from officials and individual Muslims who had suffered in the 1877-78 Russo-Turkish War, with little editorial comment. It is thus a valuable historical document, although it cannot have been of much use as propaganda. The book contains numerous misspellings and grammatical infelicities. Only the most obvious misspellings of ordinary words have been corrected. Names and descriptions often appear in the text in more than one form. For example, the Turkish form of the name Muhammad, Mehmet, appears as Mehemmed, Mehemed, Mehemet, and Mehmed. The meanings of these are obvious and have been left unchanged. Spellings and definitions that are not obvious are listed below. Abaxes (Abhaz) natives of the Eastern Black Sea region forced from their lands by the Russians and settled in the Ottoman Empire araba wagon, drawn by horse, donkey, or water buffalo Arnautlu Albanian bashi bozouk (başı bozuk) irregular soldier, drawn from the populace in time of war. caïmakam (kaymakam) head official of a district (division of a sancak) Circassians natives of the Eastern Black Sea region forced from their lands by the Russians and settled in the Ottoman Empire muderris (müderris) head teacher in a Muslim religious school mudir (müdür) official in charge of a sub-district, mayor mutessarif (mutassarıf) official in charge of a sancak (division of a province) seraskier (serasker) commander-in-chief of the army Tatars natives of the Crimea, forced from their lands by the Russians and settled in the Ottoman Empire zaptieh (zaptiye) gendarme zeïbek (zeybek) infantryman PREFACE. -
Preuzmite Publikaciju
Institute for Political Studies UDC 811.163.41:323.1(=163.41) Serbian Political Thought Manuscript received: 19.05.2011. No. 2/2011, Accepted for publishing: 02.08.2011. Year III, Vol. 4 Scientific polemics pp. 121-141 Momčilo Subotić1 Institute for Political Studies, Belgrade The Renewal of Serbistics Introduction It is known, from the researches conducted by many public opinion agencies, that most Serbs and other citizens of Serbia are inclined to- wards Serbia’s accession to the European Union. However, things have gone a step backwards today compared to the nineties; no one in the Serbian politics, or in the key national institutions, such as the SANU (Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts), Matica srpska and others, is even trying to conduct the analyses of Serbian defeats, to face the wrong ideas of Yugoslavism and Yugoslav politics and state. Without scientifically based and critical analyses of the status of Serbian nation and its state’s state constituencies, no further European integrations are possible. In other words, until the time when the Serbian political and intellectual leadership is finished with the Yugoslav era of its history, and realize and correct all the historical forgeries and counterfeits it was based on, the European integrations on an equal basis and by Eu- ropean standards will not happen. It is likely that the Serbian leader- ship, for the umpteenth time in the recent history, cannot overcome the excess history which, in the Balkan’s „barrel of gun-powder“ has always been too much. The Serbs have to answer the question of what happened to the Ser- bian national identity in the Yugoslav state to themselves first; do the European standards for entering „the family“ of the European nations, based on the linguistic definition of a nation, also stand for the Serbian people, being multi-confessional such as some other European nations (Germans, Hungarians, Аlbanians etc.). -
Our Parish's Patronal Feast
“КРАСНОЕ СОЛНЫШКО” “SUNSHINE” CHURCH BULLETIN RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH “ST. VLADIMIR”, HOUSTON JULY, 2009 OUR PARISH’S PATRONAL FEAST - ST. VLADIMIR’S FEAST DAY Will be celebrated on Sunday, August 2nd. on Sunday, August 2, 2009, at 1.00 p.m. right after the Divine Liturgy at the Parish House. THE RECTOR OF ST. VLADIMIR RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH REVEREND FR. LUBOMIR, CHURCH COUNCIL AND SISTERHOOD INVITE ALL THE PARISHIONERS TO ATTEND ST. VLADIMIR’S DAY LUNCHEON. Vespers will be served on Saturday evening at 5:00 p.m., and Divine Liturgy on Sunday morning at 9:30 a.m. LET US OFFER OUR THANKS TO GOD FOR ALL HIS BLESSINGS UPON OUR CHURCH! EQUAL OF THE APOSTLES GREAT PRINCE ST. VLADIMIR, IN HOLY BAPTISM BASIL, THE ENLIGHTENER OF THE RUSSIAN LAND – Commemorated on July 28th Few names in the annals of history can compare in significance with the name of St. Vladimir, the Baptizer of Rus, who stands at the beginning of the spiritual destiny of the Russian Church and the Russian Orthodox people. Vladimir was the grandson of St Olga, and he was the son of Svyatoslav (+ 972). His mother, Malusha (+ 1001) was the daughter of Malk Liubechanin, whom historians identify with Mal, prince of the Drevlyani. Having subdued an uprising of the Drevlyani and conquered their cities, Princess Olga gave orders to execute Prince Mal for his attempt to marry her after he murdered her husband Igor, and she took to herself Mal's children, Dobrynya and Malusha. Dobrynya grew up to be a valiant brave warrior, endowed with a mind for state affairs, and he was later on an excellent help to his nephew Vladimir in matters of military and state administration. -
Security Challenges and Development of Southern Balkans 1
SECURITY CHALLENGES AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTHERN BALKANS 1 SECURITY CHALLENGES AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTHERN BALKANS 2 SECURITY CHALLENGES AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTHERN BALKANS SECURITY CHALLENGES AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTHERN BALKANS 3 CONTENTS Major IRIS Publications ACKNOWLEDGMENTS International Fact-finding Mission to the Republic of Macedonia (2001) (in English) IRIS Quarterly Policy Report – Summer/ Autumn 2000 (in English) PROJECT OVERVIEW 5 Plamen Ralchev IRIS Quarterly Policy Report - Spring 2000 (in English) Security and Reconstruction of Southeastern Europe: A Policy Outlook from the Region (2000), Chapter I: (in English) SECURITY THREATS PERCEPTIONS 8 Topography of Power in Bulgaria (2000), (in Bulgarian) Marin Lessenski, Antonina Arbova, Plamen Ralchev Perspectives on the Development of the Relations between Bulgaria and Macedonia (2000), Dritan Shano, Maciej Kaczorowski (in Bulgarian and Macedonian) Geopolitical Systems (1999), (in Bulgarian) Security Threats Perceptions: An Outlook from Bulgaria 8 Security Threats Perceptions: An Outlook from Albania 21 Regional Infrastructure Projects in Southeastern Europe (1999), (in English) Security Threats Perceptions: An Outlook from Macedonia 24 Chapter II: ETHNIC FACTORS IMPACT ON REGIONAL STABILITY 30 Dr. Lyubov Mincheva For further information on IRIS activities and publications, please, write to the following address: Chapter III: 15, Frederic Juliot Curie Street, block 3, floor 1, apt. 1, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria THE IMPACT OF ARMED CONFLICTS IN FORMER Y UGOSLAVIA ON THE ESTABLISHMENT or call tel./ fax: ++ 359/2/ 971 1224, 971 1227, 971 1228, 971 1229. AND FUNCTIONING OF THE ORGANIZED CRIME ON THE BALKANS 56 E-mail: [email protected]. Visit our web site at www.iris-bg.org. Yovo Nikolov Chapter IV: ® Copyright 2002 DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES IN SOUTHERN BALKANS 70 by the Institute for Regional and International Studies Plamen Ralchev All rights reserved CONCLUSION 91 ISBN 954-9858-14-6 Dr. -
Linguistic Minorities in Serbia (With Special Emphasis to Education in Minority Languages)
UDK 37.014.53:323.15(497.11) 376.1-054.57(497.11) Prihvaćen 31. ožujka 2011. Linguistic Minorities in Serbia (with Special Emphasis to Education in Minority Languages) Lajos Göncz Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Department of Psychology, Serbia Josip Ivanović Hungarian Teacher Training Faculty in Subotica, University of Novi Sad, Serbia Summary In the fi rst part of this report the emphasis is on the ethnic-linguistic composition of the country, based on the census data from 2002 compared with the census data from 1991. Th e rest of the report is primari- ly focused on the educational issues of linguistic minorities in Serbia. We present data concerning the edu- cational level of the population, the legal-normative preconditions for the education of minorities and the expert treatment of the problems encountered in education in the languages of national minorities since 2001. Finally, we discuss the representation of minorities in education in their own language, some prob- lems involved in education in minority languages and possible models for education in minority languag- es in the Republic of Serbia. Keywords: ethno-linguistic, teaching in languages of minorities, teaching models, education system. Introductory remarks1 the Kingdom of Yugoslavia since 1929). Before 1920 the northern part of the present-day Serbia, called Th e ‘Republic of Serbia’ became the offi cial name of Vojvodina, was a constituent part of the Austro-Hun- the country around the middle of 2006 as a result garian Monarchy. Th ese facts illustrate troubled his- of restructuring the country formerly known as the torical changes taking place in the region. -
THE RUSSIAN ARMY and the EASTERN QUESTION, 1821-34’ Ph.D
1 ‘THE RUSSIAN ARMY AND THE EASTERN QUESTION, 1821-34’ Ph.D. ALEXANDER BITIS THE LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE, 2000 UMI Number: U615B58 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615B58 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 lH £ S £ S F 3530 • ^ ,p 0' ^ t ABSTRACT This dissertation consists of a study of the role of the Russian army in Russo-Turkish relations from the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence to the conclusion of the Mohammed Ali crisis. It focuses primarily on the activities of the Russian Second Army - a force quartered in the southern regions of the Russia and designated to conduct military operations against the Ottoman Empire in Europe. Under the leadership of General P. D. Kiselev, the General Staff of this army conducted a thorough research of previous Russo-Turkish wars (1711-1812) and integrated the lessons of these campaigns into a new strategic and tactical doctrine. Ultimately, this research was to result in the formulation of an innovative new Turkish war plan which proposed that the Russian army, for the first time in its history, cross the Balkan mountain range and march on Constantinople.