Ba loc hi s tan Balochistan Conservation Strategy The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Published by: IUCN Pakistan and Government of Balochistan.
Copyright: © 2000 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Pakistan and Government of Balochistan.
The Balochistan Conservation Strategy was prepared by the Government of Balochistan (Planning and Development Department) in collaboration with IUCN-The World Conservation Union.
It was supported by the Royal Netherlands Embassy.
Citation is encouraged. Reproduction and/or translation of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from IUCN Pakistan, provided the source is fully acknowledged.
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Citation: Government of Balochistan and IUCN Pakistan (2000). IUCN Pakistan and GoB, Karachi, Pakistan. xxxii + 354 pp.
ISBN: 969-8141-33-2
Designed by: Creative Unit (Pvt) Ltd.
Photos: Cover: Nadeem A. Khan Back cover: Shuja Zaidi, Nadeem A. Khan
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Available from: IUCN Pakistan 1 Bath Island Road, Karachi 75530, Pakistan. Ba loch i s tan Balochistan Conservation Strategy
Co n t e n t s
Acronyms and Abbreviations iv Glossary vi Preface viii Acknowledgements x Executive Summary xiv PART I BACKGROUND
Chapter 1 Rationale and Process 4 Chapter 2 BCS Framework 14 PART II THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE BCS
Chapter 3 Land 24 Chapter 4 Freshwater Resources 48 Chapter 5 Biodiversity 74 Chapter 6 Coastal Zone 96 Chapter 7 Atmosphere 114 Chapter 8 Minerals, Mining and Energy 122 Chapter 9 Sustainable Industrial Development 138 Chapter 10 Urban Environment 148 Chapter 11 Environmental Health 166 Chapter 12 Population, Poverty and Environment 174 Chapter 13 Cultural Heritage 188 Chapter 14 Governance, Institutions and Capacity 200 Chapter 15 Non-Governmental Organizations 214 Chapter 16 Gender, Development and Environment 224 Chapter 17 Information Management 232 Chapter 18 Environmental Communication and Education 242 PART III IMPLEMENTATION
Chapter 19 Implementation Framework 252 Chapter 20 BCS Core Programmes 260 Chapter 21 Implementation: Roles and Responsibilities 270 Chapter 22 Resource Mobilization for the BCS 292 Chapter 23 Monitoring Implementation and Assessing Sustainability 306 Appendices 312 Maps 332 Bibliography 346
Acronyms and Ab b r e v i a t i o n s
AD B Asian Development Bank GE F Global Envi r onment Fac i l i t y
AD P B Ar ea Development Prog ramme Balochi s tan GI S Ge o g raphical Information System
AZ R C Arid Zone Res e a r ch Centre Go P Go vernment of Pak i s tan
BAP Bi o d i ve r sity Action Plan for Pak i s tan HI T E Hab Industrial and Trading Estat e
BC C & I Ba l o ch i s tan Chamber of Commerce and Industr y IE E Initial Envi ro n m e n t al Exam i n a t i o n
BC I A P Ba l o ch i s tan Community Irrigation and Agri c u l t u r e IM P LA N Imp r oving the Systems for Development Planning in Pro j e c t Ba l o ch i s tan
BC S Ba l o ch i s tan Conservation Str a te g y IU C N IU C N - The World Conservation Uni o n
BD A Ba l o ch i s tan Development Auth o r i t y IWA S R I In t ernational Wat erlogging and Salinity Res e a r ch In st i t u t e BI D A Ba l o ch i s tan Irrigation and Drainage Auth o r i t y LB & R D D Local Bodies and Rural Development Departm e n t BM I A D P Ba l o ch i s tan Minor Irrigation and Agri c u l t u r e De velopment Proj e c t LCC & I Lasbela Chamber of Commerce and Industr y
BN R M P Ba l o ch i s tan Natural Res o u r ce Management Proj e c t LI E D A Lasbela Industrial Estat e Development Auth o r i t y
Bo S Bu r eau of Stat i st i c s M& E Mo n i t oring and Eval u a t i o n
BP E D P Ba l o ch i s tan Primary Education Devel o p m e n t NCS National Conservation Str a te g y Pro gr a m m e NE Q S National Envi ro n m e n t al Quality Stan d a rd s BRU WA S Ba l o ch i s tan Rural Wat er and Sanitation proj e c t NG O Non - G o ver n m e n t al Organ i z a t i o n BWAS A Ba l o ch i s tan Wat er and Sanitation Agen c y NOR A D Nor wegian Agency for Development Cooperation BWR Bu r eau of Wat er Res o u rc e s NW F P Nor th Wes tern Frontier Provi n c e CB O Community Based Organ i z a t i o n P& D D Planning and Development Departm e n t DF I s De velopment Finance Insti t u t i o n s PAS Pover ty Alleviation Str a te g y , 199 9 DM D Di re c to r a t e of Mineral Devel o p m e n t PE P A Pak i s tan Envi ro n m e n t al Protection Act EE Z Exc l u s i v e Economic Zone PS D P Public Sector Development Progr a m m e EI A Env i ro n m e n t al Impact Assessment QD A Qu et t a Development Auth o r i t y EP A Env i ro n m e n t al Protection Agen c y QM C Qu et t a Municipal Corporation ES CA P Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the SP C S Sarhad Provincial Conservation Str a te g y Pac i fi c WAP D A Wat er and Power Development Auth o r i t y FAO Food and Agri c u l t u r e Organ i z a t i o n
Balochistan Conservation Strategy v
Gl o s s a r y
Katchi abadi Unauthorized and unplanned human settlement (mostly) slum areas lacking civic amenities
Barani Rainfed
Bunds Embankments
Hamun Seasonal wetland or playa
Hor Bay
Jirga Council of tribal elders
Karez Underground water channel
Kaur River
Khushkaba Rainfed agriculture
Mazri Dwarf palm, its foliage is generally used for making handicrafts and mats
Nullah Water channel/stream
Rabi Winter cropping
Sailaba Agricultural landform irrigated through hill torrents
Ulema Religious scholars
Balochistan Conservation Strategy vii
Pr e f a c e
he Balochistan Conservation Strategy is a strategic plan designed to define and address the issues affecting the Tsocio-economic development of Balochistan, through the sustainable use of its natural resources. In many ways, it can be termed as a sustainable development agenda of the province that promises regeneration and sustainable use of ecological resources and continued economic development with active participation from the people of Balochistan. The need for developing the BCS arose because of, all the provinces of Pakistan, Balochistan has a high rate of depletion of resources. The conventional top-down development approaches with their command and control implementation have met with limited success. Institutional weaknesses have been predominant due to poor participatory planning and decision-making that has constrained appropriate prioritization of goals and the proper use of limited resources. A n other major need was to ta ke an inte gr a ted view of th e main issues and to pre p a re a framework that did not c o mp romise one solution at the cost of anoth e r. The BCS wa s d eveloped th rough a ro b u st part i c i p a to ry planning pro c e s s spanning th ree ye a rs. It took as its baseline the Na t i o n a l C o n s e rvation St r a tegy developed by the federal gove r n m e n t , while building on the experiences of the Sarhad Prov i n c i a l C o n s e rvation St r a tegy exe rcise underta ken by the NWFP g overnment. The BCS aims to devise ways and means to we ave e nv i ronment and natural re s o u rce conservation with d evelopment and to recommend an institutional framewo r k that will bring ow n e rship, sustainability and efficiency in m a n a gement of these vital endow m e n t s . The strategy is not carved in stone, rather, it is a living and evolutionary document. It will be important to learn lessons during implementation and capture them at mid term review of BCS implementation five years from now for refining direction and improving implementation. Given political will and the marrying of other major initiatives such as the Poverty Alleviation Strategy, the Social Action Programme and the Devolution Plan, the BCS offers a common platform for joint action towards a prosperous, healthy and economically viable Balochistan and eventually, Pakistan. Certainly, its implementation will enable Balochistanís resources to achieve a level of sustainability that can secure the future for many generations to come.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy ix
Ac k n o w l e d g e m e n t s
he development of the Baloch i stan Conserva t i o n St r a tegy was a team eff o rt spanning four ye a rs. This Te n tailed constituency building, the establishment of m u l t i - s e c toral and multi-sta keholder inte re st groups and c o n s u l tations at the district and provincial levels. The vo i c e s h e a rd we re bolste red th rough a ëBCS frameworkí, th e commissioning and rev i ew of 15 Background Pa p e rs, and comments on fi ve drafts of the document itself. The sta ke h o l d e rs included politicians, federal and prov i n c i a l g overnment agencies, armed forces, civil society inst i t u t i o n s , the priva te secto r, media, academia, ulema, tribal elders and community leaders, and donors. All in all 4,000 sta ke h o l d e rs re p re s e n ted the people of Baloch i stan in 125 meet i n g s , wo r kshops and training events. Their eff o rts we re a ck n owl e d ged by the provincial Cabinet which approved th e BCS on May 19, 2000. The development of the BCS was guided and supervised by a Steering Committee ch a i red by the Additional Chief Secreta ry ( D evelopment) and composed of members from gove r n m e n t a gencies, the priva te sector and civil society institutions. The guidance provided by Ata Muhammad Jafe r, Muhammad Younas Khan Mandokhel, Major (Retd) Nadir Ali and Ahmed Bukhsh Lehri as Additional Chief Secreta ry (Development) and chair of the Steering Committee is gr a te f u l ly ack n owl e d ged. Taj Muhammad Faiz, Ahmed Khan Khaj a k, Mian Anwar- u l - H a q Badar and Muhammad Azam Kasi, as the Chief of Section ( E nv i ronment), coord i n a ted this exe rcise within the P&D D e p a rtment and with the line departments. The EPA B a l o ch i stan associated itself closely th roughout this exe rc i s e . A.Z.K. Sherdil, Shahid Hussain, Muhammad Younas Khan Mandokhel, Abdul Hakeem Baloch, Mirza Qamar Baig and Maj o r ( Retd) Muhammad Ashraf Nasir ove rs aw the development of the BCS and had provided insight in political management of the pro c e s s . The Chief Executives of the province Mr. Zulfiqar Magsi, Mr. Akhtar Mengal, Mir Jan Muhammad Jamali and the Governor Justice (Retd) Amir-ul-Mulk Mengal have taken keen interest in the development of the BCS. The interest and insight of the Governor and the Cabinet members, especially Sardar Wazir Ahmed Jogezai, Minister for Environment, Wildlife, Livestock, Forest, Agriculture, Cooperatives, Tourism, Food and Fisheries, reflected in the reading, debating and approval of the BCS document is gratefully acknowledged. It is not possible to acknowledge a very large number of contributors individually. However, their contributions are collectively acknowledged as inputs from the various fora they were part of, including: n Steering Committee members (Appendix 2).
Balochistan Conservation Strategy xi Acknowledgements
n Members of 13 open-ended interest groups on T h a n ks must be given to the BCS team: Julian Thomas water, forests and biodiversity, livestock and I n glis, who wrote parts one and two of the document; rangelands, agriculture, fisheries and coastal Iqbal A. Kidwai for building the BSC constituency and development, minerals and mining, industry, urban managing the public consultation; Dr. Fauzia Deeba environment, cultural heritage and tourism, Ta reen, Communication and Education Coord i n a to r, environmental health, NGOs, environmental and Nadir Gul, NGO & Gender Coord i n a to r, in deve l o p i n g communication and environmental education- their re l evant constituencies and invo lving them in th e actively participated in the entire process. BCS process. Usman Qazi assisted as the NG O n The men and women who participated in the C o o rd i n a tor in the early days while Hamid Sarf r a z , consultative meetings in Gwadar, Kech, Lasbela, D o c u m e n tation Specialist managed to pull all Nasirabad, Mastung, Quetta, Pishin, Ziarat and Zhob comments into the BCS Background Pa p e rs and th e districts; and the interest, assistance and document itself. cooperation of the Deputy Commissioners in IUCN Pakistanís contribution through Muhammad organizing and participating in the meetings is Rafiq, IUCN Country Representative for Pakistan and recognized. Nikhat Sattar, Director Programmes is acknowledged. n Authors of the BCS Background Papers The Communications Unit played a role through (Appendix 3) for writing and revising the papers Saneeya Hussain, Dhunmai Cowasjee, Amber Hak and based on several consultations; Azhar Saeed. Not least is the contribution of Ms. Aban n The participants of the provincial workshops Marker Kabraji, the current IUCN Regional Director for who represented a cross-section of civil society in Asia, who hails from Quetta. It was her dream that Balochistan. Balochistan should have a framework for environmental n Donor-funded projects for sharing information, protection and sustainable development and this experiences and lessons learnt. The contributions document is testimony to that. received from the UNDP's Technical Assistance The financial assistance provided by the Team to the Area Development Programme Government of Holland through the Royal Netherlands Balochistan, led by Dr. Choudhry Muhammad Embassy, Islamabad is gratefully acknowledged. Special Yousaf, is appreciated. thanks are due to Mr. E.C. Kengen and Mr. Aart van der IUCN Pa k i stan, th rough the BCS Support Unit led Horst, for their keen interest and cooperation. by Mr. Abdul Latif Rao, Senior Pro gramme Dire c to r, Finally, many thanks are due to Linda Stark who s u p p o rted the entire BCS process and document. edited the document.
xii Balochistan Conservation Strategy Acknowledgements
Steering Committee
Additional Chief Secretary (Development) Chairman Planning and Development Department, Government of Balochistan
Secretary Member Environment, Wildlife, Livestock, Forests and Tourism Department, Government of Balochistan
Secretary Member Agriculture, Cooperatives, Food and Fisheries Department, Government of Balochistan
Secretary Member Education, Culture, Sports and Youth Affairs Department (S e c r e t a r y , Information, Culture and Sports Department before October 29, 1999), Government of Balochistan
Secretary Member Finance Department, Government of Balochistan
Chief Executive Member Balochistan Rural Support Programme
Country Representative Member IUCN Pakistan
President Member Balochistan Chamber of Commerce and Industries
Chairman Member Society for Torghar Environmental Protection
Chairperson Member Female Education Trust
Balochistan Conservation Strategy xiii
Executive Summary
he Baloch i stan Conservation St r a tegy (BCS) wa s p re p a red by the government of Baloch i stan with th e Tte chnical assistance of IUCN–The World Conserva t i o n Union. It is the product of th ree ye a rs of wo r k. It invo lved a great deal of discussion with all those who have a sta ke in th e f u t u re of the province. It was recognized from the outset that th e re could be no ’qu i ck fix’ for the problems of wa te r s u p p ly, rapid urbanization, and the deterioration of r a n gelands and their natural re s o u rces. Dealing with th e c o mp l ex issues confronting the province will re qu i re a c o n c e rted pro gramme of action for many ye a rs to come. The BCS focuses on an action pro gramme to be imp l e m e n te d over the next 10 ye a rs . The re p o rt has th ree parts. The fi rst (Chapte rs 1 and 2) p rovides the rationale, process, and framework for the BCS. It includes a key section on principles, goals, and objectives. The second and more substantial part (Chapte rs 3–18) conta i n s the ’building blocks’ of the st r a te g y. The th i rd part (Chapte rs 19–23) is concerned with how the st r a tegy will be i mp l e m e n ted, re s o u rces mobilized, and pro gress assessed.
PART I: BACKGROUND
B a l o ch i stan has a rich histo ry dating back to the Stone Age . Then, as now, people depended on the natural re s o u rces of this arid region. B a l o ch i stan led the world in the domestication of native plants and animals that now form the basis of th e a gro p a storal systems and settlement patterns we see to d ay. The government is determined to ach i eve prosperity and p ro gress for the people of Baloch i stan. It intends to ach i eve this th rough the optimal use of re s o u rces, new policy i n i t i a t i ves, financial discipline, and balanced inter- s e c t oral and in te r- r egional deve l o p m e n t . The Ninth Fi ve -Year Plan recognizes that pro gress and p rosperity cannot be measured in economic or moneta ry terms alone. It also has to do with access to health care , education, and basic civic amenities. It entails giving citizens an o p p o rtunity to influence public policy. They must be p a rticipants in decision-making on th e d evelopment and use of natural re s o u rc e s . The BCS places particular emphasis on the need to p rotect the natural env i ronment. It is a st r a tegic plan, p re p a red th rough a part i c i p a to ry process, designed to defi n e and confront the issues facing the socio-economic d evelopment of the province based on the sustainable use of its natural re s o u rc e s .
Balochistan Conservation Strategy xv Executive Summary
The BCS comes at an imp o rtant time in th e i n ternational dimension to the st r a te g y. Baloch i stan is p rov i n c e’s development. In March 1999, th e bounded by Iran and Afghanistan and by the Arabian g overnment released a Pove rty Alleviation St r a te g y Sea. It shares many re s o u rces with its neighbours , ( PAS) for the province. The PAS is ta rgeted at th e including wate r , fish, and wildlife, and is conscious of e st i m a ted 70% of the population and its focus is its responsibilities as a stewa rd of th e s e d evelopment. Emphasis is placed on incre a s i n g t r a n s b o u n d a ry re s o u rces. Pa k i stan is a signato ry to p roduction and ex p o rts in the agr i c u l t u re, live sto ck, m a ny international agreements and is active in fisheries and industrial secto rs. Ach i ev i n g f u l filling its obligations under numerous env i ro n m e n ta l d evelopment objectives and dealing effe c t i ve ly with and conservation conve n t i o n s . p ove rty depends, for at least the next decade, on th e ability to manage natural re s o u rces in a susta i n a b l e manner and to conserve the env i ronment. This is P r o c e s s w h e re the need for a st r a tegic plan comes to the fore in underpinning the gove r n m e n t’s atte mpts to A high-level Steering Committee guided th e reconcile its env i ronment and development objective s . d evelopment of the BCS. This committee is ch a i re d by the Additional Chief Secreta ry (Development). Its m e m b e rs are the secretaries of prov i n c i a l Points of Departure g overnment departments and re p re s e n ta t i ves of th e p r i va te sector and civil societ y. The process invo lve d E vents at the provincial, national and inte r n a t i o n a l building a broad constituency of support for th e l evel provide the context, precedents and momentum p reparation and imp l e m e n tation of the BCS. The for the development of the BCS. The reality is th a t p rocess re a ched out to local people th rough a series for much of its recent histo ry, Baloch i stan has been of dist r i c t - l evel public consultation meet i n g s . c o n f ro n ted with major env i ro n m e n tal ch a l l e n ges. The B a ckground papers we re pre p a red, mainly by local s h o rta ge of wa ter and degraded past u res and fore st s a u th o rs. Close working relationships we re deve l o p e d h ave been the subjects of concern for decades. w i th re l a ted projects and pro grammes. The re a l S ettlements are ch a r a c terized by poor planning, st re n g th of the process came from the wide c o n ta m i n a ted wa ter supplies, inefficient or non- sta keholder participation in numerous groups set up ex i stent sanitation and wa ste management serv i c e s to consider and debate issues dealt with in th e and air pollution. The situation is getting wo rse as th e st r a te g y. The BCS process has gone a long way population expands and urbanization accelerate s . towa rds developing a part i c i p a to ry culture in I n te rventions in the natural re s o u rce sector have been d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g . n u m e rous, ex te n s i ve and ex p e n s i ve since at least th e P ro b a b ly the single most imp o rtant outcome of 1950s. Neve rtheless, when the government of th e the process was the development of principles, goal Netherlands published an Env i ro n m e n tal Pro fi l e and objectives. The overall goal of the st r a tegy is th e B a l o ch i stan in 1992, it drew attention to a grow i n g well-being of the people and ecosystems in and widespread concern about the sta te of th e B a l o ch i stan. Based on the underlying principles agre e d e nv i ronment and the sustainability of the prov i n c e’s on, the objectives of the BCS are : natural re s o u rces. Clearly, sectoral inte rventions on n p roviding a framework and st r a tegic plan for their own have not produced the desired results. On c o n s e rvation of the env i ronment and susta i n a b l e the basis of that re p o rt, the government of use of natural re s o u rc e s ; B a l o ch i stan announced its intention to develop a n p ro m oting behavioural ch a n ge for the prote c t i o n c o n s e rvation st r a te g y. of the env i ronment, biodive rsity and natural In 1992, the Pa k i stan National Conserva t i o n re s o u rc e s ; St r a tegy (NCS) was approved. The NCS set out a 10 - n fa c i l i tating bet ter access to information for year env i ro n m e n tal action plan for Pa k i stan. Most i mp roved decision-making at all levels; and i mp o rtant, it recognized the imp o rtance of n i mp roving mechanisms for pro m oting public i mp l e m e n tation at the provincial level. Prov i n c i a l awa reness and popular support for th e c o n s e rvation st r a tegies are to be based on th e s u stainable use of re s o u rc e s . o b j e c t i ves, priorities and recommendations of th e The principles, goal and objectives are of NCS, adapted to the needs, potentials and aspirations f u n d a m e n tal significance. If development conforms to of the people in each province. There is an imp o rta n t these, then the prospects for a sustainable future for
xvi Balochistan Conservation Strategy Executive Summary
the province is assured. They will guide th e m ajor overland access ro u tes from Europe to South p reparation, planning, and imp l e m e n tation of all Asia and is a vital link in future transporta t i o n d evelopment pro grammes in the social, economic and c o r r i d o rs from the Central Asian Republics to th e natural re s o u rce secto rs . Arabian Sea. Baloch i stan shares river basins and gro u n d wa ter re s o u rces with Iran and Afghanistan. It is l o c a ted on the migration ro u tes of economically and PART II: b i o l o g i c a l ly imp o rtant wildlife populations. It has a m ajor sta ke in and responsibility for coastal and marine THE BUILDING re s o u rces of the Arabian Sea. Mo u n t ains dominate the terrain, and val l e y flo o r s BLOCKS OF THE BCS and piedmont plains make up only 15% of the landscape. It is these two landforms on which most human The BCS is constr u c t ed from a series of linked ‘building se ttlements, farms, and roads are developed. Acc u r a t e bl o c ks’. Each block can be read independently of the and detailed information on land use is hard to fin d . othe r s, and offer s the best available information on the Land use in only half of the province has been rep o r ted , subject, a discussion of issues and trends, and a section and in some districts it amounts to less than 20%. Key entitled ‘The Way Ahead’. This is the action plan for issues include a lack of awar eness about the poten t i a l dealing with these issues and trends. Exten s i v e and limitations of the land; a poor or absent information ba c kground information is provided for several rea s o n s . base; several incompl e tel y developed land classific a t i o n It gives a factual account of the subject based on the sy stems; a continuing controver sy over the impact of be s t available and most up-to- d a t e qua n t i ta t i v e data and grazing on processes of deserti f ication; and a compl ex , gen e r a l l y accepted set of facts. It provides a point of po o r l y understood land own e r ship system . de p a rt u r e for the discussion of issues and trends and Dealing with these issues will require introducing a for the action agenda that follows. It also serves as a comprehensive and integrated land use planning refe r ence for assessing future cha n g es in the subject process. Decisions on land use and development will ar ea. Having all of the information in one place is take account of the needs of the people, the national imp o r tant in a largel y oral culture, where persp e c t i ve s interest, and the importance of taking advantage of on issues var y widely and where rep o r ts may not the province’s geopolitical location in respect of Central gen e r a l l y be available to all stake h o l d e rs . Asia. Traditionally, decision-making has been most The fir st blocks of Par t II deal with the res o u r ce base effective at the local level. The process will be geared on which the population subsists: land, wate r , to participatory, local decision-making, with national bi o d i ve rs i t y , the coastal zone, the atmosphere, and needs and regional development set in that context. minerals and energy . The next two blocks on industr y This approach is in line with the wishes of the and urban envi r onment revi e w the potential of the communities and is consistent with the decentralization pr ovince for sustainable development based on its of decision-making, devolution of power to district natural res o u r ces. The following thr ee blocks look at the level, the strengthening of local bodies, and relationship betw een people and their envi r onment in empowerment of local communities. The process and terms of health, population and povert y , and cultural institutional arrangements will ensure that information he r i ta g e. The final fiv e blocks look at key elements for flows freely to those who require it and that the successful understanding, acceptance, and responsibility and accountability is in local hands. The imp l e m e n t ation of the str a te g y : governance, the role of first and most important step is involving stakeholders civil society organizations, gender and devel o p m e n t , from the beginning in the planning process. A Land Use information management, and envi ro n m e n ta l Planning Commission will oversee the process. communication and education. A second, related activity will be the preparation of an Electronic Resource Atlas of Balochistan. This will be a groundbreaking initiative that will literally put Land Balochistan on the map. It will be an invaluable tool for land use planners, resource managers, and the B a l o ch i stan is the large st province of Pa k i sta n , development community. The Atlas will capitalize on the c overing an area of 347,200 squ a re kilomet res. It large amount of existing information and expertise occupies a st r a tegic location in the context of within the province. It will be used to identify and fill re s o u rc e - r i ch Central Asia. The province commands information gaps on the distribution of renewable and
Balochistan Conservation Strategy xvii Executive Summary
non-renewable resources. The Atlas can readily be research and extension services, training in the use of distributed and updated. agrochemicals, and reorienting and improving service A much-neglected characteristic of Balochistan is delivery at the community level. its seismic activity. Earthquakes and tsunamis have Range-based livestock production systems are one shaped the history of the province and have had a of the major sources of livelihood for people in rural profound effect on people and property. Balochistan is areas. Rangelands constitute 79% of the total area of located on several active faults. A risk assessment will the province. There may be more than 20 million sheep be undertaken as an input to development planning and and goats – six times the estimated carrying capacity. emergency preparedness measures. This would include Animals are low in productivity and prone to a variety coastal areas, where major port development is of diseases. The uplands of Balochistan are anticipated, and areas where water control schemes characterized by flocks of sheep and goats and the are planned. seasonal movements of the people who tend them. It is About 6% of the land is currently being cultivated, a traditional way of life, full of cultural and social mostly in small landholdings. Agriculture is the mainstay traditions and characterized by established seasonal of the economy and employs 67% of the total work- migratory patterns. It is more than a romantic image. force. Approximately 60% of cultivated land is under These people may have few options open to them. dryland farming. These crops give poor yields but are They are not organized and have no voice in resource important in the subsistence economy. It is the management. It is a way of life that is very susceptible orchards in the upland valleys that produce the highest to unintended changes as a result of development returns. The production of orchards per unit of land activities. Pastoralists have an intimate knowledge of fetches three to four times the income of grain or the land and its resources. Understanding their cultures vegetable crops. may provide some answers to the issues of overgrazing At intermediate elevations (500–1,500 metres) and desertification and provide some strategies for where there is perennial water and a marketing ameliorating the situation and reversing these trends. infrastructure, farmers can produce off-season The str a t egy calls for the development of a policy vegetable crops that command a premium price in on nomadic and transhumant pastoralism to ensure the major urban areas. In valleys above 1,500 metres, su s tainability of these life- st y les, to understand it bette r , farmers can obtain significant returns from fruit and to enhance the flo w of benefits that flo w from it. production if irrigation water is available. The promise This invol ves privatizing and setting up veter i n a r y of high returns has promoted the shift to irrigated se r vices where and when people need them. It means agriculture. There has been a tremendous increase in ob t aining fair prices for prod u c e r s, prom o ting security land brought under irrigation since 1985. This has been of ten u r e, working with pastor a l i s ts to impr ove range made possible through the increase in the number of ma n a g ement practices based on traditional practices tubewells and additional surface water from the Indus. su c h as pargorh, and applying the lessons learned from Investment in groundwater abstraction is high and al m o s t 50 yea r s of range science in Balochi s tan . orchards have proliferated. Provincial revenues have increased by over Rs. 12 billion since 1985 from orchards, grain crops and vegetables. Freshwater Resources There are many issues of concern in the agricultural sector. The most pressing, however, relate It comes as no surprise that a reliable supply of water is to the heavy and inefficient use of water and the central to the sustainable development of this arid extensive, often indiscriminate use of agrochemicals. region. Problems of water shortages affect every living There are more than 21,000 tubewells in operation, thing and every human endeavour. Access to water is contributing to the rapid decline in groundwater fundamental to the growth and prosperity of the reserves. Irrigation systems operate at 45% efficiency province. What is surprising is that very little planning due to poor maintenance of channels, field losses, and has been done to ensure that water resources are used overirrigation. All aspects of agrochemical use, including and developed in a sustainable manner. handling, storage, use, and disposal, are cause for While data are deficient in many respects, the basic concern. Little attention has been paid to integrated facts are fairly well known. The bottom line is that pest management approaches. The strategy for within the next 50 years, over 90% of all available agriculture includes measures to improve water sources will be fully used, with 86% of this dedicated to management practices and marketing, provision of agriculture. All of the province’s share of Indus waters
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will be used, together with all of the groundwater Th e r e is a rich tradition of wat er rights and local reserves and most of the water from surface runoff wat er res o u r ce management in Balochi s tan. Local and floods. Harnessing flash floods will be an enormous people can provide considerable insights into what to challenge. In cities such as Quetta, the gap between this point has largel y been the subject of mathe m a t i c a l supply and demand is growing rapidly. The collapse of models. The Wat er Board will consult widely with local the water supply predicted in 1992 in the people in developing management plans and will tak e Environmental Profile Balochistan is a spectre that now ad va n ta g e of effec t i v e and efficient wate r looms very large. ma n a g ement practices where the y exi s t or can be The major issues that must be tac kled are rei n t r oduced. Wate r shed reh a b i l i t ation and managem e n t grou n d wa t er mining and the inefficient use of the will be given priority attention. The specific needs will be res o u r ce. The str a t egy will be to manage grou n d wa te r assessed on a basin-by-basin basis, at the val l e y level . on a sustainable use basis. If prop e r l y managed, the The major task for the Wat er Board will be to work with res o u r ce will be available in the long term. Shifting from local people to rea c h consensus on the nature of the the present practice of grou n d wa t er mining to pr oblem, and to get their assistance in solving it. su s tainable use requ i r es a great deal of planning. It also means evaluating some current practices, such as the use of delay action dams, to ensure that human and Biodiversity financial res o u r ces are effic i e n t l y and effec t i ve l y de p l o yed. Agri c u l t u r e places the heavi e s t demand on Ba l o ch i s tan is rich in biodivers i t y . Wide variations in the res o u r ce. The str a t egy recommends that all ph ysical fea t u r es and climate have produced divers e stake h o l d e r s work tog ether to develop a clear vision for landscapes, ecosystems and habitats that are impo r tan t the future of irrigat ed agri c u l t u r e in the province for to the national and global heritag e. Much of the provi n c e the next 5–25 yea r s. A rou n d t able will be estab l i s h e d remains poorly invest i ga t ed. Systematic knowle d g e of for the purpose. The development of a sense of vision the flora remains incompl e te and a compre h e n s i v e is urgen t l y needed at a time when some orcha r d own e r s an a l ysis of endemicity and species distribution and ar e cutting down their trees due to lack of economic abundance has not been compl e ted. What is certain is viability or lack of wate r , while othe r s are busy instal l i n g that Balochi s tan is one of the most impo r tant wildlife ne w wells and planting more fruit tree s . regions of Pak i s tan, and contains a large number of A sovereign Balochistan Water Board will be species not found elsewh e r e in the country. established initially for Pishin Lora Basin by expanding Ba l o ch i s tan has one of the larges t blocks of juniper the mandate of the recently established Provincial (Juniperus excelsa) fores ts in the world. They cover Water Management Authority and restructuring or ap p r oxi m a te l y 141,000 hectar es. The most exte n s i v e and linking the existing water related bodies to improve be st - k n o wn exam ples are found in the Ziarat and water management. The jurisdiction of this Board will Za r ghoon val l e ys, which occur at elevations betwe e n be expanded to other river basins. Ideally, there should 1,980 – 3,350 metr es. Growing conditions are harsh. The be one Board for each of the 14 river basins in tr ees are ver y slow growing. Conseque n t l y, these forest s Balochistan. The Board will have sweeping powers to ar e believed to be among the primitive in the wor l d . deal with what is a major crisis. It will be supported by a The province also has some of the world’s finest Technical Committee, and a lead agency e.g. Irrigation wetland habitats. These are small in number and extent, and Power Department will be designated to collect, but have enhanced value when viewed in the maintain, and distribute information on supply, demand, perspective of an arid environment. They attract a and quality of water. The Board will develop and variety of waterfowl including swans, geese, ducks, implement management plans; decide on the issuance grebes, herons, and several species of waders. Zangi of water licenses; monitor enforcement of laws; Nawar Lake in Chagai District is a wetland of recommend comprehensive water policy and enabling international importance. legislation; oversee research, and monitoring and T h e re are four species of th re a tened mammals in evaluation programmes; and ensure that environmental B a l o ch i stan. Two are critically endange red – th e impact assessments are carried out for all major water B a l o ch i stan black bear and the Chiltan markhor. Two projects. The Board will focus on addressing the issue species are endange red – the st r a i g h t - h o r n e d of groundwater depletion in upland districts, promoting markhor and the urial. There are many imp o rta n t irrigation efficiency, harnessing surface runoff and species of migr a to ry birds. The Chagai Desert hosts a sustainable water development. u n i que assemblage of re ptiles including six endemics
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and at least six oth e rs found only in the re g i o n . ki l o m et r e-long coastal belt in Baloch i stan is beyond th e Among the marine species, the status of th e pale. Wi th the exc e ption of the shrimp fi s h e ry, it is a e n d a n ge red green turtle, the vulnerable mars h p o o r ly known and often negl e c ted area. Yet it is one c rocodile, and sea snakes is uncertain. There are a of the most imp o rtant areas of the province. In number of endemic species of fresh wa ter fish. Less G wadar district, the 600-kilomet re coast is well known is the dive rsity of crop plants, live sto ck ch a r a c terized by re m ote bays, beaches, and headlands. and wild re l a t i ves of crop plants. These provide natural harbours around which 35 The protected areas system consists of two fishing communities have developed. This coast is also national parks, 14 wildlife sanctuaries, and eight game imp o r tant for many species of wildlife, including reserves. It adds up to 5.3% of the province. To this can t u rtles and migr a to ry birds. It is a rich, pro d u c t i ve, and be added five private game reserves and one l a rge ly unspoiled area. The Lasbela coastal belt, in close community conservation area. But with few exceptions p roximity to Ka r a chi, has two fishing villages and a the protected areas contain few, if any, of the animals m o re developed ch a r a c te r. There are two indust r i a l they were set up to protect. Competition with other e sta tes, a major power plant, and a ship-breaking ya rd . land uses such as agriculture and livestock grazing, A dam on the Hab River provides wa ter to Ka r a chi. A indiscriminate and uncontrolled hunting, and the re fi n e ry is being planned. removal of natural vegetation for fuel are some of the The sea is very much a mixed blessing for contributing factors. The indiscriminate use of Balochistan. On the one hand it provides a source of agrochemicals is a cause for concern. income, but on the other it can be a destructive force. The Biodiversity Action Plan for Pakistan provides Southwest monsoon winds, submarine topography, and the basis for action to address issues related to coastal orientation combine to promote the upwellings biodiversity. It sets out the steps to be taken to that result in this coastal zone being one of the most promote the conservation and sustainable use of productive in the world. But the coast is also Balochistan’s biodiversity. Key measures include: susceptible to wave attack during this period, and there n a comprehensive education and awareness is a continual process of erosion and deposition along programme; the coast. The coast has other problems, including n development of a biodiversity database; susceptibility to earthquakes, tsunamis, and oil pollution n community-based sustainable use programmes; and the salination of ground water. The coastal zone is n developing and strengthening the protected areas for the most part arid. Rain, when it does come, often system; results in devastating flash floods. n developing a policy for ex-situ conservation of The coastal areas, particularly in the Mekran, biodiversity; remain the least developed part of Pakistan, n developing an effective policy framework and notwithstanding their strategic importance and enabling legislation; and economic potential. Distances are large, the population n developing institutional capacity to manage small, water in short supply, the climate inhospitable, biodiversity. and road networks poor or non-existent. Electricity is The key to the success of these measures is the available in small number of coastal settlements and active participation of all stakeholders, especially the that too for a few hours each day. The federal and communities. This has been demonstrated in areas such provincial governments have responded with a as the Torghar Community Conservation Area, Qila comprehensive development plan. Elements include: Saifullah District; in Dureji Game Reserve; and in n a deep sea port at Gwadar; Hazarganji Chiltan National Park. Early attention will be n a coastal highway and national highways including given to conserving threatened and endemic species the one to central Asian countries; and important habitats such as the juniper, chilghoza, n upgraded airports; and mangrove forests; wetlands; and wintering and n coastal shipping and ferry services; staging areas for migratory birds. n new power plants; n a bulk liquid terminal at Mauza Damb; n dams on all rivers and streams for drinking water Coastal Zone and irrigation; n a desalination plant at Gadani; In any discussion of natural re s o u rces, the coastal zone n modern fishing equipment and infrastructure; is often an afte rthought. In fact, much of the 77 0 - n tree plantations;
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n introduction of goats and poultry; and major offshore fisheries development, oil and minerals, n new beach resorts. major ports, the opening up of the interior, and access Priority is given to a special development zone for to markets from central Asia. From a geopolitical Greater Gwadar City, the deep-sea port, and the coastal perspective, the area is one small part of a region road. Private activities under way include offshore dependent on the Arabian Sea for fisheries and exploration for oil and gas, planning for a transportation. petrochemical complex in Sonmiani Bay, and a major The goal of planning is to promote the sustainable new residential development and resort near Gwadar. development of resources, and not simply to zone it The key consideration is one of sustainability – how for various purposes or to limit human use. Addressing should the coast be developed consistent with the issues and trends and developing planning measures goals and objectives of the BCS? The plan does not means examining various ways of managing human use deal to any great extent with issues such as coastal of the area and evaluating alternative management erosion, degrading coastal and marine ecosystems, strategies. The first and foremost concern is declining water quality and pollution, overexploitation addressing poverty. Responses to the issues of coastal resources, endangered marine species and surrounding coastal development must give this the need for institutional capacity and legislation. The concern top priority. Planning is no substitute for intergovernmental and interdepartmental approach to action. Where needs have been identified, interventions the development of the Mekran package is will be planned. Perhaps the most pressing issue encouraging. But it falls short of an integrated concerns the fishery. The first step will be to reassess approach to resource management. There are no stocks of all economic species of fish and shellfish. The mechanisms to manage conflicting uses, to ensure that second step will be taking action to improve the measures are taken to protect the environment, or to present fishery, especially handling and processing the deal with emergencies such as oil spills, flooding, or catch. Other priorities may include: earthquakes. There have been many development n a pollution monitoring and oil spill response projects on the coast. A review of past experiences – programme; successes and failures – reinforces the need for an n emergency response preparedness; integrated approach to the management and n small-scale desalination plants; development of coastal resources. n protection of critical habitats and species, The development of an Inte gr a ted Coastal Zone cultural heritage, scenic landscapes and M a n a gement Plan (ICZMP) is now a top priority, recreational areas; re quiring the participation of all sta ke h o l d e rs . n alternative sources of energy; Guidelines for the preparation of a plan have been n town planning; d r awn up, and the stake h o l d e r s identified. Priority is to n pollution control; be given to the management of the Hab, Winder and n a local Agenda 21 for Gwadar City; and Gadani industrial areas; the sustainable use of coasta l n management plans for Hingol national park and marine re s o u rces; the sustainable use of fre s h wa te r potential Ramsar sites. re s o u rces; and conservation of natural capital. The plan can build on earlier scientific and te chnical wo r k by ESCAP in the 19 8 0 s . Atmosphere The ICZMP will differ from earlier technocratic approaches by fully involving the communities through The atmosphere provides the air to breathe, water for an extensive participatory planning process. This will drinking and agriculture, and a source of energy. The ensure that local priorities are identified and addressed. ecosystems we see today are an expression of a harsh An important first step in the process is the and demanding climate. They have evolved to meet development of a vision of the coastal zone in the these conditions and to persist during times of change. future. The vision has of necessity to be pragmatic. It As elsewhere, climate is changing but we know little has to accommodate local needs, national interest, and about how it will affect Balochistan. Mean sea level is international realities. Local needs are currently seen in rising and low-lying areas at Gwadar and Gadani may be the Mekran in terms of a healthy and expanding fishing affected, as well as lagoons and wetlands. Freshwater industry with some limited agricultural development. In resources along the coast may become saline. Long- Lasbela, the hope is for a thriving industrial economy in term changes in the abundance and distribution of the shadow of Karachi. The national vision is one of rainfall are not known. These have implications for
Balochistan Conservation Strategy xxi Executive Summary
agriculture, livestock, ecosystems and for the recharge many mineral-rich areas, and the effects on other of groundwater. Changes in winds affect marine users have not been assessed. productivity and the potential for energy generation. The strategy calls for the government and the The frequency and duration of dust storms and private sector to work together to resolve the many shifting dunes is also affected. obstacles faced by the mining sector under the present Re s o u rce planning and development pro gr a m m e s policy and regulatory environment. An environmental re qu i re continuous, detailed, high-quality re c o rds of review will be conducted for all mining activities in the m ete o rological data and the human and fi n a n c i a l province to assess the nature and extent of existing re s o u rces to develop, maintain, and use th e m and potential effects, determine what remedial action e ffe c t i ve ly. In Baloch i stan, both data and re s o u rces are is required, and provide a baseline for future s c a rce. This lack of reliable data is one of the maj o r monitoring activities. Environmental impact c o n straints in the scientific planning and susta i n a b l e assessments will be required for all proposed mining d evelopment of wa ter re s o u rces of the province. It operations, including the Saindak mine. Mitigation also constrains the analysis of trends in the periodicity measures will be developed, implemented, and and duration of droughts and ch a n ges in th e monitored. Assessments should include the socio- monsoons. We a ther fore c a sting systems are not in economic aspects of mine development, especially in place to fore c a st cyclones or to provide early wa r n i n g remote areas, and mine abandonment, clean up, and to people. monitoring. The position of IUCN’s World Commission Ba l o ch i s tan suffer s from poor air qua l i t y , especially on Protected Areas on mining in protected areas will be in urban centres such as Quett a. Airborne dust is a fac t adhered to. Planning for mineral exploration and of life every w h e r e. In the cities, the exh a u s t from heavy development will be an integral part of the land use tr a f fic trigger s the formation of smog during winter . planning and water basin management processes The key issues in terms of the atmosphere thus are: recommended in the BCS. n the effects of global warming and climate change; Balochistan has large reserves of natural gas and n lack of adequate, reliable meteorological data; coal, and accounts for 40% of the primary energy n the need for predictive climate models for production of Pakistan. Ironically, 80% of the energy agriculture, drought, and monsoons; needs of the province are met through the use of n the need for weather forecasting for land and biomass energy – firewood and dung cakes. An marine regions; and estimated 2 million tonnes of wood are burned each n the need to monitor and deal with poor air quality year. Gas consumption is low due to a limited supply of and air pollution. piped natural gas and liquid petroleum gas. Balochistan The strategy provides for the development and produces about 2 million tonnes of coal, most of which operation of an up-to-date network of meteorological is exported to the Punjab. About half of the villages in stations; an effective atmospheric environment Balochistan are electrified, but they, along with other service; and monitoring and control measures to consumers, suffer from frequent interruptions in combat air pollution in urban, rural and industrial areas. service. There have been many experiments with other forms of energy e.g. solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, but these have not amounted to anything so far. Minerals, Mining and Energy The provision of infrastr u c t u r e for the supply of electricity and gas is not cost- e f fec t i v e in rem o te rural Balochistan has enormous mineral potential. Factors ar eas. That means that alter n a t e approa c hes should be adversely affecting mineral exploration and sought. Wit h the exce p tion of coal, all the primary development are numerous. Among them are out-of- en e r gy sources, including petr oleum, gas and electricity, date mining methods, practices, and techniques, low ar e within federal jurisdiction, and the provi n c i a l recovery and inefficiency. At present the investment go vernment has not been invol ved in planning and climate is not attractive to international mining po l i c y -making. One reason for the slow growt h of the interests. Balochistan has yet to face the environmental in d u s trial sector has been the lack of an adequa t e and hazards associated with large-scale mining. dependable electricity supply. Private - s e c t or power Environmental assessments of proposed mining pr ojects supply electricity to the national grid but most ventures have yet to be carried out. Water is a major of it is not available to Balochi s tan. The grid suffer s factor to be addressed in any prospective mining fr om high transmission and distribution losses. In venture. A sustainable supply of water is not assured in response to the total demand of 460 megawatts, only
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285 megawatts are being supplied to Balochi s tan. The The st r a tegy for attaining sustainable indust r i a l de f icit is res o l ved thr ough unscheduled load shedding d evelopment will be based on lessons learned fro m and power shutdowns. This causes losses to businesses p revious eff o rts to develop the industrial sector and and damage to machi n e r y. Another issue is the in light of the above issues. It will focus on what th e sm u g g ling of petr oleum products from Iran. While p rovince does well and emphasize its comp et i t i ve cheaper than local products, the quality is poor, a d va n ta ges over other provinces. The aim will be to resulting in air pollution and damage to vehicle engines. e stablish industrial esta tes and training centre s Th r ee data sets will be assembled in support of a w h e re th e re are st rong links to sources of raw str a t egy for a sustainable energy sector : proven , m a terial and local entre p reneurial skills. Linka ges will po tential and possible res e r ves of energy ; prod u c t i o n ; be established with local, provincial, national and and consumption. The provincial and fed e r a l ex p o rt market s . go vernments will collaborate to develop a str a t egy for The st r a tegy will aim at the establishment of the energy sector based on the national policy of i n d u strial units that are specific to location, raw minimizing dependence on impo r ted oil and petro l e u m m a terial and indigenous te ch n o l o g y. The need for pr oducts, the efficient development and use of quality will be st ressed to meet the demands of th e in d i g enous res o u r ces, conservation of energy , and m a r ket. Export units will be encouraged to meet ISO op timizing the use of ren e wable energy res o u r ces. A key 9000 and 14000 sta n d a rds. Industrialization must ob j e c t i v e will be to provide people with suitab l e face the re s o u rce realities of the province. In al te r n a t i v es to the use of wood and dung cakes. The Q u et ta, for exa mple, the already ove r p o p u l a te d , en e r gy policy should str i v e for equity in the provision of p o l l u ted and wate r- s ta rved va l l ey cannot aff o rd any en e r gy and infrastr u c t u r e to a province that is energy - f u rther burden on its limited re s o u rces. Indust ry ri c h. Policies, prog rammes, and projects will be subject to should not comp ete with the domestic need for env i ro n m e n t al assessment. Production and transmission wa ter or further contribute to air pollution. Ra th e r, facilities will be requ i r ed to meet national envi ro n m e n ta l a reas such as this should capitalize on deve l o p i n g quality stan d a r ds, and all fuels will be tes ted to ensure ex i sting skills in the service secto r, add value to co m pliance with established stan d a r ds. Energy ex i sting products, encourage small-scale fa b r i c a t i o n co n s e r vation will be prom o ted thr ough impr ovements to and assembly, and enga ge in legitimate trade with in f r a st r u c t u r e, incentives, demonstration proj e c t s , central Asian market s . reg u l a to r y measures and public awar eness campa i g n s . Al te r n a t i v e energy sources will be tho ro u g h l y tes ted and in t r oduced, where cost- e f fec t i v e, to address the needs Urban Environment of energy- d e f icient area s . Urban areas are magnets for rural people seeking i mp roved socio-economic opportunities and access to Sustainable Industrial facilities and amenities. The perc e n ta ge of th e Development population living in urban areas increased from about 16% to 23% bet ween 19 51 and 1998 – a rate of 4.8% Industrial development is one of the pillars of the per annum. This comp a res with an overall population Poverty Alleviation Strategy. The success of this grow th rate of 2.42%. Trends indicate that th e component will depend on how efficiently and population of the province will re a ch 14 million by effectively the natural resources of the province can 2030, with 50% living in urban areas. Many of th e s e be used to generate income and provide jobs. The goal people will be attracted to the Quet ta area. Next to is to increase production in agriculture, livestock, wa ter supply, urbanization and the problems that it fisheries, and minerals sectors and the processing and brings is the bigge st ch a l l e n ge facing Baloch i stan. The marketing of their products. Some of the obstacles to issues faced in urban areas include: be overcome include the current investment climate n absence of, or uncoord i n a ted, deve l o p m e n t and the availability of credit, lack of infrastructure, an planning and adequ a te housing; assured supply of water, inadequate supply of qualified n i n a d e qu a te administration and enforc e m e n t; and trained human resources, the need for access to n s h o rta ge of wa te r; appropriate technology, low productivity, and heavy n c o n tamination of wa ter supplies; losses in key sectors such as agriculture, livestock, and n i n a d e qu a te sanitation, solid wa ste and effl u e n t fisheries. disposal fa c i l i t i e s ;
Balochistan Conservation Strategy xxiii Executive Summary
n air and noise pollution; and A look at some common indicators gives some n t r a ffic conge st i o n . indication of where the problems lie. Balochistan has a Reliable, qu a n t i ta t i ve information is not ava i l a b l e lower life expectancy than in other parts of the for most of the 18 large towns (those with more th a n country (57 for men; 56 for women). Vaccine 20,000 residents). In Quet ta, it is difficult to assess preventable diseases are still prevalent. Infant mortality the true sta te of municipal affa i rs and to analys e is high (112 per thousand live births), and many infant t rends with any degree of accuracy. The pro b l e m s deaths are linked to diarrhoea, malnutrition, and a re, howeve r, highly visible. By any account, cities such communicable diseases. The main environmental health as Quet ta have declined appre c i a b ly over the past problems arise from high levels of coliform bacteria, qu a rter- c e n t u r y. From being one of the cleanest and viruses and parasites in the water supply, even in deep a t t r a c t i ve cities in the subcontinent, Quet ta is wells. Other problems include hyperfluorosis (yellow- subsiding under the weight of its own pollution. brown discoloration of teeth), poisoning from food The process of urbanization can be slowed but contaminated by pesticides, and respiratory problems n ot reve rsed. Alleviating some of the fa c to rs th a t related to chronic air pollution. Patients with acute m ot i va te people to leave rural areas is one step. That respiratory tract infections crowd health outlets means providing jobs and delivering services such as throughout Balochistan. education, health, communications, wa te r, sanita t i o n Vector-control programmes have been only and energy at the community level. The partially successful. To add to the problems, pesticides i n d u strialization st r a tegy will have a big effect. Dealing such as DDT are commonly used. The careless handling w i th population grow th is a long-term pro c e s s , of agrochemicals pose a major health threat. Diseases p a rt i c u l a r ly in an area where cultural practices and such as cholera and malaria are on the rise. Mental traditions in favour of large families are st ro n gly held. health problems are also on the increase. The The str a t egy calls for the introduction of a underlying issues include lack of legislation and sy stematic urban planning process. It contains guidelines regulations, lack of education and awareness for preparing structural and master plans. There has to programmes, lack of training for health professionals, be fundamental cha n g e in the role that gover n m e n t and the absence of a health management system. pl a ys in the planning process. This will be accompl i s h e d To address these issues, the strategy proposes: by transforming the gover n m e n t ’s relationship with civil n an awareness campaign to promote understanding so c i e ty from that of being a controller and enforcer to of the link between a healthy environment and a that of being a fac i l i ta t or and enabler. Both must assist healthy population; and rei n f o r ce each othe r ’s effo r ts if services and utilities n development and enforcement of comprehensive ar e to be provided to all. Communities should be legislation and regulations covering all factors en c o u r a g ed to plan and manage their own area s , contributing to environmental health; co n s i s tent with their needs and wishes and in accorda n c e n improved co-ordination among departments and wi t h accepted planning stan d a r ds. The str a t egy provi d e s agencies dealing with various aspects of a compre h e n s i v e action plan for Quett a, which can serve environmental health; and as a model for other urban area s . n a strengthened institute of public health as the lead agency. Environmental Health Population, Poverty and Environmental health has not received much attention Environment in Balochistan so far. At this stage, attention is being given to preventive health primarily through The goal of the BCS is to prom o te the social and vaccination programmes, vector control, and disease- economic well-being of the people of Balochi s tan specific health education. While there is cause for thr ough the conservation and sustainable managem e n t concern about obvious health hazards such as of the province natural res o u r ces. The emphasis is on contaminated drinking water, poor sanitation, and people. Their relationship with the envi r onment and ineffective waste management programmes, there is res o u r ces is a compl e x one that needs to be assessed if little reliable, quantitative data to assess effects and the str a t egy is to be approp r i a t e. The role of pove rt y trends. Most of the information on the subject comes adds further compl ex i t y . In Balochi s tan, conven t i o n a l from the personal experiences of health workers. models of population, pover ty and envi r onment provi d e
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a basis for understanding and dealing with compl e x to establish a roundtable to elucidate the linkages in te r r elationships the dimensions of which have not among population, poverty, and environment and to been qua n t i f ied, the trends not clearly defined, and the help focus appropriate interventions in social and solutions not fully exp l o r ed or impl e m e n te d . economic programming. The present population is about 6.51 million. At the current growth rate it will reach 14 million by 2030. Currently, about half of the population is under the age Cultural Heritage of 15. Given high fertility rates, prevalent social and cultural traditions, and the limited reach of family Cultural herita ge is an imp o rtant component of th e planning programmes, particularly in rural areas, this BCS for two reasons: it underpins an intimate young population has the innate capacity to increase relationship bet ween humans and their env i ro n m e n t very rapidly. By some measures, poverty has declined in that spans many thousands of ye a rs and that pers i st s recent years, but the gap between the rich and poor to d ay, and it provides a basis for new directions of has widened. The literacy rate has improved to 27% but economic deve l o p m e n t . there are major disparities between the urban and rural Evidence of human presence in Baloch i stan date s populations, and between men and women. The literacy b a ck to the Pa l a e o l i thic era (100,000–40,000 BC). A rate among rural women – those who are primarily number of Ne o l i thic sites have been discove red dating responsible for many aspects of resource use – is b a ck to the eighth century BC. The most famous of currently less than 9%. these is Mehrgarh, which was occupied from about The impact this rapidly growing, poorly educated, 8000–2300 BC. These cultures evo lved into the we l l - poverty-stricken population will have on the k n own Indus va l l ey civilization. Exc avations at environment and how environmental conditions will in M e h rgarh gr a p h i c a l ly demonst r a te how culture s turn affect them has to be explored very carefully. It evo lved from hunting and ga thering to a settled agro - will be accorded high priority. Many simplistic p a storal system, based on the domestication of a relationships can be drawn but solutions have to be wide range of plants and animals. The cultural based in the realities on the ground. It is inevitable that landscape of Baloch i stan is still rich to d ay, manife ste d a growing population will increase the demand on living in tribal arts and crafts, music and dance. Nomadism is space and on food and water. But there are cultural still a prominent fe a t u re of life among the Baloch , and social dimensions that have to be factored into Pashtun and Brahvi with dist i n c t i ve seasonal patte r n s solutions if they are to be meaningful at the local level. and traditions. The cultural and social fabric of the province offers a In addition to the many archaeological sites th a t safety net for many but it is not certain how far this d ot the landscape, th e re are forts, tombs and gr ave s , net can be stretched. m o s ques and monuments. Ro ck art was re c e n t ly As is often the case, the poor get the blame for d i s c ove red in caves and ro ck shelte rs dating back the circumstances they find themselves in and for the 20,000–30,000 ye a rs. Although protection for th i s environmental damage that is seen. There is little h e r i ta ge is provided for under the Pa k i stan Antiqu i t i e s quantifiable evidence so far to support this view. For Act (1975) the land on which the majority of the site s example, nomadic pastoralism has been a way of life and monuments are found is private l y ow n e d . for centuries, practised in response to the distribution Ac quiring this land is not an easy ta s k, and many and abundance of range resources and to variations in p rovisions of the Act have not been imp l e m e n te d . climate that include periods of drought. The traditional S i tes are ge n e r a l ly unp rote c ted and most have farming system is likewise adapted. Certainly, d ete r i o r a ted over the passage of time or th ro u g h overgrazing is a problem and flocks are moving vandalism. To deal with these problems, the st r a te g y increasingly into marginal areas. This is more likely calls for the establishment of a forum, invo lving all related to a breakdown of traditional management sta ke h o l d e rs, to look at all fa c ets of conserv i n g structures and causes other than poverty. The cultural herita ge and to recommend an action plan to denudation of the natural vegetation for fuel is a deal with th e m . province-wide phenomena and is not limited to the From an economic development pers p e c t i ve, th e poor. There is a ready market for wood among all p a st and present cultures of Baloch i stan are sectors of the population. p ote n t i a l ly a magnet for to u r i sts from around th e The details of the government’s Poverty Alleviation world. In addition, Baloch i stan has many natural Strategy are reviewed in the BCS. The next step will be attractions, ranging from a large ly unspoiled seacoast
Balochistan Conservation Strategy xxv Executive Summary
to the high mountain ranges in the central and policies are in place, such as the Pakistan Environmental n o rthern parts of the province. But tourism in re c e n t Protection Act (1997), they are not implemented and ye a rs has not fa red well. The province has seen a gre a t enforced. The process of mobilizing information for deal of turbulence in its short histo ry, and most decision-making is described in detail in the chapter on i n ternational to u r i sts transit th rough the are a , Information Management. Issues surrounding the role stopping for a day or two in Quet ta. Tr avel th ro u g h o u t of civil society are dealt with in detail in the chapter on the province re qu i res prior government approva l , non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Participation w h i ch many to u r i sts are not pre p a red to deal with . also means engaging the private sector, something that Attractions are not well known, and in any event have is sorely lacking under the present system. few of the services and facilities that all but the most The problem is manifes ted in problems such as the serious trave l e rs demand. Clearly, a to u r i s m di s re ga r d for envi ro n m e n t al laws and stan d a rd s . d evelopment st r a tegy has to be developed, based on Acc o u n t ability includes prudence in the exer cise of the cultural, ecological, and scenic riches of th e au th o r i t y , transparency in decision-making, res p o n s i b i l i t y p rovince. Implementing the st r a tegy will re qu i re th e for the outcome, and a system to over see tha t c o n c e rted eff o rts of the government, priva te secto r, ac c o u n t ability is more than just a fig u r e of speech. and communities in order to publicize to u r i s m There are signs of improvement in all these areas, o p p o rtunities and provide tour packa ges at a sta n d a rd such as the formation of the Balochistan Environmental the modern traveler demands. Protection Council. Civil society organizations are becoming involved in this and other forums. The strategy for improving governance is based on a suite Governance, Institutions of measures under the heads of: and Capacity n policy and legal reforms; n devolution and empowerment; Good governance and public accountability are high on n institutional reform; ever yon e ’s list of priorities in Pak i s tan. Balochi s tan is no n upgrading knowledge and skills; exce p tion. These subjects came up time and again during n greater engagement of civil society; and public consultations and discussions among stake h o l d e rs . n transparency and accountability. Wit hout good governance and accountab i l i t y , the BCS Until a comprehensive policy framework is in place, ca n n o t succeed. Governance is used in the BCS to mean the BCS will form the basis for natural resource the system of decision-making and impl e m e n t ation as it conservation and sustainable development. High af fects people and the envi r onment the y live in. It priority will be given to legislative reforms required to en c o m passes the elements of capacity, the devol u t i o n bring the PEPA into effect and to update sectoral of power , access to information, participation of civil legislation. Development planning and implementation so c i et y , transparency and accountab i l i t y . will eventually be decentralized to the district level to Lack of capacity is perhaps the single most promote co-ordination of development interventions, important factor impeding the attainment of more efficient and effective delivery, and more sustainable development. There is both a lack of transparency and accountability. technical skills and expertise and a lack of knowledge at all levels of government and in civil society organizations. This is particularly so in the field of Non-Governmental environment. The capacity to monitor policies, Organizations programmes and projects is weak, and there is little accountability. NGOs have an important role to play within civil society Centralized decision-making is still the order of the in promoting policy development and implementation day. It involves the federal, provincial and local and in working with communities in urban and rural governments. While the policy framework at the development programmes. While the NGO sector has federal level is fairly strong, the provincial government grown fairly quickly in recent years, it has suffered has not developed policies geared to the needs of from lack of recognition and support. The sector is Balochistan. Instead, five-year plans are used to bridge characterized by its limited impact, gaps in strategic the gap. As a result, short-term, sectoral priorities focus, dearth of human resources, and absence of substitute for a comprehensive and integrated long-term sustainability. The thrust of development development policy framework. Where legislation and efforts seems to be concentrated on community
xxvi Balochistan Conservation Strategy Executive Summary
projects, the capacity building of community-based both. Change is possible, notwithstanding the cultural organizations and service delivery. There is a need to and social fabric of the province, as can be seen in promote institutions or organizations focusing on the coastal areas. Women have become engaged in many macro issues of development, at the level where sectors of the economy there and play a prominent decisions and policies are made. role in community affairs where men have migrated to NGO networks already exist in the province and play find work or are occupied in the fishing industry. a useful role for improving co-ordination and Strategies will be implemented to ensure that gender communication. These networks will be supported issues are addressed by: through: n giving support to women in existing roles, for n promoting understanding of their role and building example in collecting water and firewood, and in their potential; making domestic tasks easier to perform through n giving them access to relevant information; and the introduction of improved technologies; n providing platforms such as the BCS to n encouraging women to take on new roles in sectors communicate and influence policy-making such as livestock care, fish processing, renewable processes. energy, and water management, and ensuring they Li n ka g es betw een government and NGOs will be have equal access to training in these skills; stre n g t hened thr ough the creation of a rou n d ta b l e n involving women in the implementation of resource in vol ving government officials and rep re s e n ta t i v es of management and environmental programmes; and the netwo r k s. The establishment of a gover n m e n t - NG O n opening up more opportunities for women in net w ork is something the NGOs would welcome. To have institutions of government and civil society cre d i b i l i t y , however , this type of netw ork would only be organizations. es tablished where an enabling envi r onment is crea t ed in wh i c h the netw ork can influence policy decisions. NGO s can also benefit from increased netw orking with grou p s Information Management working in the international development aren a . NGOs suffer from a negative image as a result of a Managing natural resources effectively, and adopting few corrupt and wasteful organizations. The groups measures to protect the environment, means drawing need to put their own houses in order by adopting on as many sources of information and advice as prudent spending habits, by building trust with possible. Acquiring the right kinds of information and communities, the government, and donors, and by advice means asking the right questions, understanding adhering to practices of transparency and the answers, analysing the results, and comprehending accountability in all their activities. A Fund for the consequences of taking various courses of action. Sustainable Development would be established under Go vernment departments are commonly described the provisions of the Pakistan Envrionmental Protection as ’wate r tight compa rt m e n t s ’. That is to say, information Act (PEPA). This would provide some funding for NGO of all types is closely held by officials at all levels in the activities for protection of environment. A code of or ganization. In line with time-honoured administr a t i v e conduct should, however, be adopted to guide the use pro c e d u r es, responsibilities are closely defined and the of these funds. The NGO cause can be strengthened decision-making process is adapted to it. The principle of through strong and effective communication ‘need to know’ is closely followed. The concept of ’ri g h t strategies. to know’ is seldom accepted. The process militate s aga i n s t collective decision-making or a compre h e n s i v e or in te gr a t ed approa c h to dealing with issues. Gender, Development Balochistan is not particularly attuned to working and Environment with written materials. While the working language of government is English, the language of work and of the Most development interventions in Balochistan, for client groups may be one of several local languages. example in the agriculture and livestock sectors, have Finding copies of documents can be very difficult. At been designed to meet only the needs of men. Gender- the end of the day, the value of the vast numbers of sensitive development approaches are now being documents that have been produced over the years is introduced to look at the impact of development on greatly discounted. The ability of departments to both men and women and to tailor interventions to acquire, analyse and mobilize information for decision- ensure more equity in the roles and responsibilities of making varies widely. While the agriculture department
Balochistan Conservation Strategy xxvii Executive Summary
has the advantage of a province-wide network and res o u r ces must be opened up in support of access to the village level, the department of industries economic growt h. The objective of the policy wou l d has very few resources to get the information it needs. be to ensure that information needed for decision- Where information is collected, it is often of making is made available to all of those invol ved in a questionable value or relevance. Disagreement is ti m e l y fashion. The government should collaborate common among departments. The Bureau of Statistics wi t h all other stake h o l d e r s to mobilize information; itself does not produce statistics but reproduces n restructuring of the Bureau of Statistics; summaries of old data reported by the line n development of a policy that recognizes local departments. The Bureau has a broad mandate but has knowledge and that ensures it is given due never been structured, managed, directed, or attention in policy development, legislation and supported to function effectively. decision-making on the management of natural Steps are being taken to improve the flow of resources and conservation of biodiversity; and information within departments such as Planning and n establishment of a Development Information Users Development (P&D), and to promote transparency in Group. This group would function as a think tank to development. But much of the computer hardware is look at effective and efficient ways to mobilize outdated and plagued with problems such as viruses. information, particularly in support of decision- The computers are not equipped to run commonly making at the local level, and to share commonly used software. Further, software is not standardized. used services such as geographic information Many of the projects and NGOs operating in Balochistan services, cartography and remote sensing. have developed report libraries and databases specific to their needs, and they often support sophisticated information management systems. Projects and NGOs Environmental Communication do not communicate routinely with one another on and Education issues of common interest, although the means to do so are improving. This is not necessarily because of any The importance of awareness raising and the need for reluctance to share information, but rather the environmental education are common themes and investment of the time and resources it requires. The recommendations throughout the BCS. The challenge is opportunity to share hardware exists but has not been to develop and implement effective programmes for pursued. key groups of stakeholders: the decision-makers, the The real commitment to community and stewards of natural resources and the general public. grassroots participation in development is less than There is growing interest in government, civil society what is openly recognized. Some progress is being and the private sector, but limited resources and poor made in this regard as local people become increasingly communication and education infrastructure hamper involved as partners in development programmes. It is these efforts. In 1998, only 27% of the population were acknowledged that local people are the beneficiaries of deemed to be literate. The total readership of development, that government at present has little newspapers is only about 3–4%. In contrast, nearly 87% effective control over the use of natural resources, of the population listens to radio in local languages, and and that government has few resources to dedicate to an increasing number have access to television. There the collection of information it requires. What has not are many informal channels of communication, been recognized is that local people themselves have including melas, jirgas, and the ulema. Street theatre knowledge. Although this does not apply to everyone, and agricultural fairs are also vehicles for promoting many local people do know a lot about their local environmental awareness. environment. This includes knowledge of biodiversity; The key elements of the strategy involve: uses of plants and animals; ecological relationships; n raising awareness and educating tribal leaders and trends and cycles in wildlife populations and in weather; other local opinion leaders; the effects of hunting, fishing, and grazing; and the n building the capacity of government officials, the effects of development on the environment. media and NGOs; There are four main elements to the information n raising awareness and promoting participation of management strategy: women’s organizations; n de velopment and impl e m e n t ation of a Devel o p m e n t n using funding more effectively; and Information Management Pol i c y . If Balochi s tan is to n incorporating education and awareness en t er the "knowle d g e age", then information programmes in all development initiatives.
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PART III: funded. The strategy does not require huge additional investments to achieve its objectives. Rather, the IMPLEMENTATION emphasis is placed on more efficient, participatory and transparent institutions, and the implementation of Implementation measures have been developed in improved and co-ordinated policies. consultation with stakeholders. They benefit from The key institutions to lead implementation of the experiences with the implementation of the NCS and BCS are: SPCS. n the Steering Committee, with a renewed and The many recommendations made in the strategy revised mandate; are grouped for convenience into an action agenda for n a strengthened Environment Section, P&D the next 10 years. This time frame corresponds to the Department (for co-ordination, catalytic action, and Ninth and Tenth Five-Year Plans. The action agenda has support); 14 core programmes: n an effective enhanced monitoring and evaluation 1. Raising public awareness. section; 2. Improving governance and effectiveness of n a revitalized Bureau of Statistics in the P&D institutions. Department; 3. Institutionalizing environmental education. n a strengthened Environmental Protection Agency; 4. Arresting depletion and pollution of groundwater n sectoral roundtables; and and increasing irrigation efficiency. n an external technical support mechanism at 5. Making agriculture sustainable. provincial and district levels. 6. Managing rangelands and enhancing productivity of But all relevant organizations, institutions and even livestock. individuals are stakeholders and partners in BCS 7. Developing coastal and marine resources implementation. The BCS includes a detailed table on sustainably. the roles and responsibilities of political leaders, the 8. Sustainable planning and management of urban federal and provincial governments, the judiciary, the areas. armed forces, district authorities and local bodies, the 9. Creating and sustaining environment-friendly private sector, citizens’ groups, tribal elders and development. community leaders, communities themselves, the 10. Conserving, rehabilitating, developing and using media and donors. forests sustainably. The Rules of Business will be amended to make BCS 11. Conserving and using biodiversity and wetlands implementation a mandatory requirement of all wisely. relevant public-sector institutions. Planning Commission 12. Co n s e r ving cultural heritag e and developing tou r i s m . Proforma I and Planning Commission Proforma II (PC-I 13. Collecting authentic data and managing and PC-II) documents will require conformance with the information. BCS principles, goals, and objectives. Extensive use will 14. Alleviating poverty. be made of roundtables to bring together all The components of the core programme are given stakeholders. In addition, a multi-stakeholder in Chapter 20. Development and Environment Committee will be The principal mechanisms to be used in established in each district. implementing each of the core programmes are: The most important task for promoting n institutional strengthening (including roundtables, implementation will be communicating the concepts, focal points in departments, restructuring public approaches, core programmes, suggested sector institutions, improved co-ordination and interventions, and recommendations of the BCS to all capacity building); relevant organizations and stakeholders as well as to n awareness raising and environmental education; assist them in action planning and implementation. This n policy and legal reform together with the use of responsibility would be shared between the economic tools; and Environment Section and other relevant sections in the n mobilizing human and financial resources through Planning and Development Department, relevant line improved efficiency and reprofiling; and departments, and formal and informal media. The n identification of new sources of funding. strategy includes a detailed table that lays out the It is important to note that the BCS is not about responsibilities for communicating the messages in fundraising or developing a portfolio of projects to be each of the 14 core programme areas.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy xxix Executive Summary
The str a t egy does not advoc a t e a huge additional but also the impact the BCS is making in ach i ev i n g in ves tment of funds to achi e ve its goals. Rath e r , the s u stainable development. IUCN has developed a em phasis is placed on more efficient, parti c i p a to r y, and p rocess – the Well-being Assessment Method – th a t tr a n s p a r ent institutions that adopt context - s p e c i fi c will be used to ga u ge both human well-being and ap p ro a c hes to deal with problems of envi ro n m e n ta l e c o s ystem well-being. The results can be de g radation and human deprivation. A four-p ro n ge d d e m o n st r a ted gr a p h i c a l ly on the Baro m eter of ap p ro a c h will be adopted for efficient utilization of S u sta i n a b i l i t y. Sta ke h o l d e rs can then see at a gl a n c e exi s ting res o u r ces and raising additional funds. Effec t i v e w h e re Baloch i stan stands in terms of human and mo n i t oring and assessment systems will be put in place e c o s ystem well-being, what pro gress is being made to enable the province to revi e w its prog ress and make towa rds ach i eving susta i n a b i l i t y, and what needs to be ad j u s tments to achi e ve the objectives of the str a te g y done in social, economic, and re s o u rce secto rs to and optimize the use of scarce res o u r ces. The m a ke imp rove m e n t s . requ i r ement for M&E will be based in legislation, with The Steering Committee will have the responsibility annual rep o r ts detailing the prog ress the province is of overseeing the monitoring and evaluation and Well- making towar ds sustai n a b i l i t y . M&E will be a being Assessment processes and procedures, and pa rt i c i p a to r y process invol ving all stake h o l d e r s thro u g h producing a report to the provincial Assembly every me c hanisms such as the rou n d ta b l e s . three years. Finally, an independent, external review of It is also imp o rtant to assess not only whether th e the BCS will be commissioned five years from the start actions outlined in the BCS are being imp l e m e n te d , of implementation.
xxx Balochistan Conservation Strategy
Part I Ba c k g r o u n d
Co n t e n t s
Chapter 1 Rationale and Process 4 Process 10 Chapter 2 BCS Framework 14 Principles 16 Goal 16 Objectives 16 Setting Priorities 17
List of Boxes Box 1 NCS Core Programmes and Environmental Issues in Balochistan 7 Box 2 Selected Environmental Conventions to which Pakistan is a Contracting Party 8 Box 3 Information Sought from Authors 13
List of Tables Table 1 District Consultations 11 Chapter 1
Ra t i o and pr a l o ch i s tan is an arid, large ly mounta i n o u s p rovince of Pa k i s tan. It endures frequ e n t Bspells of drought, flash floods and earth- quakes. It is underdeveloped by any standard. The gove rnment of Baloch i s tan is dete rm i n e d to ach i eve pro s p e rity and pro gress for its people and to attain the highest possible level of deve l o p- ment for the province. It intends to do th a t th rough the optimal use of available resourc e s , e n fo rcement of appro p ri a te policy measures, financial discipline and balanced inter- s e c to r al and i n te r-regional deve l o p m e n t . In the Ninth Five-Year Plan (1998/9-2002/3), the government takes the view that the progress and prosperity of its people is not only measured in eco- nomic or monetary terms, it also has to do with: n the social well-being of people in ter ms of access to health care, education and basic civic ameni- ties, such as clean drinking wate r ; and n opportunities for citizens to influence public policy through participation in decision-making processes. In mid-March 1999 the gove rnment of B a l o ch i s tan announced a Pove rty Allev i a t i o n Strategy for the province. This programme is tar- geted at the estimated 70% of the population living in poverty. The focus is on natural resources, with an emphasis on increasing production and exports in the agriculture, livestock, fisheries and industrial sectors. The strategy is expected to provide jobs for ionale 270,000 people. E v i d e n t ly, ach i eving development objective s and dealing effectively with poverty depends, at least for the next decade, on the ability to manage natural resources in a sustainable manner and to conserve the natural environment. This is where a s t ra tegic plan – the Baloch i s tan Conserva t i o n pr o c e s s Strategy (BCS) – comes in, to underpin the govern- ment’s attempts to reconcile its environment and development objectives. The urgency for and scope Ra t i o n a l e of the BCS is the result of events at the local, nation- al and international levels. The reality is that for much of its recent histor y, an d Ba l o ch i s t an has had to confront major envi ro n m e n - tal cha l l e n g es. The shortag e of wat er for drin k i n g and agriculture, and degraded pastures and for e s t s Pr o c e s s ha ve been the subject of concern for decades. The cu r rent drought situation is a manifes t ation of un s u s t ainable use of natural resources. Sett l e m e n t s are cha ra c te r ized by poor planning, contam i n a te d wat er supplies, inefficient or non-exi s t ent sanitat i o n and was t e management services and air pollution. These are emerging as major issues as the popula- tion rap i d l y expands and urbanization accelerate s . 1 Rationale and Process
Balochistan: an arid and largely mountainous province.
Finding a reliable supply of fresh water has always advanced and has been accelerating in the past two factored into daily life, whether for livestock grazing, decades. Other issues identified in the study included a agricultural production, human settlements, develop- decline in biodiversity, soil salinization and erosion, urban ment of infrastructure, communications, or industrial pollution, the potential for overfishing and the ineffec- development. From the 1880s onward, military and civic tiveness of both legislation and public administration. authorities have expended great efforts to secure a reli- The auth o rs laid the responsibility for these pro b- able supply of wa ter for Quet ta. The founder of lems squ a re ly at the fe et of the provincial and fe d e r a l Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, raised the issue at the g overnments, claiming that th ey had ignored the env i- time of Partition. The subject has been high on the ro n m e n tal and economic th reat and had not take n agenda ever since. Concern for the deterioration of action to deal with either the env i ro n m e n tal impacts or rangelands dates back to at least the 1950s, and many their underlying causes. They sugge sted that the pub- projects have been launched since that time to address lic administration lacks the institutions, the ex p e rt i s e the situation. and sometimes the legislation to act upon the informa- In 1992, the government of the Netherlands pub- tion it has. Donor agencies do not escape criticism lished the It focused e i th e r. They we re blamed for contributing to many of attention on these and other issues, and underlined a the problems th rough faulty problem diagnosis, or growing and widespread concern about the state of the th rough incomp etence at both the te chnical and inst i- environment and the sustainability of the province’s nat- tutional leve l s . ural resources. On the basis of this report, the government of The authors predicted that by 2000, the mining of Balochistan announced its intention to develop a conser- groundwater and the degradation of natural pastures vation strategy with the assistance of IUCN and with the would result in the collapse of the Quetta water supply, financial support of the Dutch government. demise of the livestock industry and a sharp decline in At the national level, March 1992 marked the fed e r a l horticulture. They concluded that desertification is well ca b i n e t’s approval of the National Conservation Str a te g y
6 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Rationale and Process 1
(N CS). The NCS is designed to conserve the envi ro n m e n t of Pak i s tan, maintain its res o u r ce base and ensure tha t d evelopment eff o rts are env i ro n m e n ta l ly sound (Appendix 1). It was prep a r ed by the government of Pak i s tan and IUCN. The NCS was a product of consensus- building and mobilization of a constituency of support. It is recognized as one of the wor l d ’ s best conservat i o n str a t egies in terms of its content, as well as the parti c i - pa to r y and inclusive way in which it was devel o p e d . The NCS set out a 10-year action and implementa- tion plan for Pakistan. The agenda is based on a set of core programmes (Box 1). The NCS is directed to feder- al, provincial and local governments; businesses; non- governmental organizations (NGOs); local communities; and individuals. Most important, it recognizes the impor- tance of implementation at the provincial level. Pakistan is a federation of provinces and territories. Its constitution devolves much responsibility to the fed- erating units. This, together with the importance of action at the local level, made the NCS architects realize that sub-national strategies would be required to guide government departments, NGOs, the private sector and individual citizens in implementing the NCS across the country. Provincial conservation strategies are therefore based on the objectives, priorities and recommendations of the NCS, adapted to the needs, potentials and aspira- tions of the people of the provinces. A significant milestone in the implementation of the A dry well in Quetta. National Conservation Strategy was the development of the Sarhad Provincial Conservation Strategy (SPCS) by way. The SPCS stands out not only as the first provincial the government of the NWFP and IUCN. This was initiat- conservation strategy, but as a concerted effort to ed in 1992 and approved by the NWFP Cabinet in 1996. apply the lessons of the NCS by placing great emphasis Implementation of phase III of the SPCS is now under on public involvement.
Box 1 NCS Core Programmes and Environmental Issues in Balochistan
NCS Core Programmes Issues in
n Maintaining soils in croplands n Integrating population and environment programmes n Increasing irrigation efficiency n Preserving the cultural heritage n Protecting watersheds n Deforestation of watersheds n Supporting forestry and plantations n Depletion of aquifers n Restoring rangelands and improving livestock n De-vegetation of rangelands; desertification n Protecting water bodies and sustaining fisheries n Salinization and waterlogging of irrigated areas n Conserving biodiversity n Excessive exploitation of coastal and marine resources n Increasing energy efficiency n Destruction of wildlife habitats and depletion of wild n Developing and deploying renewables flora and fauna n Preventing/abating pollution n Destructive mining practices n Managing urban wastes n Air and water pollution n Supporting institutions for common resources n Unplanned urban and industrial growth n Unmanaged urban and industrial solid wastes n Lack of control over development planning
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 7 1 Rationale and Process
At the international level, the Un i ted Na t i o n s issues. A number are under way and many othe r s are Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) planned. However , envi r onment does not fig u r e much held in Rio de Janeiro, in 1992, resulted in key agree- any w h e r e in Pak i s tan as an issue rel a t ed to social devel o p - ments, including the Rio Declaration, Agenda 21, the ment. This is not from a lack of intere s t, but from a com- C o nvention on Biological Dive rs i t y, the Fr a m ewo r k pelling need to focus on social and development issues. Convention on Climate Change and the Forest Principles. Env i r onment is seen as an ‘add on’. A study for SPCS Phase The government of Pakistan played a very active role in III (Hardi 1998) revealed that the thr ee closely rel a t ed and the preparations for UNCED, and supports the imple- mo s t pressing issues that need immediate political and mentation of these and other international agreements social action in the NWFP are povert y , food security and (Box 2) related to the environment. population pres s u r e. Three additional issues of high In summary, events at the provincial, national and imp o r tance are societal peace, education and health. in t ernational level, provide the context, precedents and The study found that the environment seems to be momentum for the development of the BCS. Fir st, the a priority issue only when it directly affects food securi- id e n t i f ied the need for a compr e- ty (waterlogging, salinity, soil erosion) or when it is linked he n s i v e envi ro n m e n t al framework to address critical to visible catastrophic events (flash floods). Even in the issues in Baloch i stan. Second, the government of context of health, the most pressing issue is vaccina- Ba l o ch i s tan announced its intention to develop a provi n - tions, while topics such as sanitation, solid waste dispos- cial conservation str a t egy with Dutch assistance. Third, al and urban air pollution are not at the top of the polit- the BCS was conceived as a provincial impl e m e n ta t i o n ical agenda. Global and international env i ro n m e n ta l plan for the National Conservation Str a te g y . Fou r th, the issues receive little attention. BCS was seen as a tangible commitment on the part of The situation is much the same in Balochi s tan. There the provincial government to work towar ds impl e m e n t - is a grea t er awar eness of some issues, simpl y because the ing the agreements rea c hed in Rio and other inter n a t i o n - im pacts are felt widely, for exam ple, wat er needed for al agreements to which Pak i s tan is a contracting party . drinking and irrigation, and air pollution in urban area s . Mo s t impo r tant, however , is that Balochi s tan has its The potential for over- ex p l o i t ation of fisheries res o u rc e s own disti n c t i v e envi r onment and res o u r ce base, a unique is another concern. But deserti f ication and over- gr a z i n g social st r u c t u re and a multicultural population. The ar e not seen as issues as long as lives toc k can find some- pr ovi n c e ’s development needs are differ ent from tho s e thing to eat. However , the drought in the year 2000 has in other parts of the country. To be successful, it was rec - fo r ced people to think about some of these issues. Many ognized that the BCS must fir st and forem o s t respond to other issues, such as solid was te management and loss of the disti n c t i v e needs and nature of the provi n c e . bi o d i ve r sity are seen as someone else’s prob l e m s . T h e re have been numerous projects and pro- The federal and provincial governments have wor ke d grammes at the federal and provincial level designed to ha r d to try to deal with envi ro n m e n t al issues in the face of tac kle specific envi ro n m e n t al and res o u r ce managem e n t sc a r e res o u r ces. For exam ple, the federal government has:
Box 2 Selected Environmental Conventions to which Pakistan is a Contracting Party
n Ramsar Convention (1971) Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat
n WHC (1972) Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage n CITES (1973) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
n Bonn Convention/CMS (1979) Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
n UNCLOS (1982) United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea n Vienna Convention (1985) Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer
n Montreal Protocol (1987) Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer n Basel Convention (1989) Co n t r ol of Tra n s b o u n d a r y Movements of Hazardous Was tes and their Disposal
n CBD (1992) Convention on Biological Diversity
n FCCC (1992) Framework Convention on Climate Change n CCD (1994) Convention to Combat Desertification
8 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Rationale and Process 1
Balochistan supports much wildlife: urial habitat in Dureji game reserve. n provided a national framework for the conservation n c re a ted and st re n g thened the prov i n c i a l and sustainable use of natural resources through Environmental Protection Agency; the NCS; n e stablished and operationalized the Baloch i sta n n addressed the environment in the Eighth (1992/3- Environmental Protection Council; 1997/8) and Ninth (1998/9-2002/3) Five-Year Plans; n developed and launched the Environmental Profile n created and strengthened institutions (NCS Unit in Balochistan; the Ministry of Environment, Local Government and n established an Environment Section in the Planning Rural Deve l o p m e n t; Env i ronment Section in th e and Development Department; Planning Commission; and Federal Environmental n planned and is implementing the Balochi s tan Nat u r a l Protection Agency); Res o u r ces Management Project, which focuses on n i mp roved legislation by enacting the Pa k i sta n stre n g t hening envi ro n m e n t al institutions, and addres s - Environmental Protection Act (1997); and es some key natural res o u r ce management issues; n created opportunities for the private sector and n accepted the role of NGOs and local communities in NGOs to become involved. planning and implementing donor and government- C o o rdination with the provincial governments and funded projects; m a i n st reaming of env i ronment in planning has n facilitated establishment of the Corp of Volunteers remained weak so fa r, and env i ro n m e n tal policies and for Environment for Quetta City; legislation have not been enforced. For want of n begun imp l e m e n tation of the National Drainage re s o u rces and political will, Fi ve -Year Plans are only par- Programme in Balochistan, implemented many other t i a l ly imp l e m e n ted. The role of civil society in env i ro n- useful projects e.g., Baloch i stan Community ment and development remains uncertain in th e I r r i gation and Agr i c u l t u re Project (BCIAP) and absence of a clear policy. Balochistan Rural Water and Sanitation (BRUWAS) The government of Balochistan has: project in the water sector and sought the partici- n addressed environmental issues in its own Eighth pation of local communities and involvement of and Ninth Five-Year Plans; NGOs in all such efforts;
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 9 1 Rationale and Process
Plants such as these mazri palms in Turbat can be of economic value. n facilitated setting up a compressed natural gas stakeholders including the formation of sectoral and (CNG) station to reduce the levels of air pollution and thematic interest groups as precursor to roundta- resulting health problems in Quetta; and bles; n initiated a study of water and sanitation issues in n reaching out to local people through a series of Quetta. district consultation meetings; These are valuable contributions to dealing with n developing background papers on key sectors and e nv i ro n m e n tal and re s o u rce management issues. themes; However, there can be no quick fix for problems of n developing close working relationships with related water supply, rapid urbanization and deterioration of projects and programmes; rangelands and natural habitats. Many of the complex n developing a BCS Framework (discussed in Chapter issues confronting the province will require a concerted 2); and p ro gramme of action for many ye a rs to come. n developing and extensively reviewing five drafts of Accordingly, the BCS is designed to contribute to the the BCS document. achievement of the government’s objectives in both the The major features of each step are described short (5 years) and long term (10 years). below.
PROCESS Steering Committee
The key steps in developing the BCS were: A Steering Committee, cha i r ed by the Additional Chief n forming a Steering Committee; S e c reta ry (Development), Planning and Deve l o p m e n t n building a constituency of support for the prepara- De p a r tment, Government of Balochi s tan, guided the tion and implementation of the BCS among all of the de velopment of the BCS. Members included the secre-
10 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Rationale and Process 1
taries of rel e vant line departments and rep re s e n ta t i ve s n decision-makers and planners (political leaders and of civil society institutions and the privat e sector . The senior government officials); co m m i t t ee provided guidance both in carrying forwar d n government agencies (national, provincial and local), the process (for exam ple, the district consultations) as including the armed forces; well as in developing the products (for exam ple, this doc- n NGOs, including umbrella organizations invo lved in ument and the BCS Background Pap e rs ) . c a p a c i t y-building, pro m oting linka ges, funding, An Executive Committee was formed to help imple- re s e a rch and communication, as well as gro u p s ment activities and organize events. i nvo lved in planning and implementing projects and c o m m u n i t y-based organizations working at th e gr a s s ro ots level to meet the basic needs of th e Building Support p o p u l a t i o n ; Among the Stakeholders n the private sector; n communities; D evelopment planning and imp l e m e n tation in n the media; Balochistan is undertaken in an environment character- n academia and research institutions; ized by comp a rt m e n talization among secto rs and n ulema; between sub-sectors. There is little experience of public- n women’s groups; and p r i va te part i c i p a to ry appro a ches. Similarly, th e re is n the general public. almost no history of involving the private sector, NGOs or other members of civil society in the development process. Social structures and gender segregation fur- Consultation Process ther complicate the situation. While women are the pri- mary users of many natural resources, their mobility is The objectives of the consultation process we re restricted. They do not participate in decision-making. to define and set priorities for the issues to be One of the central concepts underlying the BCS addressed in the BCS and to promote a participatory approach was to develop the document through mean- approach to its development. A series of consultations ingful stakeholder participation. Stakeholders are those were held at both the provincial and district levels. In who have a direct or indirect stake in the conservation addition, sectoral, thematic and various specialist s and sustainable use of natural resources, the protection groups we re also established. Consultations we re of the environment and sustainable development. They held in nine of 26 districts (Table 1; Map 1 in Maps include: section).
Table 1 District Consultations
District Location Dates Language of Principal Socio- Principal Agro- Meetings Linguistic Groups* Ecological Zones* Mastung Mastung 6 May 97, 1 Jul 97, Urdu/Brahvi Brahvi Brahvi-Toba Kakar 7 Aug 97 & 19 May 99 Nasirabad Dera Murad Jamali 11 Oct 97 & 24 May 99 Sindhi/Urdu Sindhi Si b i - K a c h h i - N a s i r a b a d Pishin Pishin 4 Nov 97 Pashto/Urdu Pashtun Brahvi-Toba Kakar Lasbela Uthal 23 Nov 97 & 27 May 99 Urdu/Sindhi Sindhi Lasbela Gwadar Gwadar and Pasni 23-24 Nov 97 &29 May 99 Balochi/Urdu Baloch Coastal Mekran Kech Turbat 23 Dec 97 Balochi/Urdu Baloch Coastal Mekran Zhob Zhob 18 Apr 98 Pashto/Urdu Pashtun Northern Sulaiman Quetta Quetta and Hanna Urak 29 Apr 98 & 11 Jun 98 Urdu/Pashto Baloch, Pashtun, Brahvi-Toba Kakar Brahvi, Punjabi, Sindhi, Siraiki and Urdu speaking Ziarat Ziarat 9 Jun 98 & 3 Jun 99 Pashto/Urdu Pashtun Brahvi-Toba Kakar
*As selected by Gils and Baig 1992.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 11 1 Rationale and Process
Consulting communities is important for natural resource management.
The BCS Steering Committee defined the objectives the BCS Background Papers and the BCS document, of district consultations as ‘working with the people at as well as into the District Profiles when revised; the grassroots level’ to: n to solicit views on development initiatives, their n o b tain their perc e ptions of env i ro n m e n tal and nat- impacts and future directions; and ural re s o u rce management issues and the imp a c t n to discuss the concept of District Conservation of development as it re l a tes to them and th e i r Committees as a forum for discussing environmen- e nv i ro n m e n t; tal issues. n promote the conservation and sustainable use of The results of the consultations have been compiled natural resources and ensure that the development as a separate series of reports. process is environment-friendly; n e n s u re ow n e rship of the BCS, by the people, through their participation in its formulation; Compiling Background n raise people’s awareness about environmental issues Information and enhance the knowledge of planners regarding peoples’ needs and perceptions; and In addition to the consultation process and the review of n provide input to the District Profiles that were being available documentation, specialists in each sector com- prepared by the IMPLAN project of the Planning and piled 15 background papers (Appendix 2). Authors were Development Department at that time. asked to focus on strategic actions to implement the Specific objectives were: recommended options, together with recommendations n to identify, establish priorities and document envi- on how barriers to implementation might be overcome ronmental, conservation and sustainable develop- (Box 3). To complement these general guidelines, sector- ment issues in the selected districts, for input into s p e c i fic guidelines we re drawn up th rough inte re st
12 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Rationale and Process 1
group and specialist group meetings. These guidelines in B a l o ch i stan Trial District Management Project, th e essence provide a detailed ‘table of contents’ for the Qu et t a Wa ter Supply and Env i ro n m e n tal Imp rove m e n t background papers and discussion documents. P roject, the Quet ta Ka chi Abadies Env i ro n m e n ta l These papers are ‘desk st u d i e s’, based on inte r- M a n a gement Project, the Baloch i stan Natural Re s o u rc e v i ews and discussions with sta ke h o l d e rs, rev i ew of M a n a gement Project and the Ricks h aw Project. The available documentation as well as published and st r a tegy has benefi ted from te chnical inputs from th e u npublished materials and the auth o r’s personal knowl- sta ff of these pro grammes and projects and from th e e d ge of the secto r. lessons learnt in their imp l e m e n ta t i o n .
Linkage with Programmes BCS Products and Projects and Outcomes In the process of developing the st r a te g y, st rong links we re developed with the re l evant pro grammes and pro- The process has generated a number of key documents jects in Baloch i stan, including the Area Deve l o p m e n t including this one, a series of background papers, a con- P ro gramme Baloch i stan the Imp roving the Systems for ceptual Framework and reports on the results of the dis- D evelopment Planning in Baloch i stan (IMPLAN) pro j e c t , trict consultation process. Five drafts of the BCSdocu- the BCIAP, the Baloch i stan Primary Education ment were developed one after the other. These and the D evelopment Pro gramme, the Primary Education B C S B a ckground Pa p e rs benefi ted from ex te n s i ve Quality Imp rovement Project, the BRU WAS project, th e review.
Box 3 Information Sought from Authors
Essential background Factual, up-to-date and reliable, quantitative and qualitative information on the sectors of concern to the BCS. Stakeholders Details of the stakeholders: those affecting the sector and those most affected by it. State of knowledge An assessment of the state of knowledge on each sector, based on all the available information, with identification of major gaps and deficiencies. Issues and trends A succinct account of the major issues confronting sustainability in the sector, and an analysis of trends. Consequences Prediction of the consequences of inaction, both in the short term (5 years) and long term of inaction (10 years) on the sustainability of the sector, and the impacts on the stakeholders in the short and long term, if appropriate measures are not planned and implemented. Vision of the future The opportunities that the sector offers if developed and managed according to the principles of sustainable development. Current initiatives An assessment of what is currently being done, planned, or proposed by organizations and agencies within Balochistan to address the issues and halt/reverse trends, focused on the extent to which current initiatives are effectively addressing the key issues. Learning from The goals, objectives and scope of interventions undertaken especially with external past experience assistance, with examples of where these steps and interventions have succeeded or failed, and why. Learning from Case studies from other provinces and internationally, where similar issues have been experiences elsewhere tackled successfully, and from which useful lessons can be drawn. Options for action Two or three options for dealing with issues and trends in the sector. Analysis of options The likely outcome if each of the options is pursued, given the present situation in Balochistan. Recommendations The preferred option and the rationale for recommending it Strategy for How the preferred option should be implemented in the short and long term, with an implementation emphasis on pragmatic options for action based on the current situation, trends, mitigating measures and interventions.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 13 Chapter 2
BCS frame he process described in Chapter 1 produced a wea l t h of infor mation on socio-economic con- Tditions, the natural envi r onment and natural re s o u r ces. The cha l l e n g e was to pull this materi a l tog ether into a strate g y . A conceptual fram e wor k was developed for that purpose. The aim was to: n se t out the principles, goal and objectives of the BCS as a basis for addressing issues in the con- s e rvation and sustainable use of natura l re s o u rc e s ; n se t out the approa c h and process to be fol l o wed in its preparat i o n ; n se r ve as a guide on the process of devel o p i n g and implementing the BCS; n assist the BCS team and contrib u to r s in collating, an a l yzing and integ rating relevant input from ma n y sources into a coherent and meaningful document, including public consultations, discus- sions with exp e r ts and opinion leaders, wor k- shops, interest groups, background papers, liter - ature revi e w, research and analysi s ; n ma k e the BCS document more understa n d a b l e to its audience in ter ms of its goal, objectives , pr inciples, structure, content and proc e s s e s ; n pr ovide a basis for assessing how well the prod - ucts and processes of the BCS confor m to the goal, objectives, principles and proc e s s e s ; n aid monitor ing of prog ress in the devel o p m e n t and impl e m e n t ation of the BCS; and n se r ve as a basis for revising and updating the st ra te g y . The fram e wor k developed the fol l o wing prin c i - ples, goal and objectives as the basis for the future de velopment of the provi n c e ’s natural resources and the conservation of its envi r onment. They underpi n the preparation, development and impl e m e n ta t i o n of all development prog rammes in social, economic me w o r k and resource sector s. They provide the basis for mo n i to r ing and evaluating the impl e m e n t ation of the BCS and the prog ress the province is making in BC S ach i e ving sustai n a b i l i t y . The principles, goal and objectives compl e m e n t , at the provincial level, those set out in the Nat i o n a l Fr a m e w o r k Co n s e r vation Stra te g y . Their adoption by all stak e- ho l d e r s, is a commitment to the sustainable devel - opment of resources and conservation of the envi - ronment. This is in keeping with the contribution the BCS will make to the over all economic devel o p m e n t st ra t egy for the pr ovince, parti c u l a r ly its contrib u - tion to achi e ving the goals of the gove rn m e n t’s p ove rty alleviation pro gra m m e . 2 BCS Framework
All members of societies need access to information.
PRINCIPLES n B oth scientific and local knowl e d ge of re s o u rc e s and env i ronment will be recognized, re s p e c ted and n The distinctive geography, geopolitical location and u s e d . socio-economic characteristics of Balochistan will be n All members of society will have access to informa- recognized. tion on which to make sound, informed decisions. n Ecological balance will be maintained for sustaining n International and inter-jurisdictional cooperation is a essential life-support systems. p re re qu i s i te for the sustainable use of share d n Biological diversity will be conserved in a sustainable resources. manner. n Peace, order and good governance are essential to n An integrated approach will be taken to meet devel- the achievement of sustainable development. opment and environment objectives. n Natural resources will be developed and used in a sustainable manner for generating rural livelihoods GOAL to alleviate poverty. n All members of society are responsible for impr ovi n g The well-being of the people and ecosystems in the quality of life and achi e ving a sustainable future. Balochistan. n Community participation in conservation and resource development programmes will be ensured. n Cultural and religious values and traditions will be OBJECTIVES recognized, respected and adhered to. n Change will proceed at a scale and pace appropriate n Providing a framework and strategic plan for the to local needs and capacities. conservation of the environment and sustainable
16 Balochistan Conservation Strategy BCS Framework 2
use of the natural resources of Balochistan to: - confront the issues facing Balochistan in a com- prehensive manner; - e mp l oy and institutionalize a part i c i p a to ry approach to strategic planning; - respond to complex issues in accordance with a clearly structured, cross-sectoral strategic plan; - promote efficiency in resource use and produc- tion processes, and find ways to minimize their effects on the environment; - prepare and implement the policies, programmes and actions required in both the short and long term; - prepare new or revised legislation and undertake institutional reform; and - recognize the roles and responsibilities of all the stakeholders in implementing, monitoring and updating the strategy. n Promoting behavioural change for the protection of the environment, biodiversity and natural resources. n Fa c i l i tating bet ter access to information for improved decision-making at all levels. n Improving mechanisms for promoting public aware- ness and popular support for the sustainable use of Conserving water is essential in Balochistan. resources.
SETTING PRIORITIES
As mentioned earlier, the process described in Chapter 1 provided a wealth of information on issues of concern to the public and to interest groups. Added to these were issues being addressed through the government’s exist- ing priorities and work programmes, and the commit- ments to action made at the national and international level (for example, the NCS and conventions). The con- ceptual framework proposed a set of criteria to be used by stakeholders to set priorities for action: n issues or sectors affecting most people; n popular support; n areas with greatest potential for resolution; n areas with greatest potential for economic success; n capacity to move quickly and availability of existing capacity; n gravity of the problem; n issues and sectors of high profile, with the potential to generate critical support for implementation; n fulfilment of international commitments; n resource availability including external funding; n synergy with government and donors’ joint action; n private-sector interest; and The BCS is aimed at the well-being of all people. n opportunities for replication on a larger scale.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 17 Part II Th e Bu i l d i n g Blocks of the BCS Co n t e n t s
Chapter 3 Land 24 Land Use 27 Issues 34 Consequences of Inaction 38 The Stakeholders 39 The Way Ahead 39 Chapter 4 Freshwater Resources 48 Supply 49 Demand 51 Issues 60 The Stakeholders 66 The Way Ahead 67 Chapter 5 Biodiversity 74 Forest Types 76 Wetlands 77 Migratory Birds 78 Mammals 78 Reptiles 79 Crop Biodiversity 79 Livestock Biodiversity 80 Forests, Parks and Wildlife Areas 80 Issues 82 The Way Ahead 89 Chapter 6 Coastal Zone 96 The Sea as a Mixed Blessing 99 Plants and Wildlife 100 Protected Areas 101 Resource Development 101 Issues 102 The Stakeholders 108 The Way Ahead 108 Chapter 7 Atmosphere 114 Global Warming 117 Meteorological Data 117 Weather Forecasting 117 Air Quality 118 The Way Ahead 120 Chapter 8 Minerals, Mining and Energy 122 Issues in Mining 124 The Stakeholders in Mining 127 Energy Resources 127 Issues in Energy 132 The Stakeholders in Energy 133 The Way Ahead 134 Chapter 9 Sustainable Industrial Development 138 Issues 139 The Stakeholders 145 The Way Ahead 146 Chapter 10 Urban Environment 148 Issues 150 The Way Ahead 158 Chapter 11 Environmental Health 166 Environmental Health Threats 168 Issues 171 The Way Ahead 172 Chapter 12 Population, Poverty and Environment 174 Population 175 Poverty 176 Environment 178 Government’s Response to the Issues 182 Poverty Alleviation Strategy 183 The Way Ahead 186 Chapter 13 Cultural Heritage 188 Archaeological Resources 189 Architectural Resources 193 Arts and Crafts 193 Tourism 195 Issues 196 The Stakeholders 198 The Way Ahead 199 Chapter 14 Governance, Institutions and Capacity 200 Issues 202 The Way Ahead 206 Chapter 15 Non-Governmental Organizations 214 Issues 217 The Way Ahead 221 Chapter 16 Gender, Development and Environment 224 The Way Ahead 227 Chapter 17 Information Management 232 Data Collection: Current Situation 234 Dissemination of Information 236 Local Knowledge 237 The Way Ahead 237 Chapter 18 Environmental Communication and Education 242 Current Status 243 Initiatives in Environmental Communication and Education 244 Implementation of Environmental Communication and Education Programme 246 The Way Ahead 246
List of Boxes Box 4 Classifying Lands 28 Box 5 Division of Labour by Gender in the Uplands 31 Box 6 Division of Labour by Gender in Livestock Sector 33 Box 7 Donor-Assisted Agriculture Projects 35 Box 8 Pesticides, Human Health and Environment 36 Box 9 Traditional Water Systems: Karezes 55 Box 10 Dug-wells and Tubewells 55 Box 11 Minor Irrigation Schemes 57 Box 12 Water Resource Development by Community Enterprise in the Kachhi Plains 58 Box 13 Karez Development in Chagai District with Private Investment 58 Box 14 Groundwater Management: Successes and Failures 59 Box 15 Loss of Biodiversity 87 Box 16 Trophy Hunting in Pakistan – An Important Tool for Conservation 91 Box 17 Integrated Coastal Zone Management 105 Box 18 Guidelines for Preparation of an Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan 109 Box 19 Protected Areas Management Categories 127 Box 20 Some Guidelines for the Preparation of Structural and Master Plans for Urban Areas 159 Box 21 Existing Services and Programmes of the Health Sector 168 Box 22 Rock Art 190 Box 23 WID/GAD Initiatives 227 Box 24 State of Statistical Data 236 Box 25 About Wisdom and Influence 239
List of Figures Figure 1 Distribution of Landforms 26 Figure 2 Land Use, 1996–97 28 Figure 3 Area Under Irrigation 30 Figure 4 Contribution of Rangelands and Agriculture in Feed Requirements 32 Figure 5 Monetary Value of Livestock 32 Figure 6 Trends in Domestic Water Consumption 53 Figure 7 Trends in Domestic Water Consumption in Quetta 53 Figure 8 Water Sources for Cultivated Area 54 Figure 9 Fossil Fuel Production by Province, 1996–97 128 Figure 10 Energy Consumption by Province, 1991–93 128 Figure 11 Commercial Energy Consumption in Balochistan, 1996–97 129 Figure 12 Electricity Connections in Balochistan May 1996 130 Figure 13 Population Growth in Pishin, Chaman and Quetta 150 Figure 14 Balochistan’s Total and Urban Population 150 Figure 15 Quetta Water Supply Status, 1991–2010 155 Figure 16 Population of Balochistan by Age Groups and Gender 176 Figure 17 Organogram of the Government of Balochistan, before October 1999 209 Figure 18 Organogram of the Government of Balochistan, since October 1999 210
List of Tables
Table 2 Earthquake Data 26 Table 3 Growth in Irrigated Area, Production and Value of Production 29 Table 4 Number and Size of Private Farms 30 Table 5 Women in the Work-force 31 Table 6 Digital Resource Atlas – Table of Contents 45 Table 7 Catchment Areas and Average Annual Runoff of Major Rivers 50 Table 8 Balochistan’s Share of Water from Indus River System 50 Table 9 Reassessment of Basins 51 Table 10 Water Balance 52 Table 11 Fauna of Balochistan 76 Table 12 Endemic and Rare Reptiles of Chagai Desert 79 Table 13 State and Protected Forest Area 81 Table 14 Protected Areas 83 Table 15 Coastal Development Proposals 103 Table 16 Variations in Rainfall in the Quetta Area 117 Table 17 Summary of Air Pollution Sources, Issues and Responsibilities 119 Table 18 Mineral Production and Royalty, 1997 124 Table 19 Mineral Deposits with Potential for Early Development 125 Table 20 Energy Consumption in Balochistan, 1991–93 129 Table 21 Natural Gas Reserves and Production, June 1997 130 Table 22 Existing Solar Energy Installations 131 Table 23 Establishment, Employment and Investment of Industrial Units 141 Table 24 Population of Urban Localities, 1998 151 Table 25 Action Plan for Quetta City 161 Table 26 Poverty Indicators 177 Table 27 Pre-Historic Caves and Rock Shelter Dwellings 190 Table 28 Archaeological Resources 191 Table 29 Architectural Resources, Historical Forts, Mosques, and Tombs 194 Table 30 Tourist Sites 197 Table 31 Legislation and NGOs 216 Table 32 Work of NGOs by Thematic Areas 217 Table 33 Geographical Coverage of NGOs 218 Table 34 Government Departments and Information 235 Table 35 Communication Needs: Traditional and Electronic Media 241 Table 36 Literacy Rates of Balochistan’s Population 244 Chapter 3
La n d alochistan is a land of striking contrasts and contradictions that defies easy description. It Bhas deserts, a coastal zone, uplands, plains, diverse plants and wildlife, and climatic extremes. It has a mix of sophisticated urban life-styles, feudal village life and a multicultural population. Its recent, fading colonial past belies a history of human occu- pation that spans thousands of years. Civilizations have emerged and collapsed in a land that once led the world in the domestication of livestock and set- tled agriculture, and where the world’s largest mam- mals once roamed. This semi-arid land provides for all the needs of the people. It enables, constrains, funnels, divides and obstructs. It enables by providing the space and materials for human settlement, the soils on which to grow crops and the natural vegetation on which to graze animals. The land provides for a broad diversity of plants and wildlife that make up its web of life and serve many human needs. It influences climate, and in turn, the rivers and groundwater resources that are its lifeblood. It also provides a source of raw materials that underpin economic growth. But the land has its limits. It is often inhos- pitable, constrains settlement patterns and limits the growth of economic sectors, such as agriculture and forestry. The natural landscape funnels and dic- tates the movement of people and livestock. The mountains divide the province into distinctive cul- tural, socio-economic and ecological regions and limit communication. Und e rs t anding the land, its potential and its limi- tations is the basis for underst anding past and pre- sent patter ns of development and planning for a sus- tainable future. Balochi s t an, with an area of 347,2 0 0 sq uare kilometres, makes up 44% of Pak i s t an. It is the la r gest province, and shares borders with the othe r three along its easter n margins. The upper half of the pr ovince is bounded by Afghanistan to the north and west, and by the Indus Val l e y to the east. The lower La n d half is bounded by Iran to the west and the Arab i a n Sea to the south. Balochi s t an occupies a strate g i c location in relation to resource - ri c h Central Asia. It commands major ove rland access ro u tes fro m Eu r ope to South Asia, and is a vital link in future tran s - po r tation corrid o r s from the Central Asian Rep u b l i c s to the Arabian Sea. Balochi s t an shares riv er basins and gro u n d wa ter resources with Iran and Af g h a n i s t an. The province is located on the migrat i o n rou t es of economically and biologically signific a n t bird species, and shares intern a t i o n a l l y impo r tan t wi l d l i f e populations with its neighbours. It has a majo r sta k e in, and responsibility for , the associated coastal and marine resources of the Arabian Sea. 3 Land
High relief and a rugged landscape dominate the pr ovi n c e ’s northe r n m o s t areas. From here, tower i n g Figure 1 Distribution of Landforms mo u n t ain ranges arc southwa r d. The Toba Kak ar Ran g e forms the boundary with Afghanistan, while the Sulaiman Ran g e forms the boundary with the Indus val l e y. From the central region of the province, the mountains swee p n Mountain Ranges 52.6 % so u t h and wes t, rea c hing almost to the sea. Elevat i o n s n Tidal Plains 0.8 % exceed 2,000 metr es in many areas, with peaks rea ch i n g n Alluvial Fans 21.9 % to 3,500 metr es around Quett a. These ranges pres e n t n Playas 2 % formidable barriers to movement within the province and n Piedmont Plains 11.8 % fr om Wes t Asia to the Indian Subcontinent. n Valley Floors 3.3 % A qui c k glance at Map 2, in the Maps section, on land n Sand Plains 7.6 % use reveals thr ee other major physi o g raphic units. Fir st, a na r r ow, hilly coastal strip runs 770 kilometr es from wes t to east along the shores of the Arabian Sea. The Mekran Source: Gils and Baig 1992. Co a s t Ran g e bounds the coastal zone, marked by bays, headlands, sandy beaches and lagoons. Per ennial river s the junction of two continental plates – the Indo-Pak i s tan ar e found in the eastern end of the coastal zone – the pl a t e on the east, and the Afghan micro- c o n t i n e n ta l Hingol, Porali and Hab. A narrow continental shelf exte n d s bl o c k on the west . about 20 kilometr es offsh o r e. Astola is the larges t island Ac c o rding to the Pa k i stan Mete o ro l o g i c a l wi t hin the coastal wate r s of Pak i s tan . De p a r tment, the r e have been 377 trem o r s since 190 9 Second, the Chagai-Kharan Basin dominates th e wi t h a stre n g t h of 3.5 or grea t er on the Richt er scale so u th we s tern part of the province. It is part of the (T able 2). About 80% wer e in the range 4.1–5.0 and 15% in ancient Seistan sandy desert that ext ends north into the range 5.1–6.0. Seven events reg i s ter ed 6.1 or over . Af g h a n i s tan. The Hills Ras Koh and Chagai punctuate the The maximum rec o r ded was 7.5, the earthqu a k e tha t basin. The prec i p i t ation from these and the surrou n d i n g de vas tat ed Quett a in 1935. There has been only one large mo u n t ains drain into saline basins known as playas or ea r thqu a k e in Quett a since the 1950s. It occurred in 199 7, hamuns. Hamun-e-Mashkel is the larges t. It is 87 kilome- wi t h a magnitude of 6.2. tr es long and 35 kilometr es wide, and is dry for much of The fre quency of smaller tre m o rs, the ge n e r a l the yea r . absence of large events in the past 40 yea r s and the Th i r d, the broad, low-l ying Kac hhi Plain disti n g u i s h e s ad o p tion of an approp r i a t e building code have lessened the east-central part of the province. It is bounded on public concern about earthqu a k es. But damage to build- the Nor th by the Marri Bugti Hills, on the wes t by the ings in Quett a from the 199 7 earthqu a k e sugges ts tha t mo u n t ains of the Central Brahui and Kirthar ranges and building codes have not been str i c t l y followed. The on the east by the Indus val l e y. A netw ork of seasonal grea te s t risk is for those living in houses and in str eams drains towar d the Indus. po o r l y designed and constr u c t ed dwellings. Physical infra- Mo u n t ains dominate the country, while val l e y flo o r s str u c t u r e such as irrigation wor k s, dams, roads and and piedmont plains amount to only 15% of the land- br i d g es are also at risk. Seismic activity can also have a scape. It is these two landforms on which most human ma jor affect on natural drainage systems as well as se ttlements, farms and roads are developed (Fig u r e 1). grou n d wa t er basins. The probability of further majo r Se veral active faults are located in Balochi s tan. The seismic events seems high. mo s t striking is the Chaman fault, which is clearly visible Ge o p h ysical and geological studies show that the on satel l i t e images as a prominent line ext ending 850 kilo- Mekran region is an active subduction zone. The oceanic met r es northwa r d from Kharan to Kabul. This rep re s e n t s po r tion of the Arabian Plate is sliding under the Eurasian
Table 2 Earthquake Data*
Richter Scale 3.5–4.0 4.1–5.0 5.1–6.0 6.1–7.0 7.1–7.5 Frequency 8 307 55 4 3
Source: Pakistan Meteorological Department 1999. *Within latitude 23°-32°N and longitude 60°-70°E during 1909-98.
26 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Land 3
Rock erosion in the mountain ranges of southern Balochistan.
Pl a t e beneath the Mekran coast at a rate of 50 millime- Fur ther north, the Zhob val l e y provides access to the tre s / y ear (Farah and Dejong 1989). The process of sub- Indus at D.I. Khan. There are few major roads and only one duction is far from being of intere s t only to scientists . operating railway line. They link Balochi s tan with the Iran The Mekran subduction zone is also an area of major seis- and Afghanistan borde r s, and with the major cities on the mic activity, parti c u l a r l y near Pasni. Four major earth- Indus. Quett a, by virtue of its central and str a t egic loca- qua k es have occurred around Pasni this century, along tion, is the centre for all of this traffic . wi t h 18 smaller events. Along the coast, two large earth- In 199 6 – 9 7, the r e wer e 17,090 kilometr es of roads in qua k es occurred on 27 November 1945 and on 5 Aug u s t the province, of which only 2,026 kilometr es (12%) wer e 1947. Both had their epicentres in approxi m a te l y the me talled. One-thi r d of the metalled roads are in Quett a same area (24. 5 ° N , 63.0°E). Inhabitants of thr ee town s Division and the remainder are the main roads linking rep o r ted that the coastline rose by about 5 metr es after ma jor cities. The res t of the province relies on shingle the 1945 earthqu a k e. Pasni and Ormara wer e compl e tel y roads. In many areas the r e are no roads and bridges, just de st r oyed by the earth tremor and Gwadar was severe l y du s ty tracks. da m a g ed. The earthqu a k e was followed by a tidal wave, est i m a t ed to be 15 metr es high, which destr oyed all buildings left standing in Pasni and Ormara (Sheikh 199 2 ) . LAND USE The mountains of Balochi s tan dictat e not only the co u r se of river s, but also movement within and acros s Accurate and detailed information on land use is difficult the region. The combination of desert, mountains and to obtain. At the district level, a series of 26 profiles was na r r ow val l e ys makes transit across the province diffic u l t . developed by IMPLAN in 1997, to consolidate statistics Road and rail access from the wes t to the Indus val l e y is about each district. In doing so, classifying land proved rou t ed thr ough Quett a. The city commands two str a t e- to be a complex task, not least because records are avail- gic mountain passes, the Bolan and Lak. The nearby able for only parts of the area. Also, ‘forests’ may not Khojak Pass is the only major access rou t e betwe e n actually have any trees – the term may refer simply to Af g h a n i s tan and Pak i s tan south of the Khyber Pas s . lands under the jurisdiction of the Forest Department.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 27 3 Land
To help classify land, a number of definitions were devel- oped by the Agricultural Census Organization (Box 4). Figure 2 Land Use, 1996-97 The statistics are concerned principally with defining the potential area available for cultivation (Figure 2). There are, for example, no available statistics on the extent of settlements. n Net sown 2.4 % Ac c o rding to the Development Sta t i stics of n Current fallow 3.6 % Ba l o ch i s tan, the rep o r ted area of the province is about n Culturable waste 13.9 % half of the total area. The variation from district to dis- n Forest 3.0 % trict is considerable. For exam ple, in Pishin, close to n Area not available Qu et t a, only 20% of the area is rep o r ted. It is assumed for cultivation 32.6 % ho wever , that all agricultural and forest r y uses are n Area not reported 44.5 % rep o r ted, and that the r e are no significant areas of culti- vat ed land in the unrep o r ted area . The principal land uses discussed in this cha p ter are Source: Directorate General of Agriculture 1999. agr i c u l t u r e and lives toc k production. (Information on the ext ent of land set aside in specially designated areas for oilseeds. At 1996 wholesale prices, crop production was fo re st r y and wildlife conservation is given in Chapter 5.) wor th Rs. 42.4 billion. Although small in the national con- The lives toc k and agri c u l t u r e production systems in text, Balochi s tan ’s agri c u l t u r e is the mainstay of the Ba l o ch i s tan are we l l - i n te gr a ted and inter- d e p e n d e n t . pr ovincial economy, and empl o ys 67% of the total wor k - Th e y are part of one system – the agro- p a s toral system . fo r ce. The provincial agricultural output is insignificant in This varies from area to area and within the same area . terms of grain and other major crops grown in Pak i s tan . Di f fer ent systems are practised simultan e o u s l y, depend- Or cha r ds in the upland val l e ys however , are the majo r ing upon the availability of irrigation wate r . Although for su p p l i e r s of deciduous fruit. They contribute more to the co n venience, land used for cultivation and for lives toc k pr ovincial economy than any other crop. Farms in mid- ar e described separatel y, it is impo r tant to keep in mind el e vation areas are impo r tant provi d e r s of off- s e a s o n the close relationship betw een the two. veg etables to urban area s . Ap p r oxi m a te l y 60% of cultivat ed land is under dry- land farming. This invol ves flood irrigation (sailaba) and Cultivated Land ra i n f ed irrigation (khushkaba). Crops grown under the s e conditions give poor yields and returns, and are ver y About 6% of the land is curren t l y being cultivat ed, that is, ri s k y . However , these farming systems do provide – in ne t sown and current fal l o w; about 14% is culturable conjunction with lives toc k and off- f arm incomes – the was te (Direc to r a t e General of Agri c u l t u r e 1999). Crop s ma jor source of revenue for many of the poorer far m i n g co n t r i b u t e about 62% of gross farm income. The majo r communities. The remaining cultivat ed land is served by cr ops are wheat, rice, sorghum, fruit, veg etables and pe r ennial irrigation system s .
Box 4 Classifying Land
Total Geographical Area is the area within the administrative boundaries of the district. Area Reported is the area covered by village and/or district records. Area Not Reported is the difference between the Total Geographical Area and the Area Reported. Area Not Available includes barren or mountainous land; area under roads, canals, or settlements; or other for Cultivation areas put to non-agricultural uses. Area under Forest is any land that is covered by trees, permanent pastures, or game sanctuaries (all protected areas) and also areas that fall administratively under the Revenue and Forest Departments. Culturable Waste refe r s to areas that may be available for cultivation but that either has not been cultivat ed or has been abandoned, is wate r l o g g ed or saline, or has been left fal l o w for more than four yea rs . Arable Land is land suitable for ploughing and crop production (or being ploughed), not sown or left fallow for less than four years. Net Potential Area Available for Cultivation is both arable land and the culturable waste.
28 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Land 3
At low elevations, less than 500 metr es – for exam - access to perennial irrigation wat er can obtain signific a n t ple, in Porali and the Kac hhi plains – irrigat ed agri c u l t u r e financial returns thr ough the production of fruit. The is gen e r a l l y in direct compe tition with Indus irrigat ed sys- pr omise of high return has prom o ted a shift to irrigate d tems. Grain, rice, oilseeds, pulses, cott on and tropical fruit agr i c u l t u r e. Inves tment in grou n d wa t er abstraction is cr ops pred o m i n a t e. Crop gross margins are small, so high, and orcha r ds have prol i fe r a t ed rapidly. far m e r s have limited access to exp e n s i v e irrigation tec h- The production of orcha r ds per unit of land fetch e s no l o g y . At inter m e d i a t e elevations, 500–1,500 metre s , thr ee to four times as much as conventional grain and veg - wh e r e marketing infrastr u c t u r e and a perennial supply of etable crops. This is also true for the unit quantity of wate r wat er exi s ts, far m e r s have the opportunity to gen e r a t e used. The economic impact of wat er development can be rel a t i ve l y high incomes thr ough the cultivation of off- gau g ed from the increase in the irrigat ed areas over the season veg etable crops, which command a premium price pa s t 10 yea r s for some major crops, fruits and veg etab l e s in cities. In val l e ys above 1,500 metr es, far m e r s with and their production (Table 3 and Fig u r e 3). There has been
Table 3 Growth in Irrigated Area, Production and Value of Production
Crop Area (‘000 ha) Production (‘000 tonnes) Production Values (million rupees) 1985-86 1995-96 1985-86 1995-96 1985-86 1995-96 Discount Increase Value* (1995-96) GRAIN CROPS AND OILSEEDS Wheat 172.0 297.4 353.7 775.4 707.4 4,442.5 2,150.1 1,442.7 Rice 94.1 128.0 255.2 348.1 1,275.9 5,145.8 2,490.5 1,214.6 Barley 8.2 26.0 7.7 39.4 17.4 353.9 171.3 153.9 Jawar 21.5 18.8 17.2 20.1 38.6 100.7 48.6 10.0 Maize 3.2 2.1 2.7 2.3 6.7 15.5 7.6 0.9 Oilseeds 19.0 34.0 11.8 24.5 63.6 1,113.6 539.0 475.4 Sub-total 318.0 506.3 648.3 1,209.8 2,109.6 11,172.0 5,407.1 3,297.5 Gram and Pulses Sub-total 29.2 27.6 20.5 21.8 161.4 604.1 292.4 131.0 FRUITS Apples 9.7 35.4 85.1 466.0 638.2 6,710.0 3,247.5 2,609.3 Grapes 2.8 8.3 28.3 70.6 141.3 1,193.2 577.5 436.2 Almonds 6.7 10.1 38.4 46.5 638.1 6,607.7 3,198.0 2,559.9 Pomegranates 1.4 3.9 20.0 80.7 99.8 1,100.3 532.5 432.7 Plums 1.1 2.9 13.0 40.4 39.1 316.1 153.0 113.9 Apricots 3.6 9.8 42.0 171.1 125.9 1,762.9 853.2 727.3 Peaches 1.1 2.8 9.6 32.5 28.9 303.2 146.7 117.8 Dates 9.3 42.2 83.6 403.6 313.5 3,965.2 451.7 138.2 Sub-total 35.7 115.4 320.0 1,311.4 2,024.8 21,958.6 9,160.1 7,135.3 VEGETABLES Onions 6.2 18.3 86.8 367.0 86.8 1,673.4 809.9 723.1 Potatoes 5.4 7.3 77.7 113.2 155.3 1,076.2 520.9 365.6 Other vegetables 8.7 13.0 115.1 184.4 437.5 2,291.4 1,109.0 671.5 Sub-total 20.3 38.6 279.6 664.6 679.6 5,041.0 2,439.8 1,760.2 Grand Total 403.2 687.9 12,68.4 3,207.6 4,975.4 38,775.7 17,299.4 12,324.0
* Discount value is taken at 15% per annum, with 1985-86 as the base year.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 29 3 Land
Figure 3 Area Under Irrigation
800 n 1985-86 n 1995-96
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0 Grain Crops Gram & Fruits Vegetables Grand Total & Oilseeds Pulses a tremendous increase in the irrigat ed area of the provi n c e since 1985. Provincial revenues increased by over Rs. 12 bil- lion in absolute terms in the same period from orcha rd s , grain crops and veg etables. This has been possible only thr ough developing wat er res o u r ces by the installation of tu b e wells, and additional surface wat er made avai l a b l e thr ough the Indus River system . It is esti m a t ed that each acre under orcha r ds brings in a net income of about Rs. 29,000 in the fir st year of fruit- ing. This prog res s i ve l y increases to over Rs. 60,000 per annum by the ten t h year and then becomes constan t . Si m i l a r l y, veg etables bring in about Rs. 20,000 per annum, Sorting apples – fruits earn considerable amounts for Balochistan. in c r easing to Rs. 27,000 in the thi r d yea r . For grain crop s , su c h as wheat, the income is Rs. 3,300 in the fir st yea r , Indus system. Rice and wheat are the principal crop s in c r easing to about Rs. 6,000 per acre in the fourth yea r . grown in the Division. Nasirabad Division, covering Nasirabad and The aver a g e privat e farm is 9.6 hectar es. If cultivat - Ja f farabad Districts is the only area canal-based irrigate d ed area is the criterion, the aver a g e size decreases to 4.8 farming is practised. The area is fed by the Kirthar and he c ta r es. About 90% of farms are less than 20 hectare s Pat Feeder canals from the Indus River at the Sukkur and in size and over half are under 5 hectar es (Table 4). In Guddu barrages res p e c t i ve l y. The construction of Kach h i addition, the r e are 26 government farms with a total Canal is being planned for draining additional wat er from ar ea of 48,338 hectare s .
Table 4 Number and Size of Private Farms
Farm Size Number of Farms Area Number % Hectare % Under 5 ha 138,224 57.0 334,124 14.3 5–10 ha 48,851 20.1 346,747 14.8 10–20 ha 31,597 13.0 414,286 17.7 20 ha and above 24,113 9.9 1,243,829 53.2 Total 242,785 100.0 2,338,986 100.0
Source: Agricultural Census Organization 1994.
30 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Land 3
Women part i c i p a te in all types of work exc e pt l a b o u r, commerce and transport and building and main- Table 5 Women in the Work-force tenance. In rural areas, subsiste n c e - o r i e n ted agr i c u l- t u re is being replaced with market - o r i e n ted pro d u c t i o n Area Participation by Women th rough the expansion of irriga ted orch a rds. The ro l e (% of Total Work-force) of women in the economy is changing corre s p o n d i n gly. Kalat 1.2 W h e re men operate new types of te ch n o l o g y, one con- Chagai 1.6 s e quence may be a reduction in the economic powe r Kech 1.8 and social status of women. It is ironic that moderniza- tion may result in increased production and gre a te r Pishin 1.9 returns, but at the same time reduce emp l oy m e n t , Lasbela 3.9 p a rt i c u l a r ly among women. Women are ge n e r a l ly Sibi 4.5 denied direct access to pro d u c t i ve inputs, such as Gwadar 6.8 training, credit, te ch n o l o g y, ow n e rship of pro d u c t i ve Source: Agricultural Census Organization 1994. a s s ets and control over both the processes and pro- ceeds of labour. Wo m e n’s economic contributions are d i s c o u n ted and under- re p o rted in official sta t i st i c a l field. In some areas, collecting medicinal plants for sale to documents (Table 5). local healers has become a small business managed by The tribal society of Baloch i stan has not traditional- women and chi l d r en. For some of these activities, wom e n ly been a conducive place for wo m e n’s emp owe r m e n t . ar e paid in cash or kind (Box 5). In the early decades of development, women we re l a rge ly ignored in all development planning and imp l e- Livestock and Rangelands m e n tation. The 1960s saw them become the benefi c i a- ries of aid, and some we l fa re - o r i e n ted pro gr a m m e s Ra n gelands const i t u te 79% of the total area of we re initiated for women. But it was not until the 19 8 0 s Ba l o ch i s tan and provide more than 90% of the total fee d that bilateral agencies sta rted taking an inte re st in requ i r ements of sheep and goats, 40% of the fee d women as part n e rs in development. In the mid-19 9 0 s , requ i r ement for pack animals and 5% of cattle and buf- the government of Baloch i stan recognized the role of falo requ i r ements (Fig u r e 4). Their wate r shed and biodi- women as active participants in development. The ver sity value are also impo r tan t . Gender and Development appro a ch has only now sta rt- On the basis of physi o gr a p h y, the rangelands of ed taking ro ot . Ba l o ch i s tan can be divided into thr ee agro- e c o l o g i c a l Women contribute in four major areas: crop prod u c - zones (Mohammad 1989). The Central Balochi s tan Ra n ge s tion, lives toc k production, cotta g e industr y and house- found in the Quet ta and Kalat Divisions have a hold wor k . More than 50% of rural women are invol ved in Me d i t erranean climate with annual rainfall ranging from fetc hing wate r , collecting fodder, caring for animals, 100 to 200 millimetr es. Most of the rainfall is rec e i v ed in planting, harves ting and thr eshing crops, carrying meals wi n t er or early spring. The Wes tern Balochi s tan Ran ge s to the fields, selecting seeds and leading lives toc k in the co ver the desert areas of Chagai, Kharan, Pan j g u r , Kech ,
Box 5 Division of Labour by Gender in the Uplands
Exclusively Men Exclusively Women Shared Tasks Migrant labour Gardening Planting Commerce and transport Food preparation Harvesting Building and maintenance Working wool (cleaning, carding, Threshing spinning and weaving) Child care Crop storage Midwifery Livestock tasks Care of sick Water collection Sewing and embroidery Gathering firewood Milling grains
Source: Sabir and Nagy 1988.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 31 3 Land
Gw adar and Lasbela Districts. In this area, the rainfal l , about 50 millimetr es a yea r , is erratic. The Easter n Figure 4 Contribution of Rangelands and Agriculture in Ba l o ch i s tan Ran g es, located in Zhob and Loralai Distr i c t s , Feed Requirements rec e i v e more than 200 millimetr es of rain. As a result, the Ea s tern rangelands have a higher grazing capacity tha n n Ranges n Agriculture those in other areas. The Eastern ranges consti t u t e 100 about 38% of the total area of the province and support 90 76% of the lives toc k. The remainder of the rangel a n d s ha ve ver y low grazing capacity. 80 Ran g e-based lives toc k production systems are one of 70 the major sources of livelihood for people living in rural 60 ar eas (Fig u r e 5). Small ruminants, such as sheep and goats, 50 ar e bett er adapted to Balochi s tan ’s harsh envi ro n m e n t and grea t l y out-number large ruminants, such as cattle 40 and buffalo. Camels, donkeys, horses and mules are used 30 as pack animals. There are about 20 million sheep and 20 goats (Agricultural Census Organization 1998), which is 10 6–7 times the actual carrying capacity of the rangel a n d s . Poor nutrition results in high mortal i t y , high parasite loads Sheep Goats Camels Donkeys Cattle Horses Buffalo and the stu n t ed growt h of young lambs. Lives toc k own e r s Source: FAO 1983. su s tain high losses, especially during drou g h t s . The population of buffalo has increased 10% in the Figure 5 Monetary Value of Livestock la s t 10 yea r s. This is rel a t ed to the establishment of peri- urban dairy units in differ ent towns of the province to 50 me e t the increasing demand for fresh milk. The sheep population has remained stable, while the number of cat- 45 44 tle has decreased due to the gradual mechanization of 40 agr i c u l t u r e. Similarly, the numbers of pack animals have 35 de c r eased due to the use of modern transport. 30 Range Management and 25 24 Livestock Production Systems 20 19 Balochistan’s rangelands are managed under two prop- 15 erty regimes, classified as common or open rangelands. 10 Common rangelands are traditionally owned by tribes, 6 5 5 with customary institutional arrangements for their 2 management. Open rangelands have unrestricted access Cattle Buffaloes Sheep Goats Camels Donkeys and are usually in poorer condition. They have been increasing in area, as common rangelands have under- gone degradation and have been abandoned by their Nomadic Lives to c k Prod u c t i o n owners (Buzdar et al. 1989). From an ecological point of Nomadic flo c ks move constan t l y thr oughout the year in view, and contrary to popular belief, migratory livestock se a r ch of grazing. They migra t e from the uplands to the production does not create desertification. Nor is the lo wlands in winter and return in summer. Their migra t i o n overgrazing by domestic animals the primary cause of fo l l o ws traditional rou t es where the y have contacts with degradation. Instead, depletion and destruction of nat- the communities who provide them grazing privileges ural resources is due to the lack of grazing management and animal feed. In return, the nomads sell them animals and the use of scarce vegetation for fuel (FAO 1983). and their by-p r oducts and provide farm labour. Grazing is Th e r e are thr ee categories of own e r ship and pro- gen e r a l l y conducted free of cha r ge, but in some cases, duction systems: nomadic, transhumant and sedentar y. own e r s are obliged to pay the tribe. As a general rule, The two migra to r y systems account for about 90% of over 90% of the forage consumed by nomadic flo c ks the lives toc k in Balochi s tan, with 60% being transhumant comes from the rangelands. In times of acute shortage s , and 30% nomadic. sh e p h e r ds have to buy forage.
32 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Land 3
Transhumance Lives to c k Prod u c t i o n in c r ease in the number of lives toc k own e r s settling near Two types of transhumance lives toc k production system ir r i ga t ed land to engag e in agri c u l t u re . ar e found: prod u c e r s either own land (semi-sedentar y) or the y do not (semi-nomadic). Semi-sedentar y transhu- Dairy Cattle Breed Improvement mant herde r s practice agri c u l t u r e by harves ting surfac e Th e r e are now about 3,000 heads of pureb r ed Europ e a n ru n - o f f. Each winter , the y migra t e along with their flo c ks da i r y animals and almost 70,000 cros s b r ed animals. Two to the lowlands in Sibi and Kac hhi plains. When no fee d li q uid nitrog en plants have been installed in Quett a to remains in the cropped areas, flo c ks migra t e to range- pr oduce and supply liquid nitrog en to pres e r ve semen. lands and flood plains. Herde r s spend rou g h l y fiv e to six For ty arti f icial insemination centres have been estab - mo n t hs away from their villages. Shepherds at times have lished in str a t egic areas of the province. About 22,000 to pay for stubble or range grazing, and occasionally pur- inseminations are carried out annually, with a view to chase feed for their animals. in c r easing milk production. A Semen Production Unit and Em b r yo Tra n s f er Tec hnology Centre have also been Se d e n ta r y Lives to c k Prod u c t i o n es tablished at Quett a for expanding the breed impr ove- Mo s t people in rural areas raise a few animals. Household ment prog ramme on scientific lines. flo c ks rarel y contain more than 5 to 15 animals, and of ten a single shepherd is hired to look after the lives toc k Women in Livestock Sector of an entire village. As villages are normally inhabited by Women in pastoral communities have a grea t er role in me m b e r s of the same lineage or clan, the y have usufruct nomadic production systems because of their rel a t i v e rights over rangelands adjacent to their villages. Fod d e r fr eedom and mobility (Box 6). Women of poor fam i l i e s cr ops wer e grown over 5% of the annual cropped area in ac t i ve l y parti c i p a t e in lives toc k production and by-p ro d - 1995–96. The major fodder crops are sorghum, alfal fa , ucts, as do the women from rel a t i ve l y wel l - o f f fam i l i e s . ba r seem, maize and bajra. Wheat and barley is grown for Pashtun women cannot engag e in agri c u l t u re - re l a te d grain and also as a source of green fodder. Sheep and activities outside of the domestic compound unless the goats graze chi c kpea fields following harvest . fam i l y is too poor to hire labour. On the other hand, Studies conducted in highland Balochi s tan among Ba l o c hi women have grea t er cultural freedom and under- se d e n ta r y and transhumant far m e r s indicate that in a tak e a large range of lives toc k-re l a t ed wor k . transhumant system, about 80% of the income comes Pos i t i v e cha n g es in gender relationships are seen in fr om small ruminants, while in sedentar y systems, small the Mekran region where women undertak e day-to - d a y ruminants provide only 15–40% of the income. Lives toc k business with compa r a t i ve l y more freedom. Men consult re p resents financial security and a means to meet them on all matter s of str a t egic impo r tance. Apart from un f o r eseen needs. Animals are also used in payment of this, most of rural Balochi s tan remains a society tha t ransoms, bridal prices and other debts (Buzdar et al. retains a ver y traditional view of wom e n ’s role in res o u rc e 1989). A fam i l y without lives toc k is considered to be the use and management and rel a t ed roles and res p o n s i b i l i t i e s . po o re s t. It is the last item, with the exce p tion of land, that a fam i l y will sell, and the fir st endeavour on the path Poultry Production to economic rec o ver y. Since the introduction of tubewel l About 80% of rural families keep 5–10 hens and one or ir r i g ation in the mid-1970s, the r e has been a stea d y more cocks. Most are indigenous, low-yielding moulting
Box 6 Division of Labour by Gender in Livestock Sector
Exclusively Men Exclusively Women Shared Tasks Marketing Milking and feeding Fodder collection Breeding Processing by-products Decision-making Slaughtering Fodder management Type/number of animals to buy or sell Purchasing and transportation Caring of sick livestock Birthing Medicines Hand suckling of young Field grazing Processing local herbal medicines Dung management Cleaning animal shelters
Source: Bonfiglioli 1995.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 33 3 Land
types. The birds live by scavenging and on household n A poorly documented system of protec t ed areas in scraps. Birds that have finished laying eggs are eaten or Ba l o ch i s tan: the location, boundaries, level of popula- sold. Although rural poultry-keeping is not very produc- tion and status of many areas is not certain. Many tive and remunerative, it is attractive to rural families ha ve not been surveyed in recent yea r s and the r e is because it involves little cost. According to the 1996 good reason to doubt that the animals these area s Livestock Census, there were more than 4.6 million chick- wer e established to protect still exi s t in many of ens in rural areas. This exceeds the numbers of birds them. Only one management plan has been pre- kept in commercial farming enterprises. pa r ed, for Hazarganji Chiltan National Par k .
IS S U E S Availability of Quality Seeds
He r e are some of the issues and trends cha r a c te r i z i n g The Department of Agri c u l t u r e has been providing certi - land and land uses in Balochi s tan . fied wheat and rice seeds, some of which are prod u c e d n A general lack of awareness about the land, its at departm e n t al farms. The res t are acqui r ed from Seed p otential and limitations: attention is curre n t ly Corporations in other provinces. A seed processing plant focused on productive sectors such as agriculture, has been built at the Agri c u l t u r e Development Insti t u te , but little on the overall structure and functioning of Kh a np u r , Jaffarabad District, with a grant from the the province as a whole, based on its resources and Japanese government. The plant can process the seeds environment. There appears to be little attention to of wheat, rice, pulses and soybean. Another seed pro- integrated planning at any level, regional or district. cessing facility for oilseeds has rec e n t l y been estab l i s h e d Ad hoc decision-making continues to meet day-to- at Gandava farm, District Jhal Magsi, under the Wor l d day needs in various sectors. Ba n k – f inanced National Oilseeds Development Proj e c t . n An information base that is poor or lacking: maps, aerial photography and remote sensing imagery are not routinely used, partly due to costs and lack of Inadequate Extension Services availability. Statistics on most sectors are weak or n o n - ex i stent. Where databases ex i st, th ey are The sector lacks adequ a te capacity and fi n a n c i a l flawed and often contradictory. res o u r ces to provide basic services to the far m e r s, tran- n Use of several incompletely developed land classifi- shumants and nomadic gra z e r s. Extension staf f wor k cation systems, based for example, on physiograph- ma i n l y with a small perce n ta g e of large far m e r s, virtu a l l y ic criteria, forest type and vegetation. ignoring the needs of small and medium-sized far m e rs . n A continuing controve rsy over the impact of gr a z- To impr ove conventional agricultural ext ension, the train- ing on fore sts and processes of desert i fi c a t i o n ing and visit system of agri c u l t u r e ext ension was intro- and the future of this vital secto r: most people in duced on a pilot basis in four districts of Balochi s tan the rural area depend on small live sto ck pro d u c- (Loralai, Lasbela, Jhal Magsi and Nasirabad) thr ough the tion and have done so for hundreds of ye a rs. Lack World Bank-funded Balochi s tan Agri c u l t u r e Extension and of alte r n a t i ves sugge st that th ey will continue to Ada pt i v e Res e a r ch Project. At the moment, the profe s - do so for many ye a rs to come, but few viable solu- sional education offer ed at the univer sities and colleges tions to the problems of the sector have emerge d is not rel e vant to the needs of the provi n c e . so fa r. n A land ownership system that is complex and not well understood: it is arguable how much land gov- Inadequate Agricultural ernment actually owns or effe c t i ve ly contro l s . Research Facilities and Traditional concepts of ownership and use seem Re s o u r c e s very much the order of the day. The success of any g overnment ve n t u re depends on the goodwill The province has only one Agricultural Res e a r ch Insti t u t e between the people and their leadership. There is at Sariab in Quett a City. The insti t u t e has no sub-stat i o n s hardly any awareness or planning system in place to to conduct site- s p e c i f ic studies in the various agro- e c o - ensure that all stakeholders can participate in a dis- logical zones of the province. The provincial agri c u l t u r a l cussion of issues related to the land and its use and res e a r ch system lacks adequa te l y trained personnel and planning effectively for its future. the financial means to backstop ext ension services. Some
34 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Land 3
pro g ress has been made on deciduous fruits thr ough a wat er channels have helped increase wat er deliver y effi- UN D P / F AO project. A Date Res e a r ch Centre has been ciency by about 26%. This in turn increases both crop p i n g es tablished at Turbat for the impr ovement of the date in t ensities and crop yields. High-efficiency irrigation sys- palm. Little effo r t has been made to incorporate ecologi- tems are still being introd u c e d . cal, social and economic fac to r s into agricultural res e a r ch. A list of donor assisted projects is given in Box 7. Waterlogging and Salination
Inefficient Use of Wat e r Wat erlogging is confined to the canal-irrigat ed area s . Salination results from inapprop r i a t e designing of the irri- The use of wat er for agricultural development is dis- gation system for a lack of proper drainage leads to cussed in Chapter 4. In summary, the r e are now more wat erlogging and salt accumulation. In the Kirthar canal than 21,000 diesel and electric tubewells in the provi n c e . ar ea alone, salinization has affec t ed 5,000–7,000 squa r e Due to the uncontrolled increase in their numbers, ki l o m et r es of land. grou n d wa t er levels are stea d i l y declining. The lowering of the wate r- t able by over- p u m ping has res u l t ed in the dry- ing up of many kare z e s . Heavy Use of Pesticides In order to save wate r , on-farm wat er managem e n t has invol ved the impr ovement of 3,795 wate rc o u rs e s , A major issue concerns the use of pesticides and the co n s truction of 2,000 wat er stor a g e tan k s and prec i s i o n un i n t ended consequences of these agroc hemicals. There land leveling on 7,000 hectar es. There are more tha n is a ver y heavy use of pesticides and other agroch e m i - 15,000 farms that requ i r e new wate rc o u r ses or impr ove- cals, parti c u l a r l y in orcha r ds. An increase in cott on pro- ment. Acc o r ding to one esti m a t e, the present system is duction will inevi ta b l y result in the increased use of che m - 45% efficient. Inefficient wat er use in farming occurs at icals. These chemicals pose serious health and envi ro n - thr ee stag es: wat er conveyance from source to field due me n t al problems if not handled prop e r l y. A recent rep o r t to poor maintenance of the channels, unleveled fie l d s (N az 1999; Ahmed 1999) esti m a t es that 10,000 people and over- wa t ering due to lack of knowle d g e. Studies by die ever y year from pesticide poisoning in Pak i s tan. Many WAP D A indicate that wat er stor a g e tan k s and ren o vate d times that number are affec t ed. The pesticides used are
Box 7 Donor-Assisted Agriculture Projects
From 1970 to 1995, many donor-assisted project were under way in Balochistan. The main object of these projects was to increase agricultural production and improve the standard of living of the people. Some of the important projects were: n Fruit Development Project, 3 phases (1979–97) n Strengthening Agricultural Planning in Balochistan (1992–96) n Area Development Programme Balochistan – Preparatory Assistance Phase (July 1997 – December 1998) and Implementation Phase (January 1999 – June 2003) n Pak-Swiss Potato Development Project in Balochistan (1991–96) n Agricultural Research Project II (Umbrella Project) (1991–98) n On-Farm Water Management Project, Phase III (1992–97) n National Oil Seeds Development Project (Umbrella Project) (1989–97) n Balochistan Minor Irrigation and Agricultural Development Project (1983–96) n Balochistan Agriculture Extension and Adaptive Research Project (1985–92) n Fruit and Vegetable Marketing Project (1988–96) n Agriculture Development with Widening of Pat Feeder Canal Project (1990–94) n Introduction of Trickle Irrigation System in Balochistan (1990–96) n Pat Feeder Command Area Development Project (1994–2001) n On-Farm Water Management Project (1992–2000) In addition, the province also received assistance from the national research project, Management of Agricultural Research and Technology (MART), funded by USAID. This project provided training facilities and equipment to the Agriculture Research Institute laboratories. The Arid Zone Research Centre was a component of the MART project that was responsible for conducting high-altitude research in the province.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 35 3 Land
of ten highly toxic, and a number of them have been that only 11% of Balochistan’s livestock owners have banned inter n a t i o n a l l y (Box 8). The problem is com- access to veterinary dispensaries. The inaccessibility of pounded by the use of adulter a t ed pesticides and che m - m a ny past u res and the migr a to ry nature of icals smuggled in from Iran. Balochistan’s livestock system adds to the problems. Concerns wer e raised during public consultations on Common diseases include anthrax, blackquarter, sheep all aspects of agroc hemical application, handling, stor a g e p ox, pleuro-pneumonia, bovine diarrhoea, foot and and disposal. These chemicals may also reduce soil fe rt i l i- mouth rinderpest and entero-toxaemia. Parasitic infec- ty . Unf o rt u n a te l y, little attention has so far been paid to tions of lungworm, intestinal worms, liver flukes and In te gr a t ed Pes t Management and integr a t ed disease piroplasmosis are common. Ecto-parasites such as ticks, ma n a g ement prog rammes. The cover a g e of the pest- mange mites, sheep keds and warbles affect economic scouting prog ramme is ver y small. productivity. Veter i n a r y health services in the province are deliv- er ed thr ough 54 veter i n a r y hospitals and 666 dispen- Livestock Feeding saries staf fed by gra d u a t e veterinarians and stoc k assis- tants (para-veterinarians). In addition, about 100 mobile Nutrition is a serious limiting fac t or for lives toc k prod u c - veter i n a r y aid camps are organized annually along migra - tion in Balochi s tan. Many animals arrive at the market in tion rou t es, where mass treatment agai n s t parasitic dis- less than optimal body condition. The small ruminants of eases and vaccination agai n s t infectious diseases are car- Ba l o ch i s tan survi v e only on the traditional lives toc k fee d - ried out by the staf f of the Lives toc k Department. In ing system described earlier. The lives toc k fodder ratio is 1995–96, out of 27.3 million animals, 5.6% rec e i v ed trea t - undesirable. Feed available from rangelands is gen e r a l l y ment and 11% wer e vac c i n a te d . de f icient in protein, energy , minerals and vitamins during A Veter i n a r y Res e a r ch Insti t u t e has been estab l i s h e d the grea t er part of the yea r , and has been found to be a at Quett a, where the emphasis is on the annual prod u c - fac t or in limiting the productivity of sheep and goats. tion of 8 million vaccines doses. Training is given to para- Poor nutrition is gen e r a l l y blamed for high losses during veterinarians at the Par a - Veter i n a r y Training Insti t u t e at lambing. Feed supply and quality are parti c u l a r l y poor dur- Qu et t a. The Lives toc k Department provides in-servi c e ing the cold winter months and before the monsoon rains training for stoc k assistants and other sta ff . in July and Aug u s t. In the southern zone, feed is scarce for 10 months of the yea r , inter r u p ted only by forage growt h fo l l o wing winter rains. There is a mill in Quett a which Women in the Livestock Sector ma k es animal feed including that for small ruminants. Rural women spend approximately five hours a day on livestock-related activities. As with agriculture, they have Animal Health System no direct access to productive inputs to enhance their economic participation in the livestock sector (Dove and Livestock diseases are another problem limiting the pro- Carpenter 1992). Surveys at the village level reveal a duction of small ruminants in Balochistan. It is estimated wide gap between the technology used by rural women
Box 8 Pesticides, Human Health and Environment
In Pakistan, more than 200 chemicals are registered for use in pest control. In 1998, pesticides worth Rs. 12 billion were imported into the country. Multinational companies are being held accountable for promoting the sale of their products, caring little about environmental degradation or protection. Annual pesticide use has increased from 6,000 tonnes in 1982 to 45,000 tonnes in 1997. Most of this is sprayed on cotton, while 20-30% is used on fruit and vegetables. Where Integrated Pest Management initiatives have been tried, the need for pesticide use has been substantially reduced. These technologies are being transferred to farmers at very low cost and are being used on an increasingly large scale. At the International Workshop on Integrated Management of Agricultural Pests for OIC (Organization of Islamic Countries) Member Countries and Asia held in Islamabad in March 1999, participants heard that immediate preventive and legal measures are to be taken to ban the use of pesticides that are extremely detrimental to human health and environment. Many developing countries, including Pakistan, are still using pesticides that have been banned or restricted in western countries, for example, DDT and BHC, which are banned in the United States and most of Europe.
Source: Nation 9 March, 1999.
36 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Land 3
Livestock in Bolan Pass. and the more efficient practices of livestock production. and handling skin parasites and thr ough impr oper pres e r - This is attributed to their lack of contact with extension vation. There are no organized training courses for tho s e services and lack of resources to adopt more efficient in the business. Fleeces are damaged from poor shearing methods of livestock care. Women’s access to credit is tech n i q ues. The sorting and marketing of wool leaves very poor due to limited mobility, lack of education and mu c h to be desired. The wool produced is coarse and lack of collateral. su i t able for carpet making only. The aver a g e yield is 1.5–2.0 kilograms per animal a yea r . One positive aspect of the wool sector is that Livestock Production exports have exceeded imports for the period 1994–95 Co n s t r a i n t s to 1996–97. In 1996–97, the export of wool was worth Rs. 647 million, while imports were Rs. 325 million. This Lo w producer prices and offic i a l l y controlled market trend, if sustained, suggests the acceptance of local prices for many lives toc k products, parti c u l a r l y meat, are wool in international markets, as well as an increase in ma jor constraints to the adoption of more inten s i v e pro- domestic consumption. duction tech n i q ues. Although prices have risen in rec e n t yea r s, the y are still low compa r ed to neighbouring coun- tries. The feed supply falls at least 20–25% below the Lack of Coordination le vel needed for the lives toc k to produce at their full po tential. The grazing res o u r ce is fin i t e, and it is diffic u l t Di f ficulties in coordinating the work of differ ent insti t u - to persuade users to adopt sound grazing practices to tions are a major constraint in the lives toc k sector . In par- permit impr oved prod u c t i v i t y . t i c u l a r, coordination is often lacking bet ween Cro p The quality of skins is poor. Problems include thi n Ex t ension Services, which is responsible for fodder crop s , le a t her and a smaller size compa r ed with skins from and Lives toc k Services. Priorities are not agreed upon, so Af g h a n i s tan and Iran. Skins are damaged during flay i n g fodder crops re c e i ve little attention. Coord i n a t i o n
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 37 3 Land
Threshing, the traditional way, near Sibi. bet w een the forest r y and lives toc k departments also CONSEQUENCES OF poses a constraint to the development of rangelands and ra n g e management practices. IN A C T I O N
Poultry Raising De s e r t i f i c a t i o n The major problems in rural poultry-r earing arise from epi- demics of the New Castle disease (ranikhet), which often Dr ought is a rec u r r ent fea t u r e in Balochi s tan, and in case wipes out entire village poultry populations. During the last of crop fai l u r e, lives toc k provides the security of food tw o decades, an increasing number of impr oved breeds like and hard cash. In rural communities, the number of ani- Dokki, Fayoumi (Egyptian breeds) and Mini-red have been mals a person owns confer s status. This leads to the in t r oduced under an UNDP/FAO project. They have bette r ma i n t enance of larger herds of poor-q uality animals. pe r formance and acceptability in rural envi r onments. While Grazing pre s s u re increases, causing degradation of the informal poultry sector is as large as the commerci a l ra n g elands. The major consequence of managing range- one, little attention has been paid to developing it, despite lands ineffec t i ve l y is the depletion of a vital primary the fact that it provides a large part of the basic diet to res o u r ce base for rural communities. This has far- re a c h- mo r e than 75% of the population. The commercial poultry ing social and envi ro n m e n t al impl i c a t i o n s . ma r k et is cha r a c t erized by a volatile supply and demand sit- One of the major envi ro n m e n t al consequences of uation, resulting in fluctuating prices. land degradation is accelerated deserti f ication. This ter m
38 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Land 3
is defined as degradation caused by human activities. It im plementing policies and prog rammes in agri c u l t u re . in vol ves a substantial decrease in plant cover and accel- The Lives toc k Department is responsible for animal er a t ed soil erosion. In Balochi s tan, the major problem is he a l t h care, arti f icial insemination and breed impr ove- the exp l o i t ation of rangelands for fuel and uncontrol l e d ment. The Fore s t Department, in addition to the conser- grazing (Ati q - u r- R ehman 199 7). Most of the mountai n vation and development of fores ts, is also responsible for slopes in Balochi s tan are already ecologically dead due to the management of rangelands, soil conservation, wate r - ad v anced irrever sible soil erosion (Gils and Baig 1992). The shed management and wildlife managem e n t . co n s e q uences of soil erosion in Balochi s tan include: The Pak i s tan Agricultural Res e a r ch Council, a paras- n ir r ever sible loss of veg etation and soil on the moun- tat al organization, operates a wel l - e s tablished Arid Zone tain slopes that form about 50% of the total area of Res e a r ch Centre at Quett a. Par t of its mandate is ‘to fin d Ba l o ch i s tan ; solutions to the problems of arid and semi-arid zones to n in c r eases in the already high natural rates of siltat i o n imp r ove the sustainability of biological systems and to and sedimentation of res e r voi r s; and lessen the danger s of further envi ro n m e n t al destr u c t i o n n the loss from arable land of topsoil that contai n s of the fragile ecology of these dry area s ’. Res e a r ch activi- mo s t of the nutrient and organic matter on far m - ties are, however , at a low point due to funding diffic u l t i e s . land, resulting in reduced soil fer tility and wate r- h o l d - ing capacity, and conseque n t l y, decreased crop yield. THE WAY AHEAD Po v e r t y , Migration and Se c u r i t y Land Use
If the current trend of over grazing and uproo ting of The following steps will be tak en to address the majo r shrubs and trees for fuelwood continues, it is exp e c te d issues and trends concerning the land res o u r ces of that the number of animals that can survi v e on the s e Ba l o ch i s tan : ra n g elands will be further reduced. The direct social n in te gr a t ed land use planning proc e s s ; im pact of this, parti c u l a r l y on landless far m e r s, will be n pr oduction and distribution of an electronic res o u rc e fu r ther impo verishment. An increase in povert y , tog eth- atlas of Balochi s tan; and er with a depleted natural res o u r ce base, forces people in n pr eparation of a risk analysis of seismic activity along rural communities to look for other wor k . This trigger s ma jor faults and subduction zones. mi g ration to urban centres. It is prob a b l y one of the m ajor contributo rs to uncontrolled urbanization in Integrated Land Use Planning Ba l o ch i s tan. The depletion of rangeland res o u r ces and Decisions on the future development of the province will growing population pres s u r es have prob a b l y wea ke n e d tak e into account the needs of the people, the needs of communal organization and traditional to l e r a n c e . the country and the desire to be a major player in the Al t hough the r e are pres e n t l y not many rep o r ts of seri- opening up of Central Asian markets. Decision-making will ous conflicts betw een tribes about land and gra z i n g a c c o m m o d a te all these demands, and appro p r i a te rights, thee could occur unless the growing pres s u r e on p rocesses will be developed to ensure that limite d ra n g elands is eased. res o u r ces are applied where the y can do most good.
Cu r rent Planning Proc e s s e s THE STAK E H O L D E R S De velopment planning is done on an annual and five - ye a r basis. It is carried out according to triennial sectoral plans The stake h o l d e r s in the agro- p a s toral sector are: ad v anced by departments. Ver y little is forthcoming in n p u b l i c - s e c tor organizations: the Agr i c u l t u re su c h key sector s as fisheries, mines and minerals, energy D e p a rtment, the Fo re st Department and th e and industr y. Decision-making is largel y ad hoc. Altho u g h Li ve s toc k and Dairy Development Departm e n t ; it is gen e r a l l y agreed that the res o u r ce potential of the n the privat e sector , such as far m e r s, lives toc k own e r s pr ovince is significant, the nature and ext ent of the s e and herde rs ; res o u r ces is poorly known. The province is large, the n no n - g o ver n m e n t al organizations (NGOs); and in f r a st r u c t u r e is poor and access to many areas is diffi- n the people – communities, households and individuals. cult. Much of the information about the province is The Department of Agri c u l t u r e is responsible for de r i v ed from gaz et te e r s published at the turn of the
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 39 3 Land
ce n t u r y. The rec e n t l y published District Prof iles (by P&DD le vel. The process will the re f o r e be gea r ed to the local in 199 7), prob a b l y the best- o r ganized sources of infor- le vel, and national needs and regional development will be mation curren t l y available, rel y entirel y on secondary and se t in that context . in a c c u r a t e information. Measures to impr ove and dissem- Decisions on the most approp r i a t e use of the land i n a te development sta t i stics are under way in th e res o u r ces of the province will be based on compre h e n - Planning and Development (P&D) Departm e n t . si v e land use plans. The approa c h will be integr a t ed and Some attem pts have been made to classify land use. pa rt i c i p a to r y. Land use plans provide the overall frame- The fi g u res qu oted earlier are derived from th e work for development decision-making. This includes Agricultural Stat i s tics of Balochi s tan, which looks at the p hysical infrast r u c t u re, agr i c u l t u re, fisheries, gr a z i n g ne t potential area available for cultivation. As noted , lands, urban development, fores ts and plantations, parks us a g e on only half of the land area of Balochi s tan is and rec r eation, protec t ed areas for the conservation of rep o r ted. Changes in district boundaries over the past 50 bi o d i ve rs i t y , non-re n ewable re s o u rces, transporta t i o n yea r s further compl i c a t e rec o rd - k eeping. At best, data co r r i d o r s and industr y. The scale of planning needs par- ar e unreliable. Most effo r t has been put into assessing ticular consideration. the agricultural potential of the province. But detai l e d information on the distribution and ext ent of exi st i n g Land Use Planning Commission and potential agricultural land is not gen e r a l l y avai l a b l e . The process and institutional arrangements will ensure This information is essential in making planning decisions that information flows freely to those who need it. At – ensuring the most effec t i v e use of limited res o u rc e s ; the same time, the approval process will be free from ensuring the maximum benefit to the larges t number of unnecessary red tape. That implies putting responsibility people in the most deserving areas; focusing on area s and accountability in local hands. There will be a coordi- wi t h grea te s t wat er potential; and capitalizing on the nating body at the provincial level. This will take the form de veloping netw ork of far m - to - m a r k et roa d s . of a Land Use Planning Commission. The Commission Ot her res o u r ce uses need to be tak en into account. would be independent, reporting to the provincial chief The problem of classifying and assessing the ext ent and executive. The Commission will be established under a di s tribution of fores ts, rangelands and areas of critical Land Use Planning Act, independent and impartial, and i mp o rtance to biodiver sity have been identified. Some of be highly credible. this information may be held in departm e n t al rec o rd s , The Terms of Refe r ence of the Land Use Planning but it is not easily accessible for planning purposes. Commission will include: n de veloping and implementing integr a t ed land plans Future Integ rat ed Proc e s s e s for the sustainable use of land res o u rc e s ; It may be that agricultural development in some areas is n ensuring that land use planning processes meet the n ot economically viable, given the availability of wa te r ob j e c t i v es of transparen c y , public participation and and agricultural inputs, labour and infrast r u c t u re. But in vol vement of all stake h o l d e rs ; th e re may be other options that offer bet ter short or n de veloping terms of refe r ence for the prep a r a t i o n l o n g - term benefits. Baloch i stan is rapidly urbanizing. of land use plans in consultation with the communi- The pattern and implications of urban deve l o p m e n t ties concerned, and with the input of all stake h o l d e rs ; needs to be assessed both on a province-wide basis and n de veloping and maintaining a compre h e n s i v e and up- at the district and city level. The grow th of cities to- d a t e assessment of land capability, use, tren d s i n ev i ta b ly invo lves hard decisions on land development – and demands; the land most suited to pro d u c t i ve purposes is usually n de veloping terms of re fe rence for planning area the fi rst to go. St r a tegic decisions have to be ta ken on steering committees and planning offic e s ; the development of roads, wa ter supply and energ y. n de veloping and over seeing the impl e m e n t ation of Rapid development in the coastal zone also has imp l i c a- res e a r ch, monitoring and evaluation progr a m m e s , tion for land use planning. including the identification of approp r i a t e indicator s Th e r e is thus a str ong case for establishing an inte- of sustai n a b i l i t y ; gra t ed land use planning process to guide decision-mak- n recommending the approp r i a t e use of land res o u rc e s ; ing and help establish priorities in response to provi n c i a l , n recommending policy and legislation on all matter s national and international economic impe r a t i v es. The concerning the use, conservation, prote c t i o n , pr ocess will recognize the needs of all stake h o l d e r s — civil res toration and reh a b i l i t ation of the res o u rc e ; so c i et y , government and the privat e sector . Tra d i t i o n a l l y, n ensuring that envi ro n m e n t al assessments are con- decision-making has been most effec t i v e at the local du c t ed for all projects and prog rammes affecting or
40 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Land 3
Planning needs to put aside areas for protection e.g., these juniper forest near Ziarat.
li ke l y to affect land res o u r ces, that the results are Part i c i p a to r y Planning made publicly available, and that the y are tak en into The plan will be developed at the local level. This is clearly account in decision-making; the wish of the communities and is consistent with the n ensuring that the provi n c e ’s rights and obligat i o n s decentralization of decision-making and the stre n g th e n i n g ar e met in matter s affecting trans-jurisdiction and of local bodies. The fir st and most impo r tant step is invol v- tr a n s - b o u n d a r y use; ing communities and stake h o l d e r s right from the begin- n d eveloping codes of practice for land users in all ning of the planning process. This means having discussions s e c to rs ; wi t h them on the goals and objectives of planning, the n holding public hearings and ensuring the parti c i p a t i o n pr ocess to be followed and their role in that process. The of all stake h o l d e r s on major issues affecting the terms of refe r ence for the development of the plan will be res o u rc e ; es tablished thr ough a parti c i p a to r y proc e s s . n ensuring that both scientific and local (indige n o u s ) k n owl e d ge is used in assessing land uses, capabili- Selecting Planning Areas t y, re storation and effects of development activi- T h e re are a number of options for selecting planning t i e s ; a rea, each of which has merit and needs to be ex p l o re d n ensuring liaison with other jurisdictions; in depth. There are numerous te chnical, social, eco- n d eveloping education and communication pro- nomic, political and administ r a t i ve fa c to rs to be take n grammes; and i n to account. For exa mple, it may be desirable to defi n e n handling any other matter s refe r r ed to them by the planning areas on sectoral criteria. Planning might pr ovincial chief exec u t i ve . focus on industrialization in the Ka r a chi hinte r l a n d
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 41 3 Land
Canal irrigated agricultural areas would benefit from better planning. falling in Baloch i stan, an area with a particular set of ac c e l e r a t e development of a transportation corridor economic, social, physical and env i ro n m e n tal issues fr om Chagai to the coast, to the parts of Central Asia. It that is intimate ly linked to planning initiatives and poli- might provide the impe tus for other mining initiatives cies in other jurisdictions. that are curren t l y uneconomic. International corporations The coastal zone has another particular set of issues, plan on the basis of regional res o u r ces and see Balochi s tan gea r ed to the development of the fisheries, the use of as part of an archipelago of res o u rc e - r i c h areas in Central ver y limited fres h - wa t er supplies, the freq uency of cata- Asia that may be physi c a l l y linked in the future. str ophic events, such as flash floods and coastal eros i o n , Responsibility for land use planning falls within the ha b i t ats for impo r tant animals and plants and majo r jurisdiction of the P&D Department. New planning mech- in f r a st r u c t u r e development. A str ong case can be made anisms will benefit from and complement str u c t u re s for the development of an integr a t ed coastal zone man- al r eady in place and information management system s ag ement plan that tak es into account this diver se range being developed. Links will also be made with planning of issues and intere s ts (see Chapter 6). pr ocesses envi s a g ed at the wat er basin and urban level s . Canal irrigat ed areas are likel y candidates as priority ar eas for planning, given their intense development for Stee r ing Committee s agr i c u l t u r e, allied industries and services. Remedial mea- A Steering Committee will be appointed for each planning s u res under the National Drainage Pro gramme and ar ea. Its members will ref lect the socio-cultural make- u p res toration of wate r l o g g ed and saline soils pose parti c u - of the area and include rep re s e n ta t i v es of the majo r lar envi ro n m e n t al cha l l e n g es that would benefit from an sta ke h o l d e rs and the general public. The Ste e r i n g in te gr a t ed approa ch . Co m m i t t ee will over see the planning process. It will Planning areas could also be established according to en s u r e that plans conform to the terms of refe re n c e , priorities at the local, district and provincial level. They that the process is open and transparent, and that it is might arise in response to initiatives, such as mine devel - tr u l y parti c i p a to r y in nature. The group would hold pub- opment in Chagai, as major mining development in thi s lic meetings to obtain fee d b a c k on the prog ress of plan- ar ea seems assured. Development in this area might also ning and ensure that it is gea r ed towar ds the needs of
42 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Land 3
the local people. The committee would submit a rep o r t mendation, in collaboration with the Board of Reven u e on the prog ress of planning to the Land Use Planning and line departm e n t s . Commission on a regular basis.
Land Use Planning Offic e s Electronic Resource Atlas of Ea c h planning area will requ i r e a planning office, which will Ba l o c h i s t a n be located in a community within the area. The work of the planning office would be supervised by the local An authentic up-to- d a t e Atlas of Pak i s tan, ever Steering Committee. As much as possible, its staf f will be since attaining independence by the nation, had dr a wn from the local area, with tec hnical res o u r ces pro- kee n l y been awai t ed by all map-minded intel l i - vided by the government. Planning is an iter a t i v e proc e s s gentsia of geo gr a p h e r s, educationists, planners, and tak es time. There is no single plan that can serve the policy and decision-maker s. The atlases avai l a b l e needs of an area forever . Rath e r , plans will evol ve and in the country till then had all been foreign draft- ch a n ge as circ u m stances dicta te. Building capacity ed, depicting Pak i s tan insignific a n t l y and portr a y- among local people is the re f o r e a priority. ing foreign political concepts, specific a l l y in mat- The responsibilities of the office are largel y of a ter s relating international boundaries while tho s e tec hnical and coordination nature. The Direc t or of the dr a f ted and published by privat e sector as com- Planning Office would serve as secretar y to the Stee r i n g me r cial projects pres e n t ed none or limited phase C o m m i t tee, and re p o rt to the Land Use Planning of socio-economic life of the nation. Commission. The Direc t or would be the point of contac t Su r vey of Pak i s tan (1997 ) wi t h other planning teams, line departments and distr i c t ad m i n i s trations. The office would compile all the tech n i - Mu c h is known about Balochi s tan, yet little is rec o r d- cal information requ i r ed to develop the plan and ensure ed. The District Gazette e r s produced at the turn of the that it is accurate and up to date. It would draft land use c e n t u ry are still invaluable re fe rence wo r ks on th e plans in accordance with the terms of refe r ence devel - res o u r ce cha r a c te r i s tics and historical development of the oped by the Land Use Planning Commission, and under pr ovince. The District Prof iles, prep a r ed in 199 7, summa- the guidance of the Steering Committee . rize the available information. Ver y little of that informa- The Planning Office would ensure that the provi s i o n s tion is available in mapped form. of the Pak i s tan Envi ro n m e n t al Protection Act 199 7 are Gils and Baig (1992) did break new ground by provi d - fu l l y adhered to and that best practices are used to ing much useful information on maps. More rec e n t l y, the en s u r e that all projects that may affect the use of land ac q uisition of sophisti c a t ed compu t erized tools, such as res o u r ces are fully assessed. The results of these assess- geo g raphical information systems, has allowed some pro- ments will be provided to the Planning Commissions in jects to produce maps depicting a wide var i e ty of sec- su p p o r t of decision-making and monitor i n g . toral and thematic information. These are gen e r a l l y at a Codes of Practice will be prep a r ed by the Planning la r ge scale, covering the entire province or individual dis- Of fice to inform all users of their obligations towar d the tricts. The federal government produces and control s pr oper use of land. other sources of information, including the Nat i o n a l The Planning Office will be responsible for the orga- Atlas, top o g raphic and thematic maps, hyd ro gr a p h i c nization of public hearings as requ i r ed by the Stee r i n g cha r ts, aerial photog raphs and rem o te sensing images . Co m m i t t ee and Planning Commission, for ensuring tha t Good cover a g e of Balochi s tan is available from neigh- all stake h o l d e r s are given a fair and equi t able opportu n i - bouring countries and from softwa r e prod u c e r s, but ty to be heard and for understanding the implications of ob t aining information from within the country has been the subject under consideration. ver y difficult, osten s i b l y for reasons of security. The The institution of a land use planning process is Su r vey of Pak i s tan has begun the task of digitizing its d i re c ted towa rds stimulating the development of maps, which opens up the opportunity to produce maps res o u r ces in a sustainable manner. It is a measure to and atlases on equipment already in use in the provi n c e . en s u r e that people are fully invol ved in the process and The production of an Electronic Res o u r ce Atlas of that development in the province is carried out in an Ba l o ch i s tan will be a majo r , grou n d b r eaking initiative tha t equ i t able, efficient and effec t i v e manner. It will also pro- will liter a l l y put the province on the map, and be an inval u - mo te inter- d e p a rt m e n t al coordination and cooperation. able res o u r ce for land use planners, res o u r ce manager s As a star t, a section or cell in the P&D Departm e n t and the development community. It will capitalize on the will be made responsible for implementing the rec o m - la r ge amount of exi s ting information and exp e r tise with-
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 43 3 Land
in the province. It is more than just a tool, however . There several active faults. A risk assessment will therefore be is a great deal of information re qu i red on the distr i b u t i o n undertaken as an input to development planning and and ext ent of ren e wable and non-ren e wable res o u r ces in emergency preparedness measures. This would include the province. Production of a Res o u r ce Atlas will provi d e coastal areas, where major port development is antici- the necessary focus and mechanism to develop much- pated and in areas where major water control schemes needed information at the level of detail requ i r ed by land are planned. use planners, line departments, wat er boards, distr i c t ad m i n i s trations and other stake h o l d e r s. This initiative will also limit the prol i f eration of exp e n s i v e tec hnologies and Ag r i c u l t u r e duplication of eff o rt . The responsibility for production of the atlas will be The government will address the high levels of risk fac e d assigned to an organization with a mandate or parti c u l a r by the poor by taking steps that minimize the ext ent to in te re s t in this area. The task will invol ve coordinating the wh i c h poor households are forced to mine res o u r ces in de velopment of the maps, ensuring consistency and situations where the y fear falling below subsisten c e - l e vel quality control, over seeing production, distributing the co n s u m ption. Governments will provide work opportu n i - pr oduct in electronic formats and maintaining and updat- ties (such as food-for-w ork prog rammes) to the poor in ing the files. The actual work of map production will be times of drought or flooding, in conjunction with on-going done by one of the agencies with the necessary equi p - natural res o u r ce management progr a m m e s . ment and training. The coordination and prod u c t i o n La ws that make it difficult for the poor to gain legal functions will be assigned to wel l - e s tablished organ i z a - title to land will be rewr i t t en and simpl i f ied. Where the y do tions. The task of compiling information for the the m a t - no t exi s t, laws that provide an adequa t e legal framewor k ic maps will be assigned to sector and thematic special- for settling land disputes will be insti t u t ed. Where com- is ts. Initially, the maps will be developed from avai l a b l e mon prop e r ty res o u r ces are being exp l o i t ed, the gover n - information. Once gaps have been identified, th e ment, along with NGOs active in the field, will help devel o p requ i r ed information will be filled thr ough coordi n a te d me c hanisms to reg u l a t e the use of these res o u rc e s . res o u r ce inven to r y and res e a r ch progr a m m e s . The government, in partn e r ship with the privat e sec- A sugges ted Table of Contents for the Atlas will form tor , will also crea t e opportunities for off- f arm empl o y- the basis for further elaboration (Table 6). ment for the increasing population in, for exam ple, agro- A Steering Committee will be established to devel o p based industries. Development of cotta g e and agro- b a s e d guidelines for the production of the Atlas. The in d u st r y will grea t l y rel i e ve the pres s u r e on the fragile Co m m i t t ee will include recognized specialists in the sec- ren e wable res o u r ces in the province, by providing the tor s and themes to be cover ed. They will establish the poor with alter n a t i v e sources of income. Existing training pr ocess and schedule for map production, set the stan - ce n t r es will be reo r ganized and equipped and new centres da r ds to be followed, identify the best sources of infor- will be established if necessary. The government will: mation and examine ways of ensuring that the poten t i a l n Use NGOs to enhance access to agri c u l t u r e exte n s i o n of the Atlas is fully exp l o i t ed in the analysis of trends and se r vices and inpu t s . other development planning applications. n P ro m ote irrigation efficiency th rough on-fa r m The cooperation of the federal government in thi s water management and drip irrigation methods, en d e a vour is ver y impo r tant. This will be the fir st initiative especially in uplands. of its type in Pak i s tan. The federal government will make n Im plement and enforce cost- re c o ver y measures to available the lates t maps and imager y to the proj e c t . economize on irrigation wat er use, and to avoid the Th i r teen maps included in this document have been devel - damaging processes of wat erlogging and salinity. oped on GIS. These could be used in developing the Atl a s . n Help far m e r s in planning the area under individual cr ops especially those which are perishable, e.g., onion. n Imp r ove marketing of agricultural crops and fruits. Prepare a Risk Analysis of n En t r u s t wat er management and cost rec o ver y to Seismic Activity Along Major communities with the whole-hearted support of the Faults and Subduction Zones go ver n m e n t . n In vest i ga t e less exp e n s i v e and more sustainable mea- Seismic events have shaped the history of the province su r es of biological control on wate r l o g g i n g . and have had profound effects on people and property. n In vest i ga t e the possibility of replacing the pres e n t They are recurring events, given that Balochistan lies on manual system of collecting yea r l y stat i s tics with a
44 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Land 3
Table 6 Digital Resource Atlas – Table of Contents
Subject Theme Scale Contents Location Balochistan in relation 1: 15 million International boundaries, major cities and transportation to Central & West Asia Balochistan 1: 8 million Boundaries, major cities, major roads, railways, airports, in Pakistan ports and harbours Province of General 1: 8 million Administrative boundaries, roads, railways and towns Balochistan Physical 1: 8 million Relief and drainage Geology Sketch map Structural features and origin Best available Major geological divisions 1: 8 million Metallic minerals and mines 1: 8 million Hydrocarbons: proven, probable and potential resources 1: 8 million Geothermal resources and other features of interest River basins 1: 8 million River basins and major sub-basins and surface drainage Appropriate to Major features of geology, drainage and discharge each basin Land use and water supply, e.g. springs, karez, tubewells, and dams, chart of supply/demand, location of hydrometric stations, degraded areas Climate 1: 8 million Climatic zones with charts of precipitation and temperature, major air masses and monsoons (coastal area) Precipitation 1: 8 million Seasonal: winter and summer rainfall distribution, monsoon effect Solar radiation 1: 8 million Annual incoming radiation and wind rises for major and winds stations, location of meteorological stations Soils 1: 8 million Soil formation, land capability, classification Land use 1: 8 million Major land uses, e.g. agriculture, forests, rangelands, protected areas, canal command areas, settlements, industry Vegetation Best available By vegetation type Wildlife Best available Distribution of important species, migration routes, flyways, wetlands, staging, wintering and nesting areas and other critical habitats Rangelands Best available Patterns of use, seasonal migrations Classification of range types/capability and areas heavily utilized Forests Best available Distribution of juniper, chilghoza, pistacia, olea, mazri, haloxylon, mangrove and other major forest types Fisheries & coast 1: 8 million EEZ, fishing limits, bathymetery, coastal settlements, harbours, islands, protected areas, mangroves, estuaries, shipping lanes Best available Productivity, fishing grounds (inshore/offshore) and seasonal distribution of stocks Ecological land 1: 8 million Derived from the above classification Conservation 1: 8 million Existing and potential protected areas of biodiversity Population 1: 8 million Distribution of population and time series showing change in numbers and distribution. Projections of growth centres Settlements 1: 8 million Urban areas: cities, towns and villages; time series on growth of urban centres
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 45 3 Land
Subject Theme Scale Contents Cultural diversity/ 1: 8 million Distribution of major cultural groups and languages languages Cultural heritage Best available Historic and archaeological sites/areas of special interest, communication links Economic 1: 8 million Industrial estates, electrical grids, gas pipelines, proposed development roads, harbours and airports Agriculture Best available Areas under irrigated, sailaba, and khushkaba agriculture, distribution of areas suited for agricultural development, major crops, agricultural productivity, trends in crop production and productivity Irrigated agriculture, waterlogging, salination and drainage
Note: This is an incomplete list and will be expanded to include mapping at the district level and watershed level as inputs to land use planning and water management, e.g., land uses, biodiversity and ecological land classification.
sy stem based on rem o te sensing tech n i q ues. The It is also a way of life that is susceptible to unin- work can be contracted out to a compe tent organ i - tended ch a n ges as a result of other human activities zation. Many organizations in Pak i s tan (and perhaps that pose re strictions or impose hardships. Exa mp l e s even in Balochi s tan) would have the capacity to pro- a re ch a n ges in land te n u re, agricultural deve l o p m e n t , vide such a service at a reasonable price. wa ter management practices, transportation corri- n Tra n s f er responsibility for agri c u l t u r e ext ension, as d o rs, energy development, mining and industrial activi- far as possible, to communities and the privat e sector . ties. These types of ch a n ges may be responsible in part For exam ple, some local people can be trained in pest for the rangeland problems we see to d ay, which are co n t r ol. They can then provide services to the com- a t t r i b u ted to grazing and the use of trees and shrubs munities for a fee. Extension services by oilseed and for fuel. ag ricultural chemical industries are also exam ples of A policy on nomadic and transhumant pastoralism the private - s e c t or poten t i a l . will be developed to ensure the sustainability of these n Gi v en limited funds, agri c u l t u r e res e a r ch will be re- lifestyles, and to enhance the benefits that flow from it. or i e n t ed to solving far m e r s’ problems, focusing on a The seasonal rhythms of nomadic peoples will be fully few priority areas. Mobilizing exi s ting capacity is documented. This takes time if it is to done thoroughly. pre f erable to creating more capacity (equi p m e n t , Once development activity begins, there will be little buildings and staf f). In doing so, attention will be opportunity to undertake this work. Some information gi v en to envi ro n m e n t al problems that are believed to on seasonal movements is available, but much more be the cause of the increasing number of unex- needs to be understood about the routes these pas- plained deaths. This might be rel a t ed to the impro p - toralists use, their grazing strategies and their decision- er use and disposal of pesti c i d e s . making systems. They are among the people who have the most intimate knowl e d ge of the land and its resources. Understanding their cultures may provide a Livestock and Rangeland key to the issues of overgrazing and suggest strategies Re s o u r c e s for ameliorating the situation and reve rsing th e s e trends. Nomadic peoples may have a particular knowl- The uplands of Balochi s tan, for many people, are cha r a c - edge of the natural environment, its biodiversity and terized by flo c ks of sheep and goats and the seasonal r hy thms. Re c o rding such information re qu i res th e mo vements of the people who tend them. It is a tradi- informed consent of the people concerned and a great tional way of life, full of cultural and social traditions and deal of patience on both sides. The results are potential- es tablished, seasonal migra to r y patterns. It is more tha n ly very rewarding. a romantic image. While it may be a lifest y le of tradition, Imp r ovements in this sector will be sought thro u g h : choice or inclination, in reality the r e are few options open n Creating the capacity for providing animal health to herde r s if the y are to maintain social and cultural services to transhumant and nomadic herders. Their in te gr i t y . It is a hard way of life, but likel y a reality for seasonal movements do not permit them to take ma n y people for generations to come. For that reason, it advantage of the facilities provided by the govern- is a way of life to be recognized and bett er understoo d . ment. The need for more sophist i c a ted animal
46 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Land 3
Nomads – the people with the most intimate knowledge of the land and its resources.
health services will be met by setting up well-ser- This will be best pursued th rough pilot projects in viced facilities in suitable locations along migration select areas focusing on sedenta ry and transhu- routes. These services will be operated on a season- mant syste m s . al basis to save costs. n Transferring veterinary health services, especially n Encouraging and establishing marketing associations preventive care, from the public sector to the pri- to ensure a fair price to the far m e rs . vate sector. This is particularly appropriate in the n I mp roving range management by seeking security case of nomadic and transhumant systems. Building of te n u re of ow n e rship and use, and by imp rov i n g the capacity of the local people in vaccination and r a n ge productivity th rough rotational grazing and the treatment of simple ailments will be less expen- re sting (pargorh). Priority will be given to range s sive and more useful. The same would also apply to used by sedenta ry and transhumant live sto ck, as it the treatment of poultry. will have gre a ter continuity in management and n Creating an awareness of the contribution grazing will allow the consolidation of results. No m a d i c lands can make to poverty reduction. A large per- grazing is less amenable to such an appro a ch, and centage of Balochistan’s population depends heavily will be further studied to identify appro p r i a te on livestock. i n te rve n t i o n s . n Encouraging the privat e sector to inves t in dairy n Es tablishing the true ext ent of rangelands and the i r de velopment, breed impr ovement, poultry far m i n g , grazing potential by undertaking mapping and assess- hygienic slaughtering of animals, disease preven t i o n ment stu d i e s . and care, and animal feed prod u c t i o n . n I n c reasing the contribution of live sto ck and range n Handling of livestock related environmental issues in re s o u rces to the prov i n c e’s economy, with special urban centres especially in Quetta, e.g., open unhy- a t tention being given to imp rovements in gr a z i n g gienic slaughtering and meat selling, dairy farms, s ystems, herd management, animal health and and animal herding on waste dumps. m a r keting; and assessments of the true pote n t i a l n Es tablishing fodder plantations in rural areas as of rangelands and monitoring ch a n ges in th e m . res e r ves to cope with drought situation.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 47 Chapter 4
Fr e s h w re s o u al o ch i s t an is by nature an arid area, and the r e - fore, scarcity of wat er is typical of much of Bthe province. Wat er enables and sets limits on se ttlement patter ns and population growt h, agric u l - ture and industry. Access to a reliable supply of clean wat er is fundamental to the growt h and pros p e ri t y of the province. Gils and Baig (1992) predicted tha t by 2000, the wat er supply of Quett a would collapse, li ve s to c k populations would decline dras t i c a l l y and the area under irriga t ed agriculture would decrease. That has star ted happening stea d i l y and there are no grounds for compl a c e n c y . The supply and demand for wat er must be tho ro u g h l y underst ood if thi s re s o u r ce is to be managed on a sustainable basis.
SUPPLY
There are two sources of supply: surface water and groundwater.
Surface Water
Su r face wat er in Balochi s t an comes from precipita- tion, in the fo rm of surface ru n o ff, and fro m Ba l o ch i s ta n ’s share of wat er from the Indus River . Pr e c i p i t ation is concentrat ed in the winter months in most of the province, and may accumulate as snow on the higher mountains. Easte rn areas of th e pr ovince, parti c u l a r ly on the frin g es of the Indus hw a t e r Basin, receive some monsoon rains. Over all, precipita- tion is erratic, and accurat e infor mation on it lacki n g . There are three major drai n a g e syst ems, defin e d according to the distribution of surface run o f f. The three syst ems, in order of size, are the coastal, inland so u r c e s and Indus drai n a g e. See Map 3 in Maps sction. Coastal This system is characterized by small, ephemeral Fr e s h w a t e r streams and hill torrents draining into the Arabian Sea. It comprises four river basins: the Dasht, Shadi Kaur, Hingol and Porali. The coastal drainage system Re s o u r c e s covers an area of 17.25 million hectares. Inland This system dominates the central and northwest- ern areas of the province. It is characterized by ephemeral rivers and streams, many of which drain to the western desert regions of Chagai, Kharan and Afghanistan. The system comprises six main basins: Zhob, Pishin-Lora, Hamun-e-Lora, Hamun-e-Mashkel, Mula and Rakhshan. These basins cover an area of 9.83 million hectares. 4 Freshwater Resources
In d u s The Indus drainage is located in the northe a s tern margi n s Table 7 Catchment Areas and Average Annual Runoff of of the province. There are thr ee main basins: the Kach i Major Rivers Plain, Nari, the Kaha River and the Gaj River . The surfac e River Catchment Area Average ar ea of this drainage is 7.62 million hectare s . Annual Runoff Ba l o ch i s tan shares a number of basins with Iran, (million hectares) (million cubic metres) Af g h a n i s tan and the other provinces. An understan d i n g Bolan 0.40 63 of the hyd ro g eology of these basins is the key to future Chattar 0.22 109 de velopment of the provi n c e . T h e re are 13 major perennial river systems in Dasht 2.52 279 Ba l o ch i s tan (Table 7). The flo w in the river s is cha r a c te r - Hingol 3.44 1,990 ized by spring runoff and occasional flash floods. The Hab 0.93 247 nu m e r ous and exte n s i v e systems of channels and flo o d - Kaha 0.57 476 plains are evidence of the intensity of these events. There ar e a lot of variations and discrepancies in the data and Lahri 0.39 190 est i m a t es of perennial flo ws. Meteo r ological data are col- Nari 2.15 560 le c t ed from a few stations located in val l e ys where pre- Porali 1.29 569 ci p i t ation may be lower than on adjacent mountain slopes. Sanghar 0.49 416 Pr edicting surface runoff is a difficult task and rel i e s he av i l y on empiricism and rules of thumb. For planning Shadi 0.43 132 purposes, it is esti m a t ed that flo o d wa t er and runoff aver - Sori Janubi 1.71 204 ag es 12,500 million cubic metr es (mcm) per annum. Vehowa 0.26 159 Ba l o ch i s tan has a share in the wat er of the Indus River Total 14.80 5,394 sy stem (Indus Basin Acc o r d 199 1). The province is entitled to additional wat er during the summer season, subject to Source: P&DD 1993a. the condition that additional stor a g e res e r voi r s are crea t - ed on the Indus River System (Table 8). was considered high and where climatic conditions are favourable. The results confirm that the Pishin Lora basin is in deficit and that the development potential of othe r s Gr o u n d w a t e r is limited at best. Where surpluses are available, ext r a c t i o n ma y have an impact on down st r eam areas. The use of sur- The geology of the province favou r s the formation of plus wat er in the Kac hhi and Hamun-e-Lora basin is con- grou n d wa t er res e r voi r s. Wat er is rech a r ged primarily in strained by poor wat er qua l i t y . the mountains and nullahs, and to a lesser ext ent, on allu- The issues surrounding wat er management in differ - vial fans and plains. ent basins are differ ent in nature. The fig u r es do not, It is evident that all of the annual potential is being ho wever , tell the whole stor y about development poten - ext r a c t ed in the Nari and Pishin Lora basins and that sev- tial. A reassessment of several basins revealed that assess- eral of the othe r s have limited development poten t i a l ing the status of grou n d wa t er basins is compl e x, that sev- ( Table 9). Gro u n d wa ter re s o u rces we re re c e n t ly eral sub-basins wer e in deficit (the grou n d wa t er res e r voi r reassessed (Halcrow Rural Management 1995) in four is being mined) and that the r e are major constraints to basins and wer e considered to be over exp l o i t ed. Two extracting more wate r , even when the r e is a positive basins wer e reassessed where the development poten t i a l wat er balance. A new project, the Quett a Wat er Supply
Table 8 Balochistan’s Share of Water from Indus River System
Kharif Rabi Total (million cubic metres) Perennial 3,520 1,260 4,780 Seasonal (expected) 2,062 210 2,272 Total 5,582 1,470 7,052
Source: Majeed and Qureshi 2000.
50 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Freshwater Resources 4
Table 9 Reassessment of Basins
Ba s i n Resource Status Su b - B a s i n Groundwater Ava i l a b l e Groundwater Development Civil Districts Potential Ava i l a b l e (cusec) (cusec) Ha m u n - e - L o r a Su r p l u s Wes t e r n 33 . 2 16 . 6 Ch a g a i Ea s t e r n 4. 8 2. 5 Kachhi Plain Limited surplus Sibi-Dhadar 32 . 3 19 . 0 Si b i Kachhi 10 . 0 10 . 0 Nari River Limited surplus Lo r a l a i – 11.6 (deficit) Ni l Loralai, Ziarat Duki 8. 5 Not available (dependant reservoir) Gumbaz 20 . 0 Not available (dependant reservoir) Pishin Lora Heavily overdrawn Qu e t t a – 29.0 (deficit) Ni l Quetta, Pishin, Kalat, Ma n g o c h a r – 14.7 (deficit) Ni l Ma s t u n g Ma s t u n g – 9.8 (deficit) Ni l Pi s h i n – 55.5 (deficit) Ni l Porali Basin Su r p l u s Wad 39 19 . 6 Kh u z d a r , La s b e l a Phat Jhat 9. 8 4. 9 Or n a c h 10 . 0 5. 0 Bela Plain 10 8 . 0 54 . 0 Du r e j i 90 . 2 45 . 1 Sa r u n a 19 . 5 21 . 8 Winder Nai 12 . 0 6. 4 Zh o b Limited surplus Muslim Bagh Ba l a n c e Ni l Zhob, Qila Sa i f u l l a h Qila Saifullah De f i c i t Ni l Zh o b 11. 2 11. 2 Mu l a Su r p l u s 26 . 0 16 . 0 Kalat, Kh u z d a r Ga j Su r p l u s 38 . 0 18 . 0 Kalat, Kh u z d a r Hi n g o l Su r p l u s 29 6 . 5 14 8 . 0 Ka l a t Da s h t Su r p l u s 51 . 0 41 . 0 Kech, Gw a d a r Ra k h s h a n Su r p l u s 27 . 0 22 . 0 Pa n j g u r Ha m u n - e - M a s h k e l Su r p l u s 68 . 0 63 . 0 Kh a r a n Shadi Kaur Basin not assessed Kaha River Basin not assessed and Envi ro n m e n t al Impr ovement Project, funded by the DEMAND Asian Development Bank, will attem pt a more detai l e d assessment of the Quett a sub-basin (GKW Consult 199 9 ) . The increase of 2,270 million cubic met res (mcm) in This is the lates t in a series of attem pts to accuratel y the share of surface wa ter from the Indus, fro m assess the actual wat er balance for the grou n d wa te r 4 , 780 mcm in 1998 to 7,050 mcm in 2025, will be used res o u r ces of the alluvial aqui fe r . The study will re- e xam i n e exc l u s i ve ly for agricultural purposes (Table 10 ) . all of the wat er supply options for Quetta . G ro u n d wa ter supplies are assumed to remain consta n t
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 51 4 Freshwater Resources
at 1, 071 mcm, with 550 mcm or half being used by important role, rising from 8.5% of the total available 2025 for agr i c u l t u re and 200 mcm or 19% for drinking water in 1998 to 54% in 2050. purposes. The total use of surface wa ter from fl o o d s and runoff is ex p e c ted to increase from 1,568 mcm in 1998 to 11,130 mcm by the end of the fore c a st period Domestic Consumption in 2050. Over the period 1998–2050, more than 90% of all The present population of the province is estimated to available sources would be in use, with 86% dedicated for be 6.51 million (Population Census Organization 1999b). a gr i c u l t u re. Surface runoff will play an incre a s i n gly At an average growth rate of 2.42%, the population is
Table 10 Water Balance
1998 2010 2025 2050 (million cubic metres) AVAILABLE WATER Surface water (Indus river) 4,780.0 7,050 7,050 7,050 Surface water (floods and runoff) 12,460.0 12,460 12,460 12,460 Groundwater 1,071.0 1,071 1,071 1,071 Total Available Water 18,311.0 20,581 20,581 20,581 WATER USED FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES 6,772.0 11,030 15,100 17,700 From surface water (Indus river) 4,780.0 7,050 7,050 7,050 From surface water (floods and runoff) 1,560.0 3,500 7,500 10,000 From groundwater 432.0 480 550 650 FOR DRINKING/DOMESTIC PURPOSES 147.0 530 860 1,350 From surface water (Indus river) 0.0 0 0 0 From surface water (floods and runoff) 0.0 360 660 1,070 From groundwater 147.0 170 200 280 FOR INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES 17.1 25 60 125 From surface water (Indus river) 0.0 0 0 0 From surface water (floods and runoff) 5.0 10 25 50 From groundwater 12.1 15 35 75 FOR MINING PURPOSES 16.0 26 38 60 From surface water (Indus river) 0.0 0 0 0 From surface water (floods and runoff) 3.5 6 8 10 From groundwater 12.5 20 30 50 TOTAL WATER USED 6,952.1 11,611 16,058 19,235 From surface water (Indus river) 4,780.0 7,050 7,050 7,050 From surface water (floods and runoff) 1,568.5 3,876 8,193 11,130 From groundwater 603.6 685 815 1,055 BALANCE LEFT 11,358.9 8,970 4,523 1,346 Surface water (Indus river) 0.0 0 0 0 Surface water (floods and runoff) 10,891.5 8,584 4,267.0 1,330 Groundwater 467.4 386 256 16
Source: Majeed & Qureshi 2000.
52 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Freshwater Resources 4
expected to reach 8.68 million in 2010 and 22.58 million The official population of the city currently stands at in 2050. Domestic water consumption includes water for about 560,000. At present, 10 million gallons per day are drinking, washing, bathing, sanitary and other purposes. being supplied to the urban areas. This represents about The per capita domestic water consumption depends on 18 gallons per capita per day, which is slightly less than climatic conditions, metering of supply, quality of water, the 20 gallons minimum set by the World Health population characteristics and sewerage and drainage Organization. The water demand for Quetta urban area facilities (Halcrow Rural Management 1995). With an is estimated to reach about 46 mcm in the year 2010 improved standard of living, the per capita demand for and 117 mcm in the year 2050 (Figure 7). water is assumed to increase to 40 gallons per day by 2020, after which it is assumed to become constant. The total domestic water demand of the province is expect- Non-Domestic Use ed to be around 531 mcm in 2010 and 1,354 mcm in 2050 (Figure 6). In calculating demand, allowance has to be made for public Quetta city is now faced with an ever-increasing gap use, which includes educational institutions, gover n m e n t between supply and demand of water for domestic use. buildings, hospitals, parks and the militar y. Allowances for
Figure 6 Trends in Domestic Water Consumption
1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
500
400
200
0 1951 1961 1972 1981 1998 2005 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Figure 7 Trends in Domestic Water Consumption in Quetta
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0 1951 1961 1972 1981 1998 2005 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 53 4 Freshwater Resources
A traditional kaurjo, channelling water from the perennial river Rakshan in Panjgur. was tag e also have to be made, and these may be as high f rom communal or individual owned and operate d as 30–50% in places such as Quett a, where the r e is consid- ka rezes (Box 9), small we i rs, springs, tubewells (Box 10 ) , erable leakag e and illegal connections to the supply. open wells or rive rs (see also Chapter 3). Balochistan differs radically from other provinces in the relative magnitude of areas under conventional Agriculture canal irrigation versus areas under alternative private or community irrigation. Irrigated Agriculture in Balochistan The province of Balochi s tan is unique in Pak i s tan in ter m s Figure 8 Water Sources for of the types of irrigat ed agri c u l t u r e being practised and Cultivated Area the issues rel a t ed to the sustainable use of its scarce wat er res o u r ces. Of the provi n c e ’s 34. 7 2 million hectare s , far m e r s cultivat e about 2.09 million hectar es (6%). About 580,000 hecta res are under perennial irriga- n Canals 23.95% tion (Fi g u re 8). Ra i n fall is used th rough wa ter harve st- ing (khushkaba) te ch n i ques. Surface runoff is ta p p e d n Wells 0.62% th rough dive rsion and dispersion (sailaba) te ch n i qu e s . n Karezes & Springs 3.75% Ro u g h ly 242,000 hecta res (42%) of the pere n n i a l ly irri- n Tubewells 11.22% ga ted area depend on wa ter from the Pat Fe e d e r, n Sailaba & Khushkaba 60.46% K i rthar and Lasbela canals, which are managed by th e g overnment. The other 338,000 hecta res (58%) depend on minor irrigation systems that re c e i ve wa te r
54 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Freshwater Resources 4
Box 9 Traditional Water Systems: Karezes
Kar ez systems originated about 3,000 yea r s ago in northwe s t Iran. The art of constructing them spread with the Pers i a n Achaemenian Empi r e. The kar ez, or qanat, was devised as a means of tapping grou n d wa t er supplies using gra vity flo w. It is a gen t l y sloping tunnel that conveys wat er from below the wate r- t able to the ground surface. The origins of the kar ez system ar e uncertain, but may stem from the practice of opening up natural seepage areas to enhance wat er flo w. Sp e c i a l i s ts, known as muqannis, construct kar ezes. The traditional method of construction is to sink a well (the mother wel l ) to the wate r- t able and this is usually done at the apex of an alluvial fan. The depth to the wate r- t able is usually less than 50 met r es. The point where the gen t l y sloping tunnel will rea c h the surface is then calculated and the tunnel dug to the mothe r well. In Iran, these tunnels can be up to 50 kilometr es long, but the y are gen e r a l l y about 0.5–5 kilometr es in length, accordi n g to the slope of the ground. Ver tical shafts are dug along the tunnel to provide ventilation and to enable rem o val of spoil. The aver a g e kar ez can irrigat e 10–20 hectar es. The crucial fac t or for wat er production from a kar ez is the length of the wat er bearing-section – the part of the system that is below the wate r- t able; this may be in excess of 1 kilometr e. Also, since the level of the wate r- t able will flu c t u a t e seasonally, the r e will be a variation in flo w during the yea r . In drought conditions, the variation period will obvi o u s l y be longer . The kar ez rep r esents an enormous capital inves tment. It tak es many yea r s to construct, so the r e is a long period betwe e n the initial inves tment and any returns. On the other hand, once constr u c t ed, operating costs can be minimal. Kar ez are used in conjunction with other systems of irrigation; only in the most arid areas are the y the sole source of wate r . In Balochi s tan, systems are usually constr u c t ed on a communal basis. A kar ez is owned by shares, each rep r esenting the amount of time that wat er is available for irrigation purposes. Typ i c a l l y the y yield up to 200 litres/second and serve a maximum of 200 shareholding families. These shares may in turn be ren t ed out and are often fragmented into ver y small units. The nature of the kar ez system helped crea t e particular societal relationships and socio-economic conditions in the vi l l a g es the y served. Unf o rt u n a te l y, inter n a t i o n a l l y sponsored irrigation surveys in the 1970s viewed the kar ez as traditional and outmoded, and no t amenable to updating. The transition to tubewells and dug-wells was encouraged, lowering the wate r- t able and decrea s i n g the flo w of wat er in the kare z . Building a kar ez in Balochi s tan can cost from Rs. 0.45 million (Qila Saifullah, two yea r s) to Rs. 2.7 million (Muradabad, 196 8 – 9 1). Ren o vation of the Tem e r ek kar ez in Pishin took 11 yea r s and cost Rs. 2 million.
Sources: Beaumont et al. 1989; Steenbergen 1997.
Box 10 Dug-wells and Tubewells
There are an estimated 3,000 dug-wells in Balochistan. Water from the wells is often pumped out with the help of diesel or electrically operated pumps or Persian wheels. As they are usually installed in shallow, perched water aquifers, they tend to dry up during dry periods. The role played by dug wells in irrigated agriculture is limited, although they have been used extensively for orchard growing in some valleys of the Loralai District. For domestic water supply, dug-wells are still used extensively.
The number of deep tubewells in the province has grown considerably since electricity became available. It is estimated that over 21,000 tubewells, including a small number of public-sector ones, operate in the province. The Public Health Engineering Department installs most of the public-sector tubewells for drinking water supply schemes in urban areas. The Balochistan Development Authority has also undertaken the installation of tubewells for private individuals, besides large- scale groundwater development activity in the Nisai area of Qila Saifullah District as well as Lasbela District. General complaints about tubewells have been about the fluctuating voltage in the electricity supply, long periods of load shedding, inflated electricity bills and breaks in service. The government had been charging flat rates for electricity usage. This practice, strongly advocated by tubewell owners, is considered to be the root cause of over exploitation of groundwater. The initiative to install meters was resisted by the farmers. The federal government agreed to continuation of flat rate system. However, the farmers will pay a fixed amount of Rs. 6,000 per month per tubewell while the remaining amount will be paid by the federal government to WAPDA. Consequently the flat rate system will continue.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 55 4 Freshwater Resources
Unlicensed tubewell drilling is depleting the water-table in many areas.
The looming gap in agricultural production and The government does not recover any of the public demand and the fundamental re s o u rce constraints of investment in the infrastructure of the 202 perennial m o n ey, wa ter and institutional capability have long irrigated schemes currently the responsibility of the been recognized. The National Commission on Balochistan Irrigation Department. For the past 17 years, Agr i c u l t u re (1988) noted that to meet the demands of two related projects have sought to expand and improve a rapidly growing population, agricultural pro d u c t i o n minor irrigation practices (Box 11). should be increased at about 5% per ye a r. This fi g u re is based on the view that the national st r a tegy should Water Rights aim for self-sufficiency in food; reduce current defi c i t s Water rights in Balochistan vary among the three main in edible oil, milk and suga r; and continue to support socio-linguistic groups. The laws may differ according to the grow th in the production of grain crops, meat and the dictates of local common resource management. p u l s e s . Under such circumstances, communities, which may contain people from different tribes, act as managers Minor Perennial Irrigation Schemes and take their own decisions based on sharing common Minor perennial irrigation is practised th ro u g h o u t resources. Some examples of successes and failures are Balochistan outside the Indus Canal Zone irrigated area. given in Boxes 12, 13 and 14. Traditionally, there is no Cultivated areas are irrigated by perennial surface flows restriction among any ethnic group on pumping ground- and typically range in size from 50 to 400 ha. Farmers water by tubewells for domestic and livestock needs. But h ave developed practically all the available wa te r for irrigation purposes, water rights differ. Although sources. However, while minor and individual systems Pashtuns recognize the rights of all users along a sur- have grown considerably over the last one and a half face stream or river, there is no such recognition among decades, the efficiencies of water resource and water the Balochs and Brahvis in the central and coastal parts delivery to the farm are often poor. In addition, capital of the province. development costs are high, and many communities are In the case of karezes, Pashtuns recognize that the isolated with poor access to markets. owner of the mother well also owns the water rights.
56 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Freshwater Resources 4
The conveyance tunnel transporting water must pass areas, a karez can pass through anybody’s land without through the owner’s land. In rare cases, however, if the compensation. The share of water is in accordance with tunnel has to pass through other people’s lands, then the investment made in the construction of the karez. the owner of the mother well has to compensate the All three ethnic groups have the same law where landowners in cash for use of their land. On the other tubewells are used to tap groundwater resources: the hand, the Balochs and Brahvis in the central part of the right to exploit and develop the groundwater belongs to province allow the construction of a karez on land the landowner on whose land the tubewell has been belonging to more than one individual. In that case, they i n stalled. Tu b ewells are individually owned. Wa ter is share the karez according to the extent of land con- shared among stakeholders, according to their share of tributed by the various owners. In the Mekran coastal investment in installing the tubewell. Purchase of water
Box 11 Minor Irrigation Schemes
The Balochistan Minor Irrigation Agricultural Development Project (BMIADP) was carried out from 1982 to 1995. Its objectives were to increase agricultural production and farm incomes by expanding minor irrigation and improving agricultural practices. BMIADP developed 42 perennial irrigation schemes throughout the province, benefiting 49,300 people, with a combined cropped area of 11,000 hectares. The project demonstrated that: n schemes must be carefully screened according to social as well as technical and economic criteria; n all beneficiaries/stakeholders must participate in project planning and implementation to ensure their ownership of schemes; n local communities can construct simple engineering wor k s with nominal outside inputs and at a considerably lower cost than local contracto rs ; n irrigation works require an aftercare period to ensure they operate as intended; n project implementation requires a strong, unified multi-disciplinary management team; n non-governmental organizations (NGOs) can help interface between local communities and government agencies; n schemes should generally be in clusters to reduce administrative overheads; and n continuous monitoring and evaluation are required. The Balochistan Community Irrigation and Agriculture Project (BCIAP) is a follow on project to BMIADP. It incorporates lessons learned during the BMIADP. BCIAP’s objectives are: n the development of self-sustaining irrigation schemes (30 perennial and 4 flood) with a high level of community participation in planning, design, and construction and provision of potable water supply systems where required; n the development and strengthening of farmer or ganizations capable of taking full responsibility for the operation and maintenance of the irrigation schemes besides looking after the village development needs; n the introduction of a comprehensive cost-sharing mechanism for participation of farmers in the development process, with farmers initially contributing to scheme development costs and, after completion, raising funds for village development; n the integration of women in community development; n the increase of farmers’ incomes through the introduction of efficient water management practices and high-value and high-yield crops, and the alleviation of poverty; and n assisting the Balochistan Irrigation Drainage Authority (BIDA) in the transition from a line department to an autonomous authority. The last two years (2001–03) of the project is the aftercare phase. The overall cost of the project is US$38.5 million, of which farming households contribute US$2.6 million and the government of Balochistan US$3.8 million. The institutional development component is aimed at changing the role of BIDA from that of a constructor of minor irrigation works to a supplier of technical services to farmer organizations wishing to construct, rehabilitate, or improve minor irrigation schemes. To facilitate this process, a Community Irrigation Services Unit (CISU) has been established on trial basis in two districts within the framework of BIDA. A central CISU will transform the existing BIDA Irrigation Divisions into Community Irrigation Divisions. Selected BIDA engineers are undergoing formal and on-the-job training to equip them for a role in CISU. Additional staff will be recruited to CISU to build up its non-engineering capacity. BCIAP is successfully developing minor irrigation in the province by applying lessons learned and following strict criter i a for the selection of schemes. Conseque n t l y, BCIAP is likel y to prove itself as a ‘role model’ for the development of self- su s taining minor irrigation schemes that may be adopted, with some modifications, to cover all minor and mini peren n i a l ir r i g ation in Balochi s tan. Minor irrigation includes all perennial irrigation schemes fed from sources of less than 50 cusecs di ve r ted flo w, whether or not communally owned, tog ether with schemes fed from tubewells and flood irrigation sche m e s .
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Box 12 Water Resource Development by Community Enterprise in the Kachhi Plains
In 1983, a partn e r ship of 10 Brahvi families of the transhumant Sheikh Husaini tribe purchased an undeveloped tract of land fr om the Kur d clan. The land is located in the Bolan District on the banks of the Kumbri River . The price of the land and ad m i n i st r a t i v e formalities was Rs. 142,000. The money was raised by selling part of their flo c k of sheep. The partn e r ship operated on the basis of shares. There are 16 shares, named ‘annas’ after the monetar y system in which 16 annas equal one rupee. The families subscribed to the shares, or to a part share. In obtaining the land, the consortium was also entitled to develop its wat er res o u r ces. The partn e r s exca vat ed the bed of the Kumbri River where a roc k outcrop forced wat er to the surface, to obtain a perennial base flo w of 60 litres / s e c o n d . Wat er rights wer e then allocated according to the shares held by each fam i l y. A share of one anna equalled a 12-hour flo w in an 8-day cycle in the summer, and a 240-hour flo w in a 16- d a y cycle in winter . The share system formed the basis for a small co r p o r a t e str u c t u re . Su b s e q uent contributions to the development of land and wat er and maintenance of facilities wer e also made on the basis of the anna system. After some trial and error , the shareh o l d e r s developed a down st r eam tract of land over a period of four yea r s. The new land was not divided but instead an annual lotte r y was organized that allocated the use of the differ ent plots to the shareh o l d e r s in accordance with the size of their share. The reason for not distributing land titles was that it was co n s i d e r ed unreasonable if one party obtained permanent rights to a more fer tile str etc h to the disadvan ta g e of othe rs .
Source: Steenbergen 1997.
Box 13 Karez Development in Chagai District with Private Investment
The idea of developing the Muradabad karez was conceived in the early 1960s. Farmers had suspected that an underground spring existed in the dry bed of a flood channel. They felt that the spring could be exploited by developing a karez. Water diviners assisted in locating the spring. It is on land belonging to a Baloch tribe, the Jamaldini. The farmers formed a consortium, called Khat Kash (karez diggers), consisting of 16 persons from several local tribes. Though there was sufficient uncultivated land in the area, the only tract suitable for irrigation was a tract that was already under cultivation, which also belonged to the Jamaldinis. The cultivators of the land, however, were a group of hereditary tenants who grew sorghum and wheat by harvesting rainwater from the adjacent hills. Under customary law the tenants had become co-owners of the land. An agreement was drawn up between the Khat Kash and the Jamaldini. The agreement stipulated that when the karez was completed, the land and perennial water would be divided in 32 equal shares, distributed as follows according to prior ownership, political system and management. n Karez developers (Khat Kash): 13 shares n Original landowners (Jamaldini): 13 shares n Communal share of Jamaldini Sardarkhel clan: 4 shares n Coordinator/Operator: 1 share n Chief of Jamaldini tribe: 1 share Under this arrangement, the hereditary tenants were not entitled to the water. A contract was drafted between the Jamaldini and Khat Kash and ratified by the local administration. It specified the moment when the karez could be considered operational; and at that time the swap of land and water rights would take place. The karez would be deemed completed when 12 hours of continuous flow sufficed to irrigate a plot sown with five kilograms of wheat seed. A panel of impartial persons was formed to interpret the contract. It took 23 years and Rs. 2.7 million to construct the karez. In the meantime, 13 out of the 16 Khat Kash consortium members had been forced to withdraw, either because of lack of funds, or because they lost confidence in the scheme. Under a clause in the original agreement they could not transfer their share in the future karez to outsiders. This was meant to keep the original group intact and prevent influential outsiders from breaking in. The clause had the important side effect of restraining participants from abandoning the undertaking and making it more attractive for others to continue as they became the recipients of the sunk investments. The hereditary tenants were either bought off or offered land elsewhere. Some tenants refused, hoping to get access to perennial water. This did not happen, with the result that patches of the command area remained with the tenants and continued to be rain-fed. The owners of the karez continued to invest in it after the first development phase was over and after land and water had been redistributed. In the second phase, all contributed to the further development of the karez to increase its discharge. This was financed by renting the land for seven years to sharecroppers.
Source: Steenbergen 1997.
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Box 14 Groundwater Management: Successes and Failures
In 1978, the government of Balochi s tan rea c t ed to the crisis it had crea t ed with the prom o tion of dug-wells and tubewel l s by introducing the Grou n d wa t er Rights Adm i n i s tration Ordinance. The objective was to ‘reg u l a t e the use of grou n d wa te r and to administer the rights of the various persons the re i n ’. The rights refe r r ed to are the permissions gra n t ed to devel o p and operate grou n d wa te r- a b s tracting infrastr u c t u r e. But the Ordinance never managed to ‘reg u l a t e the use of grou n d wa te r ’. For exam ple, the total ban on new wells in Quett a Val l e y, announced in 1990, has not been enforced. The only ma n a g ement measure adopted in 1990 was the traditional ‘harim’ rule. The harim is based on Islamic wat er law and specifie s a proh i b i t ed zone around kar ez and wells, in which no other well or kar ez can be constr u c t ed. In Balochi s tan, a minimum di s tances of 250 metr es in silty soils and 500 metr es in gra vel l y soils is applied. The harim, however , originated in the era of kar ezes and Per sian wheels and was in no way effec t i v e in regulating mechanized grou n d wa t er exp l o i t ation. Even this limited me a s u r e was disputed . In the absence of formal rules to control the grou n d wa t er crisis, measures to manage the res o u r ce wer e left to the local people. Successes and fai l u r es are highlighted by the following thr ee examp l e s .
Kuch l a k In i t i a l l y, grou n d wa t er was tapped by 11 kar ezes. Each served a small community of far m e r s. The introduction of diesel po wer ed dug-wells in the 1960s sealed the fat e of these kar ezes. The subsequent fai l u r e of collectivel y owned dug-wel l s in s talled by government prom o ted the trend to individual as opposed to collective action. Once the kar ezes dried up, the harim distance was disrega r ded and grou n d wa t er became an open access res o u r ce. Ever y landowner was free to develop a well on his prop e rt y . As the wate r- t able declined furthe r , own e r s responded by drilling deeper wells. The lack of a collective response is attributed to the sudden death of the kar ezes. There was no one to argue agai n s t tubewells and dug-wel l s . Coupled with this is the impo r tance of individual achi e vement and prest i g e in the local culture and the fact that grou n d wa te r ir r i ga t ed horti c u l t u r e is ver y profi t able. In the absence of regulations, no one was ready to tak e the fir st step to halt de g radation of the res o u r ce. The only wells curren t l y in operation are those in the lower parts of the val l e y flo o r .
Ma s t u n g Th e r e are thr ee aqui fe r s, one of which, the kar ez aqui fe r , has supported perennial irrigation for several centuries. The ethn i c a l l y diver se social str u c t u r e consists of a mosaic of village and tribal leaders. Diesel-driven pumps wer e introduced in the la t e 1950s and early 1960s. A series of dry yea r s in the 1960s led to conflicts betw een kar ez and dug-well own e rs . Local tribal elders imposed an informal ban on the development of new dug-wells or the deepening of exi s ting kar ezes in the rech a r ge zone. Fur ther disputes led to the formulation of rules, which rec o n f irmed a zone free of dug-wells and halted expansion of kar ezes. Proc e d u r es for dug-wells wer e established outside of the exclusion area. A panel of thr ee high-ranking tribal elders was appointed to safeg u a r d the rules and issue dug-well permits. The panel stopped functioning as the elders found little time to perform the duties, and the responsibility shifted to the district administration. The dug-well free zone functioned well for a long time yet could not prevent overd r a f t. As kar ezes failed, the political clout of kar ez own e r s diminished. Some landown e r s have subseque n t l y tried to use the Grou n d wa t er Rights Adm i n i s tration Ordinance to break the 1969 rules that gave a monopoly to kar ez own e r s in some areas. In one case the y succeeded, taking advan ta g e of the ‘harim’ ru l e .
Pan j g u r The Panjgur oasis is located in the Mekran oasis and is unique in Balochi s tan and in the world. Its special fea t u r e is the ongoing de velopment of kar ez irrigation. The kar ezes are located on an aqui f er fed by the subsurface flo w of the Rakhshan River and ru n o f f from surrounding hills. A combination of land reforms in the 1970s and inflo w of rem i t t ances from the Gulf Stat es mobilized capital for in ves tment. In Mekran, most of the land is not reg i s ter ed. Fur the r , as the r e are no str ong tribal land claims, land rights are ‘f re e ’ and are usually allocated with wat er rights, provided the kar ez irrigat es virgin land. This provides an extra incentive to kar ez devel o p e r s and gives them a free hand in forming a kar ez development consorti u m . Co n c o m i t ant with the expansion in kar ez irrigation came a ban on the development of tubewells and dug-wells. This may ha ve been a result of experiences in other parts of Balochi s tan where tubewells wer e seen to have had a profound impact on kar ezes. An ethic developed in the area in favour of the collective own e r ship of kar ezes over the individual own e r ship of wel l s . The lack of electricity may have also played a role in instating the rule. The limitations on dug-wells are not clear, but minimum di s tances of 5 kilometr es are used in some places. Exce p tions have been made for wells for public drinking wat er supply. En f o r cement of the ban is informal but effec t i v e. The local administration has favou r ed the kar ez own e r s notw i th s tan d i n g the exi s tence of the Ordinance. The absence of influential landlords has helped. The situation in Panjgur is intere s ting in that it simpl y bans one type of grou n d wa t er extraction tech n o l o g y . For kare z e s , no res trictions apply other than the minimum harim distance betw een mother wel l s .
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Reliable data on water supply is unavailable. rights is common and is widely practised among all the has caused a serious concern for the future. An upturn tribes. The rates differ from place to place according to in economic activity would put further pressure on the the crop grown and the need and timing for the water. limited resource. Certainly water is a serious constraints For small irrigation schemes using surface water, in sustaining and expanding industrial activities in Quetta. two different mechanisms of water rights are followed. Mining activity in the province is limited mainly to the Where the users develop the irrigation system, water coal industry. Demand on water would increase very sig- rights are defined prior to the undertaking of the nificantly if major mines go into production. The possible scheme and are considered as shares in a group venture. impact of mining on water resources is described in A shareholder who is unable to contribute to the collec- Chapter 8. tive investment or to the maintenance of the system forfeits his right to use water. In schemes developed with external assistance, by the government for exam- ISSUES ple, water rights are defined after the scheme is com- pleted. In such cases, the stakes are high and bargaining is done to sell rights. Water Supply
Data Availability and Reliability Industry and Mining The effective management of water resources demands a continuous, detailed, high-quality record of hydro- The lack of industrialization in Balochistan, and the small m ete o rological data, and the human and fi n a n c i a l mining sector, have meant that there have been few resources to develop, maintain and use water effective- concerns so far about the availability and consumption ly. In Balochistan, both data and resources are scarce. of water for these purposes. Most of the larger indus- The large area and difficult terrain, poor infrastruc- trial units are located in industrial estates close to ture and communications, and discontinuous and short- Karachi. Water supply has not been a major concern in term precipitation and runoff records exacerbate the the past but the dry Hab reservoir during 1999 and 2000 p roblem. The hy d ro - m ete o rological net work in
60 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Freshwater Resources 4
Balochistan was created primarily to serve the limited Ve getation and climate are intimate ly re l a te d . needs and interests of individual agencies. It has been led Re m oval of ve getation affects the retention of snow in by project approaches, resulting in over-concentration in higher elevations. The more snow capt u red and accessible areas, while neglecting some hydrologically retained, the slower its release in spring and summer, important, remote areas. A substantial part of the net- the longer the duration of surface fl ows and th e work has either been shut down or is not being properly gre a ter the prospect of gro u n d wa ter re ch a rge. The monitored. pine and juniper fore sts found at higher elevations are The Surface Water Hydrology Directorate of the a s s o c i a ted with winter snow accumulation. As ve geta- Wa ter and Power Development Au thority (WAP DA ) tion is re m oved, desert i fication occurs with a rise in established a stream-gauging system with gauges at 21 ground te mp e r a t u re, increased evaporation and decline localities that are now being monitored by the Bureau of in biodive rs i t y. Gils and Baig (1992) est i m a te that ve ge- Water Resources (BWR) of the Irrigation and Power tation cover has been reduced to about one-th i rd of its Department. This does not cover all the streams and h i storical ex tent. This will have re s u l ted in higher near- critical locations in the province. In addition, the Pakistan s u rface and surface te mp e r a t u res and an increase in M ete o rological Department maintains a net work of eva p o r a t i o n . observatories to measure some standard climatic para- A reduction in stream flow also has an impact on the meters, including temperature, rainfall, and in some functioning of wetlands. The low-lying areas of the cases, wind speed data. But this network does not meet province feature various wetlands and marshes. They the World Meteorological Organization standards of net- serve as important stepping-stones and wintering areas work density. The data generated, therefore, are scanty for the migratory birds breeding in the Asiatic region of and often extrapolated in the design of projects. Russia. For example, the Bund Khushdil Khan reservoir Furthermore, Kidd et al. (1988) and Khan (1980) has effectively dried up, no longer supports breeding expressed severe misgivings about provincial rainfall birds and is now only occasionally used by migrants. data post-1950. This makes it difficult to identify cyclic Similiarly without a supply of fresh water, the three trends in rainfall. It appears from pre-1950s data that remaining mangrove forests that fringe estuaries along mild to moderate droughts occur every 7–10 years, with the coast cannot survive. severe drought conditions every 14 years. Similarly, data on evapotranspiration and water quality is deficient. Groundwater Mining Considering the size of the province and the impor- A census in 1908 revealed that there were 1,803 natur- tance of the water sector to its economy, these two al springs, 493 karezes, 132 streams and canals and 76 networks taken together are not adequate for the pur- Persian wheels. In the 1970s, as noted earlier, dug-wells pose. Problems with the data reflect as inadequately and tubewells were constructed with electric or diesel trained observational staff; differences in instrumenta- pumps. The number of wells increased dramatically with tion, observational procedures and techniques; lack of the introduction of the National Electricity Grid system d a ta processing and analysis; and discontinuity in in the 1970s. In six basins, the number of wells increased records. One of the outcomes of this has been the need from 2,377 in 1973-74 to 10,961 in 1993-94. The highest to periodically reassess the information on water supply, numbers of tubewells were in the Pishin Lora and Nari both at the provincial and urban level, and to rely heavi- basins. ly on modelling techniques. These models rely on many The Pishin-Lora basin and the Loralai sub-basin are in assumptions on the province’s hydrology. deficit. The abstraction of groundwater far exceeds the recharge to the basin. The Zhob, Nari River, Hamun-e- Destruction of the Natural Lora and Kachhi basins have limited development poten- Vegetation Cover tial. Basins in the districts of Loralai and Ziarat are also in Heavy grazing and cutting of trees and shrubs have deficit, with no further development potential. A num- resulted in sheet and gully erosion in the watersheds. ber of studies have estimated that the deficit in the Topsoil and nutrients are lost. The removal of vegetation Quetta sub-basin is about 26 million cubic metres a year exacerbates the problem of flash floods, which are a and that the aquifer storage will be exhausted in 20 constant threat to life and property and are more diffi- years. In spite of that, additional tubewells are installed. cult to control or harness. The heavy silt loads carried by In the Pishin sub-basin, local reports indicate that as floodwaters quickly reduce the storage capacity of many as eight new tubewells are being installed each day. reservoirs and render check dams and delay action dams There is no indication that the development of ground- ineffective. water is slowing.
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The Poverty Alleviation Strategy (P&DD 1999a) has the aquifer, under the assumption that in the course of assigned specific targets for each sector (Chapter 12). time, the demand will diminish and a balance will be The Balochistan Development Authority is expected to struck. This approach has little merit, and it may be dif- revitalize and develop tubewells in the Bela Plain area and ficult to check the irretrievable loss. In areas where the install 1,000 tubewells in three years. The power sector water reservoir is hydraulically connected with saline is expected to expand electricity to areas with potential water, such as the Bela plain, seawater intrusion into the for groundwater development. The agriculture sector is aquifer is likely. expected to provide diesel pumps and tubewells to facil- The important thing to remember when discussing itate irrigation. The livestock department is expected to policies on supply and demand is that estimates are provide water supply for livestock. Sound water man- based largely on mathematical models and incomplete agement will be key to the success of these initiatives in information. For exa mple, in calculating wa ter use, the long term. 25–30% allowance is made for water loss and wastage. T h e re are two appro a ches. One is susta i n a b l e But in some cases, losses will be as high as 50%. Per capi- groundwater development and the other is groundwater ta domestic water consumption also depends on climat- mining. The first treats groundwater as a renewable ic conditions, metering, quality, population and sewerage resource. It assumes that, if properly managed, the and drainage. resource will be available in the long term. Withdrawal of With the availability of good water, a rise in the stan- groundwater should be below the rate of recharge. dard of living and construction of modern houses with Sustainable groundwater development is considered to s a n i ta ry fi x t u res, consumption is bound to rise. be the best long-term policy where there is no heavy Allowance has to be made for public use and for live- demand and where there is little or no groundwater in stock. storage. The quantity of water available for develop- Uncertainty about the number of tubewells and ment is based on average sustainable yields. These are their discharge must cast considerable doubts over the only best estimates, and often-used terms such as ‘safe water balances for each of the basins. basin yield’ are not recommended. Factors to be consid- In terms of gro u n d wa ter supply, considerations ered include drought, accuracy and availability of infor- include drought, evapotranspiration and surface water mation, the need for monitoring, groundwater quality discharge. As noted, Khan (1980) calculated that severe and removal of groundwater from storage. drought conditions occur once in every 14 years. The In arid areas, the sustainable groundwater develop- effect of evapotranspiration is hard to quantify and a ment approach has not been practical, and so water is figure of two feet per year has been used in models. mined from aquifer storage. This is water that has accu- Collecting surface water discharge (stream flow) data is mulated over very long periods, possibly under more beset with difficulties. Coefficients are used to deter- favourable climatic circumstances. In semi-arid areas, the mine the balance between recharge and runoff. An growing demands on the resource outstrip the rates of effective coefficient of 20% of annual rainfall in the recharge. In this case, groundwater mining can provide a mountains is assumed. breather until the sustainable development of other One of the dominant recharge processes is the infil- water sources is achieved. In Balochistan, groundwater tration of groundwater from transmission losses in mining is a reality in the Quetta sub-basin and in nearby channels. Few data are available to provide an assess- rural areas. It is done on a piecemeal basis, in response to ment of these processes. Estimates of infiltration rates local demand. To prove effective, groundwater mining vary from 58–1,168 millimetres per hour depending on has to be managed and integrated with any other avail- soil and channel bed conditions where perennial water or able water resources. standing water occurs. This is a huge variation, and diffi- Adopting a groundwater mining approach requires: cult to apply. n a realization that groundwater may eventually be One of the most contentious issues is the artificial exhausted; recharge of groundwater. There are two approaches: n a groundwater abstraction and overall water use recharge wells and recharge dams. strategy; In the opinion of some consultants, recharge wells n detailed knowledge of the resource; and are less appropriate in Balochistan, because they provide n a full monitoring and hydro-geological investigation limited capacity and are likely to encounter problems where the mining policy is to be established. with sedimentation, as well as reduction in hydraulic con- An intermediate approach, the so-called deferred ductivity around the well. The approach of recharge by safe-yield model, allows temporary over-exploitation of delay action dams needs to be looked into thoroughly in
62 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Freshwater Resources 4
In spite of water scarcity, water loss can be quite high. order to improve their usefulness, as they are highly sus- A comprehensive package is necessary for effective ceptible to siltation. More efficient structures may pro- groundwater recharge that may include the construc- duce long-term artificial recharge. It will be useful, how- tion of delay action dams at appropriate sites and fitted ever, to study their impact on overall water resources. with in-stream infiltration devices; check dams, valley Notw i th s tanding the conclusion of some stu d i e s dikes and recharge basins; and watershed rehabilitation rega r ding the effec t i v eness of delay action dams, the s e programmes for vegetation recovery through planting str u c t u r es enjoy considerable popular support in the and protection of catchment area, in particular active pr ovince. The Exec u t i v e Committee of the Nat i o n a l recharge zones. In the arid and semi-arid condition tree Economic Council has rec e n t l y approved the constr u c - plantations can be established with water conservation tion of 54 delay action dams, esti m a t ed at Rs. 436 million. techniques, such as ponds, contour trenches and hillside These will be built in Quet ta, Pishin, Mastung, Qila ditches. The added advantage of these will be that the Abdullah and Mangoch a r. The Japan Inte r n a t i o n a l integration of technical and biological approaches will Cooperation Agency has also offer ed grant of Rs. 811 mil- yield greater dividends for recharge. The efficacy of lion for construction of fiv e delay action dams (two in delay action dams can be enhanced by providing exit Qu et t a, one in Pishin and two in Mastung District), along pipes for draining the silt-free water downstream for wi t h construction machi n e r y. The Asian Devel o p m e n t infiltration into stream bed. Bank and the World Bank have agreed to finance desilta- tion of delay action dams and construction of new ones Inefficient Use of Water under the National Drainage Prog ramme, if the fea s i b i l i t y An important use of the surface water in Balochistan is is fir st proved with the construction of two delay action for sailaba (floodwater) and khushkaba (rainwater) irriga- dams in Bostan and Mastung. The exp e c t ation is tha t tion. These systems are used on 69% of the total irrigat- d e p l eted gro u n d wa ter re s o u rces will be re ch a rge d ed area of the province. They are actually crudely (Shahid 1999). The cha l l e n g e, the re f o r e, will be to locate applied water conservation techniques. Long periods of and construct these dams taking into account both sci- moisture stress and shallow rooting zones result in yields en t i f ic and tec hnical criteria and local knowle d g e, to over - being very low and not very encouraging. In fact, these come the criticisms leveled at earlier eff o rt s . lands serve only to meet the bares t needs of the far m e rs .
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 63 4 Freshwater Resources
Monitoring the groundwater level in Pechi karez, Ziarat.
Al m o s t all fruit, veg etable and winter fodder crop s la r gel y deplete the res o u r ce and affect an ecologically ar e over- i r r i ga t ed. As much as double the amount of imp o r tant wetland in Iran. wat er requ i r ed is applied. Over- i r r i g ation is most common in the Pishin Lora, Zhob and Nari basins. These are under grea te s t str ess from grou n d wa t er mining. Tri c kle irriga- Water Management tion schemes are being tried, but have not met with wide ac c e p tance by far m e r s (Halcrow Rural Management 199 5 ) Issues arise mainly from poor governance and from lack of as wat er is not a priced commodity. in te re s t and commitment by the public and privat e sec- tor s in solving the wat er problems in a planned and sys- Lack of Awa r e n e s s tematic fashion. While social problems concerning wate r The public is gen e r a l l y awar e of the problems of wate r and other sector s of economy have been mostl y tradi- su p p l y, perhaps more so in the rural and more rem o te tional in nature, a multitude of tec hnical problems have ar eas of the province. They may not have much apprec i a - stemmed from poor governance. A proj e c t - b y-p ro j e c t tion of why this is so, however , and may not see how the y ap p ro a c h to solving problems has been followed whenev- can play a role in addressing the issue. er an integr a t ed approa c h was requ i re d .
Reliance on Neighbouring Sources Institutional Constraints Ba l o ch i s tan derives some of its wat er from neighbouring BI D A has primary responsibility for the planning, invest i g a- jurisdictions. This has not pres e n t ed a problem so far . But tion, design and impl e m e n t ation of various irrigation and wat er security is an emerging issue worldwide and the wat er development projects in the province. The differ - sharing of these res o u r ces is receiving increasing atten - ent cells of the department are handicapped, as the y lack tion. Gils and Baig (1992) give the exam ple of the Saindak wel l - qu a l i f ied, trained and experienced personnel. The Copper Gold Project in Chagai. The source of wat er for exi s ting staf f is occupied with the operation and mainte- this project is the Taf tan - Tahlab basin, part of which lies in nance of current schemes, finding little time to conduct Iran. They speculate that a heavy demand on this basin will tec hnical surveys or to plan and design new projects in the
64 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Freshwater Resources 4
wat er sector . The department still relies heavi l y on out- pe r ennial irrigat ed schemes that are curren t l y the res p o n - da t ed and run-of-the-mill equipment to carry out var i o u s sibility of the Balochi s tan Irrigation Department. This prac- tas k s. Library facilities and compu t erized access to data tice is typical of the reliance on government, sends the and information are non-exi s tent. The situation has wr ong signals to the far m e r s and reduces their ‘own e r - imp r oved somewhat with the establishment of the BWR . ship’ of the sche m e s . Si m i l a r l y, the r e are no laborator y facilities to analyz e sa m ples, vital for the planning of any wat er devel o p m e n t Need for Improved Management or irrigation project. The BWR is also deficient in ade- of Minor Irrigation Schemes qua te l y trained staf f and does not have the equi p m e n t Th e r e are many irrigation schemes in Balochi s tan tha t to monitor and collect hyd r ological data. The same is true would benefit from impr oved management, operation for the Wa ter Re s o u rces Re s e a rch Centre and th e and maintenance. The beneficiaries are not organized or res e a r ch and development institution in the wat er sector . trained to maximize the potential of these sche m e s . In the absence of str ong institutions for data collection, T h e re is re l a t i ve ly little interaction or information pr oject planning and execution, project monitoring and excha n g e among communities on the options available to res e a r ch and ext ension in wate r , effec t i v e wat er devel - them in developing irrigation schemes, or on the lessons opment projects cannot be planned and impl e m e n te d . learned in funding, construction, management, operation and mainten a n c e . Inadequate Legislation Hi s tor i c a l l y, legislation governing the use of wat er for irri- Need for the Involvement of Wom e n gation has not been tai l o r ed for the specific needs of Pr oject inter ventions at the village level have brou g h t Ba l o ch i s tan, and it certai n l y has not kep t pace with cha n g - about cha n g es in the role of women in the wat er sector . ing circu m s tances. Until 1980, Balochi s tan was subject to Still, cultural fac to r s continue to have an impact on the the (Punjab) Canal and Drainage Act of 1873, which dealt na t u r e and scope of activities that can be developed and pr i m a r i l y with canal-based irrigation in the Punjab. In 198 0 , imp l e m e n t ed for women in irrigation schemes. The str i c t a Balochi s tan Canal and Drainage Ordinance was passed, separation of men and women in much of rural but even this did not deal exp l i c i t l y with issues such as Ba l o ch i s tan, clearly str u c t u r ed and defined roles, the low wat er res o u r ce exp l o i t ation and non-canal-based, commu- social and economic status of most rural women, rest r i c t - ni t y -based and privat e irrigation system s . ed mobility and lack of decision-making power influ e n c e It is open to que s tion whether the Balochi s tan the ext ent to which women are invol ved in these activities. Ir r i g ation Drainage Aut hority Act 199 7 in its present form Communities have limited experience with women being ad d r esses key issues of wat er res o u r ce management in in vol ved in village- l e vel decision-making, and both men and the province. For exam ple, the Act makes no refe r ence to women need to be convinced of its value. Women cannot ‘minor irrigat i o n ’. The functions of Area Wat er Boards tak e full control of potable wat er supplies due to the i r (A WBs) outside the major canal zones of the province are rest r i c t ed mobility. This prevents them from becoming no t specified. The Act requ i r es the Auth o r i t y / A WBs to be he av i l y invol ved in operations and maintenance activities. se l f - f inancing within 10 yea r s. Outside the major canal zones, this would appear impossible. The Act does not Electricity Tar i f f s es tablish farmer organizations on a sound legal footi n g , The subsidized ‘flat rate’ tar i f f was introduced nationally yet proposes to transfer management and fin a n c i a l to encourage far m e r s to use grou n d wa t er for increa s e d responsibility to them for distr i b u ta r y or minor canals. ag ricultural production. It has been ver y successful in Farmer organizations are curren t l y being reg i s ter ed under upland Balochi s tan. Yet, the tar i f f prom o tes poor use of the Balochi s tan Wat er Users Association Ordinance 198 1. sc a r ce grou n d wa t er res o u r ces and far m e r s show no inter - Under this, these organizations cannot own the infra- es t in impr oving their irrigation efficiencies. Fur the r m o re , str u c t u r e. Byla ws cannot be prep a r ed, so guidelines have far m e r s in many cases do not pay for the electricity the y been prep a r ed instead. The Act introduces ambiguity into consume even at the flat rate. the issue of own e r ship and control of grou n d wa te r Federal and provincial legislation exi s ts to license the res o u r ces. There are defects in the Act's approa c h to the ab s traction of grou n d wa t er and to enforce payment of go vernance, power s and staf fing of the Auth o r i t y / AW B s . electricity bills. While further impr ovements to such legis- lation are proposed, the main issue is political will and the Cost Recovery ability to enforce it. The government of Balochi s tan does not rec o ver any of Mo ving from a flat rate to the imposition of a full the public inves tment in the infrastr u c t u r e of the 202 tar i f f is an obvious way of prom o ting the conservation of
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 65 4 Freshwater Resources
sc a r ce wat er res o u r ces. However, t he introduction of a full The federal and provincial governments and the i r tar i f f to far m e r s on the Indus plains or southern, low-e l e - Env i ro n m e n t al Protection Agencies have yet to formulate vation val l e ys of Balochi s tan would be disastr ous, since rules and regulations under PEPA199 7 and action plans to the tar i f fs would exceed gross returns. The imposition of co n t r ol wat er pollution problems linked to agri c u l t u r a l , full tar i f fs may be feasible only in, for exam ple, fruit or in d u s trial and domestic uses. veg etable growing areas, where the return on invest m e n t is substan t i a l . Socio-Political Character of the Province Lack of Project Monitoring Wat er rights have been described earlier. The tribal sys- and Evaluation tem, low literacy rate and pover ty often crea t e prob l e m s The province does not have an effective and organized in the identification of approp r i a t e projects and the i r mechanism or infrastructure for the monitoring and imp l e m e n t ation. Under traditional practices members of evaluation of completed or on-going projects. Without the Provincial Assembly decide the projects to be star ted . such monitoring, lessons from mistakes in the past can- Th e y have their own personal priorities and intere s ts rel a t - not be learned and remedied in the future planning of ed to the project. The project – rather than being based R&D projects. on tec hnical, socio-economic, envi ro n m e n t al, basin or ph ysi o g raphic considerations – may be designed to suit Lack of Coordination between the intere s ts of one person. The intere s ts of the commu- Water and Agriculture Sectors nity at large are the re f o r e ignored. Lack of education Though agriculture is the main user of water in the among wat er users, including far m e r s and the gen e r a l province and Balochistan’s economy is largely agricul- public, also crea t es problems in convincing people of the ture-oriented, there is no coordination between the imp o r tance of saving wat er for their own good, as well as agriculture and irrigation departments. And at the fed- for the good of the province and nation. eral level, coordination between the Agriculture and Water ministries is almost non-existent. This leads to Economic Issues inefficiency in the planning, execution, operation and The growt h of the agricultural sector and population maintenance of viable projects in irrigated agriculture, in tr a n s l a t es into an increasing reliance on flo o d wa te r . Wate r a country where both these sectors are of vital impor- m a n a gement schemes invo lve an enormous cost in tance to the economy and are inter-dependent. at te m pting to control unp re d i c table and fre qu e n t ly se ver e natural forces. Developing, implementing, main- Lack of an Integrated Approach taining and reh a b i l i t ating these schemes will in all likel i h o o d to Project Development become more costl y and more compl e x as time goes on, While an integrated approach is very necessary in any wi t h rep e r cussions for the natural envi r onment of the project development, water development projects in pr ovi n c e . Balochistan have followed a familiar pattern. Small isolat- ed schemes are undertaken to develop surface and groundwater resources. The main sectors concerned are THE STAK E H O L D E R S Wa te r, Fo re st ry, Live sto ck, Public Health, Local Government, Environment and Agriculture. On the demand side, the major stake h o l d e r s are the agri - c u l t u re sector and the rural and urban population. Water Pollution In d u st r y is also an impo r tant stake h o l d e r . The large indus- There is a growing fear that both surface and ground- trial estat es wes t of Kar a c hi depend on a reliable supply water may be polluted, particularly in areas where agri- fr om Hab dam. The expansion of the industrial sector will cultural activity is being intensively pursued. The indis- depend on a secure supply. On the supply side, the criminate use of agrochemicals on fruit farms and irri- Ir r i g ation and Power Department (now BIDA) is the main gated areas is likely to result in polluted groundwater pu b l i c - s e c t or agency responsible for the planning and aquifers. The impact of industrial discharges on fresh- operation of irrigation schemes. The Public Health water and marine ecosystems has not been investigated Engineering Department, in collaboration with the Local in detail, but the experiences from other regions of Bodies and Rural Development Department, is res p o n s i b l e Pakistan give cause for concern. There are no water for providing drinking wat er to settlements and villages , treatment plants, and sewage is generally discharged while the Balochi s tan Wat er and Sanitation Aut hority is into open water bodies or streams. responsible for the wa ter supply to Quet ta. The
66 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Freshwater Resources 4
Ba l o ch i s tan Development Aut hority has been instr u m e n ta l in developing major grou n d wa t er development proj e c t s and in installing tubewells for government agencies and pr i va t e individuals. Res e a r ch is carried out by various agen - cies, including the Bureau of Wat er Res o u r ces, Wate r Res o u r ces Res e a r ch Centre, Arid Zone Res e a r ch Centre and Agricultural Res e a r ch Insti t u te . The situation in Quett a is more compl e x, with sever a l federal, provincial and local government agencies invol ved . The principal NGOs contributing to the development of the wat er sector are the Balochi s tan Rural Support Pro g ramme, the Tru s t for Vol u n ta r y Organizations, the St re n g thening Pa rt i c i p a to ry Organization, Khushhali As s o c i a t es, Wat er Saver s Envi ro n m e n t al Services, Tar a q e e and Taleem Foundation. The role played by these NGOs in the wat er sector has been ver y limited, due mainly to lack of support from government and lack of tec hnical staff , skills and res o u r ces. Most of the activities have centred on pr ovision of wat er supply schemes and sanitation to local communities. Amongst prog rammes and projects NDP, A rea Development Pro gramme Baloch i stan, BCIAP, BRU W AS, Quett a Wat er Supply and Sanitation Proj e c t , Rural Wat er Supply Project, On-farm Wat er Managem e n t Pr oject, Pat Feeder Command Area Development Proj e c t and Kac hhi Canal Project are impo r tan t .
THE WAY AHEAD
Cu r r ent government str a t egy invol ves the aggres s i v e The future lies in local level management of water. de velopment of all the wat er res o u r ces of the provi n c e . This is done to provide drinking wat er to the rural and exp e r ts, donors and the local population. But canal-fed urban population, provide public services, fuel economic ar eas, no-matter how well developed and managed, can d evelopment and meet pro j e c ted future demands. on l y rea c h about 1% of the province. From a wat er man- Su p p l ying clean drinking wat er to the population is a fir st ag ement standpoint, the issue is the ext ent to which the pr i o r i t y . But most of the demand for wat er is from the remaining potential areas can be brought under cultiva- agr i c u l t u r e sector , where the most rapid economic gai n s tion, and at what cost to the sustainability of the wate r a re to be found. For exa mple, under the Pove rt y su p p l y and the natural envi ro n m e n t ? Al l e viation Str a te g y , wheat production is to be increa s e d If there is any vision of the province in 25 or 50 by 1.2 million tonnes within two yea r s, partl y by increa s i n g years, from the perspectives of the government and pri- ir r i ga t ed agri c u l t u re . vate sector, it is of a green and fertile Balochistan – the In the short term, this str a t egy is likel y to continue, future granary of Pakistan. There is no doubt that with not w i th s tanding the sharp decline in grou n d wa t er levels in unlimited water and the necessary financial resources se veral of the provi n c e ’s 14 wat er basins. Impr ovements in and te ch n o l o g y, this dream could be ach i eve d . the canal systems will soon optimize irrigat ed agri c u l t u r e Experiences in more affluent areas of the Middle East in the Nasirabad area. The provi n c e ’s entire share of Indus and North America demonstrate what can be done in wate r s will be fully used. It is hoped that drainage proj e c t s environments similar to those found in Balochistan, will reduce the problems of wat erlogging and salinity. It will given the necessary inputs. It is a question of economics: then be a que s tion of fine-tuning the system to maximize how much the country can invest in irrigation schemes yields and cropping patterns on a sustainable basis. and how much its customers are willing to pay for Wat er management in canal-fed areas is receiving a Pakistan’s agricultural products. Market forces will ulti- great deal of attention from governments, tech n i c a l mately dictate trends.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 67 4 Freshwater Resources
If the aim of the BCS is ultimatel y pover ty alleviation, the n the vision should also encompass the needs of the rural population, rather than just the affluent, the middlemen and the entrep re n e u rs . The following steps will be tak en to impr ove wate r ma n a g ement in the provi n c e : n es tablishment of a Wat er Board ideally for each of the 14 major basins in Balochi s tan ; n es tablishment of Tec hnical Committees in support of the Wat er Board; n id e n t i f ication of an agency to coordi n a t e the collec- tion of reliable information on wat er supply and demand from all sources, and maintenance of an up- to- d a t e distribution datab a s e ; n es tablishment of a process for engaging all stak e- ho l d e r s in the formulation of wat er managem e n t str a t egies that invol ve scientific, tec hnical and local inp u t s ; n ma i n t enance of local wat er management system s pr oven to be effec t i v e and socially and culturally ap p ro p r i a te ; n rationalization and assignment of clear roles and responsibilities amongst the various organizations, for all aspects of wat er supply, demand, qua l i t y , res e a r ch and monitor i n g ; n es tablishment of goals, objectives and guidelines for wate r shed reh a b i l i t ation and managem e n t ; n es tablishment of guidelines for the envi ro n m e n ta l assessment and monitoring of all projects or pro- Women needs to be involved in water management. grammes affecting wat er supply, demand or qua l i t y ; n la u n c h of a mass awar eness prog ramme on wate r Ma n a g e m e n t su p p l y, demand and qua l i t y , str essing the need to co n s e r ve the res o u r ce and identify opportunities for The stake h o l d e r s will develop a clear str a t egy on irrigate d public participation; and agr i c u l t u r e for the next fiv e yea r s and look beyond to the n de velopment of educational mater i a l s . ne xt 25. A rou n d t able will be established for this purpose. It will complement exi s ting coordination mechanisms rel a t - Water Boards ed to res e a r ch, production, ext ension, training, wor k- f o rc e , The Wat er Boards will operate at the highest level and ma r k eting, infrastr u c t u r e and inputs. It has the advan ta g e rep o r t to the provincial chief exec u t i v e. They will be of bringing the stake h o l d e r s tog ether on a level playi n g es tablished in legislation and be independent, impa rt i a l field, where ever yon e ’s views are apprec i a te d . and highly credible. Their Terms of Refe r ence will parallel The rou n d t able might help avoid problems of market those of the Land Use Planning Commission described in gluts (for exam ple, in apples and onions in the rec e n t Ch a p ter 3, although in this case, Wat er Boards will be pa s t), expand appreciation of the need for quality in a es tablished for each of the 14 wat er basins. Their res p o n - co mp et i t i v e envi r onment and identify new tech n i q ues for sibilities will include issuing wat er licenses, devel o p i n g making more efficient use of the available wate r . The codes of practice for wat er users in all sector s and hold- de velopment of a sense of vision is impo r tant at a time ing public hearings, ensuring the participation of all stak e- wh e r e some orcha r d own e r s are already cutting down ho l d e r s on major issues affecting the res o u rc e . tr ees due to a lack of economic viability or wate r , while The Wat er Boards will be given enormous res p o n s i b i l - el s ew h e r e othe r s are busy installing tubewells and planti- it y . Experience in other countries shows that the y wor k ng new orcha r ds. This sense of vision is ext re m e l y impo r - ef fec t i ve l y. The membership will be broa d l y based and will tant in developing a sustainable wat er res o u r ces str a te g y . be drawn from all wal k s of life. Members will not be drawn
68 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Freshwater Resources 4
fr om government service, and will not have a major ves t- will be supported by a small secretariat drawn from the ed intere s t in the management of the res o u r ce. An exce p - staf f of tec hnical committees on a rotating basis. tion to this might be women, who bear the major res p o n - The Provincial Water Committee will be concerned sibility for managing domestic wat er needs. An equal rep - with the overall needs of the province and will share the res e n t ation of women will be a goal in setting up the results of the work of the Boards, decisions taken and Bo a r ds. Members will be appointed for fix ed terms, meet recommendations made to strengthen policy and legis- on ‘as requ i r ed’ basis, and be rem u n e r a t ed approp r i a te l y. lation. The Committee will ensure that there is no dupli- The goals, principles and objectives established for cation in the te chnical aspects of the wo r k. The the BCS will provide the basis for the mandate of the Provincial Water Committee will recommend on, and Wat er Boards. In addition, a mission stat ement, code of update as required, the mission of the Boards, ethical ethics and operating proc e d u r es will be developed, not guidelines and procedures and an evaluation mechanism on l y to guide the Boards but also to clearly demonstr a t e to assess the performance of the Boards and their use to all stake h o l d e r s what the y should expect and demand of resources. of these organ i z a t i o n s . Issues to be considered in setting up the Wate r Al t hough the Boards have many responsibilities, and Bo a r ds include relationships with District Adm i n i st r a t i v e ar e ultimatel y accountable for the management of the str u c t u r es and the various land use planning str u c t u re s res o u r ce, each will be assisted in all tec hnical matter s by a recommended in the BCS. At the present time, decision- co m m i t t ee of specialists (described below) . making proceeds thr ough the divisional and district level In terms of establishing Wat er Boards, the r e are a to the local councils. The government administr a t i v e sys- number of options. Not all Boards need be set up simulta- tem is gea r ed to this, and information is managed accord- ne o u s l y, nor do the r e have to be Boards for each basin. in g ly. Basin management implies that some accommoda- Th e y could be set up on a priority basis. The fir st priority tions will have to be made. Some basins span several dis- might go to basins curren t l y under str ess and where trict boundaries. Num e r ous hyd r ological studies have ur gent remedial action is requ i r ed (Pishin-Lora, Nari and al r eady demonstr a t ed an ability to over come these hur- Zhob). But, in fact, it would be hard to exclude any basin dles, although reconciling information collected at a dis- fr om consideration. The earlier the planning begins, the trict level – for exam ple, on socio-economic and land use sooner management solutions can be developed and pa r a m e ter s – will tak e some rea d j u st m e n t . imp l e m e n t ed, req uiring less costl y remedial action and ad Co o r dination among the various jurisdictions will hoc decision-making later on. All the basins have disti n c - requ i r e a re- e xamination of roles and responsibilities and ti v e res o u r ces and demands. A compelling argument for some str eamlining. Although certain str u c t u r es are in es tablishing the Boards as soon as possible is the need to place, if the y are not functioning or are ineffec t i v e, the y push decision-making ‘down and out’ as qui ck l y as possible. will be dispensed with. One benefit of the Wat er Boards is The Boards will be seen as part of the effo r t to decen- that the y tak e the responsibility for the management of tralize decision-making and invol ve the stake h o l d e r s to the wate r , often a contentious issue, off the shoulders of the grea te s t possible ext ent. As a star t a Wat er Board could di s trict administration that already has to juggle many be established and operationalized, along with its co mp e ting demands. Tec hnical Committee, for the Pishin Lora Basin. A str ong case can be made for linking basin planning Decisions on which basins might be combined under a wi t h the need for an integr a t ed coastal zone manage- si n g le Board will tak e into account a mix of political, cul- ment plan (see Chapter 6). The coastal zone tak es in four tural, geo g raphical, administr a t i v e and socio-economic basins draining into the Arabian Sea: the Dasht, Shadi Kau r , fac to r s. The probability of success is a ver y impo r tan t Hingol River and Porali river basins. The focus would be on consideration. Criteria will be developed and revi e wed with in d u s trial and agricultural development in Lasbela Distr i c t . the stake h o l d e r s, to get a ‘buy in’ the arrangement. For In the Mekran, the focus would be on drinking wate r , live- exam ple, as the city of Quett a and its envi r ons might draw stoc k and agri c u l t u r e and the maintenance of critical on res o u r ces from other basins it may be useful to com- ec o s y stems dependent on sources of fresh wate r . bine them under one Board. One concern from the local user standpoint might be the equi t able treatment of Technical Committees smaller basins. The intere s ts of larger and more powerf u l The Chair of the Tec hnical Committee will serve as ne i g h b o u r s might prevail. For this, and for reasons of Se c r etar y to the Wat er Board and ensure its smooth func- t r a n s p a rency and coordination, a Provincial Wa te r tioning. The functions of the Committee are self-exp l a n a - Co m m i t t ee will be established, consisting of the Chairs of tor y: to provide all the tec hnical information requ i r ed by all Boards and headed by the provincial chief exec u t i v e. It the Board to discha r ge its responsibilities based on accu-
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 69 4 Freshwater Resources
ra t e and up-to- d a t e information on the supply, demand tem poral and spatial needs of the user. Permits for ‘small’ and quality of the wat er in the basin. uses, such as hand pumps for domestic wat er supply, will In the role of secretariat to the Board, the Te ch n i c a l no t be requ i re d . C o m m i t tee will set the agenda for meetings and deve l- Fi fth is to ensure that the provisions of th e op an annual work plan to ach i eve the objectives set by Environment Act 1997 are fully adhered to and that best the Board under the overall direction of the prov i n c i a l practices are employed to ensure that all projects that chief exe c u t i ve. Members of the Te chnical Committe e may affect the supply, use or quality of water are fully will include re l evant ex p e rts in wa ter manage m e n t: assessed. The results of these assessments will be pro- hy d ro l o g i sts, hy d ro - ge o l o g i sts, irrigation specialist s , vided to the Board in support of decision-making and e n g i n e e rs and env i ro n m e n tal scientists (for exa mp l e , monitoring. s p e c i a l i sts on wetlands, aquatic biology or wa te rs h e d In addition, the Tec hnical Committee will prep a r e m a n a ge m e n t ) . Codes of Practice for all users, to inform them of the i r The first and foremost need is to develop the ob l i g ations towar ds the proper use of wat er in the var i o u s strategic plan. This is developed according to the vision se c to r s. It will also be responsible for organizing public of how the water resource is to be managed in the short hearings as requ i r ed by the Board, ensuring that all stak e- and long term. The vision is based on the mission, goals, ho l d e r s are given a fair and equi t able opportunity to be principles and objectives of the Board, and should be he a r d, and for understanding the implications of the sub- developed with the stakeholders. Once this vision is ject under consideration. developed and adopted by all of the stakeholders, work- ing towards it will be much easier. The strategic plan will Information Management be completed within one year, but it should not be an A common complaint in the wat er sector concerns the impediment to mobilizing the Board or providing techni- in a d e q uacy and inaccessibility of information. Ancient civ- cal input to decision-making. ilizations effec t i ve l y managed their wat er res o u r ces with The second priority is developing and maintaining an m u ch less information than we have at pre s e n t . up - to - d a t e assessment of wat er supply, usage – where, by Never theless, predicting the future and acting accordi n g - whom and for what purpose – and qua l i t y . This informa- ly has always been a cha l l e n g e for res o u r ce managers . tion will be managed in a way that makes it accessible to Decisions have to be made on the basis of available infor- the Board and to stake h o l d e rs . mation. That means ensuring that the wate r tight com- Th i r d is the development and impl e m e n t ation of a pa r tments of the various agencies holding information re s e a rch and monitoring pro gramme. The Te ch n i c a l ha ve to be opened up. Co m m i t t ee will not be responsible for collecting primary The adva n ta ges and disadva n ta ges of setting up a da t a and data processing. It will have ready access to key central point for the management of information re l a t- da t abases and to all the many tec hnical rep o r ts and ed to wa ter need to be debated by the orga n i z a t i o n s assessments that have already been compl e ted. The that collect and hold the information and those th a t Co m m i t t ee will identify gaps in information and compi l e need it. Generally, data are collected for some part i c u l a r these as part of an annual res e a r ch and monitoring plan purpose, and then the activity ceases. The data are fi l e d to be submitted to the Board. It will have an impo r tan t by the agency concerned once th ey have served a pur- role in the identification of data collection needs, for pose. The same goes for information collected by pro- exam ple, by the Bureau of Stat i s tics. It will also ensure jects. These data will be held by organizations that have that the monitoring of wat er supply, demand and qua l i t y a mandate to ro u t i n e ly collect, manage and disseminate is being conducted according to the stan d a r ds laid down d a ta on wa te r. As information is collected on a ve ry by the autho r i t y , such as the hyd ro m e tric netwo r k , and l a rge number of variables, in various time series, and in ca r r y out quality control over the data collected. The d i ffe rent systems of measure, a lot of work is requ i re d co m m i t t ee will have an impo r tant role in the devel o p m e n t to turn these data into information. Given the imp o r- of indicator s adapted to the specific needs of the basin. tance and magnitude of the ta s k, and to avoid eve ry This is of critical impo r tance in ensuring that sustai n a b l e n ew project having to search out data sets from many wat er management practices can be measured for the i r s o u rces, a case can be made for a single entity to ta ke ef fec t i v eness, and that the quality of wat er for var i o u s on this ta s k. purposes meets the requ i r ed stan d a rd . The Bureau of Water Resources currently monitors A fourth task is making recommendations on the the hydro-meteorological network and has shown a will- issuance of wat er development licenses. There might be ingness to compile useful data and make it available to all di f fer ent classes of licenses according to the parti c u l a r users. The Bureau might become the focal point for all
70 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Freshwater Resources 4
d a ta on wa ter if given the re s o u rces to do so. Considering the huge inve stment made in prev i o u s decades, in collecting data, the investment is modest, and the returns great. A single source of distr i b u t ed data will be parti c u l a r l y be n e f icial to Tec hnical Committees, thr ough online data- bases being developed by BWR and within P&DD and in other forms. The Bureau will assist in stan d a r dizing data formats and ensuring the quality control of data curren t - ly being collected, as well as assisting in the identific a t i o n of key indicators . Involving Stakeholders in Water Management There will be a process that enables all stakeholders to contribute to the development of water management strategies, policies and legislation. The process followed in the BCS has been to draw on specialists and stake- holders through technical papers, discussions and work- shops. Outreach to the local level has been limited. The process will be continued and expanded. The Interest Group on Water can continue as is, or broaden out to include more participants. Ul t i m a te l y, a rou n d t able format will be developed. As wi t h other rou n d t ables, this will provide an exce l l e n t so u r ce of advice from various qua r ter s, not othe rw i s e he a r d from. Project personnel do not gen e r a l l y invol ve the m s e l ves in discussions, yet the y often have a grea t deal of knowle d g e of the issues, as well as useful A marriage of traditional and modern water harvesting systems is needed. ap p ro a c hes and tech n i q ues. Effo r ts will be made to draw them into these discussions. Where feasible, such discus- sions will be mediated by electronic confer ence in order to Roles and Responsibilities sa ve time and res o u rc e s . The issue of coordination and cooperation is a constan t refrain in discussions of ‘who does what’ in wate r . The Local Water Management Systems Ir r i g ation Department is curren t l y undergoing rest r u c t u r - The rich tradition of wa ter rights and local wate r ing and reform as the Balochi s tan Irrigation and Drainage resource management in Balochistan has been compiled Auth o r i t y . The roles and responsibilities of the agen c i e s and discussed by Halcrow Rural Management (1995) and concerned with wat er will be compre h e n s i ve l y revi e wed Steenbergen (1997). These rights and practices are key , to support the basin wa ter management st r a te g y to how water is allocated for various purposes, when, described above. They will all cooperate with the Burea u where and by whom. They relate to groundwater, peren- of Wat er Res o u r ces in building and managing a centralized nial surface water and floodwater. Each basin has its own da t abase and parti c i p a t e in the development of monitor - particular sets of challenges and opportunities. Not only ing and evaluation proc e d u re s . are the residents and other stakeholders the beneficia- ries, they are also the most knowledgeable about local Watershed Rehabilitation conditions, variability and techniques for adapting to it. and Management Local people can provide considerable insights into what The specific requ i r ements for wate r shed reh a b i l i ta t i o n is until now, largely the subject of mathematical models, and management must be determined on a basin-by- based on largely untested assumptions. Local people do basin basis, at the val l e y level. Reh a b i l i t ating the catch- not have all of the answers and can benefit from the ment of a val l e y will affect the lives of all who use its interaction with specialists in areas such as water har- res o u r ces, whether for fuelwood, construction mater i a l s , vesting and cropping. agr i c u l t u r e, biodiver sity or lives toc k grazing. For many of
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 71 4 Freshwater Resources
the tic landown e r s and influential individuals to demon- str a t e te ch n i ques of using res o u r ces more effec t i ve l y will be another course of action. Reh a b i l i t ation in itself may no t be a res o u rc e - i n te n s i v e activity. Experience over the pa s t 40 yea r s sugges ts that major inter ventions, such as seeding, ref o re s tation, landscaping and fencing have not been that effec t i v e due to lack of objectivity and com- mitment on the part of government agencies and lack of in vol vement and intere s t of local communities. What did work was allowing nature to do the work by controlling or res training human influence. Certai n l y such inter ven t i o n s ar e likel y to succeed if the constraints are addressed as has been experienced during the last four yea r s in impl e - menting wa te rshed activities under the Are a De velopment Prog ramme Balochi s tan and FAO impl e - me n t ation proj e c t . In light of this, the goals, objectives and guidelines for reh a b i l i t ating wate r sheds will be developed on a case-by- case basis, drawing from the wea l t h of experience alrea d y gath e r ed and the lessons learned. Inter ventions will be str a t egic and focused on working where the r e is a will to cha n g e. Imposing solutions from the top down will not ha ve much impa c t .
Mass Awa r e n e s s Mass awar eness prog rammes will be among the most ef fec t i v e tools in changing the patterns of wat er use. These will range from disseminating information on sound ir r i g ation practices to conserving wat er in domestic use. Testing water quality in Quetta. Th e r e will also be awar eness-raising of traditional man- ag ement wat er practices. These practices, such as the use these people, the r e is no problem. Or if the problem is of kar ezes, have deep-roo ted social and cultural signifi- common to all people, it is not seen as their prob l e m . cance in rural communities. Custom a r y practices have a The major task is to work with local people to come great deal of merit, parti c u l a r l y where res o u r ces are to a consensus that there is a problem and that their sc a r ce and where the community has to work tog ether to assistance is essential to its solution. There must be find solutions. some tangible benefit from changing the status quo. It might take the form of alternative sources of fuel, more Educational Materials e fficient agricultural practices, delive ry of serv i c e s Ap p ro p r i a t e materials will be developed for use in scho o l s , required by the community, income from community- rega r ding the impo r tance of clean wat er and the need to managed schemes, such as trophy hunting, or more pro- co n s e r ve it. ductive animals. The government has little influence in these matters. What influence there is may be in the Po l i c y hands of Nawabs, Sardars, Maliks and other influential Policies do exi s t for the rationale development and use of individuals. The concern will be economic benefits and wate r , and these are supported by a suite of legislation. not the natural environment, even though there may be Th e y are piecemeal and sectoral in nature. The problem is a keen realization of the problem among educated peo- that these policies have not been fully impl e m e n te d . ple. The concept of watershed management will be Legislation has not had the desired effect. The need for a explained in terms that are meaningful to the people sense of vision was discussed earlier. It provides the con- who can effect a change. text for policy development, the legislation requ i r ed to Awar eness raising is prob a b l y one of the best means im plement it and the framework within which the Wate r of achi e ving the desired results. Working with sympa - Bo a r ds and other agencies will function.
72 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Freshwater Resources 4
Priorities for wat er have been established in the fr om privat e users. In the short term, the BIDA Act will be pr ovincial Ninth Five - Year Plan. Given that only an esti m a t - revi e wed and amended. ed 20% of the population has access to rea s o n a b l y safe drinking wate r , top priority is given to providing a rel i a b l e Cost Recovery su p p l y of clean wat er to both rural and urban communi- The underlying principle of minor irrigation schemes is ties. The government recognized the impact of tubewel l s that fa r m e rs and their own organizations will be fully on the grou n d wa t er res o u r ce, and imposed controls on e quipped to pro p e r ly maintain and further deve l o p their installation in Quett a, Mastung, Mangochar and s chemes with no re c u r rent costs to the gove r n m e n t . Pishin. A No Objection Certi fi c a t e is requ i r ed to install a This means that fa r m e rs will contribute to the capita l tu b e well. Metering systems for electricity to run tubewel l s c o sts of irrigation schemes and ta ke full re s p o n s i b i l i t y wer e to be introduced by the federal government in for all subsequent costs. For exa mple, under BCIAP, 1999, but the flat rate system will now continue until at fa r m e rs collect and contribute 17.5% of capital costs in le a s t 2002. l ow-income areas and 35% of the capital costs in high- Be yond these measures, a wat er policy is not clearly income areas (such as deciduous orch a rds). To ach i eve spelled out. Management measures will include more fuller participation, fa r m e rs will be brought into th e in vest i g ations of grou n d wa t er potential, application and design and construction process, for flood irriga t i o n tes ting of grou n d wa t er rech a r ge tech n i q ues, support for and for the operation and maintenance of all irriga t i o n the hyd ro m e tric netw ork and prom o tion of the use of i n f r a st r u c t u re. Fa r m e rs will be organized into lega l ly pe r ennial and flood wate r s for irrigation thr ough numer- c o n st i t u ted bodies (such as the farmer orga n i z a t i o n s ous development sche m e s . formed under BCIAP) to operate and maintain minor irri- gation schemes. They will be allowed to own infrast r u c- Develop a Comprehensive t u re. BIDA will hand numerous irrigation schemes that it Policy for the Sustainable Use of c o n t rols over to the beneficiaries, in a manner consis- Water Resources in Balochistan tent with this above appro a ch . The policy will deal with the supply, demand and quality of wate r . It will cover grou n d wa te r , perennial flo ws, flo o d w a- Need for Improved Management ter s and Indus wate r . The policy will spell out how the of Minor Irrigation Schemes pr ovince intends to manage these res o u r ces in the long Go vernment, NGOs and the privat e sector all have an term. It will provide the basis for the work of the Wate r imp o r tant role to play in assisting far m e r s to impr ove the Bo a r ds and all other agencies concerned with wat er sup- ma n a g ement, operations and maintenance of their irri- pl y, demand and qua l i t y . gation schemes. Successful development models have The fir st step is to develop a process for policy devel - been, and are being introduced, and it is essential tha t opment. The goals, objectives and principles devel o p e d the best of these be used to enhance and expand irri- for the BCS provide the basis. The process will invol ve all gat ed agri c u l t u r e in Balochi s tan. It is also impo r tant tha t the stake h o l d e rs . communities are assisted in netw orking to build a grea te r awar eness of the options open to them in irrigat ed agri - Inadequate Legislation c u l t u re and to allow them to appre c i a te va r i o u s New wa ter legislation will be developed that ex p l i c i t ly ap p ro a c hes that have been tried. These communities will a d d resses the problems of irriga ted agr i c u l t u re in also be linked to approp r i a t e government departm e n t s , B a l o ch i stan. The emphasis will be on imp roving irriga- NGOs and privat e sector organizations, to ensure tha t tion and creating effe c t i ve institutions for ach i ev i n g the y have access to the much-needed support. this end. Arg u a b ly, Baloch i stan is in need of a Wa te r Re s o u rces Au th o r i t y, rather than a Baloch i sta n Need for Involvement of Wo m e n I r r i gation and Drainage Au th o r i t y, dealing not only with Wat er supply and irrigation projects will continue to fin d canal irrigation and drainage but with the planning and c u l t u r a l ly appro p r i a te ways of effe c t i ve ly invo lv i n g m a n a gement of ground and surface wa ter re s o u rc e s women in operations and maintenance activities. Proj e c t s on a hy d rological-basin level and in an env i ro n m e n ta l ly su c h as BCIAP have been able to ext end their Women and s a fe manner. De velopment activities to other aspects of wat er use, A detailed revi e w of exi s ting legislation will be con- focusing on health, hygiene, safe wat er use, veg etab l e du c t ed and amendments introduced. The development of pr oduction and wat er management. The lessons learned ne w legislation in the wat er sector will requ i r e a broa d fr om these initiatives will be applied in developing and consensus from all the institutions concerned, as well as im plementing wat er management schemes in rural area s .
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 73 Chapter 5
Bi o d i v e he people of Balochistan have sustained them- selves for thousands of years on the plants Tand animals around them. Rock carvings and cave paintings from the Neolithic period graphically depict dependency on a wide variety of wildlife. Hunting and gathering cultures have evolved over the past 10,000 years into settled agricultural sys- tems. The excavations at Mehrgarh show that wild animals were hunted and then increasingly domesti- cated. Wild plants were selected and cultivated, making settled agriculture and urban life possible. Nomadic patterns of grazing became entrenched in Balochistan’s cultural, social and economic tradi- tions. Rural people need no reminder of the benefits that biodiversity brings, whether from the sea, ri ve rs, ra n gelands, forests, or deserts. All th e ecosystems of the province are used for some pur- pose during the ye a r. Pas to r alists, in part i c u l a r, know every stick and stone, as they move around the area in search of grazing for their animals. Trees and shrubs are used for fuel and construction mate- rials, and herbs for food and medicine. Marine life is essential to the survival of the isolated coastal pop- ulation. The term biodiversity means the variety of life on earth. It includes all varieties of plants and ani- mals. Balochistan is especially rich in biodiversity, given its position in the transitional zone between two of the world’s major zoogeographical regions – the Palaearctic and the Oriental. Species from the Ethiopian region are also represented in Balochistan. The geography of the region has an impact on the distribution of plants and animals. To the west lies the great Seistan desert basin, which includes parts of Iran and Afghanistan and extends, in Balochistan, into the districts of Chagai and Kharan. To the east iv e r s i t y lies the Thar and Cholistan deserts, to the north the Himalayas and adjacent mountain chains, and to the south the Arabian Sea. Bi o d i v e r s i t y Wide var iations in physical features and climate ha ve produced diver se landscapes, ecosyst ems and ha b i t ats that are impo r tant to the national and glo b - al herita g e. Much of the province remains poorly in ves t i ga t ed. Syst ematic knowle d g e of the flo r a of the province remains incompl e te and a compr e h e n - si v e analysis of endemicity, species density and rela- tionships is not available. There are at least 1,75 0 kn o wn plant species (Raf iq 1965) and an impr e s s i v e vari e ty of animals (Table 11). A number of these are endemic to Balochi s t an. Detailed veg etation or habi- tat maps of the province are not available, hence, there is little infor mation on the distribution and abundance of the plants and animals found the r e . 5 Biodiversity
Table 11 Fauna of Balochistan
No. of Species in Balochistan No. of Species in Pakistan Endemic Species in Balochistan Mammals 71 182 2 Birds 356 666 0 Reptiles 94 159 7 Amphibians 8 20 0 Freshwater fish 61 150 8
Source: Roberts 1997.
Ch e ck l i s ts have been compiled for mammals, birds, rep - he c ta r es. The most exte n s i v e (86,000 hectar es) and tiles, amphibians, fish and plants as part of system a t i c b e st - k n own exa mples are found in the Ziarat and zoological invest i g ations, or in conjunction with var i o u s Za r ghoon hills. They occur at elevations betw een 1,9 8 0 - pr ojects. The inver teb r a t e rec o r d is parti c u l a r l y wea k . 3,350 metr es. Growing conditions are harsh. Annual pre- What is certain is that Balochi s tan is one of the most ci p i t ation aver a g es 328 millimetr es and falls mostl y as imp o r tant wildlife regions of Pak i s tan, and holds a large sn o w. The fores ts are qui t e open, depending on site con- number of species not found elsewh e r e in the country. dition. Trees are ver y slow growing. Conseque n t l y, the s e fo re s ts are believed to be among the oldest in the wor l d . FOREST TYPES Scrub Forests Plant communities have been described as a compo n e n t of range management projects, in conjunction with stu d - These fores ts are found at elevations of 500–1,5 0 0 ies of parks, fores ts and wildlife areas, and as part of met r es. They provide protection to agricultural land by studies on the animals of Balochi s tan. The major veg eta- reducing soil erosion, as well as the intensity of fla s h tion types are conifer ous fores ts, scrub fores ts, sub- floods. In areas of low rainfall, large tracts wer e once cov- tr opical desert and riverain forest . er ed with this type. They have now been cut down. The ar ea is now colonized by degraded xero p h ytic shrubs. Ver y rarel y, in some protec t ed moist pockets, the r e are Coniferous Forests is o l a t ed trees of Olea ferruginea, Acacia modesta and Pi s tacia spp. (Champion et al. 196 5 ) . The conifer ous fores ts of Balochi s tan occur at elevat i o n s Scrub forests can be divided into three categories: of 1,500–3,500 met res. The fore st types include n Ba l o ch i s tan Dry Temp e r a t e Scrub (Steppe) – Dry chilghoza (Pinus ger a r diana) and Dry Juniper Fore s t temp e r a t e scrub is the climax formation in most of (Juniperus exce l s a ) . Qu et t a, Mastung, Kalat, Qila Abdullah, Pishin and part In Balochi s tan, chilghoza are confined to the Sulaiman of Qila Saifullah (Champion et al. 1965). Over gra z i n g Mo u n t ains, in the Shirani tribal area (Zhob District), rang- and collection of fuelwood have affec t ed large area s . ing from 2,700 to 3,400 metr es in elevation (Raf iq 196 5 ) . n D ry Sub-tropical Bro a d - L e aved Fo re sts – Ty p i c a l The main chilghoza areas are found at Shinghar, exam ples occur in the Sulaiman Mountains; Olea fer - Kai s a g h a r , Takht-e-Sulaiman and Tor ghar (Zhob District). In ruginea and Pistacia khinjik are the dominant species, Sh i n g h a r , 2,562 hectar es are included in stat e forest s , in te rs p e r sed with P. atlantica and cabulica and a while the Shirani tribe owns the rem a i n d e r . Chilghoza is var i e ty of low shrubs. the dominant species, with the sporadic occurrence of n Tropical Thorn Fore s ts – These are gen e r a l l y open kail (Pinus wal l i c hiana) in the upper rea c hes of Tak h t - e - fo re s ts of tho r n y and woody species with stu n te d Sulaiman and Torg h a r . Over the past 25 yea r s, chi l g h o z a growt h, low branching and other xero p h ytic habits. tr ees have been compl e tel y cut at lower elevat i o n s . Grazing, browsing and cutting for fuelwood have con- Cutting is now taking place betw een 2,100 and 2,750 ver ted these fores ts into a scrub form (Champion et met r es (Ahmed et al. 1991 ) . al. 1965). In Balochi s tan, these fores ts are found on Ba l o ch i s tan has one of the larges t areas of juniper the Sibi plains and at Nok Kundi. The composition of fo re s ts in the world. They cover approxi m a te l y 141,0 0 0 species may var y from location to location.
76 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Biodiversity 5
Subtropical Desert
Acc o r ding to Raf iq (1965), the r e are thr ee major types of de s e r t: n Ha l ox y lon persicum – This type is found in the val l e ys of Kharan and Chagai Districts, betw een 600 and 920 met r es. It consists of open stands of H. persi c u m , wi t h trees attaining a girth of 1.2 metr es and height of 6 metre s . n H. salicornicum-rhazya – This type is found in Chagai and Kharan Districts at elevations of 480–1,2 2 0 met r es. This is a halophytic association growing in nullahs and washes. Typical plant species are H. sal- icornicum and Rhazya str i c ta . n Salt Flats – This type is found on inland dry salt lakes , s u ch as Hamun-e-Lora and Hamun-e-Mashkel in Ch a g ai and Kharan deserts, at elevations betwe e n 610 and 860 metr es. These are mostl y devoid of veg - etation. Some typical plants are Alhagi mauror u m (pseudoalhagi) and Desmostac hya bipinnata.
Other Forest Typ e s
In addition, the r e are the remnants of two other fores t types – riverain fores ts and mangrove fores ts. Ver y little of the riverain fores t type survi v es in a natural stat e. The Fore s t Department controls 4,494 hectar es. The Fore st r y Se c t or Master Plan rep o r ts about 20,000 hectar es, includ- Balochistan is one of the largest stands of junipers. ing privat e fores ts in Districts Sibi and Lasbela. The domi- nant species is Acacia nilotica with var ying occurrences of Populus spp, Albizzia lebbek, Melia azedarach, Eucalypt u s Populus euphratica and Prosopis cineraria on the drier and Dalbergia sissoo (Fo re st Department 19 9 8 ) . si t es (Champion et al. 1965). For decades, these forest s Ba l o ch i s tan has a significant number of trees on far m l a n d . wer e used for fuelwood and mine props and wer e lopped The Household Income and Expenditure Survey esti m a te d for fodder. They have been severe l y degraded and much about 9,000 hectar es under farmland trees, with a stan d - of the area has been conver ted into agricultural land. ing volume of about 3.43 million cubic metr es, giving an Remnants of mangroves occur along the coast in annual production of about 100,000 cubic metr es a yea r Districts Lasbela and Gwadar. The Forest Department (G o vernment of Pak i s tan and IUCN 1992). The most com- controls 297 hectares. Mirza et al. (1988) reports 7,340 mon trees growing on fa r m e r’s fields are Pro s o p i s hectares in three locations: Miani Hor (3,100 hectares), cineraria (kandi), which occur naturally. Introduced tree s Kalmat Hor (2,160 hectares) and Jiwani (2,080 hectares). include A. nilotica, Eucalyp tus spp., Cupressus arizonica, The dominant species are Avicennia marina, Rhizophora Al i a n t hus altissima, Populus spp., Melia azedaraca, Salix mucronata and Ceriops tagal (see also Chapter 6). spp., Albizzia lebbek, Robinia pseudoacacia, Platanus orien- Trees are grown in irrigat ed plantations and on far m - talis, Gleditsia tricanthos, Sesbania sesban, Prosopis juliflo - land. Irrigat ed plantations are limited to about 298 ra, Morus alba, Azadirahta indica, Ficus religiosa, Pinus he c ta r es in Lasbela, Sibi, Zhob, Pishin and Quett a distr i c t s . eldarica and Elaeagnus horten s i s . The Fore st r y Sector Master Plan rep o r ts that the r e are about 1,000 hectar es. In Nasirabad and Sibi Districts, plan- tations are irrigat ed with wat er from the Pat Feeder and WE T L A N D S Kh i r thar canals and from Nari River . In other areas, the y depend on wat er from tubewells. The most impo r tan t Ba l o ch i s tan has some of the wor l d ’ s fin e s t wetland habi- tr ee species raised are A. nilotica, Salix tetr a s p e r m a , tats. These are small in number and ext ent, but have
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 77 5 Biodiversity
enhanced value when viewed in the persp e c t i v e of an Kharan District and near Nushki. There is great concern arid envi r onment. They attract a var i e ty of wate rf o wl, for the bird’ s survi v al. Num b e r s have declined dramatical- including swans, geese, ducks, grebes, herons and sever - ly over the past 30 yea r s due to hunting pres s u r e from al species of wa d e rs . Arab fal c o n e r s. Live birds and eggs are smuggled out of The Zangi Nawar Lake in Chagai District is a wetl a n d the country. The Saker falcon is a winter visitor to north- of international impo r tance. More than 60,000 birds wer e ern parts of the province. This falcon can be trained to co u n t ed the r e in the mid-1980s. However , it dries during hunt houbara and is sought after by fal c o n e r s. The dr ought yea r s, e.g., 198 7, 1999 and 2000. Spin Kar ez, a Pere g rine falcon winter s in coastal cliffs along the Indus wetland near Quett a, is a site for several migra to r y, Val l e y and southern and central Balochi s tan. This bird is b reeding and wa tering wa te rf owl species. Alth o u g h also in much demand by fal c o n e r s. It is esti m a t ed tha t de veloped as a rec r eational site in Quett a District, Hanna about 400 falcons of both these species are trapped in La k e does attract some wate rf o wl species in winter . The Ba l o ch i s tan each yea r . They are then illegal l y exp o r ted to seasonal Siranda Lake in Lasbela District is famous for the Middle East. Demoiselle and Eurasian cranes migra t e attracting a large number of common shelduck, which bet w een Afghanistan and India. A major migration rou t e ar e also found in Badin District. The Biroon Kirthar canal for demoiselle cranes crosses the Zhob River and Loralai in Jaffarabad District attracts large number of mallards , be f o r e entering Punjab. Zhob is popular with hunter s and pi n t ails, widgeons and coots. Grey herons and egrets are tr a p p e r s from the NWFP. It is esti m a t ed that more tha n abundant on this site. 40,000 demoiselle cranes pass thr ough Zhob, of which a Ot her impo r tant areas include mangrove fores ts in minimum of 5,000 are trapped each yea r . sh e l te r ed bays on the coast, Pasni Bay and Hab Res e r voi r An a m - B o s tan - Nu s h k i - C h a g ai is an impo r tant rou t e (see also Chapter 6). Diver sions of surface runoff for for Eurasian cranes. They have been rec o r ded res ting at agr i c u l t u r e have an impact on the functioning of wet- Zangi Nawar Lake on the way east. A thi r d impo r tan t lands. Wit hout an adequa t e input of fresh wate r , the rou t e passes along the coast. The most impo r tant stag - quality of wetlands and associated habitats will deter i o - ing areas for cranes in Balochi s tan include the Zhob River , ra t e, as will the mangrove fores ts that fringe thr ee estu - the plains of Loralai, Zangi Nawar , Chagai, the deserts of aries along the coast. Lasbela and Hab res e r voi r . Res e r voi r s and canals have grea t l y enriched the habi- tat and wildlife populations of the province. Some of these lose most of their stor a g e capacity over time, due MA M M A L S to siltation. The Bund Khushdil Khan res e r voir was crea t - ed in 1890 and enlarged in 1914 to 5,340 hectare s . At least four mammals have disappeared from Pak i s tan in Pre s e n t l y, the r e is only sufficient wat er to irrigat e 200 the past 400 yea r s: The Indian one-horned rhinoceros was he c ta r es. Once an impo r tant breeding and staying area la s t seen in the Salt Ran g e in the sixtee n t h century; the for birds, the res e r voir is dry for most of the year and is la s t lion was shot in Sindh in 1810; the last tiger was shot being encroa c hed by orcha r ds and settlements. The gov- in Bahawalpur Stat e in 1906; and the swam p deer has ernment plans to construct a new dam at the site. If suc- been absent from Pak i s tan since the turn of the century. cessful, some of the wetland habitats may be res tore d . Two species that used to be found in Balochi s tan Wate r shed management measures in the catchm e n t ha ve become extinct in recent decades – the Asiatic might help reduce sediment loads (Balochi s tan Irrigat i o n che e tah and the Indian wild ass. The remaining large and Drainage Aut hority 199 9 ) . mammals are not doing well over much of their ranges . The IUCN Red List of Threa t ened Animals (IUCN 199 6 ) includes four species that occur in Balochi s tan. Two are MI G R AT O R Y BIRDS cr i t i c a l l y endanger ed: the Balochi s tan black bear and Ch i l t an wild goat. In the 1970s, the Balochi s tan black bear In addition to the migrant and breeding wate rf o wl just was rep o r ted in the juniper fores t zone on Khalifat, in mentioned, several other impo r tant species migra t e no r th central Balochi s tan, and near Ziarat. It now appears thr ough the province. These include the houbara bus- to be confined to the arid sub-tropical thorn fores t in tar d, falcons and cranes. so u t hern Balochi s tan, in areas associated with the dwar f The houbara bustar d is pred o m i n a n t l y a winter visi- or mazri palm. The only significant population appears to tor to the deserts of Balochi s tan; 12% of the area of the be in the hill ranges of Khuzdar. A few may still survi v e in pr ovince forms the winter habitat of this species. Some the Pab Ran g e of Khuzdar District and the Jhal Jao hills to bi r ds are known to breed in the highland areas of Nag in the north east of Kalat. As with many other species, the
78 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Biodiversity 5
absence of data precludes an assessment of population ( Table 12). There is a substantial illegal trapping trade in status. The Chiltan wild goat is largel y rest r i c t ed to the these animals. Ch i l t an Ran g e, parti c u l a r l y Hazarganji Chiltan Nat i o n a l Among the marine species, the status of the endan- Par k . Acc o r ding to the park management plan (WWF-P ger ed green turtle, the vulnerable marsh crocodile and 1998), 360 animals wer e rep o r ted in 198 7. The population nine species of sea snakes is uncertai n . had increased to 806 by March 199 9 . Two species are listed as endangered: the straight- horned markhor and the urial. The st r a i g h t - h o r n e d CROP BIODIVERSITY markhor occurs in scattered, isolated populations on the major mountain ranges north and east of Quetta. Its The diverse climate and soils permit the cultivation of a numbers are limited. The greatest concentration today wide range of crops, contributing to the diversity of is in the Toba Ka kar Ra n ge on the border with agriculture in the province. More than 100 undescribed Afghanistan, particularly in a protected area in Torghar. crop varieties are grown in the province. The Chiltan A population of 480 was reported in 1994, 1,300 in 1997 Mountains are thought to be the source of a variety of and 1,684 in 1999. The urial is found in scattered popu- wheat, from which high-yielding wheat varieties have lations from the coast to northern Balochistan. The two been developed. Land races of agricultural crops repre- largest concentrations are in the Dureji and Torghar pro- sent a considerable germplasm bank for the agricultural tected areas. In 1999, 1,742 Afghan urial were recorded crop sector. Modern agriculture has accelerated the in Torghar. breeding of new, high-yielding crop varieties that have replaced indigenous low-yielding, disease-resistant vari- RE P T I L E S eties. Unfortunately, these indigenous crop varieties are becoming extinct very fast, as there is no programme to The Chagai Desert has the distinction of having a conserve germplasm in Balochistan. An effective and u n i que assemblage of re ptiles, including six endemic economical option is that the germplasm is conserved in species and at least six oth e rs found only in the re g i o n the national facility being maintained by the National
Table 12 Endemic and Rare Reptiles of Chagai Desert
Common Name Zoological Name Status Turkestan rock gecko Cyrtodactylus fedtschenkoi Uncommon Sharp-tailed spider gecko Agamura femoralis Rare, endemic Lumsdeni gecko Stenodactylus (crossbemon) lumsdeni Very rare, endemic Whip-tailed sand gecko Stenodactylus maynardi Endemic Baloch spiny-tailed lizard Uromastix asmussi Rare Mountain dwarf gecko Tropiocolotes depressus Rare Short-toed sand swimmer Ophiomorus brevipes Extremely rare Eastern dwarf skink Ablepharus pannonicus Rare Indian desert monitor Varanus griseus koniecznyi Endangered Reticulate desert lacerta Eremias acutirostris Uncommon, endemic Caspian desert lacerta Eremias scripta Rare Chagai desert lacerta Eremias aporosceles Endemic Dark headed dwarf racer Eirenis persica walteri Rare Tartary sand boa Eryx tataricus speciosus Rare Spotted desert racer Coluber karelini karelini Rare Dark headed gamma snake Boiga trigonata melanocephalus Rare Maynard’s awl-headed snake Lytorhynchus maynardi Rare, endemic
Source: Ghalib et al. 1979; Groombridge 1988.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 79 5 Biodiversity
Six breeds of sheep are found in Balochistan.
Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad. The knowledge Cattle breeds include Bhagnari, Lohani and Red Sindhi. of wild re l a t i ves of agricultural crops found in These are wel l - a d a p ted to local conditions and have, over Balochistan is limited. time, been selected for milk or draught. Red Sindhi is one of best milch cattle breeds in Pak i s tan, as it thr i v es under ha r sh conditions and feed scarci t y , and is res i s tant to LIVESTOCK ti c ks. It has been in great demand from foreign countries for breeding purposes. Lohani animals are short- s tat u re d BI O D I V E R S I T Y and capable of ploughing in sub-mountainous areas. They ar e sure- f o o ted and able to survi v e on little fee d . Balochistan possesses some well-known breeds of live- The province does not have any specific buffalo stock. There are other breeds or varieties of livestock breeds, except for an offshoot of Sindh Kundi. These that are still to be described. The government, as well as occur in the canal-irrigated districts of Jaffarabad and the private sector, as stipulated in the National Breeding Nasirabad. Other buffalo populations make up the peri- Policy, are apparently conserving local breeds. urban dairy units found in all towns of the province. There are six main breeds of sheep in Balochistan: The camel commonly found in Balochi s tan is the Bibrik, Balochi, Harnai, Rakhshani, Kakri and Mengali. Goat Arabian one-humped camel. There are two main types – breeds kept for hair and meat production are the Pahari, the ‘mahari’ or riding camel and the loading camel called Kajli, Khurasani and Lehri, while those used for milk pro- ‘b a r i ’ , ‘bar-b a r dari’ or ‘ladu’. duction are the Barbari and Kamori crosses. Some exotic sheep and goat breeds have been introduced in Balochistan in the recent past. These included Awassi, FORESTS, PARKS AND Rambouillet, Polled Dorset and karakul sheep, and the teddy (Bengal goat) and angora goats. Only a few of WILDLIFE AREAS these exotic species of sheep can still be found, as they Local rulers traditionally had res e r ved areas for hunting. were unable to thrive in a harsh environment character- Stat e institutions gra d u a l l y replaced these local insti t u t i o n s ized by a scarcity of feed. and star ted taking control over the natural res o u rc e s .
80 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Biodiversity 5
The histor y of stat e invol vement in conservat i o n da t es back to the Balochi s tan Fore s t Regulation (189 0 ) . The Fore s t Department took control of fores ts and gam e res e r ves on stat e lands. In 1960, 831,000 hectar es of the former Kalat Stat e wer e declared ‘Protec t ed Fore st s ’ under the Fore s t Act 192 7 when the stat e was merged wi t h Pak i s tan. This brought 1.09 million hectar es under the ad m i n i s tration of the Department. An area of about 32,000 hectar es in Jhal Magsi District was tak en over by the government as a result of land reforms. This ‘res u m e d land’ area was transfer r ed to the Fore s t Department. In practice, the department has not exer cised any legal con- tr ol over this area (WWF-P 1998). The Fore s t Departm e n t cu r re n t l y holds about 3% (1.086 million hectar es) of the land. This includes fores ts, rangelands, wildlife areas and ma n y defores ted lands (Table 13). In addition to affo rd i n g le g al protection to the fores t areas, 22 thre a t ened tree species wer e given legal protection under the Res e r ve Trees Rules 190 1. The Balochi s tan Wil d l i f e Act (1974) pro- vides for the establishment of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and game res e r ves . Th e r e are two national parks with an area of 646 , 4 6 4 h e c ta res; 14 wildlife sanctuaries totaling 967, 5 9 2 h e c ta res; eight game re s e rves covering 409,719 he c ta r es; fiv e privat e game res e r ves; and one communi- Balochistan is on the migratory route of many wintering birds ty conservation area with a core area of 300 squa r e kilo- populations.
Table 13 State and Protected Forest Area*
Forest Division Civil District Coniferous Riverain Scrub Forest Coastal Forest Rangelands Tamarix etc Total Forest Forest Quetta/Chagai Quetta 17,413.2 0.0 17,181.0 0.0 0.0 25.3 34,619.5 Pishin 16,794.5 0.0 7,171.0 0.0 0.0 2,513.5 26,479.0 Chagai 0.0 0.0 121,948.2 0.0 306,655.1 0.0 428,603.2 Sibi Sibi 17,667.8 1,682.7 25,849.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 45,200.2 Ziarat 51,191.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 51,191.6 Loralai Loralai 18,519.7 0.0 20,413.6 0.0 22,480.7 3,147.6 64,561.6 Zhob Qila Saifullah 0.0 0.0 20,287.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 20,287.3 Zhob 1,036.0 0.0 6,276.7 0.0 5,698.0 0.0 13,010.7 Kalat Mastung 0.0 0.0 10,360.0 0.0 4,046.9 857.9 16,074.1 Kalat 22,350.8 0.0 45,708.1 0.0 809.4 0.0 68,058.9 Kharan 0.0 10,125.3 33,589.0 0.0 0.0 83,656.7 127,371.0 Khuzdar 0.0 518.0 16,834.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 17,352.9 Lasbela Lasbela 0.0 810.4 122,721.9 296.8 35,223.9 0.0 159,053.1 Turbat Gwadar 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14,504.0 14,504.0 Total 144,973.6 13,136.3 448,341.4 296.8 374,913.9 104,705.1 1,086,367.2
Source: Balochistan Forest Department. *Area in hectares, under the control of Balochistan Forest Department.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 81 5 Biodiversity
met r es. The total area cover ed under the protec te d cha r ged into river s and str eams not only kill equatic life ar eas system (excluding the fiv e privat e game res e r ves or contam i n a t e fres h wa t er life, but also find their way to and one community conservation area) is 1.829 million the open sea, where marine habitats are affec te d . he c ta r es, which consti t u t es about 5.3% of the provi n c e ’s geo g raphical area (Table 14 and Map 4 in Maps section). Resource Inventory
IS S U E S Th e r e are no institutional arrangements in Balochi s tan for preparing or maintaining accurate res o u r ce inven t o- ries. All of the stat i s tics in rec e n t l y published rep o r ts have Environmental Degradation depended on second-hand information. They are of limit- ed use for the purposes of policy, planning and manage- In recent decades, the number of people and lives toc k in ment. The fores t area stat i s tics are based on land Ba l o ch i s tan has increased to the point where the y have rec o r ds rather than the area under tree cover . The lack put great pres s u r e on the limited natural res o u r ce base. of detailed qua n t i ta t i v e and qua l i ta t i v e information on Grazing and cutting of bushes and trees for fuel and tim- the biodiver sity of the province was mentioned earlier. ber has already crossed the thr eshold levels of sustai n - Th e r e is no monitoring of ecosystem health, or system - ab i l i t y . Wil d l i f e populations have declined to the point atic surveys to obtain reliable data on the population of wh e r e most of the principal species are classified as key species. Valuable fores ts are thre a t ened by a parasitic en d a n ge r ed; the y are no longer found in most of the plant, insects’ attac ks and other diseases, but the r e are pr otec t ed areas set up to conserve them. Fore s ts are few reliable data on the ext ent of the prob l e m . under thr eat from cutting and heavy grazing. Wetl a n d s ar e under thr eat from siltation, encroa c hment, abstr a c - tion and extraction of wat er upstr eam, pollution and Resource Management other human pres s u r e. Local people are now mining the base capital of the res o u rc e . The stat e controls only a small area, which is noti f ied as The large-scale deterioration of the envi r onment and ‘s tat e’ or ‘protec t ed’ fores ts. Communities have certai n de g radation of natural landscapes has been evident for rights to graze, collect fuelwood and obtain timber for m a ny ye a rs. The degradation of wild living natural building huts (WWF-P 1998). The present approa c h to the res o u r ces has not only disturbed the ecological balance ma n a g ement of these fores ts is limited and invol ves requ i r ed for a healthy envi r onment, it is one of the policing to che c k the unauthorized cutting of trees, con- un d e r l ying causes of pove rt y. The rural poor are trapped tr ol the grazing of lives toc k and prevent the poaching of in a vicious cycle of the over- ex p l o i t ation of whatever wi l d l i f e. Natural reg eneration is almost insignificant due remains, to compe n s a t e for the loss of productivity and to heavy grazing. The fores ts and other ren e wable land the ever- i n c r easing cost of living. It is esti m a t ed tha t res o u r ces, once considered sufficient to meet the needs ba re l y 8% of provincial energy demands are curren t l y of the local people, are no longer adequa t e. The only being met from fores t res o u r ces, compa r ed with 33% on fo re st r y work plan ever prep a r ed was for the juniper the country level (Government of Pak i s tan and IUCN fo re s ts in 196 1–62. It was not impl e m e n t ed and it exp i re d 1992). These esti m a t es, however , do not appear to in 1975– 7 6. Pres e n t l y, the r e are no management plans include dependence of the rural population on rangel a n d for the conservation and sustainable use of th e s e shrubs. In a recent survey in Sinjawi (Loralai District), it res o u r ces. A management plan was prep a r ed for the was found that on aver a g e, 250 kilograms per hectar e of Fore s t Department by the World Wide Fund for Nat u r e woody shrubs are annually collected for fuelwood from (W W F ) – Pa k i s tan, for Hazarganji Chiltan National Par k . It the rangelands (Maarten 1996). The situation is the same has not yet been impl e m e n te d . or even wor se in other areas of Balochi s tan, as fuelwoo d The situation on privat e and communal lands is little availability is limited . di f fer ent from that on stat e lands. Over the last two to The impact of pesticides on biodiver sity is not known thr ee decades, trees around villages have been com- but must be considerable especially in orcha r d and veg - pl e tel y cut down. Since then, bushes are being cut for etable growing areas. People in Balochi s tan are still using fuel and fodder. Fue l w ood collection and grazing are gen - DD T for mosqui t o control purposes, despite the fact tha t er a l l y allowed free of any cha r ge. its adver se and persi s tent impacts on the envi ro n m e n t Th e r e is no doubt that the local population is over - wer e recognized 40 yea r s ago. Industrial effluents dis- exploiting natural res o u r ces. The reasons for this are a
82 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Biodiversity 5
Table 14 Protected Areas
Name District Location/ Established Established Current Status Notes Area in Year to Protect NATIONAL PARKS1 Hazarganji- Quetta and 29°59´N 1980 Chiltan Created from two Owes its success to the Chiltan Mastung 66°24´E markhor forest management involvement of the community 27,421 ha areas that had been surrounding the park. extensively grazed. Hazarganji State Forest Trees and shrubs declared in 1890 (2,267 ha); used for fuel. Shahwani Tribe granted Contains the only access to Chiltan Shrine and viable population of to collect shina fruit Chiltan markhor that is (Pistacea khinjik). endemic to Balochistan British used the area for grass (IUCN Red Data Book: and fodder production. Chiltan Vulnerable) designated State Forest in 1964. Management Plan Last urial shot in 1970s. submitted by WWF-P Settlement of Marri tribe on to GoB, 1997. boundary of park in 1992 led to illegal hunting, fuelwood collection and grazing in northern parts of the park. The area (2,351 ha) of existing Duzdara and Koh-e-Surko Game Reserve is likely to be included in this national park. Hingol Lasbela, 25°30´N 1988 and Marine The original area of the Ranked as a protected area Gwadar and 65°30´E 1997 estuarine park was 165,000 ha. containing globally important Awaran 619,043 ha (includes and The park boundaries ecosystems and species. Dhrun terrestrial were extended in 1997, World-class lowland and Wildlife fauna, such cover an area of about mountain desert panoramas. Sanctuary) as marsh 619,043 ha. It includes About 3,000 people live inside crocodile, the Hingol estuary and or adjacent to the boundaries. green turtle, offshore to a depth of Crocodile hunted by Karachi masheer 5 fathoms. Limited law residents. fish, enforcement by Forest Indiscriminate hunting of houbara Department and Coast ibex, urial and chinkara by bustard, Guards. No influential people and dalmatian Management Plan. government officials. pelican, Urial is most threatened. spot-billed Chinkara and ibex under pelican, heavy pressure. plumbeous dolphin, Sindh ibex, urial, chinkara, pangolin and leopard WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES2 Khurkhera Lasbela 26°03´N 1972 Chinkara Notified but not No prized wildlife in the area. 66°44´E managed. 18,345 ha Buzi Gwadar 25°53´N 1972 Ibex, urial Notified but not Once hosted a large Makola 64°12´E and managed. po p u l a t i o n of all three species. 145,101 ha chinkara No recent surveys. Many animals hunted during road construction. No game animal survives in the area. Chorani Khuzdar 27°42´N 1972 Black bear, Notified but not Some ibex may have survived. 66°45´E ibex and managed. 19,433 ha urial No recent surveys.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 83 5 Biodiversity
Name District Location/ Established Established Current Status Notes Area (Ha) InYear to Protect Kachau Khuzdar 21,660 ha 1972 Urial Notified but not No big game animal is found managed. in the area. Shaahan Khuzdar 27°50´N 1972 Ibex and Notified but not A few ibex might be surviving. 66°35´E urial managed. 29,555 ha Raghai Kharan 27°20´N 1972 Urial Notified but not Urial population has been Rakshan 65°20´E managed. eliminated by hunters. 125,425 ha
Kolwah Kech 26°02´N 1972 Chinkara Notified but not No wildlife in the area. Kap 64°39´E managed. 33,198 ha Maslakh Pishin 29°55´N 1968 Chinkara Notified but not All flagship wildlife species 66°30´E and urial managed have been eliminated from the 46,559 ha area. Ziarat Ziarat 30°24´N 1971 Markhor Notified but not Straight-horned 67°44´E and urial managed. markhor may still exist. 37,247 ha Sasnamana Ziarat 6,607 ha 1971 Juniper Notified but not May have important reptilian forest managed. fauna. Gut Chagai 165,992 ha 1983 Ibex, urial Notified but not No wildlife in the area. and managed. ch i n k a r a No recent surveys. Koh-e- Kalat 24,356 ha 1969 Ibex and Notified but not Some ibex, no yrial. Gishk urial managed. No recent surveys. Ras Koh Kharan 28°50´N 1962 Ibex and Notified but not May be some ibex are found 65°06´E urial managed. in remote areas. 99,498 ha Chhapar Khuzdar 194,616 ha 1998 Chinkara, Notified but not This comprises of two sites Kohan ibex, urial managed near Dureji Game Reserve. and Black bear
GAME RESERVES3 Dureji Lasbela 178,259 ha Declared Sindh ibex, Area had never been Viable wild animal populations a wildlife Blandford’s managed as a still exist. IUCN conducted a sanctuary urial, wildlife sanctuary. rapid appraisal of the area in in 1972; chinkara It was re-designated a 1998 following the grant of game gazelle game reserve in 1998. exploration rights to two oil reserve and marsh Notified. and gas companies. since 1998. crocodile Quite a large area is being used for grazing, agriculture, settlements, communication infrastructure and mining. The Forest Department has de jure ownership. The local tribe is heavily involved in its management, especially in controlling hunting and grazing in the core of the reserve. A management plan is required. The core area should be excluded from oil and gas exploration and exploitation.
84 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Biodiversity 5
Name District Location/ Established Established Current Status Notes Area (Ha) in Year to Protect Band Pishin 30°36´N 1983 Staging and Notified but not Waterfowl breeding in the Khushdil 66°45´E breeding managed. area. Shallow water Khan 1,296 ha area for storage dam. waterfowl Recreation area for Quetta. Problem of encroachment. Scheme initiated in 1886-87 and completed in 1891. The reservoir is 5 km long and 2 km wide with a maximum depth of 100 m. Intended to irri- gate an area of 1,469 ha. Currently silted up and dry due to prolonged drought. Some area encroached. Zangi Chagai 29°27´N 1982 Migratory, Notified but not Under heavy hunting pressure. Nawar 65°47´E breeding managed. Brackish wetland 12.8 km in 1,069 ha and length. Considered to be a wintering wetland of international waterfowl, importance, fulfilling the including criteria for designation as a wh o o p e r Ramsar Site. swan and Area owned by the Jamaldini marbled tribe. teal Lake is part of the Pishin Lora river basin. Water upstream used as a for irrigation and drinking. Burj Abdul Aziz dam may be constructed which is likely to have major impact on the wetland. River flows in part through Afghanistan and riparian use is practised both in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Gogi Ziarat 10,364 ha 1962 Game birds Notified but not Population of chakor partridge managed. has declined. Wam Ziarat 30°27´N 1962 Game birds Notified but not Population of chakor partridge 67°43´E managed. has declined. 3,887 ha Zawakhan Chagai 1,060 ha 1963 Markhor Notified but not One of the best habitats for and urial managed. markhor and urial. Some animal may still exist. Kambran Chagai 211,433 ha 1983 Ibex, urial Notified but not Nuclear Test Site. No wildlife. and chakor managed. Duzdara Quetta 2,351 ha 1999 Wild animals Notified but not Negotiation is being carried and Koh-e- managed. out with the local community Surko for inclusion of this area into the Hazarganji Chiltan National Park. WIld animals cyclically migrate from the Hazarganji Chiltan National Park to this area. PRIVATE GAME RESERVES4 Hapursi Kalat Traditional Ibex and Not designated Owned by Haji Ahmad Khan use urial officially. Zehri. Some animals are present. Tobati Kalat Traditional Ibex and Not designated Owned by Sardar Sher use urial officially. Muhammad Jatak.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 85 5 Biodiversity
Name District Location/ Established Established Current Status Notes Area (Ha) in Year to Protect Dher Bolan Traditional Ibex and Not designated Owned by Sardar Sher use urial officially. Muhammad Jatak. Some animals are present. Gaj Kolachi Khuzdar Traditional Black bear, Not designated Owned by Sardar Yousaf Khan (Kinjoo) use ibex and urial officially. Sasoli. Some animals are present.
Lohindo Khuzdar Traditional Black bear Not designated Owned by Sardar Ataullah use officially. Mengal. Some animals are present. COMMUNITY CONSERVATION AREAS4 Torghar Qila Saifullah 1,800 km2 1985 by Straight- Frisina et al. (1998) The initial conservation (core area STEP horned surveyed the area and programme for markhor and 300 km2) markhor estimated 1,300 straight- urial has been expanded to and Afghan horned markhor and include conservation of all urial 1,500 Afghan urial. biodiversity. Grazing animals have also increased.
Sources: Frisina et al. 1998; Groombridge 1988; IUCN 1997; WWF-P1998.
Notes: 1. National Park: a comparatively large area of outstanding scenic merit and natural interest, wherein the primary objective is to protect the landscape, flora and fauna in its nat- ural state and to which the public is allowed access for purposes of recreation, education and research. 2. Wildlife Sanctuary: an area set aside as undisturbed breeding ground, primarily for the protection of all natural resources, to which public access is prohibited or regulated, especially during the breeding period of wild animals. 3. Game Reserve: an area wherein controlled hunting and shooting is permitted on a permit basis to ensure sustainable use. 4. Private game reserves and community conservation areas are not protected legally in Balochistan. la c k of awar eness about the ecological benefits and an he a l t h and condition of these areas. Unf o rt u n a te l y, the in c r ease in demand linked to growt h of human and live- focus of these projects has been on the transfer of tec h- stoc k population. nology and capital. Little attention was paid to engag i n g The cultivat ed area of Balochi s tan is about 6% of the local people in building social infrast r u c t u re . total area of the province and is rega r ded as privat e Co n s e qu e n t l y, the results of most of these devel o p m e n t pro p e rt y . The remaining lands, with the exce p tion of the in te r ventions have not been ver y encouraging. stat e lands, are considered common pro p e rt y. The majo r use of these lands is pred o m i n a n t l y pastoral. In addition to providing forage for lives toc k, these lands provi d e Biodiversity Conservation wi l d l i f e habitat and play a valuable role in rech a rg i n g grou n d wa te r . As in many other parts of the world, com- The population of the Chiltan wild goat (Chiltan markhor) mon pro p e rty regimes have become open access has increased substan t i a l l y (84 in 1980, 700 in 1996 and regimes due to the brea k d o wn of traditional res o u rc e 806 in 1999) in Hazarganji Chiltan National Park as a res u l t ma n a g ement practices. The loss of productivity of the of protection and management by the Fo re st ra n g elands and manifold increase in lives toc k numbers De p a r tment. Similarly, the population of the str a i g h t - ha ve increased grazing pres s u r e on protec t ed area s . horned markhor increased in To rghar (Qila Saifullah The degradation of natural res o u r ces has a majo r Di s trict) with community-based management. All othe r im pact on wom e n ’s lives. It is gen e r a l l y the women who species in the province, both plants and animals, are on collect fuelwood and cut the grass for forage. Fue l wo o d the decline. There is a lack of reliable stat i s tics on which and fodder, once within their rea c h, are now harder to to assess tren d s . find. As a result, the y have to inves t a lot of their time in Straight-horned markhor and urial have enjoyed this activity. The cutting of pistac hio trees for fuel and of up wa r d trends in Tor ghar but have suffer ed a lot in the edible pine trees for timber has reduced fam i l y income res t of their range. Similarly, chi n k ara, Sindh ibex and urial and a source of nutrition. ha ve viable populations in Dureji, but are disappearing Se veral wate r shed and range management proj e c t s fas t from other areas. For exam ple, in 1982, only a few ha ve been impl e m e n t ed since the 1950s to res tor e the ib e x wer e seen in the Ras Koh Ran g e, where hundred s
86 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Biodiversity 5
wer e rep o r ted in the mid-1950s. A revi e w of Table 14 reveals that ver y few species remain in the areas set up Box 15 Loss of Biodiversity to give them protection. In spite of that, the areas are gaz et t ed ever y fiv e yea r s and staf f are empl o yed to Pakistan has some of the world’s rarest animals wat c h over the m . and plants but these are now in danger of The thr eats to conservation are mainly linked to pop- disappearing forever due to overuse and loss of ulation growt h, increase in lives toc k numbers, bette r natural habitat. While people are without doubt a access to rem o te areas and indiscriminate hunting. Goats most valuable resource in Pakistan, uncontrolled and sheep compe te with wildlife species for forage. In population growth puts ever-increasing pressures addition, the collection of shrubs and herbs for use as on the country’s natural resource base. Misguided fuel are other fac to r s contributing to the loss of habitat . economic policies have widened inequalities and forced rural people and others to exploit Co n s e qu e n t l y, almost all the impo r tant wildlife habitat s , biodiversity at rates that are no longer including most of the protec t ed areas, are highly degra d - sustainable. As a result processes such as ed. Hazarganji Chiltan National Par k , Tor ghar and Durej i deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion, salinity ar e the only exce p tions. Almost all the wetlands have seri- and water logging have become major threats to ous problems and their survi v al is thre a te n e d . the remaining biodiversity in Pakistan. The loss of biodiver sity is not unique to Balochi s tan . Government of Pakistan, IUCN and WWF-P 1998. Bo x 15 summarizes the fac to r s contributing to the loss of biodiver sity in Pak i s tan . Pakistan is deeply concerned over the loss of its biodiversity. Action is being taken. Protecting Pakistan’s biodiversity means involving local people and institutions Policy and Legislation that have responsibility for the conser vation and The Balochi s tan Wil d l i f e Act (1974) is applicable thro u g h - sustainable use of biodiversity. The government of out the province. On the other hand, the Fore s t Act and Pakistan recognized the importance of these measures the Fore s t Regulation ext end only to certain distr i c t s . in the National Conservation Strategy and in its The Fore s t Act is applicable in Kalat, Khuzdar, Awar a n , commitment to the development and implementation Lasbela, Mastung, Gwad a r , Pan j g u r , Kec h, Kharan, Bolan, of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Subsequently, Ja f farabad, Nasirabad and Jhal Magsi Districts. The Fore s t the Biodiversity Action Plan for Pakistan was prepared Regulation applies to Quett a, Chagai, Pishin, Qila Abd u l l a h , in 1998. The factors contributing to the loss of biodiversity Qila Saifullah, Zhob, Sibi, Ziarat, Loralai, Musakhel, Koh l u , habitat in Pakistan are summarized as follows: Dera Bugti and Barkhan distr i c t s . n deforestation Th e r e has been no tradition of making fores t and n grazing and fodder collection wi l d l i f e policies at the provincial level in Pak i s tan. The n soil erosion national policy prep a r ed by the federal government is n water diversion and drainage br oad-based and cannot, the re f o r e, address the specific Activities causing species or population losses include: needs of the province. The last time the federal gover n - n hunting and trapping ment prep a r ed a policy for fores ts and wildlife was in n fishing 199 1. A mechanism to translate the policy into action and n over-collection of plants to monitor impl e m e n t ation is lacking at both the fed e r a l n agricultural intensification and provincial level. The 199 1 policy is almost obsolete, as n irrigation it cannot tak e into account the Convention on Biological n introduction of high-yield varieties of crops D i ve rs i t y, the recommendations of the Na t i o n a l n cross-breeding Co n s e r vation Str a te g y , the Fore st r y Sector Master Plan n pollution or the draft Biodiver sity Action Plan (BAP). The Ministr y n introduced species of Env i ronment, Local Government and Ru r a l n global climate change De velopment has developed a draft new fores t and Source: Government of Pakistan, IUCN and WWF-P1998. wi l d l i f e policy in 1999. Balochi s tan needs its own policy on fo re s ts and biodive rs i t y. Acts and regulations rel y heavi l y on conservat i o n no w univers a l l y accepted to achi e ve conservation. These thr ough policing. They have not proved ver y effec t i ve , principles are being applied in areas such as Torg h a r , but due mainly to weak enforcement rel a t ed to social, eco- these are vol u n ta r y initiatives not adequa te l y backed by nomic and political fac to r s. The principles of the sustai n - the government. The current laws and regulations do not able use of species along with economic incentive are ha ve the fle xibility to support the concepts of communi-
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Torghar is home to many reptiles. ty participation. The illegal trade in wildlife continues Th e r e is no res e a r ch institution in the province with al m o s t unreg u l a t ed. Houbara, falcons and other birds , a focus on nature conservation. Conseque n t l y, ver y little tog ether with rep tiles, are rou t i n e l y shipped out of the is known about the ecology of the area or of manage- co u n t r y. The ext ent of this practice is not known . ment issues for the conservation and sustainable use of Houbara is protec t ed by law, but the federal gover n m e n t natural res o u r ces. There is no significant participation of co n t i n u a l l y accommodates foreign dignitaries who wish civil society in nature conservation. IUCN and WWF are to hunt this species. tw o international conservation organizations working in the province. The Society for Tor ghar Envi ro n m e n ta l In s t i t u t i o n s Pr otection (STEP) is the only local NGO engag ed in nature The Fore st r y and Wil d l i f e Department is responsible for co n s e r vation, but its activities are limited to Torg h a r , Qila the management of state - o wned protec t ed areas and Saifullah District. More rec e n t l y, the IUCN Sustainable Use the enforcement of legislation. Unf o rt u n a te l y, burea u - Sp e c i a l i s t Group (SSUG Central Asia) has begun work in the cratic systems have not kep t pace with the cha n g i n g na t u r e conservation arena in Balochi s tan . times, and are set up in the colonial tradition of com- ma n d - a n d - c o n t r ol. Enforcement of laws dating back to the British rule is still the main tool for the managem e n t Awa r e n e s s of fores ts and wildlife. Whereas the provincial mandate Ma i n t aining biological diver sity requ i r es an understan d i n g concerns nature conservation, the Fore st r y Departm e n t of : is pursuing development objectives that have only a lim- n what biodiver sity is; it ed scope in Balochi s tan. For exam ple, the training given n wh y it is impo r tan t ; and at the Pak i s tan Fore st r y Insti t u t e, which places a high n ho w it contributes to the goal of the BCS, which is em phasis on commercial forest r y, largel y influences the the social and economic well-being of the people of thinking of forest r y profe s s i o n a l s . Ba l o ch i s tan .
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It means finding answer s to the que st i o n s : mately connected to the living things around them. The n What do we know about the biodive rsity of indiscriminate killing of wildlife is a common habit among Ba l o ch i s tan ? children and adults alike. n What gaps remain to be fil l e d ? Developing appropriate education and communica- n What are the key issues that surround the conserva- tions programmes is no easy task in a province as cul- tion of biodiver sity in the provi n c e ? t u r a l ly, linguist i c a l ly and demogr a p h i c a l ly dive rse as n What actions are being tak en or proposed to deal Balochistan. There are many good resource materials wi t h these issues and rever se negat i v e tren d s ? and experiences to draw on from other parts of the n What needs to be done to ensure that the people of world, particularly for schools. Some of these resources Ba l o ch i s tan continue to benefit in the long ter m are available over electronic networks and should be fr om the diver sity of plants and animals that cha r a c - tapped. In fact, many successful approaches come from terize the provi n c e ? the people themselves and from their knowledge and Th e r e is a ver y limited understanding of biodive rs i t y caring for the land and sea. among the general public, government officials and There are several entry points. One starting point is NGOs, especially those not rou t i n e l y in contact with the the legacy of human occupation of the prov i n c e . natural envi ro n m e n t . Balochistan holds a prominent place in the emergence of settled agriculture in Asia. The past 10,000 years have seen hunting and gathering societies evolve through the THE WAY AHEAD domestication of wild plants and animals to pastoralism and settled agriculture. Artisanal fisheries along the The principal recommendation in this area is for all stake- Arabian Sea have existed for thousands of years. This holders to work towards achieving the goals of the chain of events is clearly evident in the excavations in national Biodiversity Action Plan in Balochistan. This sites such as Mehrgarh. Each of the links to nomadic would mean promoting the conservation and sustainable grazing systems and modern-day agriculture can be use of Balochistan’s biodiversity and the equitable shar- traced in detail and understood. ing of benefits arising from it, for the well-being and This close relationship bet ween the land and th e security of the province. sea provides additional clues to the imp o rtance of plants and animals to eve ryone. There are about 1,75 0 species of fl owering plants in Baloch i stan. Many of Comprehensive Education and these plants are used for domestic purposes, such as Awareness Programme medicines, cooking and crafts. More than 100 plants h ave commercial value for medicinal use, or as spices The single most important measure that government and seasonings. Plants such as the mazri palm are used and conservation organizations can take is to launch an ex te n s i ve ly. Oth e rs are a source of fuel or have medic- aggressive province-wide education and communication inal value. Some medicinal plants have commercial sig- programme to explain what biodiversity is, why it is n i ficance. The sto ry of ephedra is one exa mple. The important to all of us, and what each of us can do to d i ve rsity of these plants allows surv i val in a harsh and preserve it. The programme has to target all sectors of demanding env i ronment. Local people, whether fi s h e rs , the population in both rural and urban areas. It has to fa r m e rs or nomads, have immense knowl e d ge of th e reach influential people as well as nomadic herders, the land and sea. They should be inv i ted to talk about th e i r affluent and the poor. It has to reach across government traditions and cultures and share what th ey have and within the departments responsible for the use of learned over the ge n e r a t i o n s . land and water resources. It has to reach all generations. The utility of various breeds of lives toc k and some Good work is already being done by organizations species of wildlife and plants can be communicated such as IUCN, WWF-P, STEP and SUSG Central Asia, but it ef fec t i ve l y. One of the issues to be tac kled is exp l a i n i n g is not enough. There is very little sense of ownership. the impo r tance of plants and animals that have no obvi - People are generally aware of and appreciate the variety ous use, such as snakes, scorpions and mosqui to e s . of trees, flowers, birds and animals around them. People Ba l o ch i s tan has many species that need special protec - flock from Quetta to nearby lakes, springs and orchards tion, yet their significance is not obvious to the gen e r a l on weekends to enjoy the countryside. Those who live public. Many conservation prog rammes focus on large on the land understand the importance of plants and ver teb r a t es, but not enough attention is paid to the wildlife, but the majority of the population is not inti- lo wer orde r s. Att ention, the re f o r e, will be paid to the
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Community managed wildlife conservation areas are possible. co n c e p t of conserving ecosystems and developing a being done by STEP in the To rghar Mountains, part of basic understanding of their str u c t u r e, composition and the Toba Ka kar Ra n ge (Box 16). One collateral benefit of pro c e s s e s . this pro gramme was the discove ry of the Afghan mole Wetlands, juniper fores ts and mangroves can be vole (Ellobius fuscocapillus) in the area. This inte re st i n g used to explain the ‘web of life’ in education and com- zoological discove ry put To rghar on the world map munication prog rammes. More effec t i v e use will be made when it was fe a t u red on BBC te l evision. Wo rd qu i ck ly of inter p r etation facilities at parks and rec r eation area s . s p read and the local people are part i c u l a r ly proud to be This can be parti c u l a r l y effec t i v e around urban area s , the custodians of this small ro d e n t . wh e r e the r e is a heavy use of areas of special intere s t to It is not only the conservation and sustainable use bi o d i ve rs i t y . of biodive rsity in natural systems that merit atte n t i o n Pa rticular eff o rts are re qu i red to pro m ote an in an education and communication pro gramme. The u n d e rstanding of the concept of sustainable use. It is a gr i c u l t u re and fisheries secto rs too have much to con- n ot enough to argue for the conservation of biodive r- t r i b u te. Fa r m e rs grow many diffe rent crops and raise sity on the grounds of its intrinsic value, or th a t various breeds of live sto ck. There are often many va r i- Pa k i stan has special responsibilities under inte r n a t i o n a l eties of each. These va r i eties are part i c u l a r ly suited to c o nventions. Only a small perc e n ta ge of imp o rta n t d i ffe rent growing conditions and env i ronments. The w i l d l i fe areas are under any form of government pro- collection, sto r a ge and selection of seeds is part of th e tection. As many people use these wildlife re s o u rc e s , p rocess of ensuring that crops can be grown success- th e re have to be sound economic arguments as to why f u l ly under a va r i ety of conditions that ch a n ge fro m species, populations, habitats and ecosystems should year to ye a r. To geth e r, these va r i eties form a gene pool be used in a sustainable way. The best exa mple of that needs to be understood and pro p e r ly mainta i n e d species conservation in Baloch i stan is from the wo r k for the benefit of many people in the province as we l l
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as future generations. Educating and communicating re s e a rch inst i t u tes and NGOs are doing valuable wo r k, about the agricultural sector also offe rs opport u n i t i e s but it is insufficient. There are many organizations th a t to discuss the role of other ecosystem comp o n e n t s , can contribute. The concerted eff o rt of the public will s u ch as soil, wa ter and the useful insects and oth e r also be re qu i red. There are many knowl e d geable individ- i nve rte b r a tes that sustain them. Wild plants and animals uals within the province. Amateur ornith o l o g i sts, for also depend on these re s o u rces, and ways of harmoniz- exa mple, know a great deal about the seasonal dist r i b u- ing natural and agricultural systems will be ex p l o re d tion and the habits and habitats of resident, bre e d i n g w i th local people, as part of the education and commu- and migra to r y bird species. Fi s h e rs can provide a gre a t nication pro gr a m m e . deal of information on fish, crustacean and oth e r In summary, well-designed and well-targeted educa- marine life. Hunte rs, too, are a valuable source of infor- tional and communications pro grammes can help mation, as are those invo lved in fa l c o n ry. As discussed achieve some level of understanding of what biodiversi- e l s ew h e re, the knowl e d ge of local people concerning ty is, why it is important and how it contributes to the plants, fish and wildlife is lege n d a ry and needs to be well-being of the people of the province. g i ven proper atte n t i o n . Building a database is not so much a qu e stion of Biodiversity Database financial re s o u rces as it is of mobilizing human B a l o ch i stan needs to construct a comp re h e n s i ve data- re s o u rces and institutions. What is re qu i red is a we l l - base on biodive rs i t y. Federal departments, unive rs i t i e s , thought-out framework within which the database can
Box 16 Trophy Hunting in Pakistan – An Important Tool for Conservation
Classical ‘protec t i o n i s t’ and ‘hands-off’ approa c hes are failing to conserve wild species. Increa s i n g ly, trop h y hunting is being wi d e l y accepted as an impo r tant tool in wildlife conservation. Trop h y hunting provides an impo r tant incentive to local people to conserve both species and their habitats, especially in the case of community-m a n a g ed conservation areas. In Pak i s tan, as in almost all developing countries where many of the large mammals are thre a t ened with extinction, both government and NGOs now endorse trop h y hunting as a pragmatic management tool for conservat i o n . Li m i t ed trop h y hunting has been practised in the provinces of Balochi s tan, Sindh and the NWFP as well as in the Nor the r n Ar eas of Pak i s tan for many yea r s. In the Tor ghar Mountains of northern Balochi s tan trop h y hunting has been used as a man- ag ement tool for the conservation of the inter n a t i o n a l l y thre a t ened straight-horned (Sulaiman) markhor and Afghan urial. These species wer e on the ver ge of extinction when the Society for Tor ghar Envi ro n m e n t al Protection began in 1985. The local communities wer e persuaded that it is in their intere s t to stop hunting these animals. In excha n g e, the y rec e i v e some income from limited and caref u l l y controlled trop h y hunting. These hunts are based on annual surveys, which allow scientists and villager s to assess the status of markhor and urial populations. Since the introduction of the prog ramme, the popula- tions of these two species have rec o ver ed dramatically, and the communities are committed and proud of their role in sav- ing these animals. The IUCN project, Maintaining Biodiver sity in Pak i s tan with Rural Community Development began in January 1995. It cov- er s Chitral in the NWFP and the Nor thern Areas. Trop h y hunting is an impo r tant component of this project. Res o u r ce man- ag ement plans are prep a r ed with the participation of the local communities and, where the population of the Himalayan ib e x and markhor can sustain it, trop h y hunting is conducted. The proceeds are shared 75–25% betw een the communities and the government. This has led to a sense of own e r ship of wild res o u r ces in the project areas. Similar approa c hes have been adopted for Himalayan ibex in a WWF project in Bar val l e y. Trop h y hunting has also been carried out in Chitral for conservation of the fla r e-horned markhor. In Sindh, trop h y hunting has been used for conserving the Sindh wild goat. At the Confer ence of Par ties to the Convention on International Trade in Endanger ed Species of Wild Fauna and Flora held in Zimbabwe in 199 7, an annual quo ta of six sport- h u n t ed markhor trophies from Pak i s tan was approved. The main ar guments used by the Pak i s tani delegation wer e that Pak i s tan is activel y prom o ting community-based management of wi l d l i f e res o u r ces and that the financial proceeds from trop h y hunts will go direc t l y to participating communities as an in c e n t i v e to maintain markhor populations. Ev en though trop h y hunting has been accepted as an impo r tant tool in conserving species outside of protec t ed areas, a clear policy and the associated legislation and regulations are needed to implement it. Pak i s tan and Balochi s tan must devel o p a transparent and wel l - d e f ined policy with approp r i a t e incentives to encourage the use of this impo r tant tool to red u c e po a c hing and conserve natural heritage .
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be built, which pro m otes collaboration and avoids th e understanding, involvement and support, the goals of duplication of eff o rt. Priorities will be established to the system will not be achievable. e n s u re that species, populations, habitats and ecosys- E a ch prote c ted area pre s e n t ly in the system will tems listed as imp o rtant, th re a tened, rare or of part i c- h ave a management plan. Such a plan has re c e n t ly ular scientific and economic inte re st are given early been drawn up for Hazarganji Chiltan National Pa r k. c o n s i d e r a t i o n . The lessons learned from the process of deve l o p i n g One of the products of the project will be a set of this will be ta ken into account in developing oth e rs . maps depicting key features of the biodiversity of B oth government officials and local people have to be Balochistan. This will be done as a component of the i nvo lved in its development and imp l e m e n ta t i o n . electronic resource atlas of Balochistan (see Chapter 3). P ro p e r ly st r u c t u red prote c ted areas can make a big The database will be available in electronic formats to contribution to the local economy, as well as serve facilitate sharing among all stakeholders and to serve as c o n s e rvation goals. an aid in conservation planning, identifying the gaps that Taking this action will contribute to the achievement need to be filled, and identifying indicators for assessing of objective 6 of BAP: strengthen the protected areas trends. system in Pakistan and its contribution to biodiversity This measure will be a major contribution towards conservation. Actions envisaged under this objective objective 4 of BAP: expand and improve the information include: base on the biodiversity of Pakistan. Actions under this n ensuring that enabling legislation is in place; objective envisage: n preparing a protected areas system plan; n a provincial centre to coordinate biodiversity identi- n expanding the protected areas system; fication and monitoring activities; n enhancing protected area management; n identification of priorities for biodiversity conserva- n restoring degraded ecosystems; and tion, including threatened ecosystems and species, n controlling the introduction of exotic species. ‘hot spots’ and zones of endemism; n more knowledge of indigenous micro flora for use in biodiversity conservation; An Effective Legal Framework n established custodians for computerized databases; n efforts to foster the sharing of information; and Systems planning and protected area establishment and n use of both traditional and scientific knowledge. management imply the existence of comprehensive pol- icy and enabling legislation, and the political will to sup- port them. Efforts at the provincial level would comple- Protected Area System for ment action envisaged under objective 2 of BAP: devel- In-Situ Conservation op an effective legal framework for the implementation of the convention on biological diversity and related con- While the reach of the government in protecting biodi- ventions. Actions proposed under this objective include: versity through protected areas is limited at the present n rev i ewing and amending ex i sting legislation and time, it is vital that work proceeds on identifying the rules; areas to be included in the system, determining the n ensuring that the proposed draft wildlife law appropriate level of protection required, establishing the embodies appropriate conservation measures; areas and managing them effectively. Criteria will be n updating and rationalizing legislation on endangered developed for planning a comprehensive system of pro- and exploited flora and fauna; tected areas and for determining the level of protection n integrating forestry and wildlife sector reforms; and required (the category most appropriate). Existing pro- n finalizing detailed rules, regulations and guidelines tected areas will be reassessed to determine if they are for initial environmental examinations and environ- serving the purposes for which they were originally mental impact assessments; established, and whether they will be confirmed as a Once the legal framework is in place, enforcement part of the system, deleted or reclassified. The area mechanisms need to be developed. These will reflect extent of protected areas depends on many factors, but provincial circumstances and needs. The actions recom- protected area planning will be based on sound ecologi- mended under objective 3 of BAP: enhance the enforce- cal criteria. Key to the success of developing and imple- ment of biodiversity-related laws will be taken into con- menting a protected area system is the involvement of sideration in developing these mechanisms. Finally, there local people in all steps of the process. Without their will be an effective monitoring and evaluation system, in
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Pistacea khinjik is found at higher altitudes in the Hazarganji area. line with objective 5 of the BAP: develop and institution- ways to ensure that these res o u r ces are used in a sus- alize systems to monitor key elements of biodiversity). tainable fashion must be exp l o r ed with the people who use them, and with the people who control the m . Traditional systems of own e r ship and control must be A Policy for Ex-Situ res p e c t ed. In the case of the Tor ghar Mountains, the sup- Conservation of Biodiversity po r t and influence of the Nawab was a key component in ensuring the success of the project. This kind of support Ex-situ conservation includes measures, such as estab l i s h - will be essential in launching similar initiatives elsewh e re . ing seed and gene banks, maintaining pureb r ed var i et i e s Si m i l a r l y, the government will activel y support communi- of lives toc k and the capti v e breeding of wild animals. A ty -based sustainable use prog rammes. These will be seen policy for ex-situ conservation measures is requ i r ed for as part and parcel of the provincial gover n m e n t ’s effo rt s Ba l o ch i s tan, to ensure that the gen e tic res o u r ces of to prom o te the sustainable use of res o u r ces in the imp o r tant plants and animals are maintained. It will con- fo re st r y and wildlife sector s. Of particular intere s t to tr i b u t e to objective 8 of BAP: stre n g t hen ex-situ pro- Ba l o ch i s tan is the use of plants for a wide var i e ty of pur- grammes and their contribution to biodiver sity conserva- poses. There is great potential for the economic devel o p - tion. The government will support effo r ts by NGOs and ment of a number of these species, such as mazri palm, if pr i va t e landown e r s to re- e s tablish native species in area s it is done in a sustainable fashion. The government will wh e r e the y once thr i ve d . en s u r e that an approp r i a t e policy envi r onment is in place, to enable sustainable use initiatives to flo u r i s h . Community-Based Sustainable Use Programmes Biodiversity Resources
This measure might be written as ‘support the things tha t T h rough international financing mechanisms, such as wor k ’ . Balochi s tan depends on its natural res o u r ces, and Global Env i ronment Facility (GEF), the world may be will-
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Wildlife watching in Dureji game reserve. ing to contribute if Baloch i stan is pre p a red to play its conservation. Such community-managed protected own ro l e . areas will be extended. n The government may establish a protec t ed areas sys- n Wil d l i f e and other biodiver sity on stat e lands will con- tem plan for Balochi s tan . tinue to remain stat e prop e rt y . These lands will be n S c i e n t i fic management can be ex tended to prote c t- co n st i t u t ed into categories of protec t ed areas appro- ed areas th rough suita b ly developed manage m e n t pr i a t e to conservation needs, and will be managed p l a n s . ef fec t i ve l y. n The government may support the res o u r cing, by GEF n Ex i s ting sectoral legislation will be revi e wed and re- o r i - and othe r s, of proposals developed by organ i z a t i o n s , en t ed towar ds biodiver sity and envi ro n m e n t al con- su c h as IUCN on juniper fores ts and SUSG Central Asia se r vation. The process of revising or enacting the on black bear conservat i o n . pr ovincial law will be exp e d i te d . n The government may declare that wildlife on non- n Th e r e is no training institution in Pak i s tan dealing with state lands shall no longer be a state property, and ei t her wildlife or biodivers i t y . The curriculum and fac i l - entrust its management to the individuals and com- ities at the Pak i s tan Fore st r y Insti t u t e and Punjab, munities owning the habitat. This will be done under Sarhad and Sindh Fore st r y Schools are inadequa te . an overall policy framework that would ensure the The government will consider arranging orientat i o n maintenance of the habitat and ecosystem, includ- and in-service training courses in Balochi s tan in collab- ing their biodiversity. Enough evidence exists within oration with rel e vant organizations, such as IUCN, Balochistan (Torghar and Dureji) that wildlife and bio- WW F -P and Arid Zone Res e a r ch Centre. diversity are relatively more secure and sustainable n The existing Forest Department will be reorganized in the hands of communities. They are aware of its into a Parks, Protected Areas and Forest Service. importance and are organized and committed to its Alternatively, a separate Wildlife Directorate (report-
94 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Biodiversity 5
ing directly to the Secretary to government of B a l o ch i stan for Env i ronment, Wi l d l i fe, Live sto ck, Forests and Tourism) will be carved out from the ex i sting Fo re st Department. There are alre a d y about 400 wildlife watchers and a Divisional Forest Officer (Wildlife), and this group’s capacity can be harnessed by suitably reorganizing, without neces- sarily having to create too many new positions. Keeping this work force under the Fo re st Department as such, is of little value to wildlife or to biodiversity conservation. n Fres h wa t er fisheries will be invest i ga t ed, as little is kn o wn about the m . n A biodiver sity prof ile including a Red Data List for Ba l o ch i s tan will be devel o p e d . n I nva s i ve or alien species that have ta ken the place of n a t i ve or more traditional species, and which may h ave adve rse effects on the soil and cropping pat- terns, need to be inve st i ga ted. Measures will be ta ken to eliminate their continued presence and e ffe c t s . n Par ticular attention will be given to Mazri, which has a co m m e r cial value and is also an impo r tant food so u r ce for the Balochi s tan black bear. n Ha b i t at and ecosystem maps will be prep a r ed and ma i n t ained reg u l a r l y. n Extraction of construction material at Gwadar will be str i c t l y reg u l a t ed, as it is destr oying the coast with a Wild tulips in Dasht. si g n i f icant opportunity cost. n Trade in wildlife species, such as birds and re pt i l e s of Baloch i stan. IUCN is proposing to study th e s e will be pro p e r ly re g u l a ted in the inte re st of susta i n- f o re sts with a view to their eventual declaration as a b i l i t y, and in view of unauthorized and unre p o rte d a World Herita ge Site. The government will support ex p o rt s . this eff o rt and harness international inte re st to c o n s e rve these fore sts to benefit the local commu- nities and economy. It is imp e r a t i ve that an alte r- Fo r e s t s n a te source of fuel is provided to the dependent population and that grazing in the fore sts is man- The forest r y sector in Balochi s tan is small. Few, if any, a ged effe c t i ve ly. fo re s ts lend the m s e l ves to commercial managem e n t . n Public inves tment in fores t plantations has had que s - Taking the following actions can optimize the potential of tionable outcomes. The responsibility for increa s i n g fo re st r y: the fores t cover will be given to local people and the n Ri v erain fores t management can be impr oved by p r i va te secto r. The Fo re st Department will be ext ending scientific management practices to the s e stre n g t hened as necessary to provide the requ i re d fo re s ts. A fores t management plan will be devel o p e d ext ension servi c e s . in a parti c i p a to r y manner. n Gi v en the rel a t i ve l y larger economic potential thro u g h n Some non-commercial fores ts may be designated as bi o d i ve r sity conservation, sustainable use and eco- pa r k s and protec t ed areas to conserve biodivers i t y tourism (as compa r ed to forest r y as such), the Fore s t and to increase their contribution to the economy De p a r tment will be reformed and reo r ganized into a thr ough sustainable use and eco-tou r i s m . Par k s and Protec t ed Areas Service, prefe r a b l y. n The th re a tened juniper fore sts, which are consid- n Information on the ext ent, nature and distribution of e red one of the large st blocks of remaining fore st s fo re s t res o u r ces will be updated and proper fores t of this type in the world, are a unique endow m e n t ma n a g ement planning will be introd u c e d .
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 95 Chapter 6
Coasta he coastal zone is the interface between two major environmental domains, the land and Tthe sea. Pakistan has a coastline of about 990 kilometres and an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of 240,000 square kilometres. The Balochistan coast extends 770 kilometres from the mouth of the Hab River in the east to the Iranian border in the west (Map 5, in Maps section). Ancient raised beaches mark the landward boundary of the Balochistan coastal zone about 20 kilometres from the present coastline. The Mekran Coast Range, which closely parallels the coast, effectively defines the zone and separates it physically, socially and economically from the rest of the province. A narrow continental shelf - in much of the area, only 15–20 kilometres wide at the 200-metre isobath - defines the extent of the coastal waters. From here the continental slope dips sharply, delimiting an extensive, deep, offshore zone. The only large island is Astola, near Pasni. It has an area of 20 square kilometres and is uninhabited. Two smaller islands lie just off the coast, one of which only recently emerged. Adm i n i s t ra t i ve l y, the coastal belt falls into two dis- tr icts, Gwadar (the Mekran coast) and Lasbela, each wi t h its own distinctive physical, biological, social and economic envi r onments. The coastline in Gwadar Dis- tr ict is about 600 kilometres long, running from the Ir anian border at Jiwani to the Hingol River in the east. Ba ys, beaches and headlands cha ra c te r ize the coast- line. The bays and headlands provide natural harbours, ar ound which 35 fishing communities have devel o p e d . The population is about 400,000. Four small urban cen- tres - Ji w ani, Gwad a r , Pasni and Orma r a - account for more than half of the coastal population. The climate of the Mekran coast is semi-tropical and arid. On average, it receives less than 150 mil- limetres of precipitation a year. Drought is common al zone and may persist for several years. The summers are hot and the winters mild. The soils of this desert area are for the most part, saline, supporting little Co a s t a l natural vegetation cover. Supplies of fresh water are very limited. This has restricted the develop- ment of human settlements, agriculture and live- Zo n e stock rearing. There are four main drainage basins, but only the Hingol River carries perennial flows. Destructive flash floods characterize the others, such as the Dasht. Drinking water is supplied to most of the population through government-oper- ated water supply schemes, drawing from dams constructed on the Dasht River and Shadi Kaur. The rest of the population depends on a limited supply of poor-quality water from shallow wells. Sanitation and solid waste disposal facilities are virtually non- existent, and government services are limited. 6 Coastal Zone
The sea is both a major source of livelihood as well as a destructive force.
There are air links from the four urban areas to the soils are fe rtile. About 70% of the population is rest of the province and to Karachi. Otherwise, the road e n ga ged in agr i c u l t u re (P&DD 19 97b). While Lasbela has network is scarcely more than rough dirt tracks, and a population of 315,000, th e re are only two fishing vil- there are no ferries. There is a long history of contact l a ges on the coast, at Gadani and Damb. About 11, 5 0 0 with the Gulf States, and through the Muscat-Oman fi s h e rs supply the Ka r a chi market with fresh fish and maritime empire, with Africa. This is reflected in the s h r i mp . makeup of the population. Until recently, many of the Si t u a t ed close to Kar a c hi, the Lasbela district has a men were employed in the Gulf, with their remittances ‘d e veloped’ cha r a c t er in comparison with the Mekran. A contributing significantly to the local economy. This is ma jor power plant is located on the coast and two indus- still important today, but it is estimated that 70% of the trial estat es – the only major industrial areas in Balochi s - coastal population, in some way or other, depends on the tan – are located at Hab and Win d a r . Many of the empl o y- sea. Communities situated close to Iran enjoy close con- ees are from the Kar a c hi area. The Gadani ship-brea k i n g tacts with that country and engage in an extensive, yar d is approxi m a te l y 40 kilometr es from Kar a c hi. It has informal economy. 8,000 metr es of wat er fron ta g e, divided into 200 plots . The second coastal belt, the Lasbela, lies bet we e n The total area of the yar d is 1,400 hectar es. During its the Hingol River and the Hab Rive r, which forms th e peak (1982–86), the industr y empl o yed 35,000 people, b o rder with Sindh. This coastline is dominated by Son- and another half a million wer e indirec t l y dependent on it. miani Bay. Miani Hor, the large lagoon formed at th e A dam on the Hab River supplies drinking wat er to Kar a ch i m o u th of the Porali Rive r, is a dist i n c t i ve fe a t u re of and to Hab town, and supplies some wat er for agri c u l t u r e Sonmiani Bay. The climate is similar to the Mekran, with and industr y. In recent yea r s, wat er levels in Hab Dam erratic pre c i p i tation, re c e i ved most ly during the sum- ha ve dropped considerably due to the lack of prec i p i t a- mer months. Much of the district is an alluvial plain, and tion in the wate r shed, thre a t ening drinking wat er sup-
98 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Coastal Zone 6
plies to Kar a c hi. In general, the modest, mixed economy of the district is dive rs i fied but oriented more toward s Kar a c hi than to Balochi s tan .
THE SEA AS A MIXED BL E S S I N G
The sea is ver y much a mixed blessing. It provides a majo r so u r ce of livelihood, but it can be a destr u c t i v e force. The monsoons are a major phenomena that have shaped the co a s tline of the region. The northe a s t monsoon, in win- ter , blows at about 10 knots. From mid-May to mid-Sep- tem b e r , the southwe s t monsoon blows at about 30 kn o ts. During this period the coast is subject to wave at ta c k, with waves rea c hing heights of 3.5 metr es. Spring tides rea c h a height of over 3 metr es, and backed by str ong winds, raise the sea level furthe r , producing occa- sional storm surges that penetr a t e shelter ed lagoons. Th e r e is a continual process of erosion and accreti o n . Er osion is parti c u l a r l y prominent at Gwad a r , Pasni and Gadani. In summer, easter l y long-shore currents red e p o s i t er oded materials along the coast. To further compl i c a t e the picture, the sea level is rising slowly due to glo b a l warming, at rates of about 1.1 millimetr es a yea r . This ma y contribute to the salination problems that cha r a c - terize the grou n d wa t er supply, and affect further devel - opment planning on the coast. Rough seas during the so u th we s t monsoon res trict fishing to all but the larges t Gwadar is one of the main fish harbours of the province. boats and major harbours, such as Pasni and Gwad a r . As described in Chapter 3, the coast is also suscepti - 11,000 ships, totaling 12,000 million dead-weight ton- ble to earthqu a k es and tsunamis. The coast sits on a majo r nage, cross the Arabian Sea annually. There are about subduction zone. In 1945, an earthqu a k e with a magnitude 2,500 oil tankers carrying 33 million tonnes of oil. The of 8.3 on the Richt er scale and associated tsunamis patterns of surface winds and currents expose the coast de st r oyed buildings at Pasni. Sheikh (1992) describes the to the threat of oil pollution. A spill occurred in June Mekran coast as one of the most seismically active reg i o n s 1998 from the R. V. Yashica. The leaking vessel, carrying in Pak i s tan. Seismic rec o r ds for the period 1851 – 19 9 0 1,500 tonnes of furnace oil, was abandoned approxi- sh o w that the r e have been 193 earthqu a k es of magnitude mately 112 kilometres south of Pasni. Fortunately, the oil 4.0 and above. Although it is impossible to predict the like- dispersed naturally, but under the influence of wind, lihood of further earthqu a k es, Sheikh concludes from an waves and currents, a large slick of crude oil could ended an a l ysis of available data that the r e is a real possibility of up on the coast of Balochistan. a major earthqu a k e in the next few decades. In the mean- Oil pollution already appears to be of some concern time, sea bott om upheaval has res u l t ed in shallow area s along the Pasni coast. Sources of oil pollution include fis h - being formed near Astola Island, Ormara and the Hingol ing boats and the large number of merchant vessels and Ri ve r . Mud volcanoes, many of them active and emitting oil tan ke r s that clean bilge and tan k s as the y pass thro u g h me thane, are common fea t u r es along the coast. In 199 8 , the EEZ of Pak i s tan. As a consequence, tar balls (res i d u e s a small island suddenly appeared near the coast. of wea th e r ed oil) are found on beaches. There is little in The sea also brings pollution. Shipping lanes in the the way of sewag e disposal in human settlements and Arabian Sea are considered to be among the busiest in in d u s trial areas. Was tes from coastal villages and industr i - the world. All vessels visiting the oil-rich Persian Gulf pass al estat es even t u a l l y rea c h the sea to be red i st r i b u t ed by through the area. It is estimated that approximately lo n g - s h o r e curren t s .
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 99 6 Coastal Zone
Mangroves, Avicennia marina, in flower.
The same climatic and oceanographic phenomena yield of 293,500 tonnes. Sindh boats tak e esti m a te d that create problems on the coast, also result in a high- 60,000-70,000 tonnes of fish and shellfish each yea r , ly productive marine environment. Submarine topogra- wh i c h leaves a potential additional 105,000 tonnes avai l - phy, orientation of the coast and strong southwestern able for the fis h e r y. The products are marketed thro u g h monsoon winds combine to promote upwellings that Kar a c hi harbour, with salt fish being exp o r ted to Sri Lanka. result in this coastal zone being one of the most pro- Pr a wns and other valued products are shipped to mar- ductive in the world. In terms of world oceans, the Ara- kets in southe a s t Asia. bian Sea has an average primary productivity that is 10 times the world ocean average and four times the aver- age value of the Indian Ocean. It translates into a theo- PLANTS AND WILDLIFE retical equivalent fish biomass of 9.4 million tonnes. But the productivity of the Arabian Sea is not evenly distrib- The coastal zone is noted not only for its fish and shrimp uted and zones of high productivity vary both tempo- pr oduction, but also for its diver se plant and wildlife com- rally and spatially. munities. The natural veg etation of the Balochi s tan Pr i m a r y production rates are high around Astol a co a s tal region is composed largel y of xer omorphic types: Island and on the continental shelf offsh o r e Pasni. Condi- those able to withs tand the arid climate, salt spray and tions for fish production in areas such as Sonmiani Bay b l owing sand. Tamarix (Tamarix aphylla), Salva d o re ar e excellent. The province has the excl u s i v e right to fis h oleoides and mesqui t e (Prosopis juliflora) are the most in coastal wate r s to the 19. 3 - k i l o m et r e limit, and to fish in si g n i f icant and widespread species. To the concern of the EEZ. Curren t l y, about 5,000 small and large fis h i n g some biologists, mesqui t e has invaded the coastal area in vessels catch about 125,000 tonnes of fish and shellfis h recent yea r s. Some apprec i a t e this plant for its ability to ea c h yea r , valued at Rs. 1.4 billion. Much of the catch is grow on saline soils, its soil-binding prop e r ties and as a sa l t ed, dried or conver ted into fishmeal. The fish stoc ks so u r ce of fuel. Bushes of Indigofera oblongifolia and Hyci - ar e esti m a t ed by the government of Balochi s tan at um depressum are also widespread and grow well in 572,000 tonnes, with an esti m a t ed maximum sustai n a b l e sandy plains and dunes. Acacia nilotica is a common
100 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Coastal Zone 6
species and is distr i b u t ed in low alluvial depressions, plains beaches in other locations on the coast, principally from and foothills associated with a more favourable moistu r e October to December. The Ormara nesting area, howev- regime. Mazri or dwar f palm (Nannorrhops ritchieana), is er, is of international significance (Groombridge 1988). of considerable economic impo r tance for making mats, Thousands of turtles visit the 30-kilometre coastline ba s k ets and other prod u c t s . each year. At one time, many of these turtles and their Ma n g rove fores ts wer e described briefly in Chapter eggs were harvested. A ban on turtle killing was imposed 5. Mangroves are salt-tolerant woody plants that grow in in 1981. Olive ridley turtles may also nest on this poorly in te r -tidal areas. They inhabit depositional envi ro n m e n t s , known coast. su c h as bays, channels and lagoons. They are impo r tan t for fuelwood, fodder for camels and for many other pur- poses (Saifullah 1992). They are especially impo r tant in PROTECTED AREAS pr oviding nurse r y areas for shrimp and fis h . The shrimp fis h e r y in Pak i s tan bears a str ong rel a - T h e re are only two prote c ted areas in the coastal zone, tionship to the ext ent and status of the mangrove Hingol National Park and Buzi Makola Wi l d l i fe Sanctuary. fo re s ts. Mangroves also help stabilize the coastline. Mirza Hingol was cre a ted in 1980 with an area of 16 5 , 0 0 0 et al. (1988) rep o r ts stands of 3,100 hectar es at Miani Hor h e c ta res. It was ex tended in 19 97 to include the Hingol (A vicennia marina and Rhizophora apiculata with Ceriops e st u a ry, offs h o re areas up to 5 fa thoms and the are a tag al are scatter ed thr oughout the area); 2,160 hectare s p rev i o u s ly under Dhrun Wi l d l i fe Sanctuary. Imp o rta n t at Kalmat Hor (degraded A. marina and R. apiculata); and species include Sindh ibex, urial, leopard, ch i n kara and 2,080 hectar es at the Dasht River Delta, Gawat ar Bay (A. m a rsh crocodile as well as estuaries and marine fa u n a marina). Rec o r ds indicate that mangroves wer e once (see Table 14). Buzi Makola once hosted large popula- mu c h more exte n s i v e along the coast. tions of ibex, urial and ch i n kara. It is curre n t ly protec te d Th e r e have been no recent surveys to assess the sta- as a wildlife sanctuary, but no game animal surv i ves in tus of once-diver se wildlife populations, but hunting has the are a . exte n s i ve l y reduced ter re s trial wildlife. The coastal wet- A number of areas have been proposed for protec t - lands are ver y impo r tant sites for resident and migra t o- ed - a r ea status. The Ormara area and Kap p a r- R as Shahid ry wate rf o wl (Ahmad et al 1992), with 91 species of ar e wor th invest i g ation. Many other areas have been wat er birds rec o r ded. Sonmiani, Jiwani and Ormara beach- id e n t i f ied (Moazzam 1992). Astola Island (Haft Talar) is es and Hingol Hor are impo r tant sites. Miani Hor, Dasht imp o r tant for nesting green turtles on a sandy beach and Kau r , Pasni Bay and Astola Island have been included in a ri c h marine fauna in the surrounding wate r s. It used to Di re c to r y of Asian Wetlands (Scott 1989) on the basis of ha ve diver se wildlife populations with large numbers of cr i t eria developed under the Ramsar Conven t i o n . over- w i n t ering and nesting birds. Introduced rodents and In the Pasni area, two areas of coastal and estu a r i n e cats have grea t l y reduced the bird populations. The island ha b i t at are of particular impo r tance to wat er birds: the ma y contain a number of endemic species in addition to mo u t h of the Shadi Kaur immediatel y to the north of sub-species of the sand scaled viper (Echis carinatus asto- Pasni town, including the brackish lower rea c hes of the lae). Ormara turtle beaches, Jiwani turtle beaches, Astol a Shadi and the estuarine mudflats, and the sandy coast Island, Miani Hor and Hab Dam are being considered for and lagoons ext ending south of Pasni town to the rock y designation as Ramsar sites . fo re s h o r e at Ras Jaddi. Few other areas on the Balochi s tan coast offer such a wide range of habitats – cliffs, river val l e ys, estu a r i n e RESOURCE mu d f lats, sandy and roc ky shores, lagoons and sheltere d marine bays – within such a wel l - d e f ined and rel a t i ve l y DE V E L O P M E N T small area. The Pasni area is rated by ornitho l o g i s ts as one of the most impo r tant natural areas on the Balochi s tan The coastal areas of Balochi s tan, parti c u l a r l y the Mekran, co a s t. Large numbers of birds of many species, including remain the least developed part of Pak i s tan, notw i t h- pelicans, shore birds, ducks and geese over- w i n t er in the standing their str a t egic impo r tance and economic poten - ar ea. Rap tor s winter along the cliffs and headlands and tial. Distances are large, the population is small, road net- ar e trapped for sale to fal c o n e rs . wor k s poor or non-exi s tent, the climate inhospitable and The green turtle (Chelonia mydas), an endangered fr esh wat er scarce. Wit h the exce p tion of Pasni, diesel species, nests in significant numbers on stretches of gen e r a to r s serve the towns and villages. These provi d e beach at Jiwani and Astola Island. It also nests on sandy electricity for only a few hours per day.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 101 6 Coastal Zone
The federal and provincial government is responding be phased; proposing alter n a t i v es for funding the plan; to the development needs of the coast through a com- and monitoring and implementing the Master Plan. prehensive development package. The Prime Minister set up a committee in 1999 headed by the Deputy Chair- man, Planning Commission, to develop a Master Plan for Integrated Resource developing the Mekran Coast (including Gwadar Port). Ma n a g e m e n t Various proposals were submitted to the Committee by the government of Balochistan (Table 15). This is not an It is not clear to what ext ent the development and impl e - exhaustive list of all development proposed on the me n t ation of the Mekran Master Plan follows an inte- coast, but gives an overview of the breadth and scale of gra t ed approa c h to res o u r ce management. There have development activities. Other development activities in been many development projects on the coast, including the districts concerned, such as oil and mineral explo- the mini ports and fish harbours at Pasni and Gwad a r , ration, will have an effect on the coastal zone. Private- me c hanization of fishing boats, impr ovements in the sector interests are exploring the development of a fishing industr y, desalination plants, agri c u l t u r e and live- major new city near Gwadar Bay and developing a petro- stoc k demonstrations, wat er supply schemes and res i - chemicals complex in Sonmiani Bay and a refinery in the dential land development. A revi e w of past exp e r i e n c e s area adjacent to the Hab power plant. and an assessment of lessons learned from these many Pending review of the complete development pack- in te r ventions, will rei n f o r ce the necessity for an inte- age, the Ministry of Communications has requested fed- gra t ed approa c h to the management and devel o p m e n t eral government approval to: of the limited natural res o u r ces of the coastal zone. This n de s i g n a t e 150,000 hectar es of land as a special i mplies the need for close cooperation among th e de velopment zone for Grea t er Gwadar City; de p a r tments, agencies and institutions invol ved, as wel l n have WAPDA provide the necessary water and elec- as with the privat e sector and the communities. tricity; and For exam ple, electricity is in ext re m e l y short supply n pr oceed with Gwadar Por t Phase 1 and the constr u c - on the coast. WAP D A, by virtue of its mandate, is exp e c t - tion of a coastal roa d . ed to provide electricity and wat er to the deep wate r po r t at Gwad a r , as well as to the other devel o p m e n t s env i s a g ed in the development packag e. Domestic, public- IS S U E S se c t or and business demand will increase as the popula- tion expands to meet labour requ i r ements. There is no Bo th federal and provincial governments and the privat e sp a r e capacity at the Pasni station, and so a major new se c t or have ver y ambitious plans for the development of in s tallation would be requ i r ed. The development packag e the coastal zone. Plans hinge largel y on the further devel - tal k s of developing wave energy , but does not discuss opment of the fisheries sector and on the economic other options such as wind and solar power . de velopment of the region, based on major infrastr u c - Wat er is also in ver y limited supply. Floodwat er from tu r e development. These plans will go a long way in pro- vi rt u a l l y ever y str eam and river along the coast will be viding empl o yment and economic benefits for many tapped to meet the present needs of the population and yea r s to come. to provide some limited wat er for agri c u l t u r e. Devel o p - The key consideration is one of sustainability – how ment at many places along the coast will mean exp l o i t i n g the coastal region can be developed consistent with the res o u r ces that are already ver y limited, dedicated to goal and objectives of the BCS. The approa c h to the other uses, and in some areas saline. There has been con- de velopment of the Mekran development packag e is ver y siderable experience with desalination plants to augment encouraging. It has invol ved a coordi n a t ed input from all the wat er supply, but at the moment these are prop o s e d se c to r s of the government of Balochi s tan and a revi e w on l y for Gwadar and Gadani. by a high-level committee under the chairmanship of the There have been land use conflicts in the past that Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission and with rep r e- could have been re s o lved th rough part i c i p a to ry se n ta t i v es from all key ministries. The terms of refe re n c e approaches involving the parties concerned. For exam- of the committee include revi e wing information on the ple, the construction of the Navy base at Ormara cut off hi s tor y, status and trends of development on the coast; access to the lagoon where the larger fishing boats have looking at the development potential in various sectors ; taken shelter traditionally. Some development will poten- pr oducing a Master Plan; revi e wing the projects that will tially conflict with existing or other planned activities. help achi e ve the tar gets of the plan and how the y should For example, plans by the Balochistan Development
102 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Coastal Zone 6
Authority and foreign interests to construct a bulk liquid co a s tal infrastr u c t u r e and pipelines for processing and terminal at Mauza Damb, Sonmiani Bay, include dredging di s tributing oil and gas. A 1998 cruise along the Mekran a channel in the lagoon and constructing extensive co a s t by the National Insti t u t e of Oceanogra p h y and Ger- onshore facilities, eventually to include a petrochemical man scientists revealed deposits of gas hyd r a t es in the plant. This may conflict with the biodiversity interests as form of ice crystalline methane. Similarly, the seabed well as the existing fishing and shrimp industry and plans ho s ts many deposits of placer minerals and deposits of to improve this sector. zinc and copper-r i c h sulphides. These are not commer- Oil and gas exploration is curren t l y under way. The ci a l l y viable at present, but may well be developed in the co m panies concerned are now considering the need for fu t u r e. The areas of major conflict in the future are like-
Table 15 Coastal Development Proposals
Component Issue Proposal Socio-Economic Impact Ports Need to facilitate trade with the Deep-sea commercial port A third major port in Pakistan is the Central Asian states and Gulf construction at Gwadar. key to developing the potential countries, open up the hinterland, import/export trade with serve as a transhipment hub and neighbouring countries and the form the basis for development of a mineral resources of the interior, refinery and petrochemical complex and for the development of maritime and other industries. industries. Roads Need to provide motorways to Motorway to connect national Prerequisite for effective connect Gwadar port with Central highways in the north with ECO development of the port, trade links Asian states and national highways. countries and Gwadar port. with neighbouring countries and Need to reconstruct the gravel/ Metalled coastal highway to link resources from the interior. kacha coastal highway washed out coastal towns with Karachi. Reduces dependency on coastal in 1992. road connection to Karachi. Provides an enhanced link with Karachi, the major supply and trading centre for the coast. Airports and Need to improve passenger and Upgrade all airports to handle Essential to provide a safe and air links cargo capacity domestically and jet aircraft. reliable service and facilitate internationally. Explore potential for international economic development of the coast. flights from Gwadar and Turbat. Shipping/ferries Need to provide a means of linking Establish coastal shipping/ferry Reduces the cost of moving goods communities without proper roads service. over land over very long distances, and facilitate marketing of fish to obtain better prices for produce products. and reduce the cost of living. Energy Need to provide electricity to Investigate wave energy as an Provides a reliable source of energy all settlements. alternate source of power. in support of coastal development. Need to meet power requirements Explore feasibility of Ensures reliable supply of electricity at Gadani. 10-megawatt power plant. to ship-breaking industry. Need to develop petrochemical Establish a bulk liquid terminal Provides the basis for a industries. at Mauza Damb, Sonmiani bay petrochemicals industry. and lagoon. Town planning Need to protect valuable coastal Prepare and implement town Prevents the continued haphazard resources, e.g. unspoiled beaches, plans for all principal development of coastal settlements due to lack of sewage disposal settlements. and pollution of coastal beaches facilities and town planning. and waters. Co m m u n i c a t i o n s Need for fully functional Upgrade telephone service to Enables effective phone and fax telecommunications. major communities. communications with all communities. Water supply Need to augment water supply by Construct dams on the Basol, Provides a secure and safe source capturing runoff from heavy rains. Shadi Kaur, Saur, Tallar, of water for the population and for Need to augment water supply at Shehzanak, Rumbra, Rekani Kaur, agriculture. Gadani. Ballar, Hingol and Shinzani rivers Augment water supply for industrial, to supply settlements and enable commercial and domestic use. irrigated agriculture. Establish a desalination plant at Gadani.
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Component Issue Proposal Socio-Economic Impact Fisheries Need to compete in the market Supply modern fisheries Improve the viability and economic with Sindh counterparts. equipment. return of the fishery. Need to reduce the costs of Direct export of fish from Improve economic returns to fishers. marketing fish through Karachi. Gwadar and Pasni to Gulf states. Improve the efficiency of fishing, Need to improve the efficiency Construct jetties and other reduce wastage of fish and and economic return to all fishing facilities in all fishing villages improve economic returns. communities. and alternate berthing facilities Provide modern fishing technology Need to exploit the fisheries in Ormara. to increase catch by additional resource fully. Construct 400 new fishing 28,000 tonnes, and increase Need to share in foreign earnings vessels. income by Rs. 280 million annually. from fish exports. Allocate a share of fish export Contribute to the development of Need for an institution to provide earnings to Balochistan. the industry in Balochistan. training in fishing technology and Finalize arrangements for a Put the fishing industry on a fish processing. fisheries training centre. modern footing, promote sustainable Need to enhance production of Develop pilot projects in marine fisheries and efficient use of the commercially important shrimp. aquaculture with donor product. assistance and foreign training. Enhance economic return in a key market. Agriculture and Need to expand agricultural Establish plantations of Enhance economic return from land livestock production, especially on saline soils. salicornial (2,000 hectares unsuited to other crops. Need to exploit the potential of in Lasbela), oil palm Enhance agricultural production. sailaba cultivation. (throughout the coast), Enhance nutrition and source of Need to expand the livestock sector and coconut (5,000 hectares). income. and meet future demand for meat. Construct bundats/dykes to develop sailaba agriculture on 10,000 hectares. Introduce goats for milk and meat production, and poultry for meat and eggs. Marine pollution Need to monitor and combat marine Introduce a monitoring programme Co-ordinated action to prevent pollution in co-operation with and remedial action on oil pollution of marine and coastal neighbouring states. pollution in coastal waters. environment. Tourism Need to enhance the contribution Encourage the private sector to Enhanced economic development of tourism and recreation sector. explore and develop the tourism opportunities. potential of the coast, e.g. beach resort at Gadani and Jiwani and beach hotels at Gwadar and Pasni. Education Need for post-graduate educational Establish Kech University at Train local students to address facilities in Mekran. Turbat with a centre of issues linked to the sustainable excellence in marine fisheries development of the coastal and science on the coast. zone.
Source: Government of Balochistan 1999a. ly to invol ve the differing needs of the fishing industr y, do wnturn in the economy of the area has preven te d bi o d i ve rs i t y , settlements, the tourism and rec re a t i o n ma jor envi ro n m e n t al problems. Despite the rec o g n i t i o n in d u st r y, shipping and industrial development based on oil of the issues and trends for many yea r s, little has been and minerals. done in terms of planning, impl e m e n t ation of mitigat i n g Ba l o ch i s tan is in some ways fortu n a t e that it has not me a s u r es or enforcement of envi ro n m e n t al laws. The seen the rapid population growt h and high levels of eco- rationale for the development of an integr a t ed coastal nomic development that have cha r a c t erized the Sindh zone management plan for Balochi s tan is summed up in co a s t. The development of industrial areas in Balochi s tan a 1995 Uni t ed Nations rep o r t on the subject (Box 17) . adjacent to Kar a c hi is, however , a cause for concern. The In fact, a Coastal Envi ro n m e n t al Management Plan de velopment of Gadani beach for ship breaking res u l te d (CEMP) for Pak i s tan was commissioned by ESCAP in 198 8 , in the ruining of a fir st-class rec r eation and tourism fac i l - and the results published in 1996. A study team led by it y , and became a major source of marine pollution. The the National Insti t u t e of Oceanogra p h y, and sponsored by in d u s trial estat es in nearby Hab discha r ge untrea te d the Envi r onment and Urban Affai r s Division of the gov- was tes, which then find their way to the coast. Only a ernment of Pak i s tan compl e ted the CEMP. The Nat i o n a l
104 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Coastal Zone 6
Co n s e r vation Str a t egy envi s a g ed this plan, once devel - Box 17 Integrated Coastal Zone oped and impl e m e n t ed, becoming a framework for Management co a s tal managem e n t . The CEMP was never impl e m e n t ed, and seems to In te gr a t ed management of coastal and marine areas is ha ve been rel e ga t ed to the shelf. It did confirm, however , no w recognized as a necessary tool for development and that the coast of Balochi s tan experiences all the serious env i ro n m e n t al protection. It relies on modern methods of ma n a g ement issues confronting many maritime nations planning and res o u r ce management, as well as ar ound the world. These include: in te rd i s c i p l i n a r y exp e r tise, and invol ves the setting of national policies and goals; inven t ories of res o u r ces and n co a s tal eros i o n ; available stat i s tics; identification, selection and n de g radation of coastal and marine ecosystems and imp l e m e n t ation of management systems, such as ha b i ta t s ; guidelines, permits and economic incentives; socio- n declining wat er quality and pollution; economic and envi ro n m e n t al assessment; confli c t n over- ex p l o i t ation of coastal re s o u rces (fi s h e r i e s , resolution tech n i q ues; land use planning and enforce d ma n g roves, corals, etc ) ; zoning; and protection of sensitive areas. The pres e n t n en d a n ge r ed marine species and coastal wildlife; str u c t u r e of most governments, invol ving many separate se c t oral ministries, each responsible for some aspect or n co a s tal inundation/flooding; and activity in the coastal and marine areas, is not always n a low level of institutional and legislative capability co n d u c i v e to such integr a t ed action. In view of thi s , for integr a t ed coastal area managem e n t . Agenda 21 has recommended that each coastal stat e In assessing its experiences in assisting countries in should develop a policy and planning framework and Asia and the Pac i f ic prep a r e CEMPs, ESCAP is fir m l y of es tablish a high level planning body invol ving local the view that the wide var i e ty of res o u r ces and activities populations for integr a t ed coastal managem e n t . that occur in coastal zones makes it impossible to manage Source: ESCAP 19 9 5 . the coastal envi r onment sector a l l y. The experience of all countries that have impl e m e n t ed coastal envi ro n m e n t ap p ro p r i a t e equipment to deal with spilled oil or othe r plans and prog rammes proves the need for integr a te d po l l u t ants. Flash floods cha r a c t erize the str eams along ma n a g ement. The CEMP prep a r ed for Pak i s tan in the the coast and are a potential source of wate r . But the y 1990s, is not an inte gr a ted coastal zone managem e n t also have a devas tating effect on the adjacent area and plan. Nor was it designed to be one. It is a valuable stu d y , s u r rounding population. The ability to predict and pre p a r ed by a team of specialists, and as such is a contri- respond to the problems cre a ted by these eve n t s bution to understanding some of the issues that cha r a c - ap p e a r s to be limited . terize Balochi s tan ’s coastal zone. It also highlights some of the actions that the res e a r ch team feels should be tak en to deal with the m . Environmental Protection and Conservation of Biodiversity
Emergency Measures The Mekran development packag e does not exp l i c i t l y deal wi t h envi ro n m e n t al protection or the socio-economic The presence of mud volcanoes, the sudden emergen c e ef fects on the exi s ting population, with the exce p tion of of a new island, cha n g es in bathym e ter y and histor i c a l the need for measures to monitor and combat marine evidence of earth trem o r s and tsunamis, all tes tify to the pollution. There is no mention of the need to undertak e fo r ces that accompa n y movements in the earth’s crust in env i ro n m e n t al assessments or detailed res o u r ce assess- the coastal zone. The probability of major trem o r s seems ments, res e a r ch, studies and inven t ories. Experiences high and is an issue to be fac to r ed into planning for devel - wi t h major harbours, such as Kar a c hi and the Gadani ship- opment along the coast. A rise in sea level, while small in br eaking yar d, should give some indication of the types the short term, may have significant impacts over time of issues that will have to be dealt with. The devel o p m e n t when viewed in the context of the dynamic proc e s s e s of petro c hemical compl e xes at Gwadar and Sonmiani Bay that cha r a c t erize the coast and that determine the pr esent other issues that will have to be confron te d . na t u r e and ext ent of bays, headlands, estuaries and Rem o teness, inaccessibility and limited human pres - lagoons. There are implications for all future coastal ence are the coast’s grea te s t assets. The coastline is pris- de velopment and protection measures. Although moni- tine, with the exce p tion of areas around human sett l e - toring of oil spills is envi s a g ed in the development plan, it ments and the industrial site. It has great tourism and does not elaborate on the need for trained personnel and rec r eational potential and includes the Hingol Nat i o n a l
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 105 6 Coastal Zone
Fishing is a major livelihood source for the coastal people.
Par k , a world-class protec t ed area. While site- s p e c i fi c camels and for other purposes. The introduction of a me a s u r es have been proposed in the Mekran packag e, a la r ge number of goats to the coast, as proposed by the co mp re h e n s i v e approa c h to the development of thi s Li ve s toc k Department, may put pres s u r e on other natur- po tential has yet to be arti c u l a t ed. As described, the al plant communities. co a s t contains critical habitats for many species of Urban planning is a component of the Mekran devel - wi l d l i f e, including turtles, cetacean, fish and birds. There opment packag e. A compre h e n s i v e master plan is to be is little formal or effec t i v e protection for any of the s e de veloped for the grea t er Gwadar area and for all othe r ha b i t ats. As the population increases, access to the area towns. Defining the parameter s of these plans will be is impr oved, and rec r eational activities increase, wildlife imp o r tant in ensuring that the y are compre h e n s i ve . will come under increasing pres s u r e. For exam ple, wildlife in Hingol National Park is under great pres s u r e from ille- gal hunting. A management plan for the park has yet to Fisheries Potential be prep a r ed. Most of the large mammals that once fre- que n t ed other parts of the coast have been hunted out, Fish stoc k assessments and esti m a t es of maximum sus- and falcons are already trapped in large numbers (see tainable yields by the Fisheries Department appear to be Ch a p ter 5). based on the results of an Asian Development Bank analy- The growt h of settlements in Miani Hor, Kalmat Hor sis (198 1–82) of the FAO/ N ORAD cruises of 1976– 7 7. and Gawat ar Bay may put further pres s u r e on mangrove These wer e rep o r ted in the Coastal Envi ro n m e n t al Man- communities already under str ess. The impo r tance of ag ement Plan for Pak i s tan (ESCAP 1996). Maximum sus- ma n g rove ecosystem to shrimp and fish production is tainable yields wer e set at about 50% of the stoc ks esti - well known, yet these plants are still used as fodder for ma t ed at that time. Fisheries Department officials main-
106 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Coastal Zone 6
tain that stoc k assessments for large pelagic (e.g., tuna ing systems. Developing the maximum potential yield of and marlin) and for cartilaginous fish (e.g., sharks and the fisheries will requ i r e Herculean effo r ts over many ra ys) are underest i m a t ed. Majid and Moazzam (199 2 ) , yea r s. It calls for more than 1,000 additional boats of using the same data, sugges t that demersal res o u rc e s ap p ro p r i a t e design, crewed by trained fis h e r s and sup- ar e being fished beyond potential yields. In the absence po r ted by on-shore infrastr u c t u r e and modern tech n o l o - of stoc k assessments, the y also exp r ess concern tha t gy . Direct exp o r t to markets in foreign countries might sh e l l f ish are being fully-ex p l o i t ed or over- h a r ves ted . help reduce was tag e, at least until such time as bette r The size, composition and disposition of the catch are road systems are developed. For eign markets are not imp o r tant parameter s in determining the increm e n ta l id e n t i f ied or developed, however , and moving large vol - ca t c h of all species. Details of the catch landed in Balochi s - umes of fish requ i r es many large, specially equipped ves - tan harbours are available, but the r e is little direct infor- sels and the ability to handle the m . mation available on the catch by Sindh fishermen or by M a ny of the steps re qu i red to realize the full pote n- fo r eign vessels. Some fish may be transfer r ed to larger tial of the fi s h e ry, have been advo c a ted by the prov i n- vessels offsh o r e and exp o r ted direc t l y to foreign ports . cial government for many ye a rs, and are set out in th e Mekran packa ge for federal government and donor a p p rova l . Fish Handling and Marketing
The government of Balochi s tan, in its brief to the Senate Research and Development Co m m i t t ee on Agri c u l t u r e, Food, Lives toc k, Fisheries and Fore s t, has described in detail the stat e of fish handling The commitment of res o u r ces for res e a r ch and devel o p - and marketing in the province . There are handling and ment in the country is almost negligible (less than 0.1% of stor a g e problems at ever y stag e of the process, from gross domestic product). There are ver y few res e a r ch the time the fish are caught to the time the y rea c h the in st i t u t es invol ved in the management of coastal area s . retai l e r . Of the 35 fishing villages, only 2 (Pasni and At the same time, R&D organizations in the federal and Gw adar) have fish harbours and ice plants. For the rest , pr ovincial departments responsible for providing coastal the picture is bleak: and marine res e a r ch facilities have not been able to In the absence of physical infrastr u c t u r e ef fec t i ve l y mobilize available res o u r ces, such as laborato- and onshore facilities the raw fish is still han- ries, prof essional staf f and other equi p m e n t . dled on the bare ground and shabby curing At present, the r e is no single national agency or insti - yar ds where all sorts of fil t h and poor hygi e n e tution responsible for compiling and maintaining rec o rd s qui ck l y deter i o r a t es the quality of the fish. As on res e a r ch, surveys or activities in the coastal zone. There a result of this qui c k spoilage, about 70% of is lack of cooperation and coordination among agen c i e s , the fish is conver ted into low quality prod u c e res e a r ch institutions, government departments and non- of dry and wet salted fish and fish meal. go ver n m e n t al organizations (NGOs). These organ i z a t i o n s Per sonal Interv i e w with Direc t or Fis h e r i e s , work in isolation, resulting in the overlap and duplication of Go vernment of Balochi s tan, Quett a, 199 9 eff o r ts. There already exi s ts a plethora of valuable infor- mation and data, scatter ed in various places. Some may be Fish is sent to Kar a c hi by road or boat for marketi n g . published, but some is buried in files. Some are maintai n e d Di r ect exp o r t is not curren t l y allowed. The journey by by individuals in the many differ ent sector s. There is no road tak es two to thr ee days from Jiwani and Gwad a r . national data centre or geo g raphic information system in About 30% are spoiled, at a loss of Rs. 300 million per place. For an integr a t ed management approa c h, knowl- yea r . High-value species, such as shrimp and lobster , are ed g e is of fundamental impo r tance, but is largel y lacki n g . sent to the market chilled or frozen. Only Pasni has elec- tricity for basic processing. Sindh boats and villages with- in easy rea c h of the Kar a c hi market have an advan ta g e Habitat Loss over rem o te communities. Turning the exi s ting traditional artisanal fis h e r y into a A number of species and communities are under threat. modern, wel l - m a n a g ed, efficient and hygienic operation The coastal domain is highly susceptible to changes in is a major tas k . Ever y aspect has to be revam ped, from sea level, groundwater level, salinity, wave patterns, cur- fishing equipment, training of the crews and provision of rent regimes, sediment budgets, storm events and ero- je tties to on-shore fish processing facilities and market- sion patterns. Physical changes themselves result in a
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 107 6 Coastal Zone
These people are stakeholders in any coastal zone management plan. wide variety of biological changes at the population, De vel o p m e n t ; Pak i s tan Armed Forc e s / C o a s t Guards ; community and ecosystem level, which in turn affect and Ministr y of Food, Agri c u l t u r e and Lives toc k. the suitability of the coastal zone and its resources for n Pr ovincial organizations, including all those contribut- use by people. One example is the effect of dam con- ing to the Master Plan for the Mekran Coast: Planning struction. The Hab River dam has virtually eliminated and Development Depart m e n t; Fisheries Depart- oyster beds. Sand dune stabilization through the intro- ment, Envi r onment, Wil d l i f e, Lives toc k, Fore s t and duction of exotics such as mesquite (Prosopsis juliflora) Tourism Department and other sectoral depart- may have unintended consequences for native species. ments; Board of Revenue (Mangrove Fore s t); Wate r and Sanitation Agen c y ; Envi ro n m e n t al Protec t i o n Agen c y ; Public Health Engineering Departm e n t ; Envi - THE STAK E H O L D E R S ron m e n t al Protection Council; Pasni Fisheries Har- bour Auth o r i t y ; Balochi s tan Development Auth o r i t y ; Ba l o ch i s tan has a large number of agencies and insti t u - and Balochi s tan Coastal Development Auth o r i t y . tions at the federal and provincial level that are res p o n s i - n Local Government – elected bodies and dist r i c t ble for the coastal zone: ad m i n i st r a t i o n . n Federal organizations, including all those parti c i p a t - n Pr i va t e Sector . ing in the committee established by the Prime Minis- n Do n o rs . ter in 1999 to develop a Master Plan for the Mekran n NGO s . Co a s t: National Insti t u t e of Oceanogra p h y; Centre of n Co m m u n i t i e s . Ex cellence in Marine Biology; Marine Fisheries Depart- me n t ; Zoological Survey Departm e n t ; Federal Envi - ron m e n t al Protection Agen c y ; Pak i s tan Council of THE WAY AHEAD Sc i e n t i f ic and Industrial Res e a r ch; Maritime Security Agen c y ; Pak i s tan Navy (Hydro gr a p hy Departm e n t ) ; In light of plans to undertak e major new devel o p m e n t s Mi n i st r y of Envi r onment, Local Government and Rur a l along the Balochi s tan Coast, to expand the fishing indus-
108 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Coastal Zone 6
tr y and address current issues and trends, immediate in vol ve local people as much as possible. Another entai l s action is requ i r ed to ensure that development is sustai n - se tting up an intere s t group or rou n d t able to obtai n able and that approp r i a t e measures are tak en to protec t in put from a wide constituency of specialists, policy-m a k - the envi ro n m e n t . er s, res o u r ce manager s, private - s e c t or intere s ts, NGO s and the public. Wh a t ever parti c i p a to r y process is followed, it must Develop an Integrated Coastal be adapted to the realities of a rem o te coastal zone, dis- Zone Management Plan tant from the seats of government and from many of the people who have a role in its development. Scientific The NCS and draft Biodiver sity Action Plan rec o m m e n d - exp e r tise lies mainly in Kar a c hi, while federal gover n m e n t ed the development of an Integr a t ed Coastal Zone Man- exp e r tise and decision-making res ts in both Kar a c hi and ag ement Plan (ICZMP). This is now a top priority. The Islamabad. Provincial exp e r tise and decision-making rest s guidelines for developing this are given in Box 18. in Quett a. Good communications and information sys- The process has to recognize that the r e are disti n c t - tems will the re f o r e be vital to success. ly differ ent socio-economic, biological and physical envi - The methodology for planning depends on the stat u s ronments. One falls within the influence, economic clout of coastal res o u r ce use and the areas to be covere d . and needs of Kar a c hi. The other is virtu a l l y ‘beyond the Wh e r e conflicts have already surfaced, it is most prag- pa l e ’, largel y affec t ed by ext ernal influences. Priorities for matic to use a prob l e m - o r i e n t ed approa c h. In cases where an ICZMP will include: co a s tal res o u r ces are not under thr eat, the more classical n env i ro n m e n t al management of the Hab, Gadani and sy stem of a res o u r ce-based approa c h is possible. Both are Windar industrial area ; requ i r ed in Balochi s tan . n su s tainable use of coastal/marine res o u rc e s ; Re ga rdless of the approa c h tak en, it is necessary to n su s tainable use of fresh wat er res o u rc e s ; an s w er several que s tions in prog ramme prep a r a t i o n : n co n s e r vation of natural capital; and n pro a c t i v e development planning. Box 18 Guidelines for Preparation of an Integrated Coastal Joint Steering Committee Zone Management Plan A high-level Joint Steering Committee will be appointed by the federal and provincial governments and provi d e d n Es tablish a high-level Steering Committee to: wi t h terms of refe r ence for the preparation of the – de velop the goal, principles and objectives of the IC Z M P . The terms of refe r ence will ref lect federal and pl a n ; pr ovincial government policy on integr a t ed planning for – de f ine planning boundaries and scope of the plan; co a s tal zones, and a commitment to the impl e m e n ta t i o n – over see development and impl e m e n t ation of a of approved plans. pa rt i c i p a to r y planning proc e s s ; This Steering Committee will be cha i r ed by the Chief – en s u r e inter- a g ency coordination; and – guide the preparation of the plan, its approval Se c r etar y of Balochi s tan, and include rep re s e n ta t i o n and implementation. fr om the key agencies and organizations, both gover n - n Es tablish and mobilize a small, multidisciplinary core me n t al and nongover n m e n t al, whose cooperation and group to prep a r e the plan. pa r ticipation is seen as essential to the success of this ini- n Es tablish a broa d l y based intere s t group composed of ti a t i v e and impl e m e n t ation of the plan. It will be support- all stake h o l d e rs . ed by a small secretariat, prefe r a b l y to be provided by n Collect secondary data and information, and analyz e . the Planning and Development Departm e n t . n Identify information gaps and commission-requ i re d stu d i e s . Participatory Approaches n De f ine issues and tren d s . The fir st job of the Joint Steering Committee is to devel - n Es tablish priorities. op the goals, principles and objectives for the plan using n Identify alter n a t i v e ways of managing human a parti c i p a to r y and open approa c h. This approa c h will also activities causing adver se impa c t s . be followed in defining the planning area boundaries and n Eva l u a t e alter n a t i v e management str a te g i e s . the scope of the plan. Par ticipation means involv i n g n Finalize and obtain approval of the plan. sta ke h o l d e rs in all phases of the process. Va r i o u s ap p ro a c hes to ensure effec t i v e participation can be pur- n Im plement the plan and establish a monitoring and evaluation mecha n i s m . sued. One entails holding wor k shops on the coast to
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n Wh i c h coastal problems or coastal res o u r ces are to zone is one small part of a region dependent on the Ara- be addres s e d ? bian Sea for fisheries and transportation. Markets, ser- n What management mechanisms will be used? vices and economic activity have to be viewed on this n Ho w and where will management be exerc i s e d ? scale, and on alliances with neighbouring states. The n What action is necessary to integr a t e coastal man- vision has also to take into account the pace and scale of ag ement activities into the exi s ting managem e n t development and the ability of available resources to fr a m e wor k ? accommodate it. Experience has shown that inadequa t e attention to these que s tions has res u l t ed in coastal zone manage- Bo u n d a r i e s ment plans that are the o r eti c a l l y sound, but difficult or Ma n y fac to r s come into play in attem pting to define the im possible to impl e m e n t . geo g raphical boundaries of the planning area. It is rec - ommended that the coastal wate r s of Balochi s tan and Vis i o n adjacent offsh o r e wate r s within the EEZ, the coastal belt The Steering Committee will attem pt to establish a vision and wate r sheds draining to the coast be included. This is for the coastal zone. This can be done thr ough wor k - co n s i s tent with the need to harmonize fishing activities, shops. It is gea r ed towar ds determining how the coastal on s h o r e and offsh o r e res o u r ce development, land use zone will be developed in the long term, taking into planning and wat er management activities. The selection account the Master Plan developed by the federal gov- of boundaries will be done in a fashion that fac i l i ta te s ernment. The goals, principles and objectives of the BCS other res o u r ce management mechanisms proposed in pr ovide a framework for ensuring that the vision is com- the BCS. patible with the sustainable use of res o u r ces and protec - Gi v en the differ ent cha r a c te r , socio-economic, envi - tion of the envi ro n m e n t . ron m e n t al and development needs of the Lasbela area The vision must also be based fi r m ly in the re a l i t i e s and the Mekran, the need to develop separate plans or that bind development decision-making. For exa mp l e , sub-plans for these two areas will be assessed. wa ter and energy are ex t re m e ly limited. The ava i l a b i l i t y of wa ter for domestic, agricultural and industrial use will Information for Planning c o n strain population grow th and re s o u rce deve l o p- Information for planning is available from a wide va r i et y ment. The economics of infrast r u c t u re deve l o p m e n t , of sources, including the comp re h e n s i ve ESCAP 19 9 6 s u ch as roads, airports and harbours; energy supply; and re p o rt and numerous documents, scientific papers , the cost of developing alte r n a t i ve sources of wa ter will re p o rts, surveys and ch a rts held by gove r n m e n t all te mper the vision and dicta te how much of it can be d e p a rtments, re s e a rch organizations, unive rsities, NG O s realized. While agricultural potential is significant in and oth e rs. The ch a l l e n ge is pulling this information some parts of the coast, the scarcity of fresh wate r , to gether into a useful form and managing it effe c t i ve- the cost of marketing produce and comp etition with ly. These issues are discussed in the ch a pte rs on infor- neighbouring markets may make it unre a l i stic. The coast mation management, land and wa te r. While a consider- is also subject to cata st rophic events, such as wave able amount of information will be needed, it is imp o r- a t ta cks, flash floods, droughts, rising sea level and tant that planning and decision-making proceeds, eve n e a rth qu a kes. Ambitious housing developments on though some gaps in information remain to be fi l l e d . exposed headlands and coastal development sch e m e s Planning has to proceed on the best available informa- m ay not surv i ve the elements. tion. The ite r a t i ve nature of planning allows for new The vision has of necessity, to be pragmatic. It has to information to be included over time as plans are updat- accommodate local needs, national interests and inter- ed and rev i s e d . national realities. Local needs in the Mekran are current- W h e re information is tota l ly deficient, the susta i n- ly seen in terms of a healthy and expanding fishing indus- ability of the re s o u rce is in doubt, or the pote n t i a l try, with some limited agricultural development. In the e ffects on the env i ronment are considerable, th e n Lasbela area, the hope is for a thriving industrial econo- m ajor planning decisions will be defe r red until adequ a te my in the shadow of Karachi. The national vision is one of information is available. At the ve ry least, a conserva- major offshore fisheries development, oil and minerals t i ve appro a ch to their use will be adopted. The pre p a- development, the development of major ports, the ration of initial env i ro n m e n tal examinations and env i- opening up of resources in the interior of the province ro n m e n tal impact assessments will provide guidance on and access to markets from Central Asian countries. w h i ch to make these decisions. For exa mple, the con- From a geopolitical perspective, the Balochistan coastal struction of a coastal road, major port deve l o p m e n t ,
110 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Coastal Zone 6
oil and minerals exploration and development, or trans- p o rtation corridors to the interior will all be subjecte d to the re qu i rements of the Pa k i stan Env i ro n m e n ta l P rotection Ac t .
Research and Surveys The NCS recommended filling the major gaps in infor- mation on coastal resource use and sustainability and on the environmental impacts of different forms of land use. The NCS also recommended conducting research on the traditional practices of resource use that were always sustainable. These recommendations are still valid and still await implementation. But research and survey needs have to be addressed in a systematic and timely way to ensure the most effec- tive use of limited resources. A process will be estab- lished to ensure that all projects and programmes are eva l u a ted and priorities established. Some form of coastal zone research and management committee will be established to ensure a coordination of efforts, stan- dardization of techniques and reporting, sharing of results, pooling of resources and avoidance of duplica- tion. Budgets for research and surveys are grossly inad- e qu a te. Governments must commit the necessary resources, to enable research institutions to function Pasni fish harbour. effectively. Funding must be sustained for the time frames required to achieve useful results. The Pakistan n an approp r i a t e legislative framework and insti t u t i o n a l Navy and Coast guards are active in the coastal zone. ar r a n g ements are in place to ensure that planning Navy and Coast guards personnel will be represented on and res o u r ce use tak es place in an integr a t ed manner; the Steering Committee and on other planning bodies, n a monitoring system with indicator s is developed for including research and surveys. Apart from their vested plan imp l e m e n tation and sustainability of th e interest in the coastal zone, they can support research res o u r ces; and and surveys by providing the necessary platforms and n em e r gency measures are planned and impl e m e n te d sharing facilities for this work. to deal with catast r ophic events, including eros i o n , flooding, oil spills and earthqu a ke s . Defining Issues and Trends and Establishing Priorities Management Strategies Se tting clear priorities is a key component of the planning The goal of planning for the coastal zone is to pro m ote pr ocess. Issues and trends have to be revi e wed with the the sustainable use of re s o u rces, and not simp ly to stake h o l d e r s, and priorities for action established. High zone it for various uses or to limit human use. Ad d re s s- among these priorities are ensuring tha t : ing issues and trends and developing planning mea- n the sustainable use of the fisheries res o u r ce, with s u res means examining various ways of managing access priority provided to the inhabitants of the human use of the area and evaluating alte r n a t i ve man- are a ; a gement st r a tegies. The fi rst and fore m o st concern is n the biodiver sity of the coastal zone is used in a sus- a d d ressing pove rty alleviation. Responses to the issues tainable manner and that approp r i a t e action is take n s u r rounding coastal development must give this con- to protect thre a t ened species, populations, habitat s cern top priority. and ecosystem s ; Co a s tal developments now on the drawing table will n all projects, prog rammes and activities in the zone pr ovide benefits to land speculator s, privat e compa n i e s , ar e subject to an envi ro n m e n t al assessment proc e s s ; of fsh o r e development intere s ts, entrep re n e u r s and oth- n go vernment organizations and institutions discha r ge er s. Few benefits from these schemes flo w to local peo- their mandates effec t i ve l y and effic i e n t l y; ple, who are mostl y uneducated and untrained to work in
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 111 6 Coastal Zone
at i v e process. The life of a plan is gen e r a l l y thr ee to fiv e yea r s. The monitoring system will provide fee d b a c k on the need to update or revise elements of the plan. In thi s rega r d, the input of local people is impo r tant. If the y do no t see tangible results from the planning process, or if it does not meet their priorities, then the y will not sup- po r t it. If the plan fails to influence negat i v e trends, or if res o u r ces are being used in an unsustainable manner, then it must be revi e wed and revised. Indicator s are ver y imp o r tant in this rega rd . Take Immediate Action on Key Issues Planning is no substi t u t e for taking action where the needs are known and where inter ventions are urgen t l y requ i r ed to ensure the sustainability of res o u r ces or pro- tection of the envi r onment. Some priorities wer e identi- fied earlier. In addition, the CEMP (1996) produced a long li s t of recommendations for action. Although these may be outdated, the y should be revi e wed by gover n m e n t s and all sta ke h o l d e rs to determine what immediate actions are needed by the agencies concerned to amelio- ra t e the prob l e m s . For exam ple, the NCS describes an initiative to ext end protection to sea turtles along the entire coast. Ot her initiatives concern the protection of mangrove fo re s ts. Governments can tak e immediate action to ext end interim protection to key habitats and popula- tions until approp r i a t e management action is tak en. For exam ple, early action may be requ i r ed to protect nesti n g Better handling of fish catch is needed. tu r tles, over- w i n t ering birds, mangroves, corals, fish and sh e l l f ish stoc ks; to manage wat er res o u r ces effec t i ve l y; any t hing other than the fishing industr y. There is still a and to prevent unplanned coastal development. Manage- he a vy reliance on rem i t t ances. Planning has a cold, tec h- ment plans will be developed by the responsible organ i z a - nocratic face and is usually seen as a rather sterile, impe r - tions and recommendations made to the ICZMP Stee r i n g sonal process. Planning, however , is about impr ovi n g Co m m i t t ee for revi e w. socio-economic conditions on the coast. This has to be the uppermost consideration in developing and assessing Sustainable Fisheries al te r n a t i v e management str a t egies. It will be key to gai n - Perhaps the most pressing issue requiring urgent atten- ing political and popular support for impl e m e n ta t i o n . tion and action is fisheries. Not much has changed since the NCS, which among other things pointed out that Plan Approval, Implementation shrimps are being over-harvested. The NCS recommend- and Monitoring ed that policies are required to develop fisheries on a Final plans will be approved at the highest level of the sustainable basis and to protect and restore shrimp fish- federal and provincial governments. The res p o n s i b i l i t i e s ing habitats, with harvesting restricted to the level of for impl e m e n t ation will be clearly defined, as will be the annual sustainable yields (Government of Pakistan and human and financial res o u r ces requ i r ed and the need for IUCN 1992). enabling legislation, rules or regulations, policy and insti - E ven the best - d eveloped and scientifi c a l ly manage d tutional reform. The plan will be accompanied by an fisheries in the world have had limited success in esta b- action plan with measurable res u l t s . lishing and enforcing the concept of ‘sustainable yields’. A monitoring system will be established to track the G e n e r a l ly, that point is only determined once it has been imp l e m e n t ation of the plan. Planning by nature is an iter - passed, when sto cks have crashed. The response fro m
112 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Coastal Zone 6
the fisheries sector is to adapt a ‘pulse harve st i n g ’ tions, such as the National Insti t u t e of Oceano-gra - st r a te g y. This means aggre s s i ve ly fishing ta rget species ph y and othe r s, in a coordi n a t ed manner. The cre- until it is no longer economically viable to do so, and ation of new res e a r ch institutions in the near future then moving on. Mining this re s o u rce is an inte r n a t i o n a l will be avoi d e d . p r a c t i c e . n The government of Balochi s tan will tak e immediate Pak i s tan can do something about it, but time is rapid- steps to ext end protection to marine and ter re st r i a l ly running out. The fir st step is to reassess current stoc ks ar eas of special intere s t, such as mangrove forest s , of all economic species of fish and shellfish as a basis for critical fish and wildlife habitats (including marine tur- de veloping sustainable yields. The second step is to ensure tle nesting beaches), archaeological and historic sites , that actions are tak en to impr ove the present fis h e r y in scenic landscapes and coastal res o u r ces impo r tan t terms of handling and processing the catch, to ensure for tourism, as well as resident and migra to r y fis h that full economic benefits are obtained. The steps out- and wildlife populations. lined in the gover n m e n t ’s brief to the Senate Committee n The government and the privat e sector will exp l o r e on Agri c u l t u r e, Food, Lives toc k, Fisheries and Fore s t go a and develop alter n a t i v e sources of energy at suitab l e long way towar d this. Once the fis h e r y is organized along locations on the coast and assess the economics of mo r e efficient lines, attention could be paid to its exp a n - solar energy applications. sion. Enlisting the help of Balochi s tan ’s coastal communi- n The government will prep a r e and implement plans ties is surel y an impo r tant element of any str a te g y , to for all coastal town s . en s u r e the sustainability of the fisheries res o u rc e . n A pilot project will be launched in one town to devel- The following additional measures will be tak en to op an audit or profile of resources. This would deal with the issues raised above: include water supply, demand, quality and use; ener- n Go vernments and the privat e sector will cooperate in gy supply and demand; solid waste production and se tting up a pollution-monitoring prog ramme for disposal; and sewage. It would form the basis for co a s tal areas, enforcement mechanisms and reg i o n - improving the environment and conserving scarce al and local oil spill response measures, tog ether with resources. the approp r i a t e facilities and res o u rc e s . n The government of Balochi s tan will work with the n An emergency response team will be established to go vernment of Pak i s tan towar ds having key wetl a n d s as s i s t with natural disasters . on the coast designated as Wetlands of Inter n a t i o n a l n The government of Balochi s tan, in collaboration with Imp o r tance under the Ramsar Conven t i o n . the government of Pak i s tan, will encourage the pri- n The Balochi s tan Envi ro n m e n t al Protection Agen c y vat e sector to establish a fer r y service betw een the will assess the ext ent and nature of pollution from co a s tal towns of Balochi s tan and Kar a ch i . in d u s trial activities in Hab, Windar and Gadani, and n The government of Balochi s tan will exp l o r e the fea s i - tak e action to control it in accordance with the Pak - bility of installing small to medium-sized desalination is tan Envi ro n m e n t al Protection Act and Nat i o n a l plants for major coastal towns, where wat er is scarce . Env i ro n m e n t al Quality Stan d a rd s . n The proposed construction of a coastal highway, n The government of Baloch i stan, in collaboration po r t development at Gwad a r , oil and mineral exp l o - w i th the government of Pa k i stan, will allow and ration and development, development of transporta- e n c o u r a ge the direct ex p o rt of fish from coasta l tion corridors to the inter i o r , dams, major wate r tow n s . d evelopment schemes, communications deve l o p- n A Local Agenda 21 will be developed as a pilot pro- ment and other projects will be subject to all the pro- ject for one major coastal town, such as Gwa d a r. visions of the Pak i s tan Envi ro n m e n t al Protection Act This will be developed in a part i c i p a to ry manner by and its rules and reg u l a t i o n s . all the stake h o l d e r s in the community. It will be a n At present, fisheries are part of the Agri c u l t u r a l p rocess dealing with the key economic, social and Res e a r ch Board. An independent Res e a r ch Coordi n a - e nv i ro n m e n tal issues facing the sustainability of th e tion Committee will be set up for marine fisheries to community and an action plan to be imp l e m e n te d es tablish priorities and over see all gover n m e n t - f u n d - by the sta ke h o l d e rs – ge a red towa rds future man- ed scientific and tec hnical res e a r ch and studies, and a ge m e n t . co o rd i n a t e this work with NGOs and privat e sector n A management plan for Hingol National Park will be ac t i v i t i e s . de veloped and impl e m e n t ed as soon as possible, as n Go vernment res e a r ch and survey activities will be pr oposed in the rep o r t of the Protec t ed Areas Man- carried out by using the capacities of exi s ting insti t u - ag ement Proj e c t .
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 113 Chapter 7
At m o s p a l o ch i s tan ex p e riences considerable va ri a- tions in seasonal temperature and precipita- Btion as a result of its mountainous character and the effect of its strong relief on regional air masses. Winters are dominated by an extensive anti- cyclonic system that lies over southern and central Asia. Disturbances arising in the Medite rra n e a n enter the region on an average of six to eight times a month between November and March. These dis- turbances bring widespread precipitation, with snowfall on higher grounds. There are marked areas of higher rainfall, where northeasterly facing relief predominates. The intensity of precipitation is usu- ally low. The disturbances bring cold, northwesterly airstreams in their wake. Frosts of considerable intensity are common in northern and central areas. Winter temperatures as low as –22° Celsius have been recorded as far south as Kalat. In Sibi District, summer temperatures exceed 50° Celsius, the high- est mean temperatures recorded for all of Asia. In spring, there is a reversal of the pressure gra- dient. A large anticyclonic system develops over the Indian Ocean. By June, the depth and extent of this system induces the southwest monsoon. From July to late September, in a normal year, the western flank of the monsoon ente rs Pa k i s tan. It is of immense significance to almost the entire plant and animal community of the country, as well as to the agrarian economy. Cool, moisture-laden winds from the Indian Ocean increase in regularity and intensity f rom June onwards, culminating in inte rm i t te n t heavy rainfall. The monsoon largely by-passes the Balochistan uplands and the southwestern corner of the province. By the time monsoonal depressions do reach the province, they have usually lost most of their moisture. The high mountains that form the eastern boundary, attract most of the rainfall. Most os p h e r e of the rain falls in the Loralai and Sibi Districts and the easte rn portions of Khuzdar and Lasbela Districts. There is little summer rainfall in upland At m o s p h e r e Balochistan. but in winter, it is upland Balochistan that receives the most rainfall. Areas of moderate to strong relief in the north of Pishin and Zhob Districts receive the greatest amount of precipita- tion. There is little rainfall during the transitional periods, particularly in autumn. When the distribution of summer and winter pre- ci p i t ation is compared, it is striking how little of the pr ovince receives any precipitation in both seasons (Map 6, see Maps section). The exce p tion to this is the area of strong relief betw een Quett a and Ziarat , wh i c h may be the only part of the province to receive re l a t i ve l y large amounts of rai n f all in summer and wi n te r . On the other hand, exte n s i v e areas of the 7 Atmosphere
Winter temperatures can be as low as –22° Celsius. so u t h and wes t of the province, including Chagai and periods of the year – one that has not yet been fully Kharan Districts, are hyp e r -arid. On aver a g e, the y rec e i v e investigated or tapped (see Chapters 6 and 8). less than 100 millimetr es of rain annually. The climate of the province and its variability from Winds are an important feature of the climate in year to year and from place to place is reflected in the both the desert areas of southwestern Balochistan and wide range of habitats that have developed over a very in the coastal zone. The advance of cold air associated long period of time. Partly as a consequence of geo- w i th we stern disturbances results in fre quent dust graphical and climatic factors, a high percentage of storms in the desert areas during winter. In summer, a Pakistan’s bird fauna is migratory, with large numbers of low-pressure area develops over Balochistan and strong Palaearctic winter visitors. The variations in precipitation northwestern winds blow throughout the season. Such in Balochistan do offer opportunities for migrant bird winds, in Chagai, are locally called bad-e-sad-o-bist-roz, populations. As a result, a large number of Himalayan or the 120-day wind. Sandstorms are quite frequent, with sub-tropical and African wintering Palaearctic species wind speeds exceeding 60 kilometres an hour. Large breed in Balochistan during the summer. A number of areas of migrating crescent dunes are a testament to Palaearctic species migrate south to the upland moun- the persistence and strength of these winds. Visibility is tain regions of Balochistan in winter, e.g., hawfinch and generally poor throughout the year. leaf warblers. Winds, however, are not merely the cause of prob- The ecosystems we see today are an expression of lems such as rough seas, dust, sandstorms, shifting this often harsh and demanding climate (Map 7, see Maps dunes and coastal erosion. Their role in maintaining the se c t i o n ) . They have evolved to meet these conditions productivity of key fishing grounds is also well known. and to persist during times of change. They may be vul- Winds also offer a source of energy for considerable nerable, however, to long-term changes in climate, about
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which there is little available information. They may also for agricultural purposes, but of less value to watershed be vulnerable to human activities that affect the close management. In that case, orographic effects (those interaction of climate, soils and vegetation. induced by the presence of mountains) have to be taken into account, and not simply elevations. Resource planning and development programmes GLOBAL WARMING require a continuous, detailed, high-quality record of m ete o rological data and the human and fi n a n c i a l The mean sea level is slowly but gradually rising at a rate resources to develop, maintain and use it effectively. In of about 1.1 millimetres per year due to global warming Balochistan, both data and resources are scarce. The (see Chapter 6). This small sea level rise may be compen- problem is exacerbated by the size of the area, greatly sated for, to some extent, by the tectonic uplift on the varying and difficult terrain, sparse population, poor Balochistan coastline, estimated at 1–2 millimetres a means of communications, low level of development, year at Ormara. Low-lying areas at Gwadar and Gadani discontinuous and short span records of varying quality may be affected, as well as lagoons and wetlands. Sea and great variation in parameters such as precipitation. level rise may adversely affect the deep-sea harbour The Pakistan Meteorological Department maintains being planned. People may have to migrate further the network of stations and collects temperature, rain- inland as the sea gradually advances. The other possible fall and, in some cases, wind speed data at various loca- impact of sea level rise would be on coastal industry. tions in Balochistan. The network does not meet the Even a modest rise in the sea level will threaten storm World Meteorological Organization (WMO) standards of barriers and salinate fresh water reservoirs along the network density. The data generated are scanty and coastal belt. The extent of other effects of global warm- have to be extrapolated in the design of projects and ing in Balochistan has not been assessed as yet. construction of models. This lack of information and reli- able data is one of the major constraints in the scientif- ic planning and sustainable development of the water METEOROLOGICAL resources of the province. It also constrains the analysis of trends in the periodicity and duration of droughts and DATA changes in the monsoons.
The network of functioning meteorological stations in the province is limited and some of the data are not very WEATHER reliable. The distribution of meteorological stations fol- lows the railway network, and most are located in the FORECASTING valleys of the central portion of the province. This means that conditions at higher elevations have to be Flash floods are a fact of life th roughout Baloch i sta n . extrapolated using available information and rules of During the south we st monsoons, th ey cause heav y thumb. A database of daily rainfall for the period 1891 to losses to people, live sto ck and pro p e rt y. In March 19 9 8 , 1946 is held at the U.K. Meteorological Office for 104 to r rential rain in Mekran re s u l ted in a flash flood th a t stations. The quality of the record is excellent. An analy- s we pt away at least 250 people and re n d e red 25,000 sis of records from recent years found them to be of homeless. The floods washed away topsoil and poor quality. d e st royed irrigation systems. Systems are not in place The records do show considerable variation in rain- fall from year to year in Balochistan, as mentioned. This Table 16 Variations in Rainfall can result in declining reservoir levels in some water- in the Quetta Area sheds, such as Hab, and pose a threat to the security of Meteorological Annual Average Rainfall water supply to cities like Karachi. There are also consid- Station (millimetres) erable variations in rainfall at the local level as evinced by Baleli 180 data from five stations in and around Quetta valley (Table 16). These records are considered to be reliable Urak 319 and consistent. The variability can be explained in terms Quetta (Brewery Road) 222 of the physical geography of the area. This means that Sariab 172 site-specific data are required for planning purposes. Spezand 135 Furthermore, data collected in the valleys may be useful
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 117 7 Atmosphere
Loralai and parts of Zhob, Sibi, Khuzdar and Bela districts, particularly where sailaba or water harvesting practices are used. On the other hand, in upland Balochistan, par- ticularly in Quetta and Pishin districts, it is more sensible to concentrate on crops that mature quickly. Planting should be planned on the basis of winter rains, rather than relying on residual soil moisture from infrequent summer rains. Local knowledge of climate, combined with predic- tive models based on good data, can go a long way toward the development of a productive agricultural sector and greater food security.
AIR QUALITY
Studies on air quality in Balochistan appear to have been concentrated in urban areas, particularly Quetta (see Chapter 10). A recent study (Solway and Malik 1998) on sources of air pollution has outlined the issues and responsibilities for dealing with them (Table 17 ) . According to the study, air pollution causes respiratory diseases; increasing morbidity and mortality; impaired lung, kidney and liver functions; cardiovascular and neu- rological damage; skin infections; and adverse effects on buildings and plants. Noise pollution causes annoyance, stress and loss of sleep – behavioural and physiological changes. The study suggests that the environmental problems of Balochistan, particularly in Quetta, are well Vehicles cause both traffic problems and air pollution. documented in a number of reports. The authors con- clude that what is needed now are single-issue feasibility to fore c a st such storms and provide early warning to studies leading to the implementation of projects. In local people. both urban and rural areas, people rely heavily on bio- Farmers are faced with a significant risk of receiving mass for cooking and heating (see Chapter 8). Both fire- inadequate crop moisture when rainfall is the only wood and dung cakes are used extensively, together source of water. They need technical support and advice with kerosene. The resultant smoke is a cause of health in making decisions about when and where to plant, and problems. the appropriate crop to grow. Trying to understand the Quetta has all of the classic geographical character- behaviour of variables, such as rainfall and temperature, istics that favour the formation of photochemical smog. is therefore very important. This is where good databas- It is located in a bowl-shaped valley, surrounded by high es provide valuable tools for planning purposes. mountains, with an abundance of sunshine. Synoptic For example, the rainfall data described earlier were conditions favour the formation of atmospheric inver- used to analyze agroclimatological variables. Using nor- sions, trapping cold air over the city for prolonged peri- malized data for the period 19 01–40, the pro j e c t ods. Heavy traffic in Quetta emits dense clouds of demonstrated that predictive models could be success- exhaust. Among the worse culprits are the two-stroke fully developed for growing the right crops in the right rickshaws, poorly tuned diesel engines and automobiles area. Maps were produced showing the probability of a burning sub-standard leaded petrol. The result is fre- specified amount of rainfall being exceeded. Summer quent, thick smog. There is no doubt that this is the sin- rainfall is necessary for planting certain wheat strains gle most pressing issue for many city residents. and other grains, for instance. The amount of rainfall Co mp re h e n s i v e data on pollution levels have not required for summer planting is in the range of 20-40 been compiled. The Envi ro n m e n t al Prof ile Balochi s tan millimetres. The maps suggest that the best areas are in dr ew attention to this defic i e n c y , but little new work has
118 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Atmosphere 7
been done since 1992. Various studies have pointed to as members from Baloch i stan, approves the NEQS and un a c c e p tab l y high levels of ozone, carbon monoxi d e , m ay direct any government agency to pro m ote or hyd r ocarbons, oxides of sulphur and nitrog en. Part i c u l a t e i mplement projects for the prevention and control of le vels, especially dust, are also high. One stu d y , compl e t- pollution. The agency mandated to administer the act is ed in 1996, summarizes the situation and provides some the Pa k i stan Env i ro n m e n tal Protection Age n c y, esta b- additional insights into the problem (Smith 1996). It con- lished at the federal level. It is this agency that pre p a re s , firmed that the major air pollution sources affec t i n g revises and enforces the NEQS and establishes ambient Qu et t a are poorly maintained diesel engine buses and air quality sta n d a rds in consultation with the prov i n c i a l tr u c ks, along with ricksh a ws. Oily exh a u s t smoke and ben- a gency concerned. zene, a carci n o g en, wer e found to be the main hazards . E nv i ro n m e n tal Protection Agencies are esta b l i s h e d The Pa k i stan Env i ro n m e n tal Protection Act prov i d e s at the provincial level and are delega ted certain powe rs for the prevention and control of pollution. That and functions under the act. These include the moni- includes air pollution by substances such as soot, smoke , toring of air pollution to ensure that it does not exc e e d d u st, fumes, noxious gases and hazardous substa n c e s . the levels set out in the NEQS. The provincial age n c y The act provides for qu a l i ta t i ve and qu a n t i ta t i ve sta n- can also enforce the law to monitor and control moto r d a rds for the emission of air pollutants and noise vehicle emissions, smoke and noise. PEPA provides for th rough the National Env i ro n m e n tal Quality Sta n d a rd s , e nv i ro n m e n tal screening and env i ro n m e n tal imp a c t emission sta n d a rds, or other sta n d a rds esta b l i s h e d assessment processes. Under PEPA, the federal and under the act. Howeve r, the rules and regulations are p rovincial governments have all the powe rs needed to yet to be not i fied under the act and th e re are manage- m o n i tor and control air pollution and to ensure th a t ment gaps. The Pa k i stan Env i ro n m e n tal Prote c t i o n p rojects and pro grammes are th o ro u g h ly assessed to Council, which includes the chief exe c u t i ve of th e e n s u re conformance with the NEQS and other env i ro n- p rovince and the minister responsible for env i ro n m e n t m e n tal performances. The issue is th e re f o re, one of
Table 17 Summary of Air Pollution Sources, Issues and Responsibilities
Pollution Source Issue Responsibility Stone crushers Eight plants around Quetta create dust through crushing, Association of stone crushers conveying, screening and truck loading processes and and EPA* are a major source of dust within the city. Presently, none of the plants carry out any form of dust reduction. Noise at the local level. Surface dust Traffic raising dust, unvegetated land. QMC Vehicle exhaust Poor quality imported fuel, adulterated fuel, oil/petrol mixture EPA, private sector, rickshaw for two-stroke rickshaws, traffic congestion, inefficient or badly owners and operators tuned engines, lack of awareness, poor enforcement, absence association, traffic police, of relevant regulations and lack of monitoring capacity. SSGC, HDIP, QMC, QDA Brick kilns Four brickfields within 10-12 kilometres of Quetta with 100 kilns Brick kiln owner association, discharging dust, ash and sulphur dioxide. Season starts from SSGC and EPA April and ends in October. Energy sector Six major power stations: HUBCO, FEBCO, WAPDA, EPA, WAPDA, operators and - power stations Lasbela, Uch Thermal Power Station and Coastal Power top management of power - industrial boilers pollute when burning oil and/or coal. stations - home heating Leakage of natural gas during transmission, including methane, EPA and gas - supply of gas carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. producers/suppliers Air pollution from coal or oil burning boilers. EPA and operators Pollution from home heating with coal, wood, or dung cakes. ENERCON Waste disposal Pollution from burning rubbish, including plastic bags. EPA and QMC Traffic Noise. EPA and traffic police
Source: Solway and Malik 1998. * EPA: Environmental Protection Agency QDA: Quetta Development Authority QMC: Quetta Municipal Corporation WAPDA: Water and Power Development Authority SSGC: Sui Southern Gas Company ENERCON: HDIP: Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 119 7 Atmosphere
i mp l e m e n tation. Sta n d a rds must be established and ar eas by using fully autom a t ed stations that transmit e n f o rced by the provincial age n c y. Ambient air qu a l i t y their data on a regular basis via satel l i te . sta n d a rds have not yet been formally established and The key is the development of a wel l - th o u g h t - o u t th e re is a limited capability to monitor or enforce any net w ork of stations, qua l i f ied staf f to maintain them and s u ch sta n d a rd s . ob s e r ver s trained to collect data according to inter n a - Br i c k kilns, while contributing smoke and some nox- ti o n a l l y accepted stan d a r ds. Bett er use can also be made ious fumes from the use of poor quality coal, wer e not of rem o tel y sensed information, for exam ple from satel - seen as hazardous parti c u l a r l y in comparison with veh i - li t e imager y. Data will be rea d i l y available to users in a cles, although their location around the airport can cre- ti m e l y fashion and in an approp r i a t e form. at e visibility problems for pilots and may res trict operat- ing hours. However , these wer e orde r ed to close down by the district administration, Quett a on the requ e s t of the Establish an Atmospheric Pak i s tan Air For ce, EPA, and a citizens’ group. The caseis Environment Service sub-judice in the Balochi s tan High Court. While data are not available, and systematic monitor - Th e r e is a pressing need for an efficient and effec t i v e ing of air pollution is not being done, the r e is ample evi - Atmospheric Envi r onment Service in Balochi s tan. This dence for the need for immediate action. This is one issue se r vice could be entirel y within the privat e sector , entire- on which the r e is unanimity. ly in the public sector , or a combination of both. It might be insti t u t ed thr ough reforms to exi s ting organ i z a t i o n s , su c h as the Meteo r ological Department, or devel o p e d THE WAY AHEAD sp e c i fi c a l l y to serve provincial needs. The fir st step is to un d e r tak e a needs assessment, and then to design sys- tems to meet those needs effec t i ve l y. Network of Meteorological The needs clearly go beyond supplying users with St a t i o n s da t a sets on variables such as prec i p i t ation and temp e r a - tu r e. The agricultural community needs detailed fore- Reliable meteorological data form the basis for weather ca s ts for the short (daily/ we e k l y), medium (monthl y) and f o re c a sting, for the analysis of we a ther patte r n s , long (seasonally) term. The monsoon affects both the assessment of trends, the nature of climate change and agr i c u l t u r e and the fisheries sector . Wat er managem e n t as a basis for modelling climate variables. Balochistan au t horities need forec a s ts to allow them to plan appro- urgently needs a comprehensive network of stations pr i a t e str a t egies to meet the demands for drinking that meet sta n d a rds of the World Mete o ro l o g i c a l wate r , irrigation and industrial and public use. A bette r O rganization and are ge a red to the needs of th e fo re c a s ting system is requ i r ed to support disaster and province. The most pressing needs are in the agriculture em e r gency measure organizations, and to give input into sector and for water basin management. The present wat er management and land use planning progr a m m e s . system and the data produced since the mid-1950s are Fore c a s ting is a tech n i c a l l y demanding occupation requ i r - of poor quality. The network will be designed by the ing a great deal of experience and good judgement. But agency responsible for the collection of meteorological in a province where wea t her dictat es the livelihoods of so d a ta, in collaboration with the user community. ma n y people, the need for qua l i f ied personnel and mod- Consideration, for example, will be given to extending ern equipment will be met as soon as possible. the network beyond the valleys and into areas where A p a rt from fore c a sting, the role of a modern precipitation needs to be accurately monitored in sup- Atmospheric Envi r onment Service will include assessing port of water balance measurements. the nature and trends of global warming and the analysi s Wea t her stations can be operated by many othe r and modelling of events such as drought and monsoons. o rganizations, in addition to the Mete o ro l o g i c a l The Atmospheric Envi r onment Service will give priority to De p a r tment. The process of collecting data and main- res e a r ch in this area . taining the equipment is str a i g h t f o r war d. There is an op p o r tunity for line departments, district administr a - tions, educational institutions, the militar y, the privat e Local Knowledge se c t or and non-gover n m e n t al organizations to be trained to collect basic data and rep o r t them in a system a t i c The data collected and analyzed by science-based orga- fashion. The system can be enhanced in diffic u l t - to - re a c h nizations will be a valuable source of information for
120 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Atmosphere 7
d e c i s i o n - m a ke rs. Recognition also has to be given to th e k n owl e d ge of local people about microclimatic va r i a- tions and we a ther patterns that influence the agr i c u l- tural practices and seasonal rhy thms in their areas. Local people may have a detailed knowl e d ge of the ch a n ges in their env i ronment attributable to climate ch a n ge. They h ave a knowl e d ge of the periods of warming and of d rought conditions. They can re l a te these ch a n ges to e nv i ro n m e n tal conditions, such as ch a n ges in plants and ve getation patterns, abundance and distribution of fi s h and wildlife species and agricultural pro d u c t i o n . Local people can also provide valuable insights into the freq uency and duration of dust and sandstorms and sh i f ting sands, and how these may have cha n g ed over long periods of time. These are natural phenomena ,but ch a n ges may re flect desert i fication processes. An Atmospheric Envi r onment Service will work hand-in-hand wi t h local people and specialists to develop indicators , and monitor the process of deserti f ication as part of an in te gr a t ed prog ramme of activities to halt and reve rs e these tren d s .
Effective Monitoring and Control of Air Pollution
Top priority must be given to getting the provincial EPA Vehicular pollution is one of the reasons behind respiratory up and running, and establishing, monitoring and enforc- illnesses in Quetta. ing air quality stan d a rd s . At the rural level, the use of wood and dung cakes for the use of sub-standard grades of petrol and diesel cur- fuel results in eye, ear, nasal and res p i r a to r y prob l e m s . rently imported from other regions. Awar eness prog rammes will focus on these prob l e m s , In addition to enforcement, th e re are a number of wi t h alter n a t i v e types of stoves demonstr a t ed and alter - other measures that will be ta ken. These include traffi c na t i v e sources of fuel found (see Chapter 8). planning and public awa reness. Tr a ffic planning invo lve s At the urban level, the need for concerted action by re d i recting heavy vehicles away from the inner city and all stakeholders is identified in Chapter 10. Air pollution is residential areas, imp roving the fl ow of vehicles on city undoubtedly the primary concern of most urban resi- st re ets, enforcing access and parking measures and dents. Specific actions to be taken include the conver- o ffering incentives to vehicles fi t ted with emission con- sion of rickshaws to the use of alternative fuels, such as t rol measures. These incentives might include privilege d compressed natural gas (CNG). The establishment of CNG access to certain parts of the urban area and re d u c e d stations in urban areas has a high priority for the feder- license fees. Awa reness pro grammes offer one of th e al and provincial governments. Once established, the b e st appro a ches to informing the public about ve h i c l e government fleet, as well as private and commercial emissions and the steps that th ey can ta ke to re d u c e vehicles will be converted to CNG. The technology is th e m . available in Pakistan and cost-effective. The government B a l o ch i stan is not a heav i ly industrialized prov i n c e . will consider incentive measures to promote the conver- The indust ry here is concentrated in industrial estate s sion of vehicles to CNG. close to Ka r a chi. There is no room for comp l a c e n c y, As an alternative to CNG conversion, vehicles will be h oweve r, and the EPA must be vigilant in monito r i n g properly tuned to burn fuels efficiently. Once the provi- emissions and enforcing sta n d a rds. The development of sion is made, there must be a system for vehicle testing the mineral sector needs particular attention, and th e and enforcement to ensure compliance with standards. e nv i ro n m e n tal assessment process will be st r i c t ly Standards for fuels will be strictly observed, to eliminate a d h e red to .
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 121 Chapter 8
Minerals, m and e ne of the main attractions of Balochi s t an is its un e xplored geological potential. It occupies a Ost ra t egic location in relation to Central Asia, and sits on a geological belt with known worl d - c l a s s mi n e r al deposits (Map 8, see Maps section). For exam - ple, Sarchashmah in neighbouring Iran has reserves of 1.2 billion tons of copper and other mineral ores. The Chagai metal l o g enic belt, 480 kilometres long and 50 kilometres wide, offer s the prospect of a sim- ilar potential in Balochi s ta n . Mi n e r al deposits usually occur within mineroge n i c zones (of non-metallic minerals) and metal l o ge n i c zones (of metallic minerals). Of nine such zones in Pak i s t an, fiv e are found in Balochi s t an. Base metal deposits, such as copper, lead and zinc, have been kn o wn in Chagai, Khuzdar and Lasbela Districts for qui t e some time. Silver and gold mineralization in association with Saindak copper ore has recently been confir med. The province hosts the larges t ba ri t e deposits in the country, in Khuzdar and Lasbela Di s t r icts. The plains of easter n Balochi s t an poten t i a l - ly have sizeable hyd r ocarbon reserves – mainly nat- ur al gas. The largest natural gas field in Pak i s t an (Sui) is located in the Marri-Bugti area. Recent gas discov- er ies in the Zarghoon Val l e y near Quett a may lead to the discover y of new fields in the central areas of the pr ovince. Oil has not been found in any appreciable qua n t i t y , but there are good prospects for large mining hyd r ocarbon reservoi r s in the offshore zone. Ba l o ch i s t an also hosts sever al sizeable sub-bitumi- nous coalfields in the Quet ta - H a rnai-Duki region. There are numerous occurrences of industrial miner- als, such as sulphur, silica sand and magnesite. Large quantities of construction mater ials, such as lime- st one, dolomite, sand and gravel exist in the provi n c e . Gra n i t e and other metam o r phic roc ks are abundant in Chagai District, for exam ple at Dasht-e-Kain. Lead- energy zinc veins have been reported at sever al localities, including Ziarat Balanosh. Verm i c u l i t e exists in signifi- cant quantities about 15 kilometres south of Mi n e r a l s , Dalbandin in the Ras Koh Hills. Detailed treatments of the geology and minerals of Balochi s t an have been made by Raza et al (1995) and Kazmi and Jan (1997 ) . A number of metallic and non-metallic minerals Mi n i n g are being mined on a small scale (Table 18). The only major mine is at Saindak, Chagai District. It is cur- rently closed for lack of financing. and Energy The mining sector has not grown in recent years for a variety of technical, administrative and finan- cial reasons. The Nok Kundi Iron Ore Project has two prospects, at Pachin Koh and Chigendik. Pachin Koh might have been viable had there been a nearby source of energy for use in the direct reduction p rocess. An inte rnational mining comp a ny has 8 Minerals, Mining, and Energy
Table 18 Mineral Production and Royalty, 1997
Mineral/Rocks Production Total Royalties Percentage Share (thousand tonnes) (thousand rupees) (%) Coal 1,670 33,350 64.1 Shale 920 9,200 17.7 Travertine 25 3,000 5.7 Marble 142 2,855 3 Limestone 150 1,500 2.9 Chromite 38 1,325 2.5 Barite 29 581 1.1 Building stone 15 221 0.4 Pumice 2 22 0.1 Serpentine 2 21 0.1 Fluorite 0.5 12 0.1 Magnesite 0.5 8 0.1 Sulphur 0.5 10 0.1 Ordinary stone 0.3 3 0.1 Total 2,994.8 52,108 100
Source: Siddiqui et al 2000.
ceased activities in Chagai pending a more favourable n ou t - o f - d a t e mining methods, practices and tec h- investment climate. There are several mineral deposits ni q ues and low rec o ver y and effic i e n c y ; that have potential for early development (Table 19). n a high country-risk assessment, which discourages Existing mines are generally not mechanized, and fo r eign compa n i e s ; manual labour is used for trenching, open-pit mining and n a focus on low-v alue commodities; quarrying until these operations become too dangerous n the high cost of operation, material handling, packi n g for further exc avation. Coal and ch ro m i te mining and transportation to the market; requires digging inclines and adits. This method of min- n in c o m patibility with modern tec hnology and tec h- ing is labour-intensive and comparatively inexpensive for ni q ues, and lack of integ ration with down st re a m small mines, allowing them to stay in production. It is demand and international market tren d s ; estimated that the mining industry currently employs n small, uneconomical mines that do not meet 40,000 people and could generate an additional 30,000 economies of scale or market or financial criteria; jobs. Majority of labour force engaged in coal mining n poor general management and lack of moti va t ed per- comprises of people from outside the province. so n n e l ; n poor coordination betw een reg u l a to r y and gover n - ment departm e n t s ; ISSUES IN MINING n la c k of access to published tec hnical data; n la c k of physical infrastr u c t u re ; The present trend in the international mining sector is to n in a d e qu a t e security arrangements for field perso n n e l tak e advan ta g e of exploration and mining opportu n i t i e s , and equi p m e n t ; pa rt i c u l a r l y in developing countries. Exploration and min- n pre s s u r e and demands for benefits from local tribes; ing costs in developing countries may be compa r a t i ve l y n refusal of banks and development financial insti t u - lo wer , more profi t able and more conducive to prom ot i n g tions to provide risk capital for exp l o r a t i o n ; global marketing and pricing of mineral commodities. n la c k of conformity betw een Balochi s tan Concession Acc o r ding to Siddiqui et al (2000), the main fac to r s Rules (1970, revised) and the National Mineral Pol i c y ad ve rs e l y affecting mineral exploration and mining activi- (1 995); and ties in Balochi s tan are: n poor safety stan d a r ds, especially in coal mines.
124 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Minerals, Mining, and Energy 8
Ot her fac to r s that may also affect the growt h of the pr oposed, including the treatment and management of mining sector include the subletting of leases, informal coal was tes and sulphur dioxide emissions, as well as the mining, exp o r t of mining products thr ough middlemen, pr eparation of an envi ro n m e n t al impact assessment of hiring of unskilled wor ke r s in the mines and envi ro n m e n ta l the Saindak mine and other potential mining devel o p - de g radation due to unreg u l a t ed mining operations. On the ments. The Envi ro n m e n t al Prof ile autho r s esti m a t ed tha t planning side, a compre h e n s i v e survey and analysis of 20,000 tons of sulphur would be emitted annually from po tential mineral deposits is lacking, as is a str a t egic plan Saindak unless remedial action is tak en. The effects of for their devel o p m e n t . these on the envi r onment have not been assessed. It is Mineral deposits in Balochi s tan are located mostl y in no t known if any of the rep o r t’s recommendations wer e the rem o te and climatically ext r eme parts of the provi n c e . ac t ed upon, or if any envi ro n m e n t al overv i e w of mining in These areas are sparse l y populated, have minimal infra- Ba l o ch i s tan has been undertak en since 199 2 . str u c t u r e and civic facilities, have not seen much devel o p - The need for a reliable supply of wat er is a major issue ment, and still follow centuries-old tribal traditions. for the Saindak mine, and for all pros p e c t i v e mining ven - Conducting mining exploration and development, while at tu r es in Balochi s tan. Mines in Chagai, for exam ple, will have the same time building trust and mutually beneficial rel a - to depend on a limited, fin i t e supply of grou n d wa te r . The tions with local tribes, communities and other stake h o l d - Saindak mine will draw on wat er res o u r ces from the er s is a tremendous cha l l e n ge . Taf tan - Tahlab basin. These res o u r ces have not been eval - ua t ed and are shared with Iran. The production of copper bl i s ter requ i r es twice the volume of wat er for each ton of Environmental Effects or e processed. A sustainable supply of wat er is not as s u r ed, and the effects on other users (communities, Little has cha n g ed in the mining sector since the prep a r a - agr i c u l t u r e and wildlife) are not clear. The development of tion of the Envi ro n m e n t al Prof ile in 1992. At that time, a major mine and the lack of attention to wat er manage- concern was exp r essed about wat er and air pollution from ment may preclude other mining operations in the basin, coal mining and from the Saindak mine. Remedies wer e bo th in terms of wat er availability and economics.
Table 19 Mineral Deposits with Potential for Early Development
Mineral Deposits Reserves Current Status METALLIC MINERALS Copper-gold at Saindak, Chagai 412 MT Saindak Metals Ltd is developing the deposit in collaboration with MCC of China. Work held up due to financial constraints. A major investment (Rs. 14 billion) has been made but economic viability has been questioned. Lead-zinc at Gunga, Khuzdar 10 MT Mining lease with BME, a subsidiary of PPL. Lead-zinc at Duddar, Lasbela 13.3 MT Exploration and prospecting of small area by PASMINCO of Australia. Iron ore at Dilband, Kalat 200 MT Prospecting license issued to BESROCK. Detailed evaluation of deposits required. Iron ore at Chigendik and 29 MT Pakistan Steel is planning to develop the deposit. Pachin Koh, Chagai Progress has been very slow. Copper-gold at Koh-e-Dalil, Chagai 400 MT BHP of Australia has conducted exploration of deposit. Lake Resources of Australia is also prospecting in the area. NON-METALLIC MINERALS Travertine, Chagai District 12 MT Small quantities being exploited and marketed by small private companies. Production is below efficiency level. Granite, Chagai Hills Medium-size Being exploited and marketed by private parties. deposit Production much below efficiency level. Vermiculite, Chagai District 11 MT Lease to a private company. No production.
MT: metric tonne
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 125 8 Minerals, Mining, and Energy
Drilling for gas in Dureji game reserve.
Mining Outside of Mining in Protected Areas Protected Areas Th e r e is a possibility that mineral exploration and devel o p - In many cases, the physical impact of a mine may be con- ment will be proposed within a protec t ed area. Any activ- fined to its immediate vicinity and may be qui t e limited . ity within a protec t ed area has to be compatible with the One exam ple is the qua r r ying of marble. Mitigating mea- overall objectives of the area. These are focused on the su r es to control various sources of pollution from mining pr otection and maintenance of biodiver sity and associat- operations are available. The long-term consequences of ed natural and cultural values. IUCN’s World Commission on mining may come from opening up an area for devel o p - Pr otec t ed Areas (WCP A) has developed a position stat e- ment. Unless closely reg u l a t ed, wildlife in these areas will ment on mining and associated activities in protec te d su f fer from heavy , rec r eational hunting pres s u r e as new ar eas, endorsed by the IUCN Council in April 1999. The roads and trails are constr u c t ed, and as wor ke r s, local WCP A rec o m m e n d s : people and hunter s gain access to the area. Ecosystem s n A compre h e n s i v e approa c h to planning a protec te d thr oughout Balochi s tan are already under great stre s s . ar ea system that tak es into account natural and min- M a ny env i ro n m e n tal problems with mines manife st eral val u e s . the m s e l ves following abandonment. It is often unclear n Pr ohibiting exploration and extraction of mineral who has the responsibility of controlling pollution from res o u r ces in IUCN Protec t ed Areas Managem e n t mine tailings, carrying out clean up operations, or under- Ca t egories I-IV (Box 19) . taking remedial action. The safe disposal of abandoned n Al l o wing mining activities in Categories V and VI only in d u s trial chemicals and was tes can be an exp e n s i v e and wh e r e these are compatible with the objectives of di f ficult proposition if not planned in advance. Mining can the area and where an EIA has been compl e ted . also affect the social and economic fabric of an area. The Activities will follow ‘best practices’ and be subject to li f e of a mine can be measured in decades, but it affec t s strict operating, monitoring and res toration condi- a reas where cultural traditions and life - st yles have tions. An approval for exploration will not autom a t i - evol ved over many hundreds of yea rs . ca l l y mean approval for ext r a c t i o n .
126 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Minerals, Mining, and Energy 8
n An y proposed cha n g es to the boundaries of protec t - ed areas, or to their categorization, to permit the exploration or extraction of mineral res o u r ces, will be subject to proc e d u r es at least as rigorous as tho s e in vol ved in establishment of the protec t ed area in the fir st place. There will also be an assessment of the im pact of the proposed cha n g es on the ability to me e t the objectives of the proposed area . n Exploration and extraction of mineral res o u r ces and as s o c i a t ed infrastr u c t u r e, that are outside of but ne ga t i ve l y affect the values for which protec te d ar eas wer e established will be subject to EIA proc e - du r es. These will consider the immediate and cumula- ti v e effects of the activity on the protec t ed area , recommend operating and after -use conditions and en s u r e that the values of the protec t ed areas are sa fe g u a rd e d . n O p p o rtunities for cooperation and part n e rs h i p bet w een the mining industr y and protec t ed area ag encies will be stro n g ly encouraged. Collaboration wi t h the mining industr y will focus on securing respect and support for the WCP A position stat e- ment, broadening the application of best envi ro n - me n t al practice for mining activity and exp l o r i n g ar eas of mutual benefit .
THE STAK E H O L D E R S A coal miner at work. IN MINING The stake h o l d e r s who have the most to gain or lose a re the mining companies and the government of The stake h o l d e r s in the mining sector can be classifie d Ba l o ch i s tan, followed by the federal government, mine in t o six broad categ o r i e s : own e r s’ associations, tribes and envi r onment grou p s . n go vernment of Balochi s tan and its departm e n t s ; n federal government and its departm e n t s ; n mining companies and mine own e r s associations; ENERGY RESOURCES n tribes and communities; n env i ro n m e n t al groups; and Ba l o ch i s tan produces 40.2% of the primary energy of n me d i a . Pak i s tan (Fig u r e 9) in the form of natural gas, coal and
Box 19 Protected Areas Management Categories
Ca te g o r y Nam e Pu rp o s e I Strict nature res e r ve or wilderness area Ma n a g ed mainly for science or wilderness protec t i o n II National park Ma n a g ed mainly for ecosystem protection and rec re a t i o n II I National monument Ma n a g ed mainly for conservation of specific natural fea t u re s IV Ha b i t at or species management area Ma n a g ed mainly for conservation thr ough management inter ven t i o n V Pr otec t ed landscape or seascape Ma n a g ed mainly for landscape and seascape conservation and rec re a t i o n VI Ma n a g ed res o u r ce protec t ed area Pr otec t ed mainly for the sustainable use of natural ecosystem s
Source: IUCN 1994.
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In Balochistan, coalfields cover about 12,500 sq km. el e c t r i c i t y . Of the total mineral fuel res e r ves of the coun- the natural gas, 3.9% of the electricity and 1% of the coal tr y, Balochi s tan contains more than 33% of the natural consumed in Pak i s tan . gas, about 9% of the coal and about 2% of the prob a b l e The Household Energy Supply Survey 19 91 – 9 3 oil res e r ves . revealed that the urban population used 29.2% of th e De s p i t e a large share in fuel production, Balochi s tan ’s total energy consumed in Baloch i stan – urban re s i d e n t s en e r gy consumption is rel a t i ve l y low (Fig u r e 10). Most made up 23.3% of the entire population according to en e r gy requ i r ements are met thr ough biomass energy , the 1998 census. Fi rewood const i t u tes a significant pro- pr i n c i p a l l y fir ewood. Acc o r ding to the Pak i s tan Energy p o rtion (80.9%) of the total consumed energy (Ta b l e Yearbook 199 7, in 199 6 – 9 7 Balochi s tan accounted for 20). But the survey does not provide an accurate pic- about 12. 1% of the petr oleum products, about 2.5% of t u re of the energy situation in Baloch i stan, as con-
Figure 9 Fossil Fuel Production Figure 10 Energy Consumption by Province, 1996–97 by Province, 1991–93
n Sindh 46.1% n Sindh 23.1% n NWFP 0.1% n NWFP 12..1% n Balochistan 40.2% n Balochistan 5.1% n Punjab 13.5% n Punjab 59.7%
Source: Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan 1998. Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics 1997.
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s u mption of pet roleum products and coal has not been m e n t i o n e d . Figure 11 Commercial Energy Consumption in Electricity consti t u t ed the major prop o r tion of the Balochistan, 1996–97 co m m e r cial energy sources consumed in Balochi s tan dur- ing 199 6 – 9 7 (Fig u r e 11). Gas consumption was lowes t, due to a limited supply of piped natural gas and liquid petro l e - um gas (LPG).
n Gas 5.6% Co a l n Electricity 60.9% n Petroleum Products 33.5% In Baloch i stan, coal is found in fi ve coalfields cove r i n g an area of about 12,500 squ a re kilomet res. The cumu- l a t i ve coal re s e rves of Baloch i stan in 19 97 totaled 19 5 million tonnes – 53 million tonnes proven re s e rves, 13 million tonnes probable and the balance infe r red. The Source: Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan 1998. heating value of the coal ranges bet ween 7,950 and 12,590 BTU/pound and is high in sulphur and ash. At workers. An overwhelming majority of these workers, p resent, most of the coal produced in Baloch i stan is however, come from NWFP or Azad Jammu and Kashmir. used in brick kilns in the Punjab. The decision to use th i s Workers from Balochistan do not work underground. coal ve rsus coal from the Lakhra coalfield in Sindh or The provincial government receives substantial revenue f rom the Punjab is based on economics and ava i l a b i l i t y in the form of royalty and taxes from this industry. of credit. The coal can also be processed for use in p ower generation units (5–10 megawatts). The prov i n- cial government is considering the possibility of esta b- Oil and Gas lishing four 50 megawatt thermal power plants adja- cent to the coalfields, in part n e rship with the priva te The fir st exp l o r a to r y well in Balochi s tan was drilled in s e c to r. Each would consume 170,000 tonnes of coal 188 4, at Khattan (Kohlu District) and produced about per annum (IUCN 19 9 8 c ) . 20,000 barrels of oil. Since then, 43 exp l o r a to r y wells have In 1996–97, more than 1.8 million tonnes of coal was been drilled in Balochi s tan, of which 35 have been aban- produced from these coalfields. This represents about doned. The remaining eight are gas prod u c e r s (Map 9, see 51.4% of national coal production, while provincial con- Maps section). The Sui gas field had the larges t original sumption is currently less than 1% of the national total. rec o verable gas res e r ves in the country, but its impr u d e n t The coal mining industry employs 26,000 workers and use has res u l t ed in a rapid depletion of the res e r voi r . The has the capacity to absorb an additional 15,000–20,000 original rec o verable res e r ves wer e esti m a t ed to be 8.6 tril-
Table 20 Energy Consumption in Balochistan, 1991–93
Fuel Types Urban Rural Total (TOE/year)
Electricity 14,089 8,551 22,640 2.2%
Natural gas 43,532 0 43,532 4.3%
Liquid petroleum gas — — 8,901 0.9%
Kerosene 11,118 20,839 31,957 3.1%
Firewood 230,011 598,477 828,488 80.9%
Dung cake 13,669 74,514 88,183 8.6%
Total 1,023,701 100.0%
Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics 1997. TOE: Tonnes of Oil Equivalent
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lion cubic fee t, of which 75% had been depleted by June 199 7 (Table 21). Additional development drilling should Figure 12 Electricity Connections in c r ease res e r ves by 600 million cubic feet . in Balochistan, May 1996 Recently, two gas discoveries have been made at Zarghoon South, 40 kilometres east of Quetta and Zarghoon North, about 60 kilometres north of the city and 200 kilometres northwest of the Pirkoh and Sui gas n Domestic 75.23% fields. n Bulk 0.06% De s p i t e the fact that Balochi s tan owns the Sui gas n Commercial 19.09% field, it was not until 1983 that Quett a was supplied with n Street Light 0.04% natural gas thr ough a 370 - k i l o m et r e transmission line. n Agriculture 4.75% Ni n e teen towns now have a piped gas supply. By April n Industrial 0.83% 1996, the r e wer e 91,220 gas connections, of which 98% we re for domestic use. About 2,677 kilomet res of pipeline have now been laid. Balochistan consumed about 2 million tonnes of oil Source: Sarfraz and Mirza 2000. equivalent in petroleum energy products in 1996–97, which was 35.5% more than in 1995–96. This rapid co n s u m ption. Fig u r e 12 provides a brea k d o wn of the increase in oil consumption was due to high consumption us a g e by sector , as of May 199 6 . by the HUBCO power generation plant. The consumption De tails of electricity generation, grid stations and of petroleum energy products by Balochistan consti- transmission lines are given in Map 10, in Maps section. t u tes about 12 .1% of the national consumpt i o n . The location of grid stations and electricity gen e r a t i o n However, these figures do not include large quantities of units indicates an electricity supply netw ork in their vicin- petroleum products smuggled in from Iran, and used it y , within a radius of about 10 kilometr es. The northe r n mostly in the western parts of the province. and eastern parts of the province seem to have more access to electricity. In the public sector , 14 thermal power generation sta- El e c t r i c i t y tions are in operation in Balochi s tan, with the ones at Qu et t a and Pasni being larger . Their total installed capaci- By November 1996, a total of 2,692 villages (44.1% of the ty is 116 megawatts. In the privat e sector , the r e are thre e vi l l a g es in Balochi s tan) had been electrified. In 199 6 – 9 7, stations with a total installed capacity of 2,018 the total electricity consumption in Balochi s tan was about me g awatts. These stations provide electricity to the 1,700 giga- wa t t - h o u r s, which was 3.9% of the national national gri d .
Table 21 Natural Gas Reserves and Production, June 1997
Gas Field Original Recoverable Cumulative Balance Reserves Production Operators Reserves Production in 1996-97 (TCF)* (TCF) (TCF) (MCF) Sui 8.624 6.438 2.186 242,800 PPL** Pirkoh 1.504 0.681 0.823 53,256 OGDC Loti 0.292 0.125 0.167 15,163 OGDC Uch 3.100 0.000 3.100 Nil OGDC Zin 0.100 0.000 0.100 Nil OGDC Savi Ragha 0.030 0.000 0.030 Nil BG Jandran 0.019 0.000 0.019 Nil OGDC Total 13.669 7.244 6.425 311,219
Source: Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan 1998. *TCF: Trillion Cubic Feet; MCF: Million Cubic Feet **PPL: Pakistan Petroleum Limited OGDC: Oil and Gas Development Corporation BG: British Gas
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Renewable Energy qu e n t ly installed a second plant at Gwadar for th e Pa k i stan Nav y, which is still functioning. Most of th e Bi o m a s s ex i sting solar energy installations (Table 22) are not About 81% of the province’s energy requirements are functional. In addition, a few te l evision booster sta- met through the use of firewood and 9% from dung tions, located in re m ote areas of the province, are cakes. These are used by almost 90% of the households being powe red by solar panels. in the province and virtually all households in the rural So far , the commercial construction and marketing of areas. A major share of firewood used in Balochistan is solar wat er heater s has been unsuccessful. Effo r ts are cut from nearby woodlands. There are no accurate cu r re n t l y being made by the government to introd u c e records of the amount of wood cut in Balochistan or so l a r- p o we red wa ter pumps for use in tubewe l l s . imported from other provinces and Afghanistan. An Additional desalination plants are proposed for the coastal estimated 2 million tonnes of firewood are consumed zone (see Chapter 6). each year. Dung cakes provide the second major source The Area Development Pro gramme Baloch i stan has of energy, used by one-third of all households. About d eveloped a Model for Re n ewable Energy for 12% of urban and 48% of rural households use dung B a l o ch i sta n’s Development. It will be tried in eight dis- cakes for cooking. It is estimated that 325,000 tonnes of tricts for off - gridline and low- p ower applications. The dung cakes are burned each year. p ro gramme will demonst r a te the use of solar energ y th rough the use of solar cooke rs and solar wa te r So l a r h e a te rs. Solar energy will also be used for wa ter desali- The federal government has for many ye a rs been nation, heating and cooling of buildings and drying agr i- a c t i ve ly invo lved in introducing solar te chnology to cultural pro d u c t s . the coast. In 1985, solar electrification systems we re i n t roduced in 10 villages. A total capacity of 75 – 10 0 Geothermal k i l owatts was installed, but it is not certain if th e s e B a l o ch i stan has considerable ge othermal pote n t i a l , s ystems still function. A desalination plant with a but it has not been inve st i ga ted as a source of ener- capacity of 6,000 ga l l o n s / d ay was installed in Gwa d a r g y. The National Inst i t u te of Oceanogr a p hy is invo lve d in 1970, by the Pa k i stan Atomic Energy Commission, in some basic re s e a rch along the Mekran Coast . w i th donor assistance. It functioned until 1985, when Nu m e rous hot springs occur th roughout th e it was refurbished and maintained by SERC , p rovince, but their energy potential has not been Hyderabad. It is curre n t ly not operating. S E RC s u b s e- i nve st i ga ted in any deta i l .
Table 22 Existing Solar Energy Installations
Station Capacity (kWh) Application Khurkhera (Loralai) 8.8 Domestic water supplies Baiker (Dera Bugti) 5.0 Water supplies Lehtar (Kharan) 20.0 Street light Sharozai (Kharan) 10.6 Domestic/street light Nowtani (Kharan) 25.0 Domestic/street light Bughat (Loralai) 40.0 Domestic/street light Karbala (Pishin) 40.0 Water supply Ali Zai 24.0 Telecommunication Malazai 40.0 Water supply (not installed) Duragh (Musakhel) 24.0 Telecommunication Muslimbagh (Qila Saifullah) 40.0 Water supply Pandari (Qila Saifullah) 24.0 Telecommunication Lak Pass (Mastung) 40.0 Radar station
Source: Area Development Programme Balochistan 1998.
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In the absence of adequate energy firewood is used.
Bi o g a s of data are needed: on proven, potential and possible Bi o g as is formed by fermenting animal dung and was te res e r ves of energy ; on the production and devel o p m e n t plant material in wate r , in the absence of air, to form of energy sources; and on energy consumption and con- me thane. It can be used for heating or as fuel for inter n a l sumer behavi o u r . Wit hout such data, it will be ver y diffi- co m b u s tion engines. Twen t y- t w o biogas units have been cult to design a str a t egy for a sustainable energy sector . in s talled in Balochi s tan. Details are not available. Those The provision of infrastr u c t u r e for electricity and gas in s talled in Zindra near Ziarat did not succeed due to the is not cost- e f fec t i v e, especially in rural areas. Anothe r cold climate and non-availability of animal dung. ob s tacle is found at the policy-l e vel. Wit h the exce p tion of coal, all primary energy sources – petr oleum, gas and elec- Win d tricity – are within federal jurisdiction, and the provi n c i a l Wind is widely available as a source of energy , parti c u l a r l y go vernment is not invol ved in planning and policy-m a k i n g . in the coastal areas. It can easily and effic i e n t l y be con- I n d u strialization in Baloch i stan has always been ver ted into shaft power or electricity. Conver sion effi- str essed as a prere qu i s i t e for the economic devel o p m e n t ciencies in the range of 5–50% are possible compa re d of the province. One reason for the slow growt h of thi s wi t h 1–2% for solar-m e c hanical or solar-electrical conver - se c t or is the lack of an adequa t e and dependable electric- sion. Optimal wind speeds range from 3 to 20 meter s per ity supply. Moreo ver , electricity is also in high demand for second. In Balochi s tan, data on wind regimes are sparse , do m e s tic use. Meeting this need may not only over b u rd e n pa rt i c u l a r l y on a local scale. The fir st windmill was instal l e d the exi s ting infrastr u c t u r e, but also put pres s u r e on coal in late 1950s in the Maslakh Ran g e area in Pishin Distr i c t . and gas res o u r ces that are used for thermal electricity Four windmills have been installed in the coastal area of gen e r a t i o n . Mekran, at the farms of Sheikh Zaid Bin Sultan. Four units Pr i va te - s e c t or power generation projects installed at ar e also installed at Kor e Khera, Sonmiani and Hab. Hab and Quett a provide electricity to the national gri d . The grid suffer s from high transmission and distr i b u t i o n losses. In response to the total demand for 460 ISSUES IN ENERGY me g awatts of electricity, only 285 megawatts are being supplied in Balochi s tan. The demand-supply gap is being Ade qu a t e and reliable data rega r ding supply and demand a d d ressed by the Wa ter and Power Deve l o p m e n t ar e not available at the provincial level. At least thr ee sets Aut hority (WAP D A) by res o r ting to unscheduled load
132 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Minerals, Mining, and Energy 8
shedding and power shutdowns. These cause damage to enhances their imp o rtance in the energy secto r. It is ma ch i n e r y and tubewell equipment, as well as losses in women who dire c t ly face all the health hazards and business prod u c t i v i t y . accidents while using any energy source, whether it is The other fac e t of the issue is that bills are not paid. fi rewood, gas, ke rosene or electricity. Wo m e n’s concern Not only the general public, but also various provincial and about energy sources re l a te to access, health, safet y federal government departments are included in the list and aff o rd a b i l i t y. At present, non-gove r n m e n tal orga n i- of defau l te r s. Illegal connections from service lines are a zations (NGOs) are not invo lved in the energy secto r. It is pr oblem that not only cause revenue losses, but also put c o n s i d e red a sector where only the government and an undetermined pres s u r e on electricity supply. A signifi- pr i va t e business have a role to play. But th e re is a lot of cant but unknown quantity of petr oleum prod u c t s , room for NGOs to work for the wel fa r e of consumers , including LPG, are smuggled in from Iran. The prices of as well as for env i ro n m e n tal protection. Baloch i sta n these products are signific a n t l y lower than the prod u c t s fa r m e rs, for instance, pre s s u re the federal gove r n m e n t being sold legal l y. Petr ol is transported in dirty drums and to subsidize electricity for agricultural use in cans and may be adulter a t ed. This not only pollutes the air, B a l o ch i stan. As a result, a flat rate is ch a rged for elec- but also damages vehicle engines. tricity to pump wa ter from tubewells. This is considere d People cut fir ewood from nearby woods and shrub- c o u n te r p ro d u c t i ve, given the decline in gro u n d wa te r lands. If trees are not available, the y cut bushes. At pre- l evels in some basins. There was no effe c t i ve NGO lobby sent, over 1 million hectar es – 3.1% of the province – have aga i n s t the flat rates on the grounds of energy and been designated as stat e fores ts and protec t ed area s wa ter conserva t i o n . wh e r e cutting of trees is proh i b i t ed by law exce p t by the Bl o c ks of land leased for oil and gas exp l o r a t i o n local communities under their legal rights. But the law is include protec t ed areas, tog ether with places of histor i - no t enforce d . cal, cultural and religious significance. To safe g u a rd Al t hough ren e wable tec hnologies have been tried in aga i n s t any damage to such areas, the Petr oleum Pol i c y Ba l o ch i s tan, the widespread use of such tec hnologies sti l l (19 9 7) recommends that companies adhere to the preva- seems far away. Ren e wable sources might help solve the lent laws, rules and regulations for the protection of the en e r gy problems of those rem o te areas where it is diffi- env i r onment. The Envi r onment Ministr y has developed a cult to provide electricity thr ough transmission lines. se t of rules and regulations for the petr oleum sector in Mo re o ver , the use of ren e wable tec hnologies will surel y light of the Pa k i stan Env i ro n m e n tal Protection Ac t . reduce pres s u r e on fossil fuel res e r ves, trees and shrubs. Acc o r ding to the draft rules, oil and gas exploration activ- The major obstacle to a wider use of ren e wable ener- ity requ i r es an initial envi ro n m e n t al examination. An EIA is gy power systems in rural areas is one that almost all such requ i r ed only if the activity is planned in ecologically sen- tec hnologies face: compa r ed with conventional commer- si t i v e areas. This allows a petr oleum compa n y to get its cial systems, the r e is a high initial cost, including that of fo o t into a protec t ed area. From the r e onwar ds, the co n ver ting it into useable form and stor a g e. Other obsta- co mp a n y may choose to proceed with seismic stu d i e s , cles include lack of practical information on instal l a t i o n , tes t drilling and subsequent operations by obtaining per- use and maintenance; lack of a compet i t i v e range of appli- mission from rel e vant authorities on an ad hoc basis. The ances; lack of tec hnical support; and lack of funds for sy stem for protecting wildlife and envi r onment sti l l operation and mainten a n c e . of fer s a few loopholes to get around envi ro n m e n t al pro- Co n s u m e r s are the main actor s in the supply-d e m a n d tection requ i re m e n t s . matrix. If consumers place a high demand for commerci a l It appears that, at least on the surface, a system is in en e r gy res o u r ces, profi t - o r i e n t ed market forces will try place to prevent and minimize envi ro n m e n t al damage ha r d to fill the supply-demand gap. When consumers do fr om oil and gas exploration activities. But it is also clear no t have access to commercial energy sources, or when that problems can arise once a block containing protec te d these are beyond their means, the y opt for such source s ar eas is offer ed to a compa n y for exploration activities. as fir ewood from surrounding areas, such as the juniper fo re s ts. Pricing remains the main concern for consumers. Though WAP D A and Sui Southern Gas Compa n y have THE STAK E H O L D E R S in t r oduced some pricing policies to moti va t e consumers towar d energy conservation, various surcha r ges and IN ENERGY tax es have neutralized their benefit . The fact that women are not only the consumers , Th e r e are thr ee major stak eholder groups: prod u c e rs , but also the ga th e re rs of fi rewood and other biomass, reg u l a to r s and consumers. The financial institutions tha t
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Another type of mining: for stones from riverbeds for construction. su p p o r t power generation, distribution and reh a b i l i ta t i o n panies are invol ved in the exploration for oil and gas, on sc hemes are also stake h o l d e rs . and offsh o r e. HUBCO and Uch Power Compa n y are pio- The federal government is invol ved in devel o p m e n t ne e r s of privat e sector power development in Balochi s tan . and production as well as regulation; 14 differ ent organ i - The privat e sector is invol ved in production and market- zations are invol ved. The government of Pak i s tan inten d s ing, and it influences and is influenced by legislation, devel - to develop energy res o u r ces in a sustainable manner to opment and slumps in the sector . en s u r e the economic and social prosperity of the popula- tion. The energy sector rec e i v ed the highest amount of fo r eign assistance (US$ 421 million) in 1994 . THE WAY AHEAD The development, production and distribution of en e r gy are the responsibility of the federal gover n m e n t . Coal production is the only energy sub-sector where the Minerals and Mining go vernment of Balochi s tan has an active role in reg u l a t i o n . For the most part, this is rest r i c t ed to the mining, prod u c - n The government and privat e sector will work tog eth- tion and marketing of coal. The federal government has er to put the minerals and mining sector on a sustai n - al l ot t ed coal-mining leases to the Pa k i stan Mineral able footing, with due consideration for the protec - De velopment Corporation, but almost all coal production is tion of the envi r onment. This invol ves system a t i c a l l y n ow in priva te hands. The provincial Env i ro n m e n ta l tac kling the numerous issues that cha r a c t erize the Pr otection Agency will have a significant role to play when pr esent stat e of the industr y. Actions will include: it is fully functioning. The production of natural gas is a sig- - revising Mining Concession Rules and impl e m e n t - ni f icant source of revenue in the form of gas surcha r ge. ing the Mineral Pol i c y ; The royalty in 199 7–98 was Rs. 820 million, which the fed - - or ganizing the provincial Minerals Direc to r a t e on eral government was to remit to Balochi s tan . pro f essional lines, with assistance from the pri- Pr i va t e sector participation in the energy and power vat e sector and tec hnical advisors, with staf f se c t or is significant. Many national and multinational com- se l e c t ed on merit, not political affil i a t i o n s ;
134 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Minerals, Mining, and Energy 8
- res i s ting political pres s u re ; n Env i ro n m e n t al impact assessments will be compl e ted - mo n i t oring the performance of all mining compa - for each new mine development. These will consider nies by instituting scientific systems and proc e - the social and economic aspects of mining activity, as du re s ; well as measures for dealing with abandonment and - pr oducing maps depicting the exploration blocks po s t-abandonment effects and seismic risk. and status of each licensee as open file informa- n Special measures will be developed and impl e m e n te d ti o n ; to ensure that direct and indirect effects of mining - making available data held by government bodies on the envi r onment are avoided or approp r i a te l y mit- (p a rt i c u l a r l y the Geological Survey of Pak i s tan and iga te d . the Survey of Pak i s tan), NGOs and libraries at rea - n The government and mining industr y will adopt and sonable cost and speed; im plement the WCP A policy on mining and protec te d - initiating training prog rammes at all hierarchi c a l are a s . and functional levels, with closer inte r a c t i o n n The mining industr y will develop an Envi ro n m e n ta l bet w een the educational institutions and the Code of Practice based on models and stan d a rd s in d u st r y; wi d e l y adopted and empl o yed by the inter n a t i o n a l - making railway freight rates compet i t i ve ; mining community. - changing exploration str a t egies curren t l y focused n Mine safety rules and stan d a r ds will be str i c t l y on small, localized deposits to regional exp l o r a t i o n ob s e r ved by the industr y, parti c u l a r l y by coal mines. pro g rammes that can lead to the exp l o i t ation of Mining operations, parti c u l a r l y those rel a t ed to coal, la r ge, world-class deposits; flu o r i t e, lead and asbestos, will be reg u l a r l y monitore d - in c r easing joint ven t u r es with rep u t ed forei g n to ensure that wat er and air pollution are control l e d co m panies to obtain tech n o l o g y , risk capital, bet- and no serious health hazards res u l t . ter management and an impr oved pace of devel - n In c e n t i v es will be given to mine own e r s with an out- op m e n t ; standing rec o r d of res o u r ce production, and who - in c r easing the availability of risk capital to gen u i n e ha ve adopted and impl e m e n t ed safety reg u l a t i o n s mineral entrep re n e u r s by setting up a fund with and envi ro n m e n t al stan d a rd s . contributions from the federal and provincial gov- n Marble mining must adopt modern qua r r y tech n i qu e s . ernments, the privat e sector , banks and devel o p - The present blasting methods damage va l u a b l e ment insti t u t i o n s ; deposits. Much of the good material is brok en into - reassessing the need for impo r t duties on exp l o - smaller pieces, which reduces its market price consid- ration and mining equi p m e n t ; er a b l y. The down st r eam industr y is perfec t l y capable - de veloping simpl i f ied tax ation regimes, prefe r a b l y of handling large blocks of several cubic meter s for under one autho r i t y ; ca r ving out exqui s i t e large pieces, which fetc h a pre- - ensuring that licenses are not gra n t ed on the basis mium price in the international market. By adopti n g of political or tribal influence; and bet t er qua r r y tech n i q ues, mine own e r s will increa s e - conducting a campaign to educate all stake h o l d - their prof its substan t i a l l y. er s, including the media, government functionar- ies, politicians and educator s on the need for a su s tainable mining str a te g y . Energy Resources n An envi ro n m e n t al overv i e w of mining exploration and de velopment activities in the province will be con- n In line with national objectives, Balochi s tan will devel - du c t ed to assess the nature and ext ent of exi st i n g op a str a t egy for the energy sector based on mini- and possible effects of this sector on the envi ro n - mizing the dependence on impo r ted oil and petro l e - ment, and to provide a baseline for monitoring future um products, efficient development and use of ac t i v i t i e s . in d i g enous res o u r ces, conservation of energy and n An envi ro n m e n t al impact assessment will be done for op timizing the use of ren e wable energy res o u rc e s . the Saindak mine. Mitigation measures will be devel - n Ade qu a t e and reliable data will be collected at the oped, impl e m e n t ed and monitore d . pr ovincial level on the supply, demand and use of all n Planning for mineral exploration and development will en e r gy source s . be carried out as an integ ral part of the land use plan- n Th e r e is a need for equity in the provision of energy ning and wat er basin management processes rec o m - to Balochi s tan and for a sharp increase in the provi - mended in the BCS. sion of energy services. This will be done thro u g h
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 135 8 Minerals, Mining, and Energy
Alternative energy sources will have to be tried out: testing a solar panel in Quetta.
i n tensifying exploration for commercial energ y rel e vant sector s of the national economy; res e a r ch, res o u r ces, sustainable use of ren e wable res o u rc e s de velopment and increased use of new and ren e w- and reliance on energy conservation as a cost- e f fec - able forms of energy ; and measures to limit or red u c e ti v e supply option. An adequa t e, reliable and affo r d- the emissions of greenhouse gas e s . able supply of energy services would have a benefic i a l n Steps will be tak en to minimize transmission losses from im pact on pover ty alleviation in the province by gen - the grid and eliminate unscheduled load shedding. erating empl o yment opportunities; impr oving trans- n The provincial government will develop the infrastr u c - po r tation, health and education, wat er supply and t u re to ensure compliance with the Na t i o n a l sa n i t ation; and stemming migration to urban area s . Env i ro n m e n t al Quality Stan d a r ds. Envi ro n m e n t al man- n Reliance on biomass, such as fuelwood, will be ag ement systems and envi ro n m e n t al audits will be reduced by providing affo r dable access to alter n a t i v e in t r oduced to minimize was te generation and control en e r gy sources, such as gas, solar and wind. pollution at the source. Envi ro n m e n t al cells will be cre- n Rat es for the supply of electricity for agricultural pur- at ed in the provincial planning departments to make poses will be gea r ed to the conservation and effic i e n t su r e that ever y new project prep a r es and files an envi - use of scarce wat er res o u rc e s . ronment impact assessment rep o r t, and that envi ro n - n The envi ro n m e n t al impact of energy sector devel o p - me n t al considerations have been incorporated in the ment needs to be addressed, to reduce local health de velopment schemes in accordance with the guide- ha z a r ds and envi ro n m e n t al pollution. This requ i r es sig- lines established by the Pa k i stan Env i ro n m e n ta l ni f icant financial, human and tec hnical res o u r ces and Pr otection Agen c y . Att ention will be given to prom o t- a broad-based energy supply scenario, to minimize ing the use of approp r i a t e tec hnology to limit air emis- the possibilities of natural res o u r ce degra d a t i o n . sions from fuel burning power stations and brick kilns. n En e r gy policy will ref lect the provisions of the Uni te d n En e r gy conservation prog rammes will be supported Nations Fra m e work Convention on Climate Change, to by financial incentives, demonstration projects and wh i c h Pak i s tan is a signator y, and the Kyoto Protoc o l . reg u l a to r y and legislative measures. Scarce funds This calls for the enhancement of energy efficiency in fr om domestic, bilateral and multilateral sources will
136 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Minerals, Mining, and Energy 8
be direc t ed to impr oving exi s ting systems, before ning, demonstrating, analyzing and developing ren e w- in ves ting in new plants. able sources of energy in the province. Specific tar - n For the development and impl e m e n t ation of an effi- gets for solar, wind or hybrid systems will be planned cient energy prog ramme in Balochi s tan, the r e is an an n u a l l y. The provincial and federal governments will ur gent need to develop sound provi n c e - s p e c i f ic poli- earmark funding for this purpose. Approp r i a t e train- cies relating to production, distribution and use of ing and maintenance proc e d u r es will be developed at en e r gy that are consistent with short term and long the local and district level . term development persp e c t i v es and economic goals n The provincial government will give top priority to of the area. There s also a need to give a clear defin i - pr ohibiting smuggling of adulter a t ed fuel. The labora- tion to the inter- l i n ka g e of provincial devel o p m e n ta l tories of the Hydrocarbon Development Insti t u t e of ob j e c t i v es with the overall national objectives vis-à-vis Pak i s tan need to be stre n g t hened to rou t i n e l y moni- enhancing trade with the central Asian economies. tor samples of petr oleum products, both impo r ted n The government will develop and build the capacity of and locally manufac t u re d . rel e vant institutions to catal yze the demonstr a t i o n , n Pr ovincial and federal governments will develop policy, d evelopment, construction and dissemination of le g al, reg u l a to r y and fiscal incentives to overc o m e en e rg y- e f ficient tec hnologies. Such institutions wou l d ba r r i e r s to the accelerated introduction of energy - ca r r y out market assessments of commerci a l l y viable ef ficient and ren e wable energy processes and tec h- rural energy supply systems based on clean and nologies, and to sti m u l a t e the deployment, manufac - ren e wable energy sources. They will conduct demon- tu r e, assembly and maintenance of energy equi p - stration projects leading to commercial applications. ment in rural areas far from the electricity grid. This These institutions will be developed and netwo r k ed at will be done based on a revi e w of prog ress made in the regional or national level, and serve as approp r i a t e countries with similar geo g raphic conditions. There is ce n t r es of excellence in the energy field. They will also a pressing need to identify partn e r s for energy need to establish reliable information services and ef ficiency proj e c t s . mo n i t oring systems, covering market information and n En e r gy policies designed to make Balochi s tan an ener- emission inven to r i e s . gy- e f ficient province will be equi t able and gen d e r - n Pro c e d u r es for energy audits need to be devel o p e d se n s i t i v e. Micro- c r edit prog rammes will be initiated and impl e m e n t ed by the rel e vant agencies before a for under-s e r viced segments of the population, to co mp re h e n s i v e effo r t at the provincial level can be en c o u r a g e inves tment in energy conservation and made to address energy efficiency issues. There is a the use of ren e wable and sustainable energy source s . need for energy conservation initiatives in all sector s Due attention will be given to gender issues with spe- of the economy, including industr y, power , trans- cial refe r ence to wom e n ’s energy needs and empl o y- po r tation, residential and commercial buildings and ment in the energy sector . Wom e n ’s cooperation will agr i c u l t u re . be essential in domestic energy conservation and use n Full advan ta g e will be tak en of solar energy tech n o l o - of ren e wable energy res o u r ces. A rational quo ta for gy , parti c u l a r l y for sites far from the main grid line, the empl o yment of women will be maintained in the taking into account the results of exi s ting exp e r i m e n - en e r gy sector . tal applications. n A total management approa c h is requ i r ed to con- n The provincial government will carry out wind se r ve energy – an envi r onment that combines engi- res o u r ce assessment studies to gen e r a t e rel i a b l e neering, management, demonstration, training and da t a. This will be done in collaboration with the financial and other policy aspects of conservation in a Me teo r ological Department and res e a r ch insti t u te s . un i f ied process. There is a need to demonstr a t e early Ap p ro p r i a t e windmill tec hnology will be developed in results, in order to provide a visible impact and sup- ac c o r dance with local needs and available infrastr u c - po r t for conservat i o n . tu r e, and based on the lessons learned from previ o u s n Th e r e must be on-site training and proper mainte- experiences. Wind and solar hybrid systems may be nance of mechanical components. To develop ren e w- de veloped to sustain the energy needs in energy - able energy systems effec t i ve l y, planning autho r i t i e s de f icit area s . will ensure that new demonstration projects are n In s titutional arrangements for prom o ting and devel - in s talled at the village and district levels to demon- oping ren e wable res o u r ces of energy need to be str a t e how the maximum use of ren e wable energy stre n g t hened. The provincial government will desig- applications can be made thr ough proper constr u c - na t e one institution as the lead organization for plan- tion, operation and mainten a n c e .
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 137 Chapter 9 Su s t a i n in d u s de v e l o p m ndustrial development is a key component of the Balochistan government’s Rs. 1.27 billion in 1999 IPoverty Alleviation Strategy. Through the strate- gy, the government hopes to create 270,000 jobs, mainly through increased production in the agricul- ture, livestock, fisheries and minerals sectors and the processing and marketing of their products. The strategy foresees improvements in the processing and export of dates, apples, livestock and fish and in promoting wool and cotton production and pro- cessing. Plans include accelerating mineral explo- ration and development and expanding garment and embroidery production. Clearly, the success of this ambitious strategy over the next decade depends on how well the nat- ural resources of the province are managed. The status of the resources and the issues that charac- terize them are described in Chapters 3 to 6. The opportunities and limitations on industrial develop- ment imposed by the availability of wa ter are d e s c ribed in Chapter 4. Env i ro n m e n tal concern s inable related to the setting of industrial facilities, the han- dling, storage and disposal of agricultural and indus- trial chemicals and to pollution are discussed, and recommendations made in Chapters 3, 4, 8 and 10. If the issues are given due attention, and the mea- sures recommended in these chapters are imple- mented and monitored within a fully developed reg- ulatory framework, only then can a sustainable ustrial i n d u s t rial development stra tegy based on Balochistan’s natural resources succeed.
ISSUES
Low population density, widely scattered settle- ments and slow development of the industrial sec- op m e n t tor are in many ways a function of the province’s history and its socio-cultural fabric. Human settle- ments have grown near sources of water, around Su s t a i n a b l e c o m m e rcial centres and on trade ro u te s . Balochistan did not take much advantage of its strategic location adjacent to Afghanistan and Iran. Its land did not offer much in terms of trade and In d u s t r i a l commerce, nor did its rivers serve as dependable sources of water around which urban centres could form. De v e l o p m e n t The classic evolution of agro-pastoral systems into commercial and manufacturing centres, and the development of urban clusters into cities has been slow to take place. Only Quetta and Sibi, with populations of over 10,000 in 1951, offered the potential for the establishment of large and medi- um-scale manufacturing units. But these sites did 9 Sustainable Industrial Development
Small units for fish freezing, drying and processing could have been set-up. not have the industrial infrastructure to enable rapid to the public sector. Industrial development was expect- industrialization. At best, the province could only pro- ed to take place according to the resource potential of mote small-scale, labour-intensive businesses and cot- the country and to generate employment opportunities tage industries, mainly producing handicrafts. The only at the local level. This strategy did not work, at least not industrial units established prior to the late 1960s were in Balochistan. In the early stages, the problem was a pharmaceutical and alcoholic beve r a ge fa c tories in regional imbalance in public-sector investments and the Quetta and the woollen mills in Harnai. Cottage indus- concentration of industrial enterprises in a few hands. tries, such as flour mills and handicraft units were in a Too many industries were established in the developed rudimentary stage of development. areas of Pakistan, excluding underdeveloped areas. The breakup of the ‘one unit’ into provinces in 1970, The federal government tried to allevi a t e the prob - brought the need for industrial growth into sharp focus. lem in the late 1970s by inducing privat e inves tment in In the late 1970s, numerous small industrial units, such as less developed areas, such as Balochi s tan. The new str a t - flour mills, or small companies engaged in handicrafts egy included the granting of incentives, such as a five - and livestock products, auto repair, agricultural engi- year tax holiday, location-specific concessions and special neering workshops, shoe making, carpet weaving and d e p reciation allowances. But the incentives did not blanket making were established all over the province. A ad d r ess the thr ee constraining fac to r s in the estab l i s h - date processing plant was established at Turbat and fish ment of industries: proximity to raw materials (for processing facilities were improved in Gwadar and Pasni. in s tance, brick kilns using local clay deposits and pharma- Women produced handicrafts in their spare time and ceuticals using local medicinal plants), markets for con- p roduced consumer goods and traditional cot ta ge - sumer products and ports for exp o rt - o r i e n t ed industr i e s . industry products, such as carpets and woven fabrics. The potential for the establishment of resource- The establishment of these enterprises reflected based industries was not exploited during the first 30 the policies adopted for industrialization in Pakistan. The years of the province’s history due to the absence of a private sector has been encouraged to establish small strategy and guidelines for setting up a self-reliant, eco- and medium-sized, labour-intensive, import substituting n o m i c a l ly viable, sustainable industrial secto r. One and export-oriented industries. These are based on local approach might have been to focus on the establish- materials, imported machinery and related technologies. ment of industrial units that linked location, raw materi- These policies left the establishment of large industries als and indigenous technology. For example, small units
140 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Sustainable Industrial Development 9
could have been set up for fruit and vegetable preser- training centre for the carpet industr y. The gover n m e n t vation and initial processing in locations close to la u n c hed a prog ramme of industrialization thr ough large orchards; for livestock and dairy products in livestock and medium-sized industries, and at the end of the 1970 s , rearing areas; for fish freezing, preservation, drying and pr oposed the establishment of 11 industrial estat es. Some processing on the coast; for date packaging and date could not succeed due to lack of funds, while othe r s had sugar production near the plantation at Turbat and a weak star t and are now fighting for survi va l . Panjgur; for production of carpets and woollen textiles The estates that have survived, have had a slow in sheep rearing areas; and for manufacturing marble start. In Quetta, for example, 160 plots were offered, products. By introducing value-added activities, these but only six units were set up between 1980 and 1992; units could have provided a basis for the development of in the Hab industrial area, only 150 units were estab- the industrial infrastructure. lished, against 1,440 industrial plots developed; at Uthal, Go vernments, however , wer e slow to act and in many five units were established, against 152 made available; cases initiatives turned to inaction. A small-scale industr i a l and at Windar, seven units were established, against the es tat e was established in Quett a but without adequa t e 170 proposed and 70 undeveloped plots made available. in f r a st r u c t u r e. The same happened with small industr i e s , Table 23 reveals that of the 351 industrial units su c h as the spinning and wea ving centre, Balochi s tan Woo l established by 1993, 35 units existed prior to 1970; the Res e a r ch Laborator y, the small-scale tan n e r y at Sibi and bulk were established between 1971 and 1993. The
Table 23 Establishment, Employment and Investment of Industrial Units
Nature Up to 1970 1971–80 1981–93 No.* Employ. Invest. No. Employ. Invest. No. Employ. Invest. Textile — 0 0 3 4,100 1,107 22 1,845 3,109 Engineering 8 22 0.42 5 1,117 303 22 1,128 3,837 industries Electrical — — — 1 85 8 7 407 250 appliances Pharmaceutical — — — — — — 23 1,102 1,577 Plastic — — — — — — 12 707 388 Edible oil — — — 1 60 12 5 209 58 Chipboard — — — 1 134 61 9 589 186 Beverages — — — — — — 2 355 259 Leather — — — — — — 6 129 37 Rice mill — — — — — — 16 43 6 Flour mill 2 11 1.2 6 24 7 2 8 3 (large) Flour mill 10 24 0.95 80 174 6.9 40 85 3 (small) Furniture 2 33 3.3 3 67 3 3 230 30 Food and/or 1 3 5 4 43 4.3 12 608 142 confectionery Printing press 5 30 1.5 1 1 0.1 — — — Ice factories 1 7 0.9 6 18 3.9 7 25 8 Cement — — — — — — 1 438 116 Miscellaneous 6 25 2.7 6 18 1.0 10 919 394 Total 35 155 15.97 117 5,841 1,517.2 199 8,827 10,403
*No.: Number; Employ.: Employment (number of employees); Invest.: Investment (in million rupees).
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 141 9 Sustainable Industrial Development
Ingenuity at work: water containers made from recycled tyres are in common use in Balochistan. strategy for setting up industrial estates and training and other esta tes in Lasbela District, has been over centres was not successful due to lack of linkages with Rs. 10 billion. sources of raw material and local entrepreneurial capa- The total value of annual production was Rs. 10.2 bil- bility on the one hand, and with poor market links and lion in 1990–91. Revenue generated from the production the inability of industry to absorb trainees on the other of goods, however, does not contribute to provincial rev- hand. The authorities concerned lost the initiative and enues. Customs duty, income tax, sales tax and wealth credibility in attracting entrepreneurs. tax are collected by the Central Board of Revenue, while Market-oriented industrialization through the pri- the province collects local taxes. Figures on the income vate sector did bring positive results however, such as received by the provincial and local governments and flour mills, ice factories and brick kilns. Brick manufac- authorities from the establishment of industries are not turing has been operating successfully since the early available. If revenue receipts of Hab Town Committee are 1980s. The success of small industrial enterprises, such any guidance, it is estimated that income increased from as the brick industry, is linked to strong linkages with 930,000 in 1984 to Rs. 120 million in 1997–98. This local raw materials, workers and market forces. Such was increase is attributed to the levy of octroi on goods, not the case with the medium and large-scale industries, plants and machinery and raw materials transported to which had overoptimistic expectations of linkages with and from the Hab Estate. markets in and outside Balochistan. Rather than waiting for the government to act, Small inve stments (Rs. 50,000–500,000) in small many people have upgraded their standard of living i n d u strial units have had a significant economic imp a c t . through self-employment. Over 60% of the population These inve stments are est i m a ted at 15–20% of th e falls into this category. In some cases, they have resort- total inve stments in the industries sector (Rs. 1. 5 – 2 . 0 ed to approaches that are unsustainable, while in others billion). Inve stment in medium and large industries, set they have been forced to do so in view of a paucity of up most ly at the Hab Industrial Trading Esta te (HITE) resources and lack of other employment opportunities.
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Activities include drug trafficking, gun running and other illegal trade across the Afghanistan and Iran borders. Income from illegal trade is thought to be very signifi- cant, but figures are not available. Many of these activi- ties do not require conventional communication infra- structure. In fact, they tend to bypass it. They do not contribute revenue to government, but they do provide employment. The retail trade and services sector, legal and illegal, is second only to agriculture in the provincial economy.
Credit
The growth of financial institutions in the province has been restricted due to constraints on the availability of credit. The investment climate in the province is poor. The beneficiaries, under these circumstances, are the agents in the middle, who virtually control trade and industry. They supply credit to the growers of crops, fruit and vegetables, livestock owners and mine lease holders. In short, they supply money to whomever needs it in advance. The introduction of micro-credit schemes for enter- prise development, by financial institutions such as banks was not successful due to the conditions imposed. The Department of Labour and Manpower and the Social Welfare Department created pools of Rs. 700,000 and Better marketing of handicrafts will help. Rs. 5.6 million respectively, the latter being provided by UNICEF. Both of these pools were for the establishment Today, the total length of the broad-gauge railway of micro-enterprises. The Department of Labour also line remains the same, but the narrow-gauge railway line received a grant from the Hans Zeidel Foundation to was abandoned in 1985 as uneconomical. The road net- provide seed funding for trainees to establish their own work, on the other hand, has improved gradually and has enterprises. The Balochistan Rural Support Programme increased by nearly 70% in length in the past 30 years. and the National Rural Support Programme have provid- The road density has improved marginally from 0.03 to ed loans for agriculture. 0.055 kilometres per square kilometre, as compared with the national average of 0.20. The low road density reflects the absence of a coastal highway, farm-to-mar- Infrastructure ket and mining access roads and rural roads to provide adequate access to urban and industrial areas. Sustainable industrial development requires the develop- ment of infrastructure facilities in an integrated manner. This has not happened (see Chapter 3). Development of Water Resources communication systems has been painfully slow. In 1968–69, the communication infrastructure consisted Agriculture, industrialization and urbanization demand of 10,470 kilometres of all types of roads, of which only an assured supply of water (see Chapters 4 and 10). 1, 416 kilomet res we re high-grade. The Re g i o n a l Provision of water is a problem for the Quetta Industrial Cooperaton for Development highway was under con- Estate and potentially so for those set up in Lasbela struction to connect Karachi with Quetta and with District. At Hab, the infrastructure consists of a 20 mil- Zahidan in Iran. The length of the broad-gauge railway lion gallon-capacity reservoir to store and distribute the line was 1,027 kilometres. A narrow gauge line connect- water supplied from the Hab Dam. Water levels in the ed Quetta with Zhob. dam have been declining due to lack of rainfall.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 143 9 Sustainable Industrial Development
The livestock sector needs improvement.
Human Resources Technology Transfer Processes
At present, the industrial and mining sector s absorb 3.4% Balochistan has a limited capacity to transfer and use of the labour force. Managerial and skilled wor ke r s con- advanced technology. There are few trained people to sti t u t e an impo r tant component of the res o u r ce base act as technology transfer agents. The production sys- for the development of an industrial sector . Liter a c y tem in small industries has its technology grounded in ra t es are low, and many gra d u a t es from univer sities and the local fabrication and installation of the plant and co l l e g es lack the fundamentals to practice their subject machinery. On the other hand, medium and large-scale or trade. Such gra d u a t es have not been successful wor k - industries have imported plant and machinery, and in ing in high value-added industrial enterprises. They are many cases imported raw materials. These plants are unable to meet the staf fing needs of industrial units or often supplied on a turnkey basis. Technology, embodied public sector organizations at the district level. Those or otherwise, did not concern investors who took advan- who do not rec e i v e adequa t e education enter into low- tage of tax holidays and reduced customs duties by wag e empl o yment in small industrial and service units, establishing plants in locations like HITE. These investors su c h as trade, transportation and auto and engineering had a demonstrated preference for ventures involving wor ks h o p s . small investments, yielding high profits and an early pay- The Balochistan government has made it mandatory back. The preference for imported plants meant that a for local organizations to employ 75% local staff in dif- te chnology transfer base could not be cre a ted in ferent units, irrespective of availability and suitability. Balochistan. This political decision has had an adverse effect on the performance of value-adding units, since they cannot be operated economically without skilled labour. Many of Productivity them have had to close down. This is particularly true of Lasbela Industrial Estates, whose industrial units are Productivity of the agricultural sector is low, as growers owned and operated by entrepreneurs from Karachi. are not properly trained in the use of agrochemicals.
144 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Sustainable Industrial Development 9
Losses at the post-harvest stage are high due to defi- ence of the landlords is much greater. Landlords, the ciencies in production systems, such as preservation, major stakeholders in the agriculture sector, also have quality control, grading, packaging, transportation and stakes in the real estate of the urban areas where, as the exporting. Deciduous fruits are often sold to contrac- owners of agricultural land that has been urbanized, tors at blossom. They are dispatched without grading they act as real estate agents and control many of the and appropriate packaging, to destinations chosen by sites suitable for the establishment of industries. They agents in the middle and to contractors. Post-harvest have stakes in oil and minerals, the natural gas field at Sui handling at the farm-level, storage and freight are not being a case in point. By virtue of their political clout and the concern of the grower. The agents, by paying the their individual or combined influence, they control the estimated value of the crop in advance, make a major distribution of inputs, outputs and operation of market- investment not only in the crop, but also in controlling ing forces through a network of agents. the politics of crop production. The system puts the The stakes for entrepreneurs involved in small indus- grower and the product at a disadvantage in that it does trial enterprises are not as high as those for medium and not offer a fair share of the proceeds and detracts from large-scale industries. The investment was small and was i mp roving management practices at fa r m - l eve l . financed from their own resources. Entrepreneurs of Mishandling of the crop at the post-harvest stage is esti- medium and large-scale industrial units were interested mated to account for 15–20% of losses. in setting up industries in Balochistan as a means of The productivity of the livestock sector is low, as the obtaining quick economic returns. They took advantage rangelands that provide much of the feed have been of the opportunity offered by organizations such as the degraded. Access to public-sector veterinary health and Lasbela Industrial Estate Development Authority (LIEDA), advisory facilities is limited, and an organized marketing and obtained financial assistance from other stakehold- system is lacking (see Chapter 3). Productivity in the min- ers and financial institutions. The development financial eral sector is low for the reasons outlined in Chapter 8. institutions and banks have a large stake in the industri- The reason that small industries have been operating alization process as a party to the investment. They are successfully is that they were established in the private now faced with the problem of recovering loans made to sector; were small, labour-intensive and oriented towards units that we re not economically viable, or which import substitution and export; were based on local raw defaulted. materials, locally fabricated machinery and simple tech- The Baloch i stan Chamber of Commerce and nologies; and employed a local labour force. Industry has a membership of about 700 entrepreneurs, most of them are traders. There is also the Lasbela Chamber of Commerce and Industry. The interaction THE STAKEHOLDERS between the two is weak. They help their members in policy-making, the taxation system, customs duty and The most influential stakeholders are the landlords and trade-related issues, and act as an interest group. They tribal chiefs. They enjoy a strong hold over the areas of represent them in discussions with the government. their influence and on the governance of the province. Enterprises in the industrial estates also have associa- No development activity was initiated in their area until tions to look after their interests. the breakup of the One Unit of West Pakistan in 1970. The government of Pakistan has a large stake in the Even after this and the re-emergence of Balochistan as industrialization of Balochistan. It operates through the a province, projects that were technically, economically provincial Industries Department, which implements the and environmentally sound were rejected if they did not federal policy. The federal Ministry of Industries formu- suit the needs of these stakeholders. Projects were lates industrial policy and sets out targets for the shelved if it was found that they would serve the com- provincial departments from time to time. The Ministry munity or raise its status, leading in the long run to the declared that all of Balochistan, except HITE, has the sta- landlords’ or chiefs’ hold on the community being chal- tus of a rural area and granted industry a tax holiday and lenged by their people. In their self-interest, these indi- exemptions from duties. The Ministry sets out proce- viduals did not allow free access to water resources, dures for investment, offers incentives and proposes roads, markets, education, or other social services where the establishment of industrial estates and export pro- they could interact with other communities and demand cessing zones. The government of Balochistan on its a raise in their status. part has exempted industrial units from the payment of The system of land ownership is quite different provincial excise duty, and through its Industrial Estates, from that of the rest of the country, and so the influ- offers plots of land for the establishment of new units.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 145 9 Sustainable Industrial Development
The strategy will aim at establishing industrial units that are specific to location, raw materials and indige- nous technology. Small cottage-scale units can add value to cash crops, such as fruit and vegetables, through preservation and initial processing at locations close to orchards and vegetable-growing areas. Other examples include fish and date processing, the production of car- pet and woollen textiles and the manufacture of marble products. The establishment of these units will requ i r e sett i n g up tec hnical training centres, equipped with exp e r i e n c e d staf f, tea c hing materials, equipment and other fac i l i t i e s . Op p o r tunities need to be crea t ed to empl o y gra d u a te s fr om the tec hnical training centres . Quality control facilities will be requ i r ed to meet the needs of the market. Exporting units will meet ISO 9000 stan d a r ds and prep a r e for ISO 14000. Approp r i a t e tec h- nology will be introduced in a systematic fashion to ensure that manufacturing units are compet i t i v e, maximize the use of available res o u r ces and are envi ro n m e n t - f r i e n d l y. The introduction of new tec hnology must be supported by skills training. The str a t egy for industrial devel o p m e n t will incorporate an education and communication compo - nent to encourage industr y to adopt and prom o te envi - ron m e n t - f r i e n d l y practices and proc e d u r es in sound was te management practices, conservation of res o u rc e s and protection of the envi r onment. Fur the r m o r e, the r e will be close cooperation betw een government and the pr i va t e sector to provide information on and demon- str a t e the performance of envi ro n m e n t - f r i e n d l y tec h- nologies, processes and prod u c t s . A metal worker. The establishment of a consumer goods industr y in the province may not be feasible due to the exi s ting wel l - es tablished free flo w of all types of items across the bor- THE WAY AHEAD de r . It is the re f o r e, not a tar get wor th chasing in the fore- seeable future. A sustainable industrial development st r a tegy for The following specific measures will be tak en to B a l o ch i stan will be developed based on the lessons in c r ease empl o yment and impr ove the provincial econo- learned from previous eff o rts to develop the indust r i- my, part ly th rough self-sufficiency and part ly by al secto r, and in light of current issues of concern. It will stre n g t hening ties with up and down st r eam industr y else- focus on what the province does well and emphasize its wh e r e in the country. An underlying assumption is that all c o mp et i t i ve adva n ta ges over the other provinces in in d u s tries will compl y with all pertinent legislation, rules c o u n t ry. and regulations, including those concerned with envi ro n - The str a t egy will aim at setting up industrial estate s me n t al protec t i o n . and training centres as a means of stre n g t hening linkage s n Cu r r ent effo r ts to develop industr y in Quett a will be wi t h raw material sources and local entrep r eneurial capa- revi e wed. The already over p o p u l a t ed, polluted and bi l i t y . Similarly, linkag es will be established with local, wate r- s tar ved val l e y cannot affo r d any further bur- pr ovincial, national and exp o r t markets and with training den on its limited res o u r ces. Industrialization will ce n t r es. Market- o r i e n t ed industrialization by entrep r e- favour activities that do not compe te with the ne u r s has brought positive results thr ough the estab l i s h - do m e s tic sector for wat er and that do not furthe r ment of small enterprises, such as flour mills, ice fac to r i e s co n t r i b u t e to air pollution. Electronic goods and and brick kilns. household appliance assembly plants would be good
146 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Sustainable Industrial Development 9
Both the cottage and the formal carpet industry will need to be assisted.
choices. Specialization in selected commodities has in d u st r y. A good star ting point would be seed potat o se veral str a t egic advan ta g es, as is the case with and selected ornamental flo wer production on an Si a l k ot’s booming leather industr y. To exploit such in d u s trial scale. ad va n ta g es, the government will inves t in tech n i c a l n The carpet industr y needs to rec e i v e tec hnical infor- education on a large scale. mation on reducing acid use in was h i n g . n In industrial areas close to Kar a c hi, market forces will n The marble industry requires highly experienced be allowed to shape the pattern of industrial growth . craftspeople. It may not be possible to attract these LI E D A will play a lead role in helping establish combined from the existing factories in Karachi in the foresee- was te treatment fac i l i t i e s . able future. In the long term, the Balochistan gov- n It may not be possible for Balochi s tan to attract R&D ernment will consider appropriate incentives for and engineering-based industries in the fores e e a b l e attracting marble industries to industrial areas near fu t u r e. This deficiency is already being tak en care of Karachi. by establishing links across the country on an as-and- n The EPA B a l o ch i stan and Industries Department will when requ i r ed basis. A good str a t egy will be to con- a r r a n ge awa reness-raising sessions for indust r i a l- tinue this approa ch . i sts on PEPA, National Env i ro n m e n tal Quality n Small-scale lives toc k feed production units need to be Sta n d a rds, Env i ro n m e n tal Impact Assessment, es tablished where local raw materials are avai l a b l e . e nv i ro n m e n tal audit and quality sta n d a rds like ISO Tec hnical assistance will be sought from the Nat i o n a l 9000 and ISO 14000. The Sustainable Deve l o p m e n t Agricultural Res e a r ch Insti t u t e, Islamabad. Policy Inst i t u te, IUCN, WWF-P and the Pa k i sta n n As a forwar d-looking measure, the government will I n st i t u te of Management, Ka r a chi offer re l eva n t gi v e high priority to attracting biotech n o l o g y- b a s e d training cours e s .
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 147 Chapter 10
U en v i r o n m rban areas are magnets for rural people seek- ing better socio-economic opportunities and Uaccess to facilities and amenities. When peo- ple from a rural area decide to leave their communi- ties to improve their prospects, they tend to move to the large urban centres rather than to small or medium-sized towns close to their villages. There has been rapid urban expansion in Balochistan, par- ticularly in cities such as Quetta. Urbanization is an inev i table concomitant of m o d e rnization and development, a complement of the shift to industrial and service occupations. I nvestments required to absorb people into urban areas are typically many times gr e a ter than th e costs of keeping people in ru ral areas. Paved ro a d s , piped wa te r, sewe rs and drains, electricity and te l e- phone net wo rks are all needed to make cities wo rk. Rapid urbanization in Baloch i s tan, as else- where in Pa k i s tan, is accompanied by a seve r e r e s o u rce cru n ch. Rapid urban expansion with o u t e ffe c t i ve gove rnance means that in virt u a l ly eve ry urban centre a substantial pro p o rtion of the population is at risk from env i ro n m e n tal, social and economic threats (Gove rnment of Pa k i s tan and IUCN 19 9 2 ) . Few areas could be described as urban prior to B ritish rule. Until then, human settlement in Ba l o ch i s t an fol l o wed traditional lines: compo u n d s , small villages and towns located along tran s p o r tat i o n co r rid o r s, in strat egic locations and close to depend- Urban able sources of wat er and fer tile agric u l t u r al land. The District Gazette e r s compiled at the turn of the ce n t u r y provide some insight into the numbers and di s t r ibution of population in major towns and villages on a distric t - b y-d i s t r ict basis. The fir st regular census was carried out in 190 1 and gives a breakdown of occupied houses, as well as urban and rur al popula- on m e n t tion figures. For exam ple, the population of Quett a Di s t r ict in 190 1 was reported to be 114, 0 8 7, of whom 28,369 lived in an urban area. There were thr e e Ur b a n towns in Balochi s t an at that time – Quett a, Pishin and Chaman – all of which have grown since the Brit i s h occupation (Figure 13) . According to the 1981 census, the population of En v i r o n m e n t Balochistan was 4.33 million. By 1998, the census counted 6.51 million people, an annual growth rate of 2.42%. As compared with the total population, the change in urban population has been steady (Figure 14). The share of the population living in urban areas increased from about 16% to 23% of the total, a rate of 4.8% per annum. By 1998, therefore, there were some 839,000 more people living in urban areas than 17 years earlier. 10 Urban Environment
Urban population trends in Balochistan, based on wer e also trea t ed as urban areas. These included sett l e - census results, show that at the current rate of popula- ments having at least 5,000 persons in a continuous col- tion growth, the population will reach 14 million by the lection of houses, where the community sense was wel l year 2030, with 50% living in urban areas. Many of them de veloped, and where the community maintained public will be attracted to the Quetta area. utilities such as roads, stre e t lighting, wat er supply and In Balochi s tan, the definition of urban area has sa n i t ation. These places are gen e r a l l y centres of trade and cha n g ed from one census to the next. This makes it diffi- co m m e r ce, with a population mostl y non-agricultural and cult to inter p r et stat i s tics on urban growt h. The defin i t i o n wi t h a compa r a t i ve l y higher literacy rate. To further com- of urban areas is not given in the 196 1 census rep o r t. In pl i c a t e the picture, some villages have been designated 1972, urban areas wer e defined as ‘those areas which had urban areas for administr a t i v e reasons, such as Ziarat, municipal corporations, municipal committees, town com- wh i c h has only a few hundred people. Other large centres , mi t t ees and cantonment boards ’. However , other places su c h as Qila Saifullah, are not given urban stat u s . The 198 1 and 1998 censuses appear to have fol- Figure 13 Population Growth in lo wed the intent of the 1972 census, but to base the def- Pishin, Chaman inition of urban locality solely in terms of the type of local and Quetta go vernment institutions. Acc o rd i n g ly, urban centres are of fic i a l l y noti f ied on this basis. Uno r ganized sett l e m e n t s 600 ar e not included, no matter what their size. Quett a is over n 1951 n 1961 n 1972 n 1981 n 1998 six times the size of the next larges t city, Khuzdar (Tab l e 24). Three other towns exceed 50,000 (Turbat, Chaman and Hab). In total, only 18 towns have populations exce e d - ing 20,000 (Table 24). An approxi m a t e of population den-
500 sity is given in Map 11, in Maps section.
ISSUES
The major issues confronted by all urban areas in the 400 province are: n the absence of or uncoordinated development plan- ning and adequate housing;
300 Figure 14 Balochistan’s Total and Urban Population
n Total Population n Urban Population
7
200 6
5
4
100 3
2
1
0 0 Pishin Chaman Quetta 1951 1961 1972 1981 1998 Census Year
Source: Population Census Organization 1984; Ibid 1985; Ibid 1999b. Source: Population Census Organization 1984; Ibid 1985; Ibid 1999b.
150 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Urban Environment 10
n i n a d e qu a te or non-ex i stent administration and enforcement; Table 24 Population of Urban Localities, 1998 n a shortage of water for domestic, agricultural and industrial use; Rank Locality Population % Increase (1998) (1981-98) n contamination of drinking water; 1 Quetta M Corp* + Cant.** 560,307 96.1 n i n a d e qu a te or non-ex i stent sanitation, and solid waste and effluent disposal facilities; 2 Khuzdar MC*** 93,060 201.3 n air and noise pollution; and 3 Turbat MC 67,905 29.7 n traffic congestion. 4 Chaman MC 65,477 119.8 In discussing these issues, Quetta city is used as an 5 Hab TC**** 63,757 1,400.5 example because information is not readily available for 6 Sibi MC 48,219 109.3 most urban areas. 7 Zhob MC + Cant. 44,248 38.6 8 Gwadar MC 43,850 157.9 Uncoordinated or Non-existent 9 Dera Murad Jamali TC 37,766 313.5 10 Dera Allah Yar TC 37,264 453.7 Urban Planning 11 Usta Muhammad TC 37,160 209.3 12 Loralai MC + Cant. 31,925 129.7 The lack of effective planning, implementation and 13 Pasni TC 27,974 55.5 enforcement has contributed to the poor state of the 14 Kharan TC 26,057 148.8 housing stock, congestion and traffic problems in urban areas. Although Master Plans have been drawn up for 19 15 Mastung MC 24,571 49.4 urban areas, including Gwadar (1983), Turbat (1985), 16 Nushki TC 23,386 107.0 Quetta (1986) and Ziarat (1994), few of the recom- 17 Kalat TC 22,559 104.4 mended planning measures have been implemented. The 18 Pishin MC 20,479 39.2 urban development planning and management process 19 Chitkan TC 19,816 108.7 in Quetta illustrates some of the issues. 20 Bela TC 16,998 52.1 Quetta, the capital of Balochistan, is the province’s 21 Dera Bugti TC 15,309 † only true urban area. It is also the best known in terms 22 Mach TC 14,304 69.9 of available information on its development, functioning 23 Uthal TC 13,926 48.1 and administrative structure. With an official population 24 Jiwani TC 13,790 † of 560,307 in 1998, the city has nearly 9% of the 25 Zehri TC 13,158 † province’s population. The population of the greater 26 Dhadar TC 12,749 117.9 Quetta urban area is estimated to be around 1 million, 27 Dalbandin TC 12,353 † and several agencies use this number for planning pur- 28 Bhag TC 12,297 43.2 poses. 29 Winder TC 11,465 † Quetta is located in a remote mountain valley, 1,700 30 Gadani TC 11,344 73.3 metres above sea level, and bounded by towering moun- tain ranges. The site controls strategic passes and trade 31 Wadh TC 11,105 † routes to Iran, Afghanistan and the Indus valley. Militarily, 32 Surab TC 11,071 † this remote location is as important today as it was to 33 Ormara TC 11,005 33.2 Cyrus the Great 2,500 years ago. The long, porous bor- 34 Kohlu TC 9,369 † ders are hardly an obstacle to the steady flow of 35 Harnai TC 9,349 94.7 migrants, traders and refugees. It is this ever-changing 36 Sohbatpur TC 7,553 † interaction of cultures, and an unpredictable natural, 37 Barkhan TC 7,401 † socio-economic and political environment that has pro- 38 Duki TC 5,394 1.3 duced the Quetta we see today. 39 Ziarat MC 619 208.0 In the space of 50 ye a rs, Quet ta underwent a series Urban Balochistan 1,516,339 124.0 of profound ch a n ges in its make-up. A city planned for Source: Population Census Organization 1999b; Ibid 1984. 50,000 people now supports a population of more th a n *M Corp: Municipal Corporation. **Cant.: Cantonment. 1 million. It is est i m a ted that up to half of the popula- ***MC: Municipal Committee. tion is housed in ka chi abadies and in slums on th e ****TC: Town Committee. †: All these towns were notified as urban in the period between 1981 and 1998. f r i n ges of the city. The cultural mix has ch a n ged dra-
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 151 10 Urban Environment
Uncoordinated development planning is quite apparent in this baazar in Mastung. m a t i c a l ly, with a realignment of roles and re s p o n s i b i l i t i e s The municipal limits of the city of Quett a wer e in trade, business and administration. A large number of in c r eased from 6.5 squa r e kilometr es to 19.4 squa r e kilo- m i grants to the city are rural people who hold fa st to met r es in 1975. The principal organizations res p o n s i b l e their cultural traditions and are hard ly urbanized. for the city are Quett a Development Aut hority (QDA, Communities are discrete and look inwa rds, with scarc e- planning and development), Quett a Municipal Corporation ly a sign of civic consciousness. In affluent areas, com- (QMC, was te disposal and sanitar y facilities) and the munity cohesion has been replaced with high-wa l l e d Ba l o ch i s tan Wat er and Sanitation Agency (BWAS A). A c o mpounds and disdain for the maintenance of com- number of other agencies have key roles to play. mon pro p e rt y. Pove rt y, unemp l oyment and illiteracy are Quetta Development Authority has all the powers w i d e s p read, widening the divide bet ween the disadva n- required for the improvement of the town. It handles ta ged and the sophist i c a ted, affluent middle classes, engineering, town planning and building control. Funding e n t re p re n e u rs and ‘infl u e n t i a l ’. comes from the Annual Development Programme, from Experiments with elected municipal councils have sales of property and from work done under Member of met with little success. The last elections of local bodies P rovincial Assembly budgets. Housing schemes are were held in 1999 after a gap of 8 years. These institu- planned according to the 1986 Quetta Master Plan. After tions lasted for a few months only. The Municipal completion, the schemes are handed over to the QMC Corporation operates at low efficiency among accusa- for maintenance. Commercial schemes, such as markets, tions of poor administration, political influence, corrup- are turned over to the private sector. While the QDA lists tion and ineptitude. A new plan for devolution of power many by-pass and link roads, bridges and street widening and local government has been presented by the feder- in its record of achievement, it is not clear how these al government on August 14, 2000. This is likely to have relate to the objectives of the Master Plan and what, if major impct on the structure, authority and efficiency any, stakeholder involvement has taken place. Nothing of local bodies. else has taken place according to the Master Plan, ren-
152 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Urban Environment 10
dering it an ineffective document. The Quetta Master Plan must first be notified as a legal document by the Balochistan legislature, in order for it to become a legal- ly binding document for controlling further urban renewal and development. Quetta is expanding rapidly, with few controls, onto good agricultural land and groundwater recharge zones. What little natural vegetation remains on surrounding mountainsides is being removed. The affluent are able to buy their way out of problems by building in the new res- idential schemes or in the cantonment. The kachi abadies make their own way, slowly upgrading to pakka dwellings, but constrained by lack of space, overcrowding and poor services. Self-reliance is the hallmark of these areas, some of which existed before the city of Quetta was laid out. Community action in these areas is discussed later in this Chapter. Residential colonies, common to the core of the city and established during the colonial era, have not improved much in that time. At present, th e re is no single-minded vision of th e c i t y, nor the financial and human re s o u rces or st ro n g a d m i n i stration and political will to implement one. The m ajority of tod ay ’ s inhabitants are rural people. A large middle class, the affluent and the influential dominate the inner city and new housing schemes. Those who can a ff o rd to, buffer th e m s e lves from many of the pro b- lems of day-to - d a y city living in the hope that gove r n- ment, or someone, will eve n t u a l ly emerge to ta ke The private sector meets Quetta’s water demand in the summer. ch a rge and ‘do the needful’ before the city comp l ete ly c o l l a p s e s . tion. There have been no concerted efforts in the province to conserve water resources or to investigate potential water sources for future use. Water: Supply, Distribution E a ch urban area of the province has its own uniqu e and Contamination s et of circ u m stances re l a ted to wa ter supply and dis- tribution and each seems to ta ckle the problems as The availability of potable water is perhaps the most b e st th ey can. For exa mple, wa ter is supplied to Sibi for important environmental issue in the urban areas of th ree hours a day th rough the public wa ter supply sys- Balochistan. The major sources of water are natural tem. If th e re is an electricity bre a k d own at the pump- springs, karezes, wells and tubewells. Generally, almost ing station, crisis ensues, as the town has no oth e r half of urban population in the province has access to s o u rce of wa te r. Ground wa ter in Sibi District is saline water supply schemes and hand pumps; it is the avail- and unfit for drinking. Sharing of canal wate r , the maj o r ability of water itself that is the core issue. s o u rce, cannot be increased as no one re a l ly wants to Administration of the drinking water supply to urban g i ve up his or her qu ota. A large drinking wa ter supply areas, except Quetta City which is under the jurisdiction s cheme is planned with the assistance of the Asian of BWASA, is the responsibility of the Public Health D evelopment Bank (ADB). Although this may incre a s e Engineering Department. The municipal authority is wa ter distribution marg i n a l ly, no real eff o rt has been responsible where the urban area is also the district made by re l evant authorities to develop new wa te r headquarters. In the case of Quetta, the major responsi- s u p p ly sources to meet the present and future wa te r bility for water supply lies with the BWASA. This water is needs of the tow n . also used extensively for irrigation within urban areas. It The water supply situation in Quetta is different. is common practice to use water from drainage channels Prior to 1889, Quetta obtained its drinking water from for drinking, irrigation and vegetable and fruit produc- natural springs, shallow hand-dug-wells and karezes. In
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 153 10 Urban Environment
Green areas are few: Sadiq Shaeed Park (Mali Bagh), Quetta, before its renovation.
1890, the government became invo lved when it A number of studies have estimated the amount of acquired 50% of water rights at Urak Springs, 16 kilome- water available in the sub-basin. Given the rate of with- tres east of Quetta. Water was provided by pipeline to drawal, the reservoir will be fully exhausted in 20 years if the cantonment and city. Subsequently, the system was the supply and demand situation remains the same. This augmented, and Quetta entered into an agreement with p rojection is consistent with results of a tubewe l l the cantonment to pay for a share of the water. The installed for the new Children’s Hospital in Quetta. This city’s share dwindled, and by 1970 this arrangement had will tap aquifers at depths down to 300 metres, with a broken down. Only a small amount is provided to Quetta life expectancy of only 20 years. The situation is made city from Urak Springs. Numerous tubewells were drilled more complex by the fact that some of the shallower in the 1960s to alleviate the water shortage. Tubewells aquifers are now contaminated by sewage, waste water have routinely been installed by a variety of agencies and and other pollutants. Though few data are available, it is individuals since that time to meet the needs of the likely that these sources will not be suitable for drinking rapidly growing population. But the installation of yet in future. Water is used extensively for irrigation within more tubewells is not the answer. the urban area. The sources are tubewells and waste Quetta is located on a sub-basin of the Pishin Lora water. Not only is there a concern for the unregulated Drainage Basin. It has a total catchment area of 943 use of water, but also for the health implications of using square kilometres. The annual recharge in Quetta sub- waste water from nullahs, contaminated by sewage, basin is estimated to be 38 cusecs, while the average chemicals and other wastes, for vegetable and fruit pro- annual withdrawal is calculated to be 67 cusecs, an over- duction. draw of 29 cusecs. The 67 cusecs are being withdrawn Notwithstanding the recognition of the problems through 1,508 points; 30 cusecs are used for water sup- created by groundwater mining in the Quetta sub-basin, ply, 33 for irrigation and 4 for industry. On average, the many unauthorized tubewells are being drilled to meet water level is falling at an average rate of 0.5 metre per demand, particularly in the suburbs. There are few year, but in some areas the decline is as much as 3 effective controls. Urban development continues to metres per year (see Chapter 4). expand into the recharge zone. In 1995, seven tubewells
154 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Urban Environment 10
in Quetta dried up, and discharge rates from others have tation and waste disposal facilities, they do not have the fallen. Predicting the life expectancy of the groundwater capacity to provide these services. Sewage and drainage reservoir requires accurate information on current and systems are generally non-existent. Though a small per- p ro j e c ted population levels, business and indust r i a l centage of households in various urban centres do have development and agriculture. It also depends on accu- connections to septic tanks (for example, in Mastung, rate information on the rate of groundwater recharge. Kalat and Loralai) and connections to sewa ge and Information on recharge is scanty and there has been lit- drainage systems where they exist, most urban dwellers tle experimentation or practical experience in undertak- dispose of household waste water in open drains, adjoin- ing groundwater recharge schemes. ing open spaces or fields. The same situation exists for For planning purposes, BWASA estimates the pre- solid waste disposal. sent population of Quetta to be about 1 million. Using an The sanitation needs of Quetta are not being met. urban growth rate of 6% per annum, the population is About 800,000 people, the vast majority of the popula- projected to rise to 1.8 million by 2010. The projected tion, are without proper sanitation and drainage facili- shortfall in water supply is 65 million gallons per day by ties. Rainwater and waste water stagnate in low-lying 2010 (Figure 15). areas and along the roadsides, causing problems for In essence, Quetta cannot rely on groundwater or traffic and pedestrians alike and providing breeding the existing supply of spring water for much longer. A grounds for mosquitoes and parasites. The situation further concern is that major water supply projects take becomes worse during the rainy season in winter, when at least a decade to come to fruition. The government water sits for long periods. Apart from health hazards, of Balochistan has responded to the problem by imple- road surfaces are severely damaged. menting a Quet ta Wa ter Supply and Envi ro n m e n ta l At present, both domestic wa ste wa ter and sto r m Improvement Project, with technical assistance from the wa ter are collected th rough a system of surface drains ADB. The project will develop a plan to manage the d i s ch a rging into the Habib Nullah in the north and th e water resources of the Quetta sub-basin. Sariab Lora in the we st. Since these drains serve th e In the meantime, water conservation measures are dual purpose of carrying domestic and storm wa te r, being taken. BWASA estimates that as much as 40% of th ey are inadequ a te for the purpose. In addition, the water is lost through leakage, and water pressure is s ewa ge is dumped dire c t ly into the drains, which are also reduced. Apart from loss of water, broken pipes c o m m o n ly blocked with solid wa ste, including animal allow the mixing of potable water with sewage. There is remains from butcher shops and poly thene bags. The little evidence of mass awareness or education pro- s e e p a ge of wa ste wa ter from these blocked drains is grammes concerning the problems of water scarcity and c o n stant and poses a hazard to health and to the quality, and the steps people can take to deal with the quality of gro u n d wa te r. Fu rth e r m o re, resulting wa te r- problem. There is little discussion of water recycling or of reducing the demand for water for irrigation purpos- Figure 15 Quetta Water Supply es. Rehabilitating the old distribution system will certain- Status, 1991–2010 ly reduce shortages to some extent, as will promoting the economy of use. Further savings can be achieved by n Demand n Supply n Shortfall metering the actual use of water for domestic, agricul- 90 tural and industrial purposes, and by imposing limits on 80 the growth of the agriculture sector. Nevertheless, the long-term solution to the problem lies in bringing water 70 from outside the Quetta sub-basin, or in limiting the 60 growth of Quetta and constructing new towns in areas 50 where a sustainable supply of water is available. 40
30
Sanitation and Solid Waste 20
Disposal 10
0 Sanitation and solid waste disposal conditions in most 1991 1993 2000 2005 2010 urban areas of Balochistan are highly unsatisfactory. Although municipal authorities are responsible for sani- Source: Majeed and Qureshi 2000.
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water was then to be used to irrigate 270 hectares of land. By September 1994, only one third of the project had been constructed. Funding was withdrawn at that point. It will require an additional Rs. 500 million to com- plete. No other major sewage project is contemplated or under way, and no donor has stepped forward to com- plete the work. Upgrading storm water drains will require an estimated Rs. 100 million. Where sewage lines were laid, a small number of households have connected for discharging their sewage. The system has, therefore, not been effective and efficient because of reduced load of sewage and consequent choking. Kachi abadies are settlements of predominantly low- income people, living in mud (kacha) houses served by substandard physical and social services. They have intermittent water supply, no sewers or drains, no garbage collection and unpaved lanes. The settlements are congested and the houses overcrowded. There are 15 kachi abadies in Quetta, some dating back to over a 100 years. Each has its own distinctive ethnic, tribal and family ties, and are more aligned to rural rather than urban life-styles. A start has been made in providing sanitation sys- tems using a community partnership approach. This involves residents, community-based organizations and local government. Donors may provide technical and financial support to ‘kick start’ the project. Government acts as a facilitator rather than a provider of urban ser- Wastewater is a common sight. vices. The basic unit of cooperation is the lane, consist- ing of 20–30 houses. Lane organizations are formed l o g ged conditions pro m ote the rapid deterioration of with the help of a community-based organization. They pipes and utilities. then set their own priorities for the construction and The practice of using untrea t ed was te wat er from management of sewers, drains and toilets. Money is col- nullahs for growing veg etables and irrigating orcha rd s lected in advance from the beneficiaries and deposited ma y result in the transmission of parasites such as rou n d - in a savings account. Once sufficient funds are available, worms or helminths, as well as gast ro i n te s tinal diseases. the projects are implemented. No res e a r ch has been done to assess the situation. Peo p l e The people often do the work themselves, but tech- of ten accept chr onic infections as a nuisance to be tol e r - nical know-how, in the initial stages, is provided by non- at ed, or trea t ed with over- th e - c o u n t er medicines. Cause- government organizations (NGOs). Donors may offer an d - e f fect relationships are not clear in the public mind, matching funds to accelerate the work. One such pro- even among the bette r- e d u c a t ed people of the city. Some ject in Quetta expects to improve sanitation facilities in be l i e ve that routine exp o s u r e to patho g ens will result in 50 neighbourhoods over a period of three years. These in c r eased immunity from serious health risks. A furthe r are small projects, but well suited to the physical, cultur- ma jor concern has been that Quett a’s overc r owded hos- al, socio-economic and political environment that char- pi t als are not yet connected to the sewag e system . acterizes present-day Quetta. Ambitious schemes have The Quetta Sewerage and Sanitation Project was ini- more often than not been hopeless failures, leading to tiated in 1985–86 to remedy the situation. Plans were widespread cynicism and indifference. The success of made to lay 150 kilometres of sewage lines, with a 12.5- these small projects may give residents some confi- kilometre transport main to a waste water treatment dence in their ability to make a positive change to the plant. Latrines and household connections were also urban environment. included in the scheme. The treatment plant was to have Responsibility for proper disposal of solid waste is a capacity of 25,000 cubic metres per day. Recycled vested with the municipal authority. For a variety of rea-
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sons, the authority is dysfunctional, and seems likely to remain that way for some time. The government has acknowledged its inability to keep up with sanitation ser- vices, even in the city centre. Solid waste disposal statis- tics are not available for Quetta. Informal estimates sug- ge st that the municipality collects about 50% of Quetta’s solid waste on a routine basis. Residents have complained that what is collected is not properly dis- posed of. Some of the waste is lost along the roadsides during transport. The disposal of waste from hospitals, health units and dispensaries has yet to be taken seriously by the authorities as a health and environmental issue. No accu- rate data are available for urban centres, with the possi- ble exception of Quetta, to be able to conduct a com- prehensive analysis of the volume, composition and dis- posal of these wastes. At present, most medical waste is dumped outside the gates of the hospitals. While a donor has re c e n t ly provided modern trash collection equipment, its efficacy is not immediate ly a p p a rent, for the reason that if rubbish ever ente rs th e c o n ta i n e rs, rag picke rs swift ly re m ove it. In Quet ta, rag p i cke rs number in the hundreds. They are usually ch i l- d ren bet ween the ages of 3 and 10, often Afghan re f u gees of the Uzbek clan. They syste m a t i c a l ly sort rubbish for any thing that can be sold, reused or burned. A kilo of plastic bags might bring two or th ree rupees. Paper and card b o a rd are more highly prized. In th e p rocess of picking th rough the rubbish, much of it is s c a t te red about the st re ets. In one neighbourhood, a Rickshaws are a major source of air pollution in Quetta. band of such rag-picke rs ch a rges each household 30 rupees a month to keep lanes clear of rubbish. On des- i g n a ted days, the municipal authority is called in to Air and Noise Pollution re m ove rubbish and debris that cannot be handled by the picke rs . In cities such as Khuzdar and Sibi, vehicle emissions result Outside of the city centre and more prosperous in serious air pollution. The use of contaminated and neighbourhoods, waste is dumped on the streets and in leaded petrol, poorly tuned diesel engines and rickshaws vacant lots. The health hazards posed by the poor dis- in Quetta create a pall of brown photochemical smog posal of solid waste are not immediately apparent, as hanging over the cities (see Chapter 7). Respiratory and statistics are not available. The Environmental Profile eye problems are of epidemic nature. There are over Balochistan called attention to the widespread and debil- 5,000 rickshaws on the road in Quetta. They are pow- itating problem of echinococcus infections. The report ered by single cylinder, two-stroke engines fueled by a suggested that up to 40% of the population might be mixture of petrol and oil. Each rickshaw burns at least 16 infected. This helminth parasite is spread through the litres of leaded petrol and two litres of oil every day. The close association of people, dogs and livestock. The simple solution is to take them off the road, as they are problem is exacerbated through poor slaughtering and not allowed to ply in Islamabad. public health practices. But in a city where taxis are almost non-ex i ste n t In summary, the municipality continues its struggle and out of the re a ch of most people, ricks h aws offe r to keep the city clean, but there is no clear plan of action m a ny adva n ta ges. They are cheap, can manoeuvre in to cope with the existing situation or to plan ahead for the narrow and crowded st re ets and alleys, and ve ry the growing population. Recycling, such as it exists, i mp o rta n t ly, are used ex te n s i ve ly for security re a s o n s seems to be in the hands of the local people. by women to move about the city. In a culture where
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Systematic urban planning is a high priority for the province. women are closeted indoors and cannot use public e m e rged and it has now been approved. A CNG sta t i o n t r a n s p o rt to travel around the city without an accom- will be installed in Quet ta. The provincial Env i ro n m e n ta l p a nying male member of the fa m i ly, ricks h aws offer a P rotection Agency will work in part n e rship with rick- l i feline that cannot re a d i ly be replaced. Ricks h aws are s h aw ow n e rs and operato rs to implement the pro j e c t also an imp o rtant source of income for the poorer peo- w i th Canadian government assistance. The results will ple in the city. Two or th ree drive rs working in shift s , be immediate and will be one of the most visible o p e r a te a ricks h aw for 18 hours a day. Each driver sup- exa mples of cooperative action ever seen in th i s p o rts a fa m i ly of fi ve to eight people. At a minimum, ancient city. 50,000 people may be supported, at least in part, fro m r i cks h aw operations. If ricks h aws cannot be eliminated, something must THE WAY AHEAD be done to control their emissions. The answer may lie in conve rting them to run on comp ressed natural ga s The process of urbanization can be slowed, but not ( C NG). Gas is re a d i ly available, is cheap and is pro m ote d reversed. Alleviating some of the factors that motivate as a fuel by the federal government, to reduce pollution people to leave rural areas is one step. That means pro- and dependency on imp o rted oil. A Canadian comp a ny viding jobs and delivering services such as education, has designed an inex p e n s i ve conve rsion kit. Ricks h aw health, housing, communications, water, sanitation and ow n e rs, drive rs and mechanics have studied and energy at the community level. The same process that e n d o rsed the concept. Their enthusiasm was not solely attracts people to urban areas of Balochistan, also re l a ted to a concern for the env i ronment, but to th e attracts them to other urban centres in Pakistan. A cer- p rospect of saving a few rupees a day. Conve rted rick- tain level of out-migration from Balochistan will be a s h aws will also have access to areas of the city and can- continuous process. tonment where th ey are pre s e n t ly pro h i b i te d . Dealing with population grow th is a long-te r m G etting this project off the ground has invo lve d pr ocess. The benefits of current fam i l y planning pro- endless discussions with many sta ke h o l d e rs, including grammes will not be evident for some time. In the mean- federal and provincial governments, municipal auth o r- while, steps must be tak en to address urban envi ro n m e n t ities, traffic police, the priva te secto r, Sui South e r n issues and solutions must be found and impl e m e n t ed to Gas Comp a ny, NGOs and donors. A consensus has reduce the str ess arising from urban growth .
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Urban Development Planning da i r y farms, schools, hospitals, mosques, petr ol pumps , and Implementation Structures CN G stations and rec r eation facilities have to be zoned. Some guidelines for stan d a r d planning practices for new Though a process for urban planning and management de velopments are listed in Box 20. exists, there is no systematic housing or urban planning in Balochistan. A systematic urban planning and imple- mentation process is a high priority for the province. Government as Facilitator and Basic infrastr u c t u r e has to be provided, and the gov- Enabler of Urban Development ernment is ultimatel y responsible for doing that. This means laying out roads and services, such as wat er mains, Urban populations look towards government to take trunk sewer s, gas, electricity and telephone lines and action in order to resolve problems of water supply, san- was te management facilities. It means providing basic itation, waste management, traffic congestion and pol- se r vices, such as schools, hospitals and clinics, markets , lution. Governments traditionally introduce and enforce pa r k s and rec r eation facilities. Building codes and con- legislation, rules and regulations that impose strict con- struction stan d a r ds have to be laid down, understoo d trols over every aspect of urban life and behaviour, but and enforced. Planning principles have to be adopted, and take punitive action against offenders. The effective- the parameter s for planning have to be established. For ness of these controls and the willingness to comply exam ple, residential planning must tak e into account the varies widely according to public behaviour and attitudes need to protect the re ch a rge zones of the Quett a sub- towa rds the env i ronment and common pro p e rt y. basin and prime agricultural land, res tor e the catchm e n t Culture, socio-economic conditions, environment, edu- ar eas, and perhaps establish green belts. Industrial area s , cation, awareness and incentives all play a part. In addi- solid was te disposal sites, slaughter houses, markets , tion to strengthening law and enforcement measures,
Box 20 Some Guidelines for the Preparation of Structural and Master Plans for Urban Areas
n Modify local government legislation to make it mandatory for each local body to prepare, or have prepared a Structure Plan, along with local plans such as Local District Plans, Action Area Plans and Subject Plans for their areas of jurisdic- tion. n Prepare Structure Plans or Master Plans for all existing and potential urban areas as a basis for land use planning, hous- ing, transportation and environmental planning. n Review each Structure/Master Plan every five years to incorporate changes and new developments, thus making town planning of urban areas a continuous process, ensuring the sustainable development of human settlements. n Initiate land pooling and readjustment of housing schemes in all urban areas, to cover all vacant areas and areas ear- marked for city expansion in the Structure/Master Plan. n Decentralize some Central Business District functions. n Establish a land pooling and readjustment section, headed by a town planner, in each local body (Municipal Committee or Town Committee) to carry out land pooling and readjustment of housing schemes for the future expansion of urban areas in a planned manner. n Carry out incremental development housing schemes on the pattern of Khuda Ki Basti for low-income people in all urban areas as an alternate to the current unauthorized subdivision of land, which is creating slums and squatter settle- ments. n Encourage energy-efficient designs of housing schemes (through design competitions) so that electrical energy and gas consumption can be reduced and an increased use of solar energy can be made. n Shift wholesale markets, slaughterhouses, cattle markets and poultry farms outside of cities, to avoid congestion and pollution in the inner city areas. n Separate administrative offices from commercial areas to avoid congestion in the central areas of cities. n Create new Central Business Districts in the newly developed areas, thus developing cities on a multiple nuclei pattern. n Develop a proper building control system by dividing urban areas into zones of 50,000 population, each having a Town Planning cell. Encroachments and building control violations should be checked at the initial stage to avoid demolition at a later stage.
Source: Zaidi 2000.
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fr om taking any effec t i v e action to res o l ve urban envi - ron m e n t al problems. One way to solve this problem is the community partn e r ship approa c h, which is useful in some ci rc u m s tances. Since community members are direc t l y af fec t ed by development, the y often have a str ong incen- ti v e to see development exec u t ed prop e r l y. Some exam - ples of this approa c h are the Orangi Pilot Project in Kar a c hi, the Khuda Ki Basti Project in Hyderabad and the Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project. Marriabad, a kach i abadi built on a Quett a mountainside is another examp l e ; it has disti n c t i v e fea t u r es ref lecting the prefe r ences of the residents. These areas are by no means ideal examp l e s of development, but the element of community parti c i - pation has lead the development to be more need based, co s t effec t i v e and wor thy of maintenance by community.
Participatory Processes for Managing Urban Development
Urban development and ren e wal will not tak e place in iso- lation of the needs of the inhabitants. All have a stak e in the development of the place where th ey live . De velopment planning undertak en without the parti c i p a - tion of stake h o l d e r s, intere s t groups and the public at la r ge have come to nothing, since own e r ship of the prob - lems and their solutions was never established. A corol - la r y of urban development, as a dimension of human Planned urban areas provide citizens with liveable spaces. de velopment, is a sense of belonging. Processes tha t de velop and integr a t e this sense, by changing from a government is responsible for the provision of infra- me ch a n i s tic approa c h to a human approa c h, are more structure and services through public investment. Public li ke l y to be supported and more like ly to succeed. agencies are largely responsible for initiating and imple- In vol vement of people in the urban planning proc e s s menting projects and programmes aimed at resolving would kick-s tar t this process. This also re qu i res the urban environmental issues. in vol vement of local government, the privat e sector and The use of legislation requires the ability and will to the general public as part n e rs in projects for th e enforce it. It also implies that there are adequate finan- imp r ovement of urban conditions. cial and human resources. These conditions do not pre- Ba l o ch i s tan Urban Council will be crea t ed in P&D vail in Balochistan, or anywhere else in the country, and De p a r tment by res tructuring the Quett a Devel o p m e n t unilateral attempts to impose controls through legisla- Auth o r i t y . The Council will be assigned the role of coordi - tion will eventually only hurt those people who are most nating and prom o ting sound urban development and in need of help. This option is not likely to succeed. ren e wal in the province. It will establish District Urb a n Instead, the goal must be to transform government Co m m i t t ees with a focus on urban development in dis- from a controller and enforcer, to a facilitator and tricts. Town Development Committees will be estab l i s h e d enabler of civil society, to mutually assist and reinforce for each of the exi s ting or potential urban areas. These the provision of services and utilities to all. will over see and guide planning, development and ren e w- al of urban areas. Town development and ren e wal will be un d e r tak en by the regular local government insti t u t i o n s Public-Community Initiatives wi t h added exp e r tise and capacity, if needed. An examp l e of an Action Plan for Quett a City is provided in Table 25. The La c k of res o u r ces and administr a t i v e shortcomings pre- pr ocess for action planning would identify and establish pri- vent local governments and development autho r i t i e s orities on issues and plan options for impl e m e n ta t i o n .
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Table 25 Action Plan for Quetta
Action Fields Activities WATER ACTION PLAN Institutional Strengthen BWASA Strengthen Strengthen irrigation aspects & other water related coordination department departments between BWASA & other departments Awareness Need to protect Protection of Irrigation efficiency, Avoiding wastage Programme on catchment areas, reservoirs, channels, & reuse & of drinking water health & sanitation groundwater distribution systems recycling of water & minimizing industrial use Research Geo-hydrological water Improvement of Development Water use data Technical aspects: quality & quantity existing systems of new systems collection & reuse & recycle, (open–close systems) analysis purification, & distribution (pipes) Planning Programme for Future service Integrated approach Irrigation planning Industrial use catchment areas & extension plan to water & sanitation, planning reservoirs/buffer (green area development development) Training/ Technical staff on Technical staff in Technical staff in Technical staff in Programme education water resources design of reservoirs & system maintenance system monitoring for health & research distribution systems sanitation Legislation Protection, use & Compliance & System & recovery Treatment & management of enforcement of of water charges disposal of sewage, catchment areas & relevant laws, compliance of NEQS reservoirs, control on rules & regulation installation of tubewells SANITATION ACTION PLAN Institutional Strengthen QMC Development of Development Appropriation Rapid aspects & other related planning & of adequate of operations & implementation of departments implementation management & maintenance of existing technical capacity control mechanisms equipment systems Awareness Health benefits At source waste Efficient water use Programme on health Feasible options of motivation reduction & sanitation effective disposal for practical use Research Waste disposal & Development of Data collection of Water use data Technical aspects recycling new systems sanitation mix collection & - reuse & recycle (open–close) analysis - purification - distribution (pipes) Planning Waste disposal Future extension of Integrated Agricultural Efficiently using control by spatial sewage & drainage approach for water use of treated sewage the existing measures, such systems & sanitation & drainage water sewage system as appropriate management collection sites & social management of open spaces Training/ Staff for planning & Technical staff in Technical staff Technical staff Programme for education O&M design of collection in maintenance in monitoring health & & disposal systems sanitation, city clean-up ca m p a i g n s Legislation Development planning Waste disposal Compliance & Strengthen system control, sanitary charges enforcement of & recovery of workers work relevant laws, rules sewerage charges conditions, incineration & regulations of hospital waste
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Action Fields Activities GREEN SPACE ACTION PLAN Institutional Create responsibility Strengthen Establish monitoring Budget Strengthen aspects (feasible structure) maintenance system coordination with department other departments (forest, agriculture, irrigation) Awareness Programmes for planners, decision- makers, stakeholders, public at large Research Soil survey, topo Growing of Water collection, Devegetation/ mapping of existing appropriate plant waste water reuse, vegetation of green spaces and saplings of very big climatic conditions watersheds including public open spaces size and transplanting piedmont areas and technique their impact on water recharge/ sedimentation of reservoirs Planning Green lungs of city, Recycling/reusing Irrigation efficiency recreation parks, water playgrounds, flower shows and aesthetic (roadside) plantation Training/ Planning Maintenance Monitoring education and implementation Legislation Compliance and enforcement TRANSPORTATION ACTION PLAN Institutional Create responsibility Strengthen control Create information Create monitoring Arrange budget aspects (RTA, QMC, QDA) systems (traffic systems systems police, Motor Vehicle Examiner) Awareness Use of media & Target groups – Legislators, enforcers, Transport operators Students and driving institutes drivers, pedestrians, arbitrators children public Research Vehicles, their types Intersection designs/ Corridor carrying Fuel types, quality, Safety related and use data traffic signalling capacities quantity and efficiency to transporting hazardous substances Planning Regional, district, Network management Traffic management Re-orientation of Goods movement city, local level including signage traffic hubs corridors Training/ Driver education/testing Defensive driving Enforcement Monitoring Research education Legislation Taxation Compliance and Parking Pollution control Encroachment enforcement
URBAN DEVELOPMENT ACTION PLAN Institutional Improve co-ordination Strengthen QMC, QDA, Improve traffic Include the private Identify and aspects among urban agencies district council to management capacity sector in urban involve all other manage urban growth planning and stakeholders and management interest groups in development planning and management Awareness Economic opportunities Social and cultural City’s macro and Environmental Ownership of the opportunities micro problems and degradation and city by inhabitants their solutions its solutions
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Action Fields Activities Research Urban growth control, Development and Development and Air pollution control, Financing planning and management of management of hospital/solid mechanism/ management natural resources, socio-economic and waste disposal, resources techniques especially water cultural resources sewage treatment, for development and practices and watershed areas and reuse strategies programmes Planning Commerce and Infrastructure Traffic Green/open spaces Development industry development institutions strengthening Training/ Urban planning Data collection, Identification and Participatory Plan execution education management, analysis of options planning approaches and monitoring and use and tools mechanisms Legislation Legal status of Fund generation Trust Fund Bye laws, e.g., Enforcement/ Master Plan and tax sharing for buildings, compliance and enforcement/ by relevant zoning of functions, responsibility compliance measures agencies wall chalking, sewage and solid waste disposal
Water Supply commercial or residential, meet all of the standards for proper sanitation. Dr a i n a g e systems must also be installed or impr oved The acute problem of wat er scarci t y , especially in Quetta , to deal with runoff and was te wat er that collects and needs a fundamental l y differ ent approa c h. The pres e n t stag n a t es in low-l ying areas and along the roadsides, and policy is based on the premise that Quett a will continue even t u a l l y crea t es health hazards. The community can do to grow (without limits), and that drilling deeper into the its part by draining areas of standing wat er in res i d e n t i a l aqu i fe r s and arranging inter -basin transfer s may meet ar eas, that form breeding areas for mosqui t oes and para- the ever- i n c r easing wat er requ i r ements. This is fat al. The si t es. The dumping of was te from wor k shops and gar a ge s su p p l y is unlikel y to keep pace with the demand, and even mu s t also be controlled. At present, oily was te and lubri- if it could, it would be ext re m e l y exp e n s i v e. Moreo ver , cants are often dumped direc t l y into open drains. other urban problems will also escalate, as scarce funds mu s t inevi ta b l y be spent on wat er supply as a fir st prior- it y . Limits on the expansion of Quett a (and other town s Solid Waste Management and cities) may be possible, but to contain expansion set- tlements beyond these limits may not be easy. The M u ch of the problem ex i sts due to the generation of un d e r l ying principle, however , will be ‘containing the m a ny types of wa stes in the city, and inefficient or pr oblem fir st’. Reh a b i l i t ation of the exi s ting supply sys- i n e ffe c t i ve collection and disposal pro c e d u re s . tem, and education and awar eness of the need to con- P ro d u c e rs of wa ste include hospitals, fruit and ve g- se r ve wat er are supply management priorities. etable markets and ve n d o rs, butch e rs and the numer- ous small businesses and wo r kshops that crowd th e city area. Donkeys, horses and live sto ck also contribute Sanitation to the mess. The entire wa ste management syste m needs an overhaul. This includes wa ste ge n e r a t i o n , The completion of sewage connections to hospitals and household and commercial disposal, collection, haulage , subsequent maintenance and safe disposal of medical re c ycling, comp o sting and landfill operations. waste must be given high priority. Hospitals will be St re n g thening the ability of municipal authorities to re qu i red to develop, implement and monitor pro- dispose of solid wa ste effe c t i ve ly and effi c i e n t ly will be grammes for the disposal of their wastes. The existing a priority. An action plan for Quet ta has been drawn to sewage facilities in Quetta City are underutilized result- help deal with the problem. Regular city cleanup cam- ing in inefficient operation of the facilities and continu- paigns might also help. ing sanitation problem. The residents need to be moti- The informal wa ste management system is alive vated to connect their household sewers with the sewer and well in Quet ta and in urban areas th roughout th e trucks. It is important that new developments, whether p rovince and Pa k i stan. It is efficient, effe c t i ve and
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 163 10 Urban Environment
Systematic urban planning will have many benefits. qu i te sophist i c a ted. A chain of collecto rs ensures th a t kilns will be re l o c a ted outside of Quet ta va l l ey to air- v i rt u a l ly any thing of value is collected and re c yc l e d . c r a ft eliminate a major source of pollution and for th e H oweve r, the system has it problems. It results in th e s a ke of airc r a ft safety at the time of landing. Powe r s p reading of wa ste around the st re ets and open are a s . plants and ro ck quarries are not serious th reats to air It also leads to hospital wa ste and wa ste collected by qu a l i t y, but will need to comp ly with air quality sta n- the municipalities, being dumped for the benefit of th i s d a rds. New facilities will be located and equipped to informal economy. Municipal authorities must deve l o p minimize their effects on air qu a l i t y. m o re formal arrangements with the collecto rs to e n s u re that re c yclable materials are collected in a sys- tematic way that does not add to the problem. The Transportation and National Conservation St r a tegy developed policies and Traffic Management m e a s u res on this subject. Experiences in imp l e m e n t i n g them will be eva l u a ted and the lessons learned applied Tr a n s p o rtation development and traffic manage m e n t , in Baloch i sta n . though a fundamental pre - re qu i s i te of deve l o p m e n t a ffecting all human development activities, is iro n i c a l ly the most negl e c ted development sector in the urban Air Pollution a reas of Baloch i stan. The development of public and p r i va te transportation management systems, with a M e a s u res for dealing with air pollution invo lve use of c o n c u r rent increase in transportation infrast r u c t u re , a l te r n a t i ve fuels, such as CNG, preventing the imp o rt , re qu i res a com p re h e n s i ve transportation manage m e n t s m u g gling and use of substa n d a rd and conta m i n a te d a p p ro a ch, with a we l l - c o n c e i ved financing mech a n i s m . p et rol, introducing traffic management and sto p p i n g In the absence of a viable rail and air transporta t i o n the practice of burning rubbish within city limits. The o ption for large-scale movement of commercial and g overnment of Baloch i stan will be active ly pro m ot i n g goods traffic, the development of transportation sys- the use of CNG for ricks h aws and government ve h i c l e s . tems, ro u tes and traffic management te ch n i ques and This is a major step in dealing with the problem. Brick e n f o rcement will be given priority.
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Communication and Aw a r e n e s s The most effective set of measures that can be taken to improve the urban environment, are education and com- munication programmes. There is a lack of awareness of virtually every issue surrounding water, sanitation, waste disposal and air pollution. People freely acknowledge the problems, but are not aware of what they can do about it. There are good programmes in the schools, and some NGOs are active in this field. Un f o rt u n a te ly, th e Balochistan Environmental Protection Agency could not launch a mass awareness activity fully as a component of the Baloch i stan Natural Re s o u rce Manage m e n t Project. The EPA and every agency of government con- cerned with the use of resources, renewable and non- renewable, will develop education and communication materials and programmes to inform the public about how they can be used safely and in a sustainable manner. These programmes are likely to be far more cost-effec- tive than a mere reliance on enforcement measures.
Other Measures n D evelop and pro m u l ga te guidelines for defi n i n g urban are a s . Inaugurating a city tree plantation campaign. n D evelop a comp re h e n s i ve database conta i n i n g details of size, location, population trends and land ownership records of all urban areas in the province. n Reduce the movement of the rural population to n D evelop a provincial Human Settlements Policy for urban centres by imp roving rural and semi-urban B a l o ch i stan on guidelines similar to the Na t i o n a l s ettlements in physical infrast r u c t u re, provision of Human Settlement Po l i c y. The former will be based essential services (wa te r, electricity, sanita t i o n , on the following principles: education and health), and economic opport u n i t i e s . - decentralized urban deve l o p m e n t; n S yste m a t i c a l ly re n ew or upgrade housing sto ck, - decentralized imp l e m e n ta t i o n ; i n f r a st r u c t u re and services (wa ter supply, sewe rs , - development of decentralized economic oppor- drains and energy) in conformity with revised build- tunity; ing regulations, construction sta n d a rds and com- - d evelopment of rural and semi-urban housing munity needs, consistent with sound planning prin- stock ; ciples, updated master plans and the use of energ y - d evelopment of feeder transport net wo r k ; and re s o u rce conservation te ch n o l o g i e s . - p re s e rvation of social and cultural va l u e s ; n Plan pro a c t i ve ly imp rovement and ex tension of - p re s e rvation of culture and herita ge ; m i d - l evel urban centres for reducing migration of - rural/urban revenue sharing and inve st m e n t s ; rural population to Quet ta and other big towns in a n d B a l o ch i sta n . - rural access to soft loans/fi n a n c i n g . n Sta rt thinking on developing a sustainable and n D evelop re s o u rce use pro files for all urban centre s h e a l thy city of the size of Quet ta with a susta i n a b l e (including wa ter supply, demand, treatment and wa ter source, economic opportunities and fa c i l i t i e s re c ycling; sewe r a ge and energy consumption; solid and that may attract people desirous of migr a t i n g wa ste generation, reuse, re c ycling and disposal; f rom rural or ex i sting urban are a s . and air pollution) as a basis for the planning and n Identify and ta ke measures to control gro u n d wa te r c o n s e rvation of re s o u rc e s . mining and pollution.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 165 Chapter 11
En v i r o n m e he nvironmental health is a relatively new con- cept in Balochistan. In the last decade, some Eunderstanding of preventive health has been reflected in public sector health policies and plans. The Eighth and Ninth Five-Year Plans mention it as a p ri o rity of the gove rnment of Baloch i s tan, as opposed to the earlier stress on curative and ter- tiary health care. Yet the focus of preventive health remains narrow. It deals with the prevention of spe- cific diseases through vaccinations, medicines, or some element of disease-specific health education. According to the Wo rld Health Orga n i z a t i o n , ‘h e a l t h is a stat e of compl e te physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of dis- ease or infirm i t y ’ . The cha n g es posing threats to human health include population and resource imbal- ance, urbanization, industrialization, envi ro n m e n ta l pollution, natural resource depletion, social tran s fo r - mation and struc t u r al cha n g e resulting in psycho s i s , po ver ty and inequity on the basis of gen d e r , ethn i c i - ty and power hierar chy. The development of a common vision of health and social development – including equity, poverty alleviation, employment, social justice and provision of basic human needs – is necessary, with a realiza- tion that there are physical, biological and socio-cul- tural dimensions to the relationship between envi- ronment and human health. This calls for the atten- tion of policy-makers, planners, donors, profession- nm e n t a l als in all relevant sectors, academia, media and the general public toward coordinated and integrated efforts for environmental health in Balochistan. As far as environmental pollution is concerned, the impact on health is not as bad as in Pakistan’s other three provinces. This may be due to the less developed state of the province, where major envi- ronmental pollution is an issue in the three or four he a l t h large urban centres. The basic issue in describing the current situation in Balochistan is the lack of reliable and complete data. Available information En v i r o n m e n t a l being patchy, most of the analysis is based on the experience and observation of professional health workers. Despite some improvements in health standards He a l t h in recent years, Balochistan still has a lower life expectancy (57 for men and 56 for women) than in other parts of the country. Vaccine-preventable dis- eases are still prevalent as a threat to life, despite improved vaccination coverage. Nutritional status of neonates and the infant mortality have not improved (about 112 per thousand live births). The high growth rate reflects declining mortality (30 per thousand in 1947, to 12 in 1997) and a high and near stable crude birth rate (38 per thousand). The vast 11 Environmental Health
majority of women do not use any method of fertility awar eness thr ough envi ro n m e n t al messages and will regulation. Family planning programmes are deficient, in c o r p o r a t e envi ro n m e n t al aspects in its projects. A particularly in rural areas, and access to these services is was te disposal prog ramme is being designed for one hos- difficult. pi t al and one clinical laborator y. Malnutrition prevails, with a higher freq uency and in t ensity in chi l d r en below fiv e yea r s of age, preg n a n t women and lactating mothe r s. Seventy percent of chi l - EN V I R O N M E N TA L dr en in Balochi s tan are malnourished. The inequity in dis- tribution of food betw een regions, income groups and HE A L TH THREATS fam i l y members contributes to malnutrition, as does poor infant feeding practices and inadequa t e or delayed Th r eats to human and animal health derive direc t l y or in t r oduction of supplementar y feeding. The situation is in d i re c t l y from envi ro n m e n t al problems. Direct thr eats to co m pounded by freq uent and narrowly spaced preg n a n - he a l t h include accidents and occupational hazards. In the cies. Iron deficiency is widespread and vitamin A defic i e n - case of accidents, pollutants can be released into the cy is believed to be a serious problem. A shocking 71 per- at m o s p h e r e and have a direct effect on the human body. cent of Balochi s tan ’s chi l d r en under fiv e yea r s of age, Su c h a large-scale accident has not been rep o r ted in ma n i fe s t stu n t ed growt h, and 56 percent are under- Ba l o ch i s tan . weight. Per i n a t al deaths are due mainly to deliver y com- Occupational diseases occur as a result of long-ter m plications, poor maternal health and tetanus. Post - n e o n a - exp o s u r e to chemical or physical substances. These are tal deaths are common due to diarrhoea, malnutrition less easily managed, parti c u l a r l y due to the absence of a and communicable diseases. regular medical che c k-up system, as the rel a t i o n s h i p Ho wever , a few initiatives have been tak en by the bet w een the injurious substance and the injury is He a l t h Department to ameliorate this situation (Box 21) . ob s c u r ed in most instances. In some industries, the exp o - A res o u r ce unit is being established in the Insti t u t e of su r e and the disease may have a ver y short inter val . Public Health to coordi n a t e and provide support to the These also include infectious diseases, parti c u l a r l y among env i ro n m e n t al prog ramme in the province. A PC-I for the agr i c u l t u r e wor ke r s, miners and wor ke r s on petro l e u m He a l t h Education Prog ramme in Balochi s tan has been pr oduction and drilling operations. People working on su b m i t t ed. The Health Department intends to crea t e jobs where loud noise is a constant fea t u r e suffer from
Box 21 Existing Services and Programmes of the Health Sector
Se rv i c e s Pro g rammes
n Cu r a t i v e services agai n s t endemic diseases and othe r n Malaria Control Pro gr a m m e ailments, and follow-up of chr onic prob l e m s n Mo ther and Child Health Pro gr a m m e n Pr even t i v e services, especially agai n s t diseases on the n Le p r osy Control Progr a m m e priority list n Nutrition, AIDS Prevention & Control Progr a m m e n Reh a b i l i t ation services agai n s t disability and n Co n t r ol of Diarrhoeal Diseases disconformity (both social and physical) caused by n Co n t r ol of Communicable Diseases ce r tain ailments like lepros y , AIDS and sexu a l l y tr a n s m i t t ed diseases n Co n t r ol of Acu t e Res p i r a to r y Tract Infec t i o n n Tub e r culosis Control Pro gr a m m e n Pre - s e r vice training to undergra d u a t e medical students, public health training for lady health wor ke rs , n World Food Progr a m m e nu r sing training, medical health tec hnician training, and po st - gr a d u a t e training in certain clinical subjects n In - s e r vice training in priority areas like malaria, diarrhoea, acute res p i r a to r y infections and fam i l y pl a n n i n g n Su p p o r t services for the provision of those listed above n Special services deliver ed thr ough projects, especially in areas where regular services are defic i e n t n Expanded prog ramme on immunization
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Awareness about how water sources are polluted is needed. hearing impairments. Apart from traffic police, noise has The incidence of wate r -borne diseases has risen also affec t ed many residents, who are suffering from grea t l y, and infants, chi l d r en and adults rou t i n e l y suffer mild, moderate, or sever e stag es of deafness. fr om gast ro i n te s tinal disorde r s. Dyse n te r y, typhoid and Th e r e are occupational diseases occurring due to hepatitis have now become common ailments. co n t act with hazardous materials found in tan n e r i e s , se wag e treatment plants, laboratories, lives toc k far m i n g , fisheries and coastal wor k . These could be further trans- Fo o d mi t t ed. In the recent past, hepatitis B has infec t ed some su r geons in the provi n c e . Pover ty has affec t ed much of the population to an In d i r ect thr eats to health include wat er qua l i t y , food ext ent that even basic food re qu i rements are hardl y met. avai l a b i l i t y , air qua l i t y , was te disposal and problems tha t This is parti c u l a r l y so in the barani (rainfed) area s . af fect mental health. Malnutrition is most apparent in chi l d r en and women, but is also evident among othe r wise healthy adult males. Pes ticides poisoning thr ough food has been a rec e n t Water Quality in t r oduction to this group of diseases. All this coupled wi t h co-exi s tence with bacteria, viruses and parasites Wat er tes ting is not performed in the province, and lim- results in epidemics and outbrea k s of diseases. it ed facilities are available. The tes ting that has been done Anaemia, usually caused by worm infes tations, is has detec t ed high levels of coliform bacilli and othe r common, especially among women. In some areas sur- harmful micro- o r ganisms, even in deep wells. The prob - rounding Mastung, yel l o w-b r own discoloration of tee th is lem is especially bad in Quetta . ver y common due to hyp e r- fl u o r osis. Another condition
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 169 11 Environmental Health
Waste dumps are breeding grounds for diseases. common in Balochi s tan is the formation of oxal a t e ston e s Patients with acute res p i r a to r y tract infe c t i o n s in the urinary tract rel a t ed to tom a t oes, a basic ingred i - cr owd the health outlets thr oughout Balochi s tan. Many ent in food. patients also use traditional home remedies. The infec - tions rea c h a chr onic stag e with subsequent heart dis- ease, cancer and exh a u st i o n . Air Quality
Earlier in this century, the quality of air in and arou n d Land, including Waste Disposal Qu et t a was the healthi e s t. Tub e r culosis patients from all over India wer e brought for treatment to the sanator i u m Solid was te and sewag e disposal is a rapidly escalating near Brewer y Hills, Quett a. Now, a cloud of smoke cover s pr oblem in all urban centres of Balochi s tan (see Chapter the val l e y like a blanket. The amount of dust and othe r 10). In rural areas, due to conges ted living, gra d u a l l y po l l u t ants that are ever present in the atmosphere of changing patterns of consumption and lack of education, Qu et t a wer e not experienced by residents just 20 yea r s the issue of was te disposal is getting grea t er signific a n c e . ago. The exte n s i v e and uncontrolled emission from Al t hough the majority of people in the province are exh a u s ts of vehicles leads to the formation of smog and Muslim, and Islam has its basis in the principle of cleanli- cre a t es serious health hazards (see Chapter s 7 and 10) . ness, gar b a g e and sewag e are dumped openly, even out- The rising incidence of res p i r a to r y problems is rel a t ed to side mosques. Community-m a n a g ed was te disposal is the high concentration of smog. The general stat e of possible, as demonstr a t ed by the Hazara community in child health in Quett a city is also deteriorating as a res u l t . the Marriabad area in Quett a. Badly managed was te
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du m ps are the breeding places for vec to r s for var i o u s diseases, such as cholera and malaria, which are on the rise in the whole province, especially in the urban area s . The Malaria Control Prog ramme is being impl e m e n te d , but the incidence of malaria has not shown any decline. Rec e n t l y, cases of cerebral malaria have also been rep o r t- ed to be on the increa s e . The introduction and uncontrolled and indiscriminate use of agro- c hemicals is a major envi ro n m e n t al thr eat to the health of the rural population; the full impact of thi s pr oblem is still unknown, due to a lack of reliable data.
Community Mental Health
Ba l o ch i s tan has its own share of mental health prob l e m s , pa rt i c u l a r l y in urban areas. The rising incidence of vio- lence, drug abuse, frustration, anger , suicide and gen e r a l moral degradation is an indication of civil society unre st . Eve r- g rowing deterioration of the env i ronment and in c r easing pover ty further add to the adver se impa c t .
IS S U E S
Le g i s l a t i o n
Legislation is key to supporting an envi ro n m e n t al health pro g ramme, especially for occupational health and safe- Involving women in health education. ty . The reg u l a to r y framework must include practices con- cerning plants, processes, effluents, refuse, sanitat i o n , Ba l o ch i s tan. Informal education and excl u s i v e campa i g n s national envi r onment quality stan d a r ds for solid was tes , wi t h the invol vement of government organizations, the ef fluents, air emissions and noise and other rel a te d pr i va t e sector and NGOs would also be ver y useful. aspects of an acceptable quality of life. The Mine Safety , In d u s trial Labour Safety , Prevention of Work Hazard La ws, the Pak i s tan Envi ro n m e n t al Protection Act and oth- Human Resources and er s provide good legal cover a g e; the problem lies in the i r Technical Skills imp l e m e n t ation. As a result, human injury and suffer i n g ar e on the increa s e . He a l t h prof essionals in Balochi s tan do not usually rel a t e the diseases of skin, lungs, eyes or other areas to the env i r onment, exce p t in some cases relating to coal mines. Health Education The problem lies in their training, which deals with envi - ron m e n t al health in a summary manner and is confin e d Nei t her the general public nor decision-maker s are wel l to the treatment of wat er and causes of discomfort in ac qu a i n t ed with the relationship betw een human health an overc r owded room. Nothing is done to rel a t e the caus- and exp l o i t ation of the envi r onment, and the social costs es of human suffering to the deteriorating stat e of the or opportunities lost due to envi ro n m e n t al degra d a t i o n . env i ro n m e n t . Th e re f o r e planners, decision-maker s and the public must Env i ro n m e n t al health has two distinct components – be made awar e of envi ro n m e n t al health issues. Both for- one rel a t es to the effects on the general health of a pol- mal and informal education is impo r tant, but this can be l u ted env i ronment, and the second is occupational an uphill ta s k, considering the low literacy rate in he a l t h. Not even a minimum level of tec hnical skills, let
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 171 11 Environmental Health
n S p e c i fic detailed information pro grammes will be d eveloped for public and priva te - s e c tor pers o n n e l i nvo lved in the design and imp l e m e n tation of d evelopment projects. These pro grammes will i n c l u d e : - information on the relationship betw een envi ro n - ment, development and health; - information on the impact of various proc e s s e s and prog rammes on the envi ro n m e n t ; - information on occupational safety and health is s u e s ; - the means to address the exi s ting situation with re ga rd to envi ro n m e n t al health; - the role of government in operations and pr ocesses to control envi ro n m e n t al degra d a t i o n ; - the impo r tance of alter n a t i v e tec hnology and its de vel o p m e n t ; - the impo r tance of inter- s e c t oral coordination and cooperation for sustainable development and env i ro n m e n t al protection; and - the impo r tance of observing safety reg u l a t i o n s . n Applied and coordi n a t ed res e a r ch will be prom o ted exte n s i ve l y and its results be used. If needed, exte r - nal assistance can be sought. The Insti t u t e of Public He a l t h must tak e lead in res e a r ch on the agree d pa r a m e ter s of envi ro n m e n t al health for impr ovi n g de c i s i o n - m a k i n g . n Various agencies invol ved in planning, impl e m e n t a- Well-being for all. tion, res e a r ch, communication, education, reg u l a t i o n and monitoring rega r ding envi ro n m e n t al health will alone diver se exp e r tise and trained human res o u r ces, is be bett er coordi n a t ed, so that duplication and frus- available to deal with these two components in tration are avoided and synergy is crea t ed. The Ba l o ch i s tan . He a l t h Department is primarily a service deliver y or ganization, and is mostl y concerned with the cura- General Management Issues ti v e aspect, with occasional advice on preven t i v e c o n t rol mechanisms. The env i ro n m e n tal health He a l t h managerial systems remain inadequa te l y devel - aspects can be imp roved only if the Health oped. The Health Information Management System has De p a r tment gets assistance from or provides tech n i - on l y parti a l l y been impl e m e n t ed. A harmonious and sup- cal services to the line agencies thr ough a well coor- p o rt i ve supervision system is yet to be put in place. A di n a t ed mecha n i s m . patient re ferral system is virt u a l ly non-ex i ste n t . n The laws and regulation rega r ding solid was te dispos- Expanded managerial decentralization is still to be al from hospitals and industries, noise levels, pesti - ach i e ved. Given the cross-cutting nature of health and cide stor a g e and use, wat er pollution and was tage , env i r onment, NGOs, the privat e sector and almost ever y em e r gency medical care in the case of envi ro n m e n - go vernment department and agency have a role to play. tal disaster s and accidents, control of spurious drugs and safe disposal of outdated medicines, and control of pests and spread of infections, including qua r a n - THE WAY AHEAD tine arrangements for plants, animals and human beings, will be impl e m e n te d . n A general awar eness campaign will be developed to n The linkag es of envi ro n m e n t al health with othe r ma k e the link betw een a healthy envi r onment and a co m ponents of the BCS are str ong and broad. The he a l t hy population. rel e vant specialized units in the Health Departm e n t
172 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Environmental Health 11
Cleaning up the environment will impact positively on everyone’s health.
will be consulted in planning and impl e m e n t ation of re ga rding the st re n g thening of its env i ro n m e n t su c h compo n e n t s . he a l t h aspects. The Health Department has key responsibility for the n The Environmental Health Wing of the Institute of env i ro n m e n t al health prog ramme of the BCS, with the Public Health will be strengthened in terms of equip- lead to be tak en by the Insti t u t e of Public Health, where ment and expertise. The existing capacity will be an Envi ro n m e n t al Health Wing is being developed. This used fully to assist in the environmental health pro- wing needs to develop its capacity and provide tech n i c a l gramme for research, programme development, and other support requ i r ed for implementing an envi ro n - implementation, monitoring and coordination. me n t al health prog ramme that will include the followi n g : n A formal link will be established bet ween th e n The Health Education and Nutrition Sections in the E nv i ro n m e n tal Protection Agency and the Inst i t u te Di re c to r a t e General of Health will be stre n g t hened. It of Public Health. They will need to work to geth e r will develop health education packag es for raising the for action planning and imp l e m e n tation of th e awar eness of envi ro n m e n t al health issues. Tech n i c a l E nv i ro n m e n tal Health Pro gr a m m e . as s i s tance and funding may be arranged to devel o p n To guide and monitor the implementation of the these package s . Environmental Health Programme, a roundtable on n The in-service training modules of the Health Environmental Health will be established comprising De p a r tment will incorporate envi ro n m e n t al health as the Secretary of Health, with representation from an essential compo n e n t . the Dire c to r a te General, the Inst i t u te of Public n The Primary Health Care packag e being deliver ed by Health, EPA Balochistan, the media, relevant NGOs the Health Department will be further impr oved , and other stakeholders.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 173 Chapter 12 Po p u l a po v e r t y en v i r o n m he development community is in ge n e ra l agreement that in a subsistence economy, a Tra p i d ly growing population in combination with high levels of poverty can result in environ- mental degradation and the unsustainable use of resources. A degraded environment and declining resource base can in turn exacerbate the problems associated with rapid population growth and fur- ther impoverish those who are already living at or below the poverty line. One manifestation of this relationship is the prevalence of large families, customarily seen as essential for income support. Un e mp l oyment is often high, wages low and economic gains diluted. There is increasing pressure on land resources and overstretching of limited social services. The imper- a t i ve of meeting daily needs results in heav y demands being placed on resources that may already be under stress. On the ground, the conse- quences are seen in rapid deforestation; overgraz- ing and de-vegetation of rangelands; low and declin- ing productivity in resource sectors, such as agricul- ul a t i o n , ture, livestock and fisheries; uncontrolled soil ero- sion, siltation and sedimentation of reservoirs; mis- use of pesticides and fertilizers; and various forms of pollution. A major consequence of the instability resulting from these inte ractions is ru ra l - u r b a n migration. Rapid and unplanned urbanization exac- erbates a suite of problems, such as overcrowding, ty and inadequate sanitation, waste disposal and water supply, and the spread of disease (see Chapters 10 and 11). The relationship among the three components of the population-poverty-environment nexus is a mutually reinforcing one, where change in one fol- lows from a change in another. Addressing problems associated with one component must therefore fac- on m e n t tor in planning for and intervention in the other two. In the case of Balochistan, the population, poverty and environment model described here pro- Po p u l a t i o n , vides a basis for understanding and dealing with complex interrelationships, of which the dimensions have not been quantified, the trends not clearly defined and the solutions not fully explored or Poverty and implemented. En v i r o n m e n t POPULATION According to the provisional results of the 1998 cen- sus, the population of Balochi s t an has been growi n g at an annual rat e of 2.42% compared with the national avera g e of 2.61%. It curre n t l y stands at 6.51 million. Some argue that this is an underestimate, as 12 Population, Poverty and Environment
Figure 16 Population of Balochistan by Age Groups and Gender
Population
0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000
0-4
Female 5-9 n
n Male 10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75+
Source: Population Census Organization 1999b. se veral areas of the province could not be enumerated e r ro rs, provisional fi g u res show that about 45% of th e (P opulation Census Organization 1999b). At the pres e n t population is of re p ro d u c t i ve age, and almost half is growt h rate, the population will rea c h 14 million by 2030. under the age of 15 (Population Census Orga n i z a t i o n By that time, it is proj e c t ed that half the people will be liv- 1999b). Given the high fe rtility rates, prevalent social ing in urban areas, compa r ed with 23% at present (see and cultural traditions and the limited re a ch of fa m i ly Ch a p ter 10) . planning pro gramme, part i c u l a r ly in rural areas, th i s In Baloch i stan, key demographic indicato rs are no young population has the innate capacity to incre a s e b et ter than in the re st of the country. The total fe rt i l- ve ry rapidly. ity rate in the province is 5.8 ch i l d ren per woman of childbearing age, comp a red with 5.4 for Pa k i sta n ( National Inst i t u te of Population Studies 1992). The POVERTY i n fant mortality rate is 117 per thousand in rural are a s and 120 in urban areas. By way of comparison, the fi g- The pove rty line is the conventional measure that sep- u re for Pa k i stan is 78. The crude birth rate is 38 per a r a tes the poor from the non-poor. The poor are thousand population, comp a red with 35 for the entire d e fined as those whose income or consumption fa l l s c o u n t ry (National Inst i t u te of Population St u d i e s b e l ow this sta n d a rd. Calculations based on diffe re n t 19 9 2 ) . a p p ro a ches est i m a te pove rty in Baloch i stan to range What is part i c u l a r ly significant about the popula- b et ween 14.8% and 29.2% (Tables 26). tion is its st r u c t u re (Fi g u re 16). Although the analysis is The calorie-based appro a ch (based on 2,250 calo- based on a small sample, and th e re are re p o rt i n g ries per person per day) indicates that pove rty has
176 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Population, Poverty and Environment 12
declined somewhat and is slightly lower than th e Although the literacy rate has improved over the national ave r a ge. The basic needs appro a ch, based on past 20 years, it presently stands at about 27%. There d i stribution of ex p e n d i t u re, shows a similar trend. But are major disparities between the urban and rural popu- in terms of distribution of income, the trend is lation, and between men and women. The literacy rate reve rsed, indicating that the situation has wo rs e n e d . among rural women – those who are primarily responsi- The gap bet ween the rich and the poor is getting wider. ble for many aspects of resource use – is currently less The problem with using any one indicato r, such as than 9% (see Table 36 in Chapter 18). income or consumption, is that it paints only a part i a l In terms of educational attainment, 25% of th e p i c t u re and obscures the real magnitude of what population has been educated to the primary level, but p ove rty is. Living sta n d a rds cannot be determined by o n ly 7% continued beyond that. In rural areas, access to income and consumption alone. In addition to non-eco- education beyond primary level is ve ry limited, part i c u- nomic measures of living sta n d a rds or well-being – such l a r ly for girls. In Pa k i stan, nearly half of the population as life ex p e c tancy and morta l i t y, access to clean drink- does not have access to safe drinking wa ter and prima- ing wa te r, education, health facilities, public transport , ry health care, and about 38% of ch i l d ren under fi ve s ewe r a ge and electricity, security – of livelihood and a re malnourished. This is true of Baloch i stan also. It is o p p o rtunity are also imp o rtant paramete rs for defi n- these types of deprivations that are the ‘real’ cause of ing pove rt y. p ove rt y.
Table 26 Poverty Indicators
Head Count1 Income Gap2 FGT Index3
Pakistan Balochistan Pakistan Balochistan Pakistan Balochistan CALORIE-BASED APPROACH4 1986–87 26.9 27.5 17.4 16.2 1.2 1.2 1987–88 26.4 24.8 17.6 15.7 1.3 1.0 1990–91 23.3 16.4 16.8 16.8 1.0 0.7 1992–93 20.3 19.3 16.7 14.7 0.9 0.7 1993–94 20.8 19.6 16.7 14.8 0.9 0.7 BASIC NEEDS APPROACH BASED ON DISTRIBUTION OF EXPENDITURE 1986–87 29.1 31.1 19.7 17.4 1.7 1.3 1987–88 29.2 28.8 19.8 18.0 1.7 1.5 1990–91 16.1 21.3 19.7 22.0 1.5 1.5 1992–93 26.8 26.4 18.5 17.5 1.4 1.2 1993–94 28.7 24.4 19.3 16.8 1.6 1.0 BASIC NEEDS APPROACH BASED ON DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME 1986–87 28.6 26.9 20.6 16.9 1.8 1.2 1987–88 29.2 23.1 21.1 18.1 1.9 1.2 1990–91 29.4 23.5 26.3 27.1 3.1 3.2 1992–93 35.9 30.1 28.9 27.5 4.5 3.8 1993–94 35.7 29.2 27.9 25.4 4.1 3.1
Source: Mahbub-ul-Haq Centre for Human Development 1999. Notes: 1. Head Count ratio is the proportion of individuals (or households) whose incomes (or consumption level) fall below the poverty line. This measure, while measuring the proportion of deprived persons, fails to differentiate between individuals or households who are nearer to the poverty line from those who are at a greater distance from it. 2. Income Gap ratio is a measure that takes into account the average income of the poor and its distance from the poverty line. This measurement, however, is insensitive to distribution among the poor. 3. FGTIndex provides an estimation of the severity of poverty among the poor, where the greater the figure, the higher the severity of poverty among the poor, e.g. a 0 FGTimplies that all the poor are equally poor. 4. 2,250 calories per person per day.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 177 12 Population, Poverty and Environment
Seventy percent of the population follows a subsistence lifestyle.
In response to the need to est i m a te pove rty more The development of the POPI is an improvement on a c c u r a te ly, eff o rts have been made to develop and earlier methodologies for calculating poverty, but it is re fine criteria that are more comp re h e n s i ve. For exa m- not perfect. There are many other important opportu- ple, the Human Development Re p o rt (UNDP 1998) intro- nities, such as access to land, credit, employment and duced the concept of the Human Pove rty Index . political and social opportunities, that – while difficult to Ac c o rding to this measure, pove rty in Pa k i stan was cal- measure – could be included to capture the varied c u l a ted to be 47%. The Mahbub-ul-Haq Centre for dimensions of human deprivation. Human Development (1999) has wo r ked with the index a u th o rs to further re fine this appro a ch. The result is the Pove rty of Opportunity Index (POPI). This uses mul- ENVIRONMENT tiple variables for measuring deprivations in health, edu- cation and income. Ac c o rding to the POPI, 44% of th e Few if any renewable resources in Balochistan have population in Pa k i stan in 1995 was imp ove r i s h e d . escaped the effects of human presence. As is the case Information was not available upon which to calculate in many regions of the world, forests are being cut, soil the POPI in Baloch i stan, but the results should be about is being lost through erosion, water is being mined and the same. polluted, agrochemicals are being used inappropriately, In formulating the Pover ty Alleviation Str a t egy for biodiversity is being lost and wildlife populations are Ba l o ch i s tan the fig u r e of 22% was used for the number of being decimated. Desertification was identified in the households living below the pover ty line. However , it is rec - Environmental Profile of Pakistan (IUCN 1998b) as a ognized that 70% of the population follows a subsisten c e major consequence of human activity. Not all of the li fe - st y le, many of whom are close to, if not below, the marine resources have been over-exploited, due perhaps po ver ty line. to the lack of resources and technology to do so. These
178 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Population, Poverty and Environment 12
issues are discussed in other chapters of this document. To deal effectively with these issues, it is important to understand how much can be attributed to population growth and poverty.
Population Growth and the Environment The links between population growth and environmental degradation are complex and multidimensional. There has been no comprehensive assessment of the extent to which population growth affects the environment, or the processes at work. Balochistan is a large and diverse province, and it may be that the effects vary from one region to another. This suggests that universal remedies may not be appropriate, and that approaches have to be carefully tailored to suit the particular circumstances of each area. An increasing population dependent on a fi n i te re s o u rce base is bound, eve n t u a l ly, to find itself with- out enough for eve ryone to live on. This basic fa c t o b s c u res larger realities, howeve r. Other fa c to rs at play include control over re s o u rces, consumption patte r n s and institutional and structural inconsistencies and biases affecting the poor. In general, population grow th in itself does not have a positive or nega t i ve c o r relation with pre s s u res on the env i ronment and natural re s o u rces. What determines the re l a t i o n s h i p Living standards alone do not determine poverty. b et ween the two are fa c to rs such as the nature of public and social institutions, the status and carry i n g ments into cultivable areas, such as the floodplains of capacity of the re s o u rce base, re s o u rce dist r i b u t i o n the Pishin-Quet ta va l l eys, no doubt re flects a grow i n g b et ween the bet ter off and the poorer segments of population as much as it does a desire to reap the ben- the population, government policies and practices, e fits of hort i c u l t u re. It is also true that the influx of re s o u rce-use practices and the laws of the land. re f u gees from Afghanistan led to sudden, seve re, long- S i m i l a r ly, the issue of population grow th in Baloch i sta n l a sting impacts on fore sts, wildlife and range l a n d s . needs to be looked at in the context of the prov i n c e’s It is inev i table that a growing population will use n a r row and depleting re s o u rce base, the rising trend of m o re of the available re s o u rces. The continuing ex p a n- rural-urban migration, the high incidence of pove rt y sion of human settlements onto cultivable land and and the skewed distribution of we a l th and benefits. As a reas imp o rtant for gro u n d wa ter re ch a rge is wo r ry i n g , s u ch, eff o rts aimed at reducing the population grow th p a rt i c u l a r ly in light of a recent study that concludes r a te will have to address all causative fa c to rs before that Pa k i sta n’s land re s o u rces are close to the limit of th ey bear any significant re s u l t s . their ability to provide sustainable support to its people Information is not available to support the view ( Young 1998). Rural-urban migration is a re flection of that an increase in rural population increases the rate the limits of re s o u rces, and some of the grea te s t at which, for exa mple, juniper fore sts are being cut, or i mpacts will be in the urban conglomerations th a t that it translates into increased pre s s u re on the fi s h- e m e rge in the next 30 ye a rs (see Chapter 10). The pro b- eries re s o u rce or wildlife populations. Yet, it is true th a t lems faced by communities in areas where wa ter is ve ry m o re people inev i ta b ly means more demand on agr i- l i m i ted, such as the Mekran coast, and in areas where cultural production and wa te r, both of which are fi n i te gro u n d wa ter re s o u rces are now in deficit are described commodities. The inexorable, rapid spread of set t l e- in Chapte rs 4 and 6.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 179 12 Population, Poverty and Environment
Poverty and the Environment A caveat to these assumptions is that not all poor farmers are myopic, nor do all well-off farmers possess The relationship between poverty, the environment and long-term vision. The vision of each is determined by the natural resources is tied to the fact that the poor will do combination of various social and institutional factors whatever they have to do in order to survive. In the facing them. Poor farmers belonging to societies with process, the environment and resources will suffer. As strong social bonds and a tradition of reverence for the environment is degraded, impoverishment intensi- nature have been known to demonstrate remarkable fies. As is often the case, the poor get the blame for the foresight in the face of mounting risks to their liveli- circumstances they find themselves in and the damage hoods. Such examples are becoming rare as population that is seen. There is little quantifiable evidence on which grow th combined with env i ro n m e n tal degr a d a t i o n to make such a judgement in Balochistan. Nomadic pas- strains the capacity of the poor to subsist (Anderson toralism has been a way of life for centuries, practised in and Lorch 1995). Similarly, better-off farmers indulge in response to the distribution and abundance of range environmentally damaging and unsustainable resource resources and to variations in climate that include fre- management practices. For example, some orchard own- quent periods of drought. The traditional farming sys- ers in Balochistan contribute to the depletion of water tem is likewise adapted. Certainly overgrazing is a prob- supplies by mining groundwater. Policy decisions, such as lem, and flocks are moving into increasingly marginal charging flat rates for the use of electricity to run tube- areas. This is not however, the direct result of poverty, wells and the failure to collect electricity dues, con- but of poor range management systems, as described in tribute to the problem. Chapter 3. More likely, when traditional production sys- The poor may experience higher levels of risk than tems can no longer provide the means of survival, peo- higher-income groups do. Some of these emanate from ple move on to other areas, or into towns. In many parts badly conceived and poorly implemented government of the province, the tribal structure and tradition dictate policies. For example, government involvement in input the use and distribution of resources and how members supply to farmers (credit, pesticides, seed and fertilizer) respond. has been ineffective in that inputs are either not avail- Some generalizations have been made about subsis- able or late. If they are available, they are beyond the tence farmers and pastoralists in Pakistan. These may reach of most farmers, except for those with higher also hold true for Balochistan. Subsistence-level farmers incomes. Furthermore, lack of resources, market infor- and pastoralists are most concerned about survival on a mation and ge o graphical isolation block the poor’s day-to-day basis, and their ability to plan for the future access to private suppliers. is often restricted to no more than days or weeks. This The poor also face higher risks with relation to land short-term horizon, however, is not an innate character- te n u re. Often, poor fa r m e rs and pasto r a l i sts see th e i r istic of the poor but rather a consequence of complex access to land as being tenuous. This may be due to dis- interactions between policy, institutional and social fail- p u tes over ow n e rship of the land with other groups. In ures (Mink 1992). B a l o ch i stan, large areas belong to the tribal ch i e fs and The poor may have more inclination to forgo high- other influential people. The poor, who are either te n- er or more sustained returns in the future, in favo u r ants or are allowed to use land for live sto ck gr a z i n g , of immediate returns. The consequences for natural h ave no legal title to that land. If fa r m e rs do not have a re s o u rces can be ex t re m e ly damaging: "[T]he imp l i c a- l o n g - term lease on the land, th ey are less like ly to use tions of a high subjective discount rate are rapid the land or wa ter re s o u rces in a sustainable way. re s o u rce extraction to meet present income or con- Wi thout legal title, the fa r m e rs have no collateral to s u mption needs and low inve stment in natural o ffer for loans and cannot make needed inve stments in re s o u rces to imp rove future returns" (Mink 19 9 2 ) . the land. In comparison, bette r- o f f rural families are Hence, the poor are more like ly to pursue st r a te g i e s m o re like ly to be able to establish firm claims to land that result in, for exa mple, the ove rgrazing of pas- w h e re th e re is a transition from common pro p e rty to t u res and reduction in fa l l ow time that would lowe r pr i va t e pro p e rty systems, or where th e re are lengthy the productivity of the rangelands and fa r m l a n d s , and cost ly administ r a t i ve pro c e d u res for esta b l i s h i n g re s p e c t i ve ly, in the future. Similarly, the poor will also title to land. Other kinds of risks the poor face arise as be disinclined towa rds making inve stments in fa r m l a n d a result of env i ro n m e n tal degradation. This can lowe r if the returns are beyond their time horizon, and if the productivity of land and can result in lower yields, th ey lack the security of land te n u re (Anderson and yield fluctuations, soil erosion and decreased wate r L o rch 19 9 5 ) . ava i l a b i l i t y.
180 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Population, Poverty and Environment 12
The poor will often do whatever they have to, to survive.
Experiences from other areas of Pakistan and the had to live with. Men may not make the link between developing world suggest that the poor are especially water, health and productivity, and may not see the prone to the effects of environmental degradation for need to change the way that things have always been two reasons: done. Once the problem is identified and internalized in n The places where they live are often environmental- the community, the problems can be remedied without ly fragile or degraded and have a high risk associat- a great deal of effort. ed with the lack of income-generating possibilities In addition to affecting the health of the poor, and poor health conditions. e nv i ro n m e n tal degradation affects the productivity of n They lack the capacity and resources to avoid expo- the poor by incre a s i n gly dive rting labour away fro m sure to environmental risks or to invest in alleviating p ro d u c t i ve activities, such as agr i c u l t u re and live sto ck the causes of degradation. rearing, to routine ta s ks, such as fuelwood and wa te r The poor are considered more likely to suffer from collection. It also lowe rs the productivity of th e polluted water and from indoor and outdoor air pollution re s o u rces the poor depend on for their livelihood (Ra o (see Chapters 10 and 15). Again, there is no statistical 19 9 5 ) . basis to assess the extent of the problem. It may be that As fuelwood and water become scarce, the poor, lack of education and information on the issues and how mainly women, have to spend more time collecting wood to deal with them are as big a problem as the lack of and water for household use, at the expense of time resources. In rural areas of Balochistan, for example, spent on income-generating activities. Evidence from women may have used a spring or well for generations. independent studies conducted in Balochistan confirms They may not understand the link between polluted that fetching water and fuelwood are time-consuming water and the health problems they have traditionally and physically challenging tasks. Women reported having
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 181 12 Population, Poverty and Environment
A child looks after the business in his father’s absence, main bazar, Panjgur. to fetch water two or three times a day from distant When confronted with the risk of falling below sub- sources, while many complained about health problems sistence-level consumption, farmers are likely to try a associated with carrying heavy loads on a regular basis wide range of mechanisms to cope with and manage the (P&DD 1993a). risks before resorting to unsustainable resource man- E nv i ro n m e n tal degradation leading to lower pro- agement practices. In times of crisis, farmers may resort d u c t i v i t y, can be attributed to both ex ternal and inte r- to borrowing for consumption, altering farming prac- nal fa c to rs. The influences beyond the control of th e tices, migrating, or taking on wage labour. Due to various poor include policies that encourage re s o u rce misman- institutional, social and physical factors, the options a gement, industrial development and re s o u rc e available to poor farmers are often limited. ex p l o i tation by higher-income groups and commerc i a l Evidence to assess the extent of all these problems i n te re sts. Exa mples of this include pollution from indus- in Balochistan is not available. trial sources, flooding and re s o u rce ex p l o i tation by re f u gees. The fa c to rs within the control of the poor that decrease productivity are the outcome of com- GOVERNMENT’S p l ex interactions bet ween pove rty and population grow th, where the poor are compelled to act in ways RESPONSE TO THESE that further exa c e r b a te env i ro n m e n tal degr a d a t i o n . O ften, as in the case of gro u n d wa ter depletion in ISSUES B a l o ch i stan, re s o u rce degradation is the result of inte r- p l ay bet ween both internal and ex ternal fa c to rs (see Tr a d i t i o n a l ly, governments have responded to popula- C h a pter 4). tion, pove rty and env i ronment issues along secto r a l
182 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Population, Poverty and Environment 12
lines. A number of major social inte rventions, such as to rs. For exa mple, increasing production in the agr i c u l- the Social Action Pro gramme (SAP), that focus on fa m- t u re sector means drawing heav i ly on wa ter re s o u rc e s i ly planning, education and health initiatives are being that are already in deficit in some areas. Nu m e ro u s i mp l e m e n ted in the province. The Pove rty Allev i a t i o n t u b ewells are to be installed, solar pumps em p l oyed and St r a tegy (19 9 9 ) is the most recent atte mpt to gr a p p l e the flat rate ch a rged for electricity for tubewell oper- d i re c t ly with pove rt y, in line with Pa k i sta n’s 2010 pro- ation is to continue (Govt. Re sto res Flat Power Ra tes … gramme. The provincial government moved swift ly in 1999). Increasing prawn ex p o rts may contribute to th e an eff o rt to produce a comp re h e n s i ve, gender and u n s u stainable use of this re s o u rce. Increasing cotto n e nv i ronment-conscious st r a te g y, based on the concept p roduction means using more agro chemicals, a sourc e of community participation. This was underta ken large- of many concerns for the env i ronment and for public ly by sectoral task forces. The major components dis- h e a l th. The ‘green revo l u t i o n’, with increased mech a- cussed in a public rev i ew of the st r a tegy (P&DD 19 9 9 a ) nization and the introduction of new te chnologies, may we re : a c t u a l ly reduce the number of jobs, part i c u l a r ly for n human resource development in the public and pri- women, and further concentrate benefits in the hands vate sectors; of those best equipped to ta ke adva n ta ge of the new n governance; and a p p ro a ch e s . n income generation. The Poverty Alleviation Strategy (1999) strongly Many useful ideas emerged from the discussion on advocates community-based approaches. The benefit of the first two components. The thrust of the strategy this approach is that it puts the responsibility for sus- though, is focused on income generation, based on set tainable use of the resource firmly in the hands of the targets for resource production, processing and export people concerned. Examples are the minor irrigation pro- (see Chapter 9). These targets were to be met in a two- jects conducted under the Baloch i stan Community year Public Sector Development Pro gr a m m e Irrigation and Agriculture Project (see Chapter 4) and (1999–2001). Efforts were also planned to improve the efforts to conserve biodiversity (see Chapter 5) where performance of the school system, to improve the deliv- the communities are ultimately responsible for the suc- ery of social welfare programmes such as SAP through cess of the project and where the value of resources community participation, to promote rural development has been enhanced. th rough the establishment of Vi l l a ge Deve l o p m e n t Committees and to reactivate the Technical Training Centres. POVERTY The development of the st r a tegy was a ve ry posi- t i ve step, and ack n owl e d ged the imp o rtance of an inte- AL L E V I A TION gr a ted appro a ch that includes the consideration of ge n d e r, env i ronment and community participation. This ST R A TE G Y a p p ro a ch is also re fl e c ted in the Ninth Fi ve -Year Plan. The te st of the st r a tegy will be if it can continue th e The government of Baloch i stan announced its Pove rt y t rend away from singl e - s e c tor initiatives and can inst i- A l l eviation St r a tegy in March 1999. The th r u st of th i s tutionalize the inte gr a ted appro a ch re qu i red to deal d evelopment pro gramme is to raise the sta n d a rd of w i th the comp l ex issues surrounding population living of the people of the province. The St r a te g y grow th, pove rty and the env i ronment. Un d o u b te d ly, an i nvo lves an initial inve stment of Rs. 1. 27 billion with an i n c rease in food production and ex p o rt would be good e st i m a ted return of Rs. 2.26 billion. The st r a tegy will for the provincial economy. But it may not translate p rovide em p l oyment for 270,000 people, and is aimed i n to emp l oyment opportunities and the ‘trickle dow n’ at providing a sustainable livelihood for 70% of th e in economic benefits as was intended. The gove r n m e n t population of Baloch i stan, who are compelled to lead a is well awa re that ex i sting power st r u c t u res need to be l i fe below subsistence level. The Pove rty St r a te g y d e c o n st r u c ted if this is to happen (P&DD 1999a). This v i ews the overall pro gress of Pa k i stan as dependent ‘ t r i ckle dow n’ effect did not work as was earlier on the prosperity and development of Baloch i sta n . planned, when capital was inve sted in big indust ry (see At tention was drawn to the geo-political imp o rta n c e C h a pter 9). of Baloch i stan, providing land access to the Arabian The other danger of pursuing traditional, re s o u rc e - Sea for the land-locked countries of Central Asia p roduction-based appro a ches is that these may exa c- ( Pove rty alleviation st r a tegy to cost Rs. 2.26 billion... e r b a te the problems already confronting these sec- 19 9 9 ) .
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 183 12 Population, Poverty and Environment
Agriculture Fisheries
The drive to develop the agriculture sector is discussed Issues surrounding the sustainable development of fish- in Chapter 3. Issues include selecting the land best suit- eries have been discussed in Chapter 6. It is difficult to ed to agricultural production, the sustainable supply and put current and projected fish catch in any perspective, management of water for irrigation, provision of quality given the absence of data to support the sustainability seeds and the effective and safe use of agrochemicals. of the fi s h e ry. Historical use might provide some It is suggested that over half of the increased produc- insights. Balochistan’s coastal waters are also fished in by tion from irrigated agriculture will come from the canal- boats from Sindh, as well as by other nationalities. The fed areas. Tubewells will be installed to augment canal extent of their catch is not known to any degree of water and other sources. Water management will be key accuracy. The recent agreements as planned in 1999 to the success of these initiatives in the long term. with foreign interests to fish offshore would throw into Groundwater resources of Pishin and Loralai are already question the future of the fishery. Until such time as stressed, and it is not clear how the expansion of irrigat- sound fisheries management measures are put in place, ed agriculture in these areas is to be achieved on a sus- a very conservative approach should be adopted. tainable basis. No information is available on the potential for suc- The use of inte gr a ted pest management te ch- c e s s f u l ly farming and marketing sea prawns, or for th e n i ques should go hand-in-hand with the expansion of p roposed fish farms to be established in each dist r i c t . cot t on production. Mekran is well suited to grow i n g These projects should be subject to rev i ew under th e h i g h - quality dates. A host of problems surround th e i r p rovisions of the 19 97 Pa k i stan Env i ro n m e n ta l p rocessing and marketing. New initiatives should only P rotection Ac t . be pursued in light of the lessons learned from past ex p e r i e n c e s . Industries
Livestock The promotion of craft and garment production is in and Forestry keeping with the promotion of cottage and small-scale business. It provides a sustainable livelihood for women, while at the same time placing few demands on natural Livestock production has been a mainstay of the provin- resources. Competitiveness will determine how success- cial economy for generations. The PAS proposes some ful these ventures will be in the long term. useful approaches to improving the productivity and m a n a gement of rangelands. A number of th e s e approaches have been attempted since the mid-1950s Minerals without much success. For example, reseeding grasses and shrubs and improving seedbed conditions have not The minerals sector is likely to be one of the most proved viable. The results of all previous work should be promising in the long term. The marketplace, in terms of reviewed and taken into account before launching simi- commodity prices, will ultimately determine what mining lar costly programmes. is commercially viable in the province. The experiences Raising awa reness about the benefits of good of Saindak should be taken into account. Mining compa- r a n ge management and imp roving the productivity of nies also seek a conducive policy and regulatory environ- l i ve sto ck may prove to be among the most useful inte r- ment. The mineral potential of the province is well- ventions. Both entail demonstrating to ske ptical pro- known to geologists and mining companies, and given d u c e rs that adopting te ch n i ques such as rota t i o n a l the right conditions, they will certainly move quickly to grazing, and introducing more pro d u c t i ve breeds, do exploit mineral resources. p rovide enhanced benefits. Such demonstrations have It is essential that planning begins as soon as possi- to be planned with both re c e pt i ve landow n e rs and ble for areas where high potential for mining exists. This those concerned with raising live sto ck. The lack of includes land use planning and management of water ow n e rship of earlier projects may have contributed to resources. One of the biggest challenges to the mining their lack of susta i n a b i l i t y. Demonstration projects will industry is obtaining a reliable supply of water. The ta ke time and long-term support if th ey are to have demand for scarce water resources and potential com- the desired effe c t . petition for other uses, such as agriculture, is likely to be
184 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Population, Poverty and Environment 12
Improving the productivity of livestock will enhance benefits. a major issue. This is particularly so where ore process- benefits to local people, in spite of the value of the com- ing or the use of slurry pipelines is contemplated. modity being exploited. E nv i ro n m e n tal studies should be conducted well in a d vance of mine development. Once mining move s b eyond the ex p l o r a to ry sta ge and agreements to Infrastructure d evelop ore bodies are put in place, th e re is often ve ry little room to manoeuvre in terms of fulfilling th e The identification of road requ i r ements in rural areas has re qu i rements of the Pa k i stan Env i ro n m e n ta l to be done in a systematic and planned fashion. This is one P rotection Act, or satisfa c to r i ly addressing env i ro n- of the goals of establishing land use planning mecha n i s m s m e n tal issues. in the province. Roads provide some benefits to local peo- Some of the most promising areas for mining are to ple. Rec e n t l y, the lack of or inadequa t e communication be found in the more remote areas of the province, in f r a st r u c t u r e has hampe r ed drought releif work to a many of which are significant for biological diversity, great ext ent. They also open up areas to unintended devel - such as Chagai. Measures to protect important habitats opment and the exp l o i t ation of wildlife. Fou r -wheel drive and wildlife populations should be taken before these vehicles and a mobile urban population translates into easy areas are opened up for development. Large interna- access to many rem o te areas of the province. The con- tional mining interests have generally adopted environ- struction of new roads should be rationalized not only on mental guidelines for their projects that exceed the cur- socio-economic grounds, but also in terms of the envi ro n - rent re qu i rements in Baloch i stan. The gove r n m e n t me n t al consequences of opening up rural areas. Some should ensure that the best practice is followed for mine communities have declined good road access in order to development in the province. pre s e r ve their areas and life- st y les. Communities must be As minerals fall under provincial jurisdiction, there is co n s u l t ed before roads are planned or constr u c te d . a much better chance that the government can negoti- ate the type of socio-economic agreements envisaged for the energy sector. Negotiating these types of agree- Tubewells ments is critical to ensuring that benefits flow to the local people who need it most. In many countries, fron- The PAS involves concerted action on the part of the tier resource development provides virtually no lasting Balochistan Development Authority and the Irrigation
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 185 12 Population, Poverty and Environment
tion. Education and training st r a tegies need to focus on d eveloping the skills re qu i red for Baloch i stan to com- p ete in Pa k i stani and international markets. The emer- gence of a Central Asia trading block offe rs new oppor- tunities. A human re s o u rces development st r a te g y should be pre p a red with this in mind, and the appro p r i- a te institutions and pro grammes put in place as qui ck l y as possible.
Rural Development
The rural development initiatives env i s a ged under th e PAS offer an inte gr a ted appro a ch to developing sus- tainable, village - l evel activities. The key is to invo lve th e communities in designing, planning and imp l e m e n t i n g these schemes with the help of community- b a s e d o rganizations and appro p r i a te credit arrange m e n t s . T h e re have been many rural development schemes in the past, some more successful than oth e rs. A number of non-gove r n m e n tal and community-based gro u p s a re active in various parts of the province. The gove r n- ment should rev i ew with the communities and con- cerned groups the lessons learned from all of these ini- t i a t i ves, ta ke the best of these appro a ches and avo i d the mista ke s .
THE WAY AHEAD Education and training are key to improvements. and Power Department to install tubewells to exploit Understand the Population, gro u n d wa ter ‘wherever the potential ex i st s’. But Poverty and Environment installing 1,360 tubewells over the next three years Nexus offers little prospect for developing and implementing water management procedures. It is essential that Water Models on the population, poverty and environment Boards are set up at the least for basins where water nexus are generalized from experiences in other areas of balance is deficit and where tubewell installation is Pakistan, and from developing countries around the planned (see Chapter 4). world. They are useful only as a starting point for dis- cussion. Several of the hypotheses presented here may not hold true, given the diverse social, cultural, political Education and Training and ecological environment of the province. Dealing effectively with these complex interactions therefore, Education and training are at the ro ot of economic re qu i res a th o rough understanding of linka ges and d evelopment st r a tegies for Baloch i stan. The rapidly trends at the provincial level. urbanizing population will need to adapt qu i ck ly and cre- A ro u n d table will be established invo lving gove r n- a te new opportunities for business development and ment agencies, the priva te secto r, civil societ y, acade- e mp l oyment. The trend worldwide is for the gove r n- mia and re s e a rch institutions to elucidate these link- ment to shrink, and for the priva te sector and civil soci- a ges, and to help develop and focus major inte rve n- ety to ta ke on many of the roles formerly played by th e tions, such as the Pove rty Alleviation St r a te g y, to deal public secto r. Most countries can no longer aff o rd to w i th the issues in an inte gr a ted way. A seminar held by s u stain a large public secto r, and Pa k i stan is no exc e p- the Planning and Development Department in 19 9 9
186 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Population, Poverty and Environment 12
(P&DD 1999a) began the process, and drew attention to Review Sustainability of i mp o rtant components of the st r a te g y, such as human Programmes Based on re s o u rce development, governance and credit. It is imp o r tant that these components are not lost in th e Renewable Resources e ff o rt to pro m ote the production and ex p o rt of com- The provincial economy will continue to rely heavily on modities. Pursuing outside inve stment in the province is renewable resources for some years to come. The need an imp o rtant short - term goal. The grea te s t gains will to increase yields is being pursued aggressively through p ro b a b ly come th rough a reallocation of ex i st i n g the development of additional water resources. Targets re s o u rces, institutional reform and finding new ways of heavily dependent on water will be reviewed in light of doing business in part n e rship with the priva te secto r, the recommendations made in Chapter 4, to ensure sus- civil society and communities. tainability. The integrated approach called for in the Policy initiatives that will be considered by the forum strategy is essential to ensure that all aspects are given include: proper weight in developing resources. Emphasis will be n taking steps to sustain a healthy natural resource placed on improving the efficiency and effectiveness of base as an engine for economic growth; renewable resource development. That involves training n co r r ecting the skewed distribution of res o u r ces by and providing extension services to those who can most giving grea t er control over land and natural res o u rc e s benefit, so that the return on investment is maximized. to the poor, and by bringing in structural and insti t u - It also means addressing issues of access to resources, tional cha n g es, such as land and legal ref o r m s ; such as land and water, strengthening delivery of gov- n providing incentives for the production of value- ernment services and providing employment alterna- added goods from locally available resources; tives and training in off-farm activities, such as process- n implementing educational reforms and making edu- ing and marketing. cation the number one priority for bringing about Reliance on wood for heating and cooking will be social and economic development; and reduced through the introduction of alternative fuels n taking measures to imp rove accountability and and alternative technologies (see Chapter 8). transparency. I n n ova t i ve ways must be found to add value to The forum will discuss and analyze past and existing re s o u rces. Enhanced production does not necessarily interventions as a basis for developing and applying the c re a te jobs or imp rove financial returns to the poor. lessons learned. In this way, the focus will be on ensuring Jobs are cre a ted th rough value-added activities, that the benefits of poverty alleviation strategies flow s u ch as sport hunting; the marketing of medicinal, eco- to those most in need. n o m i c a l ly valuable and orga n i c a l ly grown plants; and The work of the forum will be supported by a wel l - h a n d i c r a fts. The benefits are retained within the thought-out res e a r ch prog ramme. It will include devel o p - c o m m u n i t y. ing a detailed understanding of the demographics of the M i c ro credit schemes offer one of the best ways to population in the various rural and urban areas of the st i m u l a te community-based development. Exist i n g pr ovince. A lot of work is requ i r ed on the nature of pover - s chemes need to be rev i ewed, and the lessons learned ty , which is after all, the object of development inter ven - will be applied in developing and introducing new tions, but which is poorly understood in many of its s ch e m e s . dimensions. The problem is prob a b l y much more exte n s i v e than is curren t l y thought. Knowle d g e about the stat e of the envi r onment is urgen t l y needed, and rec o m m e n d a - Education, Health and Family tions to impr ove that are made in rel e vant Chapters . Planning Programmes Th e r e are many assumptions about the nature of population, pover ty and envi r onment linkag es that may G overnments will continue their eff o rts to pro m ote no t withs tand close scrutiny. For exam ple, the nature of education, health and fa m i ly planning pro gr a m m e s . the relationship betw een population growt h and envi ro n - These are fundamental to the future development of ment is known to be compl e x and poorly understood. It is the province and will have a major impact on the popu- di f ficult to go beyond generalizations on pover ty and lation, pove rty and env i ronment nexus when planned env i r onment. Inter r elationships need to be demonstr a te d , and imp l e m e n ted to address the relationships among su p p o r ted by sound, qua n t i ta t i v e data. These data will the th ree components, and when sensitive to the con- form the basis for a bett er understanding of the issues, ditions that prevail and the needs that have to be met and help ensure that initiatives are prop e r l y tar geted . in diffe rent parts of the prov i n c e .
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 187 Chapter 13
Cultural he n the sto ry of mankind and civilization, Balochistan occupies a unique position. It contains Ievidence of early Stone Age man, and of their gradual development and struggle for existence. The antiquity of the cultural heritage of Pakistan, particularly of Balochistan, is as old as humanity itself. The province of Balochistan has inherited relics of the Stone Age in the form of stone tools and rock paintings and engravings in caves and rock shelters. Since the primitive hunting stage of human history, various people with their distinct cultures came to this land and left behind a rich cultural wealth. Today, the entire province is dotted with prehis- toric and proto-historic settlements. The innumer- able sites so far discovered, together with the his- torical monuments, provide a story of continuous human activity throughout the ages. They bear tes- timony to the greatness of its cultural heritage. These sites and monuments deserve a visible place in our national history, but unfortunately, some of them are getting lost, impoverishing the cultural heritage of the province. There are many reasons for this state of affairs; the major one is the absence of a proper sta te organization at th e provincial level. The culture heritage of Balochistan needs ade- quate elaboration in order to draw local and foreign attention. In this way, the importance of the nation- al heritage will be reflected appropriately to people within and outside the country. Through tourism, it can also be a source of foreign exchange.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL he r i t a g e RESOURCES Balochistan has inherited relics in the form of stone tools found in caves and terraces that date back to Cu l t u r a l the Pleistocene period. These have been discovered in Kot Mondai, Marri area and Khokar Kaur Lasbela, and belong to the Acheulian and Mousterian culture of the Palaeolithic period. In addition, some caves He r i t a g e and rock shelter paintings have recently been found in the Sulaiman range and its subsidiary ranges, in Zhob and Musakhel Districts of Balochistan (Box 22). These paintings belong to the Gravettian and Magdalenian cultures of upper Palaeolithic, range f rom 22,000–18,000 BC and 18 , 0 0 0 – 12,000 BC, respectively (Table 27, Map 12, in Maps section). The earliest stone tools found in easte rn Ba l o ch i s t an at Kot Mondai, Marri area, belong to a pri m i t i v e stag e of human development, the Ache u l i a n 13 Cultural Heritage
culture. Found in 1898, these ancient remains of human od or cultures range from 100,000 to 40,000 BC. activity link the Balochistan plateau to a vast complex of The next stag e in human cultural histor y is the early centres of human activity, stretching from south- Me s o l i t hic (Middle Stone Age), but no site of this period has ern England, France and Spain th rough th e so far been discover ed in Balochi s tan, though the engra v- Mediterranean, including the Sahara region and Egypt, ings in Zhob District could be assigned to this period. south and east Africa, Palestine and Syria, across to The third stage is the Neolithic (New Stone Age). In southern India and then on as far as northeastern China. Balochistan, during the eighth millennium BC, there were The Acheulian period, broadly speaking, extends from at least seven Neolithic sites or remains, two of which the end of the Abbevillian, perhaps around 400,000 BC, have been scientifically excavated – namely, Mehrgarh in right up to the Middle Palaeolithic or Mousterian, which Kachhi plains and Killi Gul Muhammad in Quetta valley. The began around 100,000 BC. Stone tools (hand axes) of other sites, though not excavated, but known to be of Mousterian culture were found at Khokar Kaur, Lasbela the Neolithic period, are Baleli Mound in Quetta valley, region, in southeastern Balochistan. The Mousterian peri- Rana Ghundai and Surj a n gal in Loralai District, and Musazai in Zhob District. Other important sites of pre- Box 22 Rock Art and proto-historic periods from Chalcolithic to the Iron Age include the Pirak, Nido Damb, Daber Kot and Juder jo The stone age paintings and engra vings rec e n t l y Daro (Table 28, Map 12). di s c o ver ed in caves and roc k shelter s in Musakhel and The discove ry and exc avations of acro ny m i c Zhob Districts, have remained undisturbed for Ne o l i thic (8000–2300 BC) at Mehrgarh, and the study of 20,000–30,000 yea r s.These caves and roc k shelter s are some other sites of Baloch i stan indicate that the pre- fabulous conservat ories of preh i s toric times, bearing h i storic cultures of Baloch i stan underwent fundamenta l test i m o n y to the metap h ysical concerns and aesthet i c socio-cultural ch a n ges and ecological adjustments th a t ap p ro a c hes of our direct ancestors . p e r m i t ted the two most imp o rtant transformations in
Table 27 Pre-Historic Caves and Rock Shelter Dwellings
Name of Site Period District Legal Status Property Salient Features / Location of the Sites Torghar 22,000 BC Musakhel Unprotected 2 caves and Natural caves and rock shelters in the 20 rock shelters Sulaiman Range. The rock shelters bear paintings of animals and humans along with abstract signs. Made by Stone Age man by using the natural pigments of iron oxide, manganese, and copper oxide. Some tools (hand axes) of stone were found in the caves and around the rock shelters of Acheulian culture, which were used by the Neanderthal man some half a million years ago. Zuncari Village 22,000 BC Musakhel Unprotected 7 rock shelters As above Leaoha Ghozai 22,000 BC Zhob Unprotected 5 caves and As above 6 rock shelters Babar/Khosti 18,000 BC Zhob Unprotected 10 rock shelters The Stone Age man of the Magdalenian culture has engraved various types of animals including leopard. Lakaha Band 18,000 BC Zhob Unprotected 4 rock shelters As above Dhana Abdullahzai 18,000 BC Zhob Unprotected 1 rock shelter As above, additionally for the first time they engraved wild boar in these rock shelters. Gundriani 6,000 BC Bela Unprotected Man-made About 200 chambers, each with a veranda chambers in rock and one room made in a relatively vertical cliff cliffs of of the conglomerate formation. These are conglomerate mentioned by Cap. Careless and others as formation the Buddhist dwellings. But recent studies of material found around the cliffs, i.e., chert blades, and coarse handmade pottery indicate that actually these dwellings were built in Neolithic period about 6,000 BC.
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Table 28 Archaeological Resources
Name of Site Period District Legal Status Area Salient Features/Location of the Sites Periano Ghundai Chalcolithic/ Zhob Unprotected 457.2 x 320.04 m Discovered in 1898 and excavated in 1927. Bronze Ag e Height: 21.34 m Trail trenches were dug again in 1952 and 1970. The site is located 6 km, west of Zhob Town on the bank of the Zhob River; cultural materiels recovered were pear-shaped jars, patra-shaped cups, painted saucer. Painted designs were birds, fish, including chert blades, terracotta beads, and terracotta male and female figurines including animals. Mughal Ghundai Chalcolithic Zhob Unprotected 82.3 x 22.86 m Located 15 km southwest of Zhob Town on to Height: 6.71 m the left bank of the Zhob River. Discovered Bronze Age and excavated in 1927. The site contains the same cultural material as Periano Ghundai. Badanzai Bronze Age Zhob Unprotected 75.25 x 20.9 m Located 35 km south of Zhob Town on left Height: 6 m side of Zhob to Quetta road. Discovered in 1984 and not excavated. The surface cultural material is of Bronze Age. Musazai Neolithic to Zhob Unprotected 95.45 x 75.5 m Located 65 km south of Zhob Town on left Bronze Age Height: 8 m side of Zhob to Quetta road. Discovered in 1984 and not excavated. The surface cultural material is of Bronze Age. Ismailzai Neolithic to Zhob Unprotected 115.55 x 110.3 m Located 77 km southeast of Zhob Town near Bronze Age Height: 7 m the village of Ismailzai. Discovered in 1984 and not executed. Surface cultural materials range from Neolithic period up to Bronze Age. Rana Ghundai Chalcolithic Loralai Unprotected 143.26 m Located 16 km north of Loralai Town on the to Circum road to D. G. Khan. Discovered and Bronze Age Height: 12.2 m excavated in 1927. Trail trenches were again laid down in 1946 and 1970. Cultural material includes flint blades, bone points, bone needles, painted pottery with designs of humped bull, black buck, geometric designs with polychrome. Surjangal Neolithic to Loralai Unprotected 66.89 m2 Located 8 km northeast of Sinjawi Town in Bronze Age Height: 4.88 m Baghave Valley on the road to Duki. Discovered and excavated in 1927. Trail trenches were again laid down in 1950. The recovered cultural material includes flint blades, hearths with charcoal, bone spatula, painted pottery of all types, terracotta bangles, and figurines of males and females. Daber Kot Chalcolithic Loralai Unprotected 152.4 x 137.16 m Located 18 km northeast of Duki Town at the to Bronze Height: 34.44 m plain, on the right side of the road to Kohlu. Age up to Discovered in 1898 and excavated in 1927. Sassanian Trail trenches were also laid down in 1950. period Cultural material recovered and surface collection range from Chalcolithic up to Sassanian period, such as flint blades, all types of painted pottery with various designs of Chalcolithic and Bronze Age found at other sites of Balochistan, including terracotta figurines and burnt bricks drains. Chinjan Chalcolithic Loralai Unprotected Located 68 km southwest of Loralai. to Discovered in 1984 and not excavated. Bronze Age Surface collection of cultural material contains painted pottery, flint blades, terracotta figurine, including balls. The site ranges from Chalcolithic up to Bronze Age.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 191 13 Cultural Heritage
Name of Site Period District Legal Status Area Salient Features/Location of the Sites Mehrgarh Neolithic to Bolan Approx. 4 ha. Located 18 km southeast of Dhadar Town on Bronze Age the right bank of the Bolan River. Excavated in 1974. The cultural material contains stone tools like flint blades, habitation structures, human skeletons, painted pottery, bones of domesticated animals, cultivated cereals, human and animals figurines, etc. Noushero Bronze Age Bolan 57.35 x 42.45 m Located 21 km south of Dhadar Town on the Height: 7 m left side of Sanni Shoran road. Excavated in 1982. Yielded house structures, painted pottery, animals and human figurines, including seals of Harappan type. Pirak Iron Age Sibi Protected 67.45 x 8.5 m Located 17 km south of Sibi on the right side of the road to Jacobabad. Yielded many house structures, pottery, and various implements of Iron Age. Shows rice cultivation in this region as early as 1800 BC. Killi Gul Neolithic to Quetta Protected 98.6 x 45.2 m Located 3 km northwest of Quetta City on the Mohammad Bronze Age Height: 8 m left side of the road to Chaman. Discovered in 1949 and excavated in 1950. Cultural material recovered were chert blades, various types of painted pottery, bone spatula, and terra- cotta humped bulls figurine. Kechi Beg Early Bronze Quetta Protected 45.72 x 22.86 m Located 8 km south of Quetta City on the Age Height: 4.52 m road to Sibi. Excavated in 1950. Various pottery types were discovered with bio- chrome, monochrome, and polychrome painted designs. Damb Saddat Early Bronze Quetta Protected 140 x 105 m Located 13 km southwest of Quetta Town. Age Height: 14 m Excavated in 1950. Yielded mud-brick walls on stone foundation. Cultural material consists of painted pottery, bone implements, beads, scrapers, cores, and terracotta figurines of humans and animals. Ahmad Khanzai Bronze Age Quetta Protected 45.72 x 12.2 m Located 5 km south of Quetta Town. Height: 3.5 m Excavated in 1950. Yielded painted pottery of Bronze Age, including beads of lapis lazuli and chalcedony. Kulli Bronze Age Awaran 121.92 x 91.44 m Located in Kolwa region on the border of Height: 9.14 m Awaran and Lasbela at about 55 km west of Lasbela. Excavated in 1927. Yielded structure, beautiful pottery, terracotta animal and human figurines. Nindowari Bronze Age Lasbela 106 x 95.3 m Located in Lasbela region between Porali and Height: 9 m Kud Rivers, 250 km from Karachi. Excavated in 1962. Yielded structure, figurines of bulls and humans and very beautiful pottery. Bala Kot Bronze Age Lasbela 180 x 144 m Located in Lasbela region 88 km northwest of Plain level Karachi. Excavated in 1973. Yielded of 2.8 Ht Harappan culture’s artefacts and Nal Height: 9.70 m polychrome type of pottery. Miri Qalat Chalcolithic Kech 200.8 x 180.9 m Located 6 km from Turbat Town on the bank to Height: 17 m of Kech River. Excavated in 1990. Yielded Bronze Age chert blades, painted pottery, including Harappan type. Anjira Chalcolithic Kalat 228.6 x 106.7 m Located 26 km south of Surab Town. to Height: 3.96 m Discovered in 1947 and excavated in 1965. Bronze Age Yielded chert blades, painted pottery, chert flakes, lunates, microliths, bull figurines, shell and bone beads.
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Name of Site Period District Legal Status Area Salient Features/Location of the Sites Siah Damb Chalcolithic Kalat 37.16 m Located 9 km southwest of Surab. Excavated to Height: 12.2 m in 1965. Yielded chert blades, structure, Bronze Age coarse and painted pottery, with various designs and bull figurines, bone and awl and bone beads. Nal Bronze Age Khuzdar 102 x 95.80 m Located 35 km west of Khuzdar Town near Height: 9 m the village of Nal. Excavated in 1903, 1923, and 1925. Yielded very beautiful pottery, besides the structural remains. Pot burials and mud-bricks chambers were predominant. Other cultural materials were beads, pendants, grinding stone, marble sling stone, and copper and silver implements. Shahi Tump Early Kech 170 x 80 m Located 19 km east of Turbat Town on the left Bronze Age Height: 8 m bank of Kech river. Excavated in 1927 and 1992. Yielded human skeletons, beautiful pottery of early and late Bronze Age. l a ter pre h i sto ry to occur – the development of an econ- bol of mot i fs and colours. These embroideries are o my based upon domest i c a ted plants and animals, and handmade using diffe rent te ch n i ques and ornaments, the formation of st r a t i fied societies, which later gave s u ch as beads, mirro rs, th reads, golden and silver ka l l a - b i rth to the Indus Va l l ey civilization. b a t too, charma, wool th read, ribbons, shells, coins, s e quins, gold, silver and semiprecious stones. The e m b ro i d e ry of Baloch i stan is so fine that it gives th e A R C H I T E C T U R A L i mp ression of being machine-made, so the conspicu- ous value of the product is ve ry popular amongst local R E S O U R C E S people and to u r i sts. Originally, natural herbal dye s we re used, but synth etic dyes and materials are now Architectural resources in Balochistan include construc- f re qu e n t ly used. As women exc l u s i ve ly do the embro i- tions and structures (Table 29, Map 12) in the form of: d e ry, it cre a tes an income for poor village women. The n f o rts, such as Fo rt of Jhalawa r, Fo rt of Azad Khan, a rtisans and dist r i b u to rs are people from local tribal No u roze Fo rt in Kharan, Sibi Fo rt, Mughal Fo rt at c o m m u n i t i e s . Loralai and Duki and forts in Turbat re g i o n ; E m b ro i d e ry forms a part of domestic tradition of n tombs and gr aves, such as the gr aveya rd of Jam of all th ree major ethnic groups in the rural areas of th e Lasbela and Makli-type tombs at Bara Bagh, Ibne p rovince. These are the Pashtun, who const i t u te th e H a roon Tomb at Bela and those at Bhawa ny, Pa s n i , m ajority in the north, and the Brahvi and the Baloch , J i wani, Hindian and Mashkel (Kharan); who form the majority in the south and east. Their n m o s ques, such as those built during the eighte e n th e m b ro i d e ry can be recognized and distinguished by th e and ninete e n th centuries at Bela and Sohbatpur peculiar patterns, colour schemes, st yles and mate r i a l s re s p e c t i ve ly; and used. For exa mple, Pashtun embro i d e ry has most ly n h i storical monuments, such as those built in th e ge o m etric patterns and is done on the collars, back, beginning of the ninete e n th century at Ziarat, th e s l e eves, ch e st and shoulders of shirts; on wo m e n’s Re s i d e n c y, Jirga Hall at Sibi and Zhob, and Quet ta w r a p p e rs, especially the head portion; and on caps. Re s i d e n c y. Women folk of Brahvi and Baloch origin produce wo r ks of embro i d e ry that are highly rega r ded. The embro i- d e ry here is ch i e fly done on the shirts of married ARTS AND CRAFTS women, part i c u l a r ly on the long front pockets. The te ch n i ques and pattern are similar to some ex tent to those of Pashtuns in the north, but va ry in some E m b r o i d e r y designs and colour schemes, with, for exa mple, th e shoulder bands inva r i a b ly done in wool or silk. Afghan The province of Baloch i stan is famous for its rich tra- and Sindhi embroideries are also copied and are popu- ditional arts and crafts. Each tribe has its original sym- lar with both the men and wo m e n .
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Table 29 Architectural Resources, Historical Forts, Mosques and Tombs
Name of Site Period District Legal Status Property Salient Features/Location of the Sites Fort wall of 1700 AD Kharan Protected Fort wall Mud bricks’wall with bastion at interval. Jhalawar Kharan Fort 1700 AD Kharan Protected Fort As above, but occasionally burnt bricks have (Azad Khan) also been used. Nouroze Fort 1600 AD Kharan Protected Fort As above. Chakar Qila 600 AD Sibi Protected Fort Made of mud bricks and pise, with two (Sibi Fort) granary stores of oval shape and made of burnt bricks. It is commonly believed to have been built by Chakar Khan the Great, but the evidence suggests that it was built by Sewi Hindu tribe in 600 AD. Mughal Qila 1500 AD Loralai Unprotected Fort Probably built by the Sassanians, but probably repaired and used by the Iranians and Mughals during 1500-1600 AD. Sara Qila 800-1700 AD Pishin Unprotected Fort Originally built by the Sassanians. Later on repaired by the Safavids and Afghans and used by them until 1700 AD. Miri Qalat 1300-1700 AD Kech Unprotected Fort Probably built around 1300 AD with mud bricks and boulders. Later on used by the local chiefs of the region. Basically, this fort is built on an archaeological site of the Chalcolithic period. Kalatuk 1700 AD Kech Unprotected Fort A small fort of mud bricks built in the village of Kalatuk by the local chiefs with two watchtowers probably in 1700 AD for the defence of the village and cultivated land. Jamia Mosque Bela 1838 Bela Unprotected Mosque Located in Bela Town, this mosque was built by Jam Mir Khan II. The architecture is based on the central Asian style of fourteenth century. Sohbatpur Mosque 1940 Jaffarabad Unprotected Mosque Built by Sohbat Khan, a notable of the area, and embellished with fresco and secco work, besides the tile work of Hala and Multan. Tombs in Mashkel, 800 AD Kharan and Unprotected Tomb Built of burnt brick with panels Nag and Panjgur Panjgur of various stamped and appliqué designs on the bricks, which consist of animals, humans, mythological figures etc. These are famous as Nikoderian tombs but actually are the Towers of Silence of the Zoroastrians. Tomb of 1468 AD Gwadar Unprotected Tomb The tomb is made of sandstone, a dome Bangi Ismail resting on four monolithic quadrangular pillars with very interesting architectural features. Tomb of 1600 AD Bela Protected Tomb Made of burnt bricks and comprising a dome; Ibne Haroon located in the north of Bela Town. Graveyard of 1800 AD Lasbela Protected Graveyard The graves are of the Jam and Jams of Lasbela Mengal families. On the graves, attractive work of floral motifs in fresco has been done. Graves and Tombs 1400 AD Bela Protected Graves and tombs Graves and a canopy have been constructed in yellow sandstone with jewels’motifs and with some inscriptions of Quranic verses. One tomb is built with burnt bricks. Jiwani graves 1400 AD Gwadar Unprotected 150 graves About 150 graves have been built in sand- stone with pattern and style, those found at Choukundi in Sindh. Located near the custom house at Jiwani.
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Name of Site Period District Legal Status Area Salient Features / Location of the Sites Pasni graves 1400 AD Gwadar Unprotected 250 graves About 250 graves constructed with sandstone and with patterns like those at Choukundi. Located 3 km northwest of Pasni Town on left side of the road to Turbat. Ziarat Residency 1903 Ziarat Protected Building Built in stone with porch and balcony of 1,500 m teakwood in 1903, for the summer vacation of the Assistant Governor General, Balochistan. The Father of the Nation spent his last days here. The building was declared a national monument in 1986. Quetta Residency 1878 and Quetta Unprotected Building Built of mud brick and partially with burnt 1936 bricks at Quetta for the residence of the Assistant Governor General, Balochistan. Now being used as Governor House. Jirga Hall 1903 Sibi Protected Building Built of burnt bricks, for Jirga of the elders of 1,000 m Balochistan. Jirga Hall 1905 Zhob Unprotected Building Built for similar purpose. 750 m
Other Crafts Su r oz, Sarangi and Rabab are popular. Tribal poems and Ot her crafts of Balochi s tan are felts, rugs and woo l e n fo l k l o r es have been rec i t ed over the centuries by profe s - it ems, belonging mainly to nomadic households, such as sional rec i te r s. ‘Atta n ’, ‘Balochi Chap’ and ‘Jaffarki dance’ bags (for grains or flour), ropes and mattresses. The raw ar e some of the impo r tant local dances. ma t erial used in most of them is basically obtained from camels, sheep and goats, which form the backbone of nomadic economy. TO U R I S M In the past, only owners of large flocks sold unp r ocessed wool, while poorer families usually proc e s s e d Ba l o ch i s tan is situated on the cros s r oads of the east and it. The wool and hair was used to make tents, felts, bags, wes t, and presents a fascinating amalgam of the old and coats, felts with some designs for flo o r s, and rugs with pile- modern way of life. The land of Balochi s tan is rel a t i ve l y work and flat wea ve for domestic purposes, thus trying to thi n l y populated and barren, but is rich in human histor y in c r ease the modest surplus the y made. The practice is sti l l and traditions. Tribal people are wel l - k n o wn for their hos- in vogue in rural Balochi s tan among all ethnic groups, but on pi ta l i t y . a ver y limited scale, and tends to disappear gra d u a l l y. The main assets and to u r i st attraction of th e Some other crafts are made from leather and metal s . pr ovince are its scenic beauty, golden beaches, hill sta- Among leather crafts, only shoes and some arms cases tions, mineral wea l t h, natural gas, orcha r ds, deserts , and sheaths are being made in Dhadar–Lehri area. Metal marine life, diver se and glo b a l l y significant flora and fau n a , and jewel l e r y work is done by the Balochi nomads. ar chaeological sites, archi t ectural res o u r ces and histor i c a l Je wel l e r y worn in the rural area consists of fron t al jew- fo r ts, preh i s toric caves and roc k shelter dwellings, mud el l e r y, pendants, rings, collar studs, bracelets and amulets . er u p tion volcanoes and rich cultural heritag e. There are These crafts are now being made in the large towns of excellent hiking, trekking and caving opportunities. The Ba l o ch i s tan, instead of by the village smith. Besides the s e geo g raphical contrasts from the golden beaches of the cr a f ts, the r e are agricultural implements, every d a y uten - Arabian Sea to the Sulaiman Ran g e, are won d e r ful, espe- sils of metal and wood and musical instruments. Mats, ci a l l y for a newco m e r . This province has a 770 kilometre - ba s k ets, ropes and shoes made from dwar f palm tree s long coastline and the second larges t juniper fores t in the (mazri) are also common in most parts of the provi n c e . world, in Ziarat, Zarghoon and Harboi Hills. Famous for its fruits, Balochi s tan is known as the ‘fruit gar den of Pak i s tan ’. It includes date fruit gar dens in east- Traditional Music and Dances ern and southern Balochi s tan and apples, grapes, almonds, che r r y, apricot, plum and other fruit gard e n s / o r cha r ds in The inhabitants of Balochi s tan have a melodious culture. the north. The fishing industr y, pristine sandy beache s , Local musical instruments like Nai s u r e, Tamborag, Dhol, ma n g rove fores ts, turtle nesting beaches, Astola Island,
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IS S U E S Ba l o ch i s tan ’s tou r i s t res o u r ces are immense, but tou r i s m is still in its infancy stag e, and is not developed as in the other provinces. About half a million tou r i s ts enter Pak i s tan ever y yea r , to visit the northern areas. Most of them do not head towar ds Balochi s tan, as the y need spe- cial permission of the Home and Tribal Affa i rs De p a r tment to visit any area outside of Quett a. At pre- sent, domestic tourism in Balochi s tan is based mostl y on the sale of smuggled goods. Unf o rt u n a te l y, the tou r i s m po tential of the province has remained underde vel o p e d in the past due to poor infrastr u c t u r e, lack of conces- sions and incentives to the privat e sector and the low pri- ority accorded by the government to this sector . The provinces of the Punjab, Sindh and the NWFP have set up tourism development corporations, while Balochistan continues to ignore the pressing needs of this sector. The government established a Culture and Tourism Cell in 1988 to promote and develop tourism, as well as to patronize and encourage the unique and beau- tiful cultural heritage of Balochistan. This has some pro- jects at hand, not all of which are functioning, due to various reasons including lack of re s o u rces. These include tourist motels and rest houses at Gwadar, Gadani, Dera Murad Jamali, Dalbandin and Dhadar; restaurants at Taftan, Ziarat, Loralai and Band Khushdil Khan; the devel- A refreshing burst of colour in an all brown landscape. opment of recreational facilities at Pir Ghaib; and pub- lishing of tourist brochures. It is important to review geological fea t u r es, religious sites and natural beauties of these projects in light of role of the private sector and the coastal regions are of significant intere s t to tou r i st s . consideration for sustainability. Strategic planning for Local handicrafts are ver y popular and can be a grea t p r i vatization will help for effe c t i ve use of limite d so u r ce of prof it if displayed and pres e n t ed prop e r l y. The resources. celebration of the annual Sibi fest i v al crea t es opportu n i t i e s Th e r e is an evident need to formulate a compre h e n - for enhancing tourism in the area . si v e plan for impr ovement of tourism and culture in the Keeping in view the potential of archaeological, pr ovince. This would include adver tising and publicizing a rch i tectural and other re s o u rces for tourism in places of tou r i s t intere s t and projecting Balochi s tan as an Balochistan, these need to be conserved and interpret- at t r a c t i v e tou r i s t destination, developing tou r i s t spots all ed for local and foreign tourists. Unfortunately, sheer over the province and ensuring adequa t e transport and neglect has allowed them to run down. By implementing lo g i s tic arrangements, encouraging more participation of the National Policy for Tourism, it would be possible to the privat e sector and coordinating with their activities, enhance the economic activity in the province signifi- encouraging local artisans, organizing cultural shows and cantly. An increase in tourist activities would also serve in t r oducing folk songs, music, dances and fest i va l s . to introduce Balochistan at the international level, espe- The tourism industr y revol ves around the avai l a b i l i t y cially to the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) of accommodation, transport, information and rec r e- and the South Asian Association for Re g i o n a l ational and trade facilities. Moreo ver , tou r i s t spots need Cooperation (SAARC) countries. Balochistan fully realizes to be safe, publicized and accessible, with rea s o n a b l e the importance of Central Asia and European overland en te r tainment, res taurants and other supporting fac i l i - markets, not only to its own tourism, but also to Pakistan ties. Unf o rt u n a te l y, the facilities available in Balochi s tan as a whole. ar e limited. Poor and almost non-exi s tent infrastr u c t u r e Some impo r tant sites of intere s t to tou r i s ts are list- in many parts of the province is the main hurdle, anoth- ed in Table 32. er bott l e n e c k being lack of information for tou r i st s .
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Table 30 Tourist Sites
Place Significance Location Quetta City Situated at the mouth of historically significant Bolan Pass, Quetta City is famous for carpets, Balochi mirror work, other embroidery, chappals and fruits. Quetta is particularly important for visitors coming from Iran through Taftan and from Afghanistan through Chaman. There are many archaeological sites within and around Quetta City Hanna Lake and Their greenish-blue calm waters provide a rich contrast to the sandy brown hills 10 km from Quetta Spin Karez in the background. Hanna Lake is a fine picnic spot where boat and chairlift rides can be enjoyed. Khojak Pass The Khojak pass 7,575 ft. above sea level leads directly to the border of 135 km from Quetta Afghanistan, 150 km from Quetta; the scenery is breathtaking, with picturesque mountains. Ziarat Scenic holiday hill resort amidst one of the largest juniper forests in the world, 122 km from Quetta at 8000 ft. Sandeman Tangi A small waterfall as the mountain springs flow down. Ideal for picnics. 10 km from Ziarat Prospect Point It lies at a height of 8500 ft. above sea level. The view from Prospect 6 km from Ziarat Point is rewarding. Down in the valley one can pay homage to Baba Kharwari. Bolan Pass Along Bolan Pass the road winds through picturesque mountains, one 40 km from Quetta is reminded of the huge odds that the armies from central Asia and the north must have faced in their raids on present-day Pakistan. The train passes through 21 tunnels which are a great architectural resource. Pir Ghaib Near the shrine of Pir Ghaib (a saint that disappeared without clue) boasts 80 km from Quetta waterfalls and turquoise green pools surrounded by palm trees. Sibi Great historical importance is attached to Sibi, Qila Chakar Khan and Jirga Hall. The annual Sibi Festival marks the famous horse and cattle show, with other festivities held in the month of February. Chagai/Khaisar The Khaisar is the only river in the district of Chagai with a perennial flow of water. 20 km from Nushki It is an interesting place for an outing near Nushki. Zangi Nawar Zangi Nawar Lake forms an oasis among high sand dunes. Is is important for 15 km southwest migratory wintering and breeding waterfowl. Unfortunately, it dries during drought of Nushki cycles which occur every 10 years or so. The sandy desert has many endemic reptile species. Kalat Kalat is historically significant as the seat of the noble dynasty of Khans, who for 140 km from centuries held a small and unruly empire. There are three archaeological sites Quetta near Kalat and a religious site as well as deciduous fruit orchards. Harboi Harboi lies at a height of 2,440 m above sea level. It is important for juniper forests 30 km from Kalat and associated wild plants and animals. Takht-e-Sulaiman The highest point of Sulaiman Range is Takht-e-Sulaiman (Solomon’s Throne). Northwest of Zhob It offers excellent trekking and mountaineering opportunities on all sides. There are edible pine (chilghoza) and blue pine forests and fascinating wildlife in the surrounding hills. Shinghar Shinghar is a well wooded hill with edible pine and ash trees. A holiday resort 48 km from Zhob to the northeast of Zhob at 2,650 m on the Sulaiman range. Lasbela Bela Town is historical and well known for architectural resources (mosques, tombs and graveyards), fertile lands and date palms. Hinglaj The abode of Hinglaj, a Hindu goddess, is a popular religious site. Hindus visit 130 km from this in April for pilgrimage. The adjoining hills support good populations of urial, Karachi Sindh ibex, leopard and marsh crocodiles in habitat. The Hingol River mud volcanoes can be seen enroute. Mekran Coast The most parts of Mekran Coast are pristine sandy beaches. The culture is distinct. Astola Island, turtle nesting beaches, migratory waterfowl, Peregrine falcon, mangrove forests and archaeological sites are other attractions. Important places worth visiting are Ormara, Pasni, Gwadar and Jiwani. All these are served with air links.
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Fort of Habibullah Khan, Nawab of Kharan at Khudabadan, Panjgur.
Needed in this connection are good guidebooks, uals from the public, priva te secto r, legal community, ad ve r tisements in newsp a p e r s and magazines, and a media, academia, local communities and the non-gov- tou r i s t guide in Balochi s tan to recount its histor y, culture e r n m e n tal secto r. and economy and mention the attractions of th e Il l e g al digging is another issue invol ving individuals pr ovince. In addition, the r e should be detailed guidebooks (s o m e times prof essionals) digging in search of trea s u re . on the natural beauty and historical monuments of Natural wear and tear is deteriorating the conditions of B a l o ch i stan, hote l s / re staurants, shopping and handi- the archaeological sites and monuments, which, with a cr a f ts, emphasizing the reasonable prices of goods here. few exce p tions, are lying open to the wea th e r . The Ot her media channels should also be used for this pur- pr ocesses of summer expansion and winter contraction pose. A basic necessity in this connection is the estab l i s h - ar e accompanied by elements like winds, air, rainfall and ment of a tou r i s t information centre at Quett a. Poten t i a l s human vandalism. Apart from security issues, the public’s need to be exp l o r ed in cultural tourism, ecotou r i s m , la c k of awar eness about the impo r tance of cultural her- marine tourism and adven t u r e tourism in Balochi s tan . ita g e is another roo t cause for this sector lagging behind M o st of the prote c ted and unp rote c ted arch a e o- in Balochi s tan. There is also a lack of structural mecha - logical sites and monuments are private l y owned. There nism to support arti s ts and arti s a n s . a re clear legal clauses for declaring any site prote c te d under the Antiquity Act 1975. Ac quisition of land has a number of complications howeve r, in spite of the law. THE STAK E H O L D E R S Out of the 400 prote c ted sites in the four provinces of Pa k i stan, only about 20% of the sites or monuments are For development of the culture and tourism sector , a owned by the sta te. The prote c ted sites in urban are a s combined approa c h of partn e r ship betw een the public, face the problem of encro a chments and misuse. The the privat e sector (such as hotels, tour operator s and ow n e rs intend to construct residences and other build- tou r i s t guides), civil society , academia, media, adven t u r e ings for commercial purposes. Section 22 of th e groups and intere s ted individuals is needed. Specific rol e s A n t i quity Act is violated. There are other issues associ- of policy-making, coordination and netw orking, adminis- a ted with implementing the Antiquity Act that need to tration and management, res e a r ch, education and train- be re s o lved in a part i c i p a to ry fashion, invo lving individ- ing should be distr i b u t ed and shared .
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THE WAY AHEAD
Cultural Heritage
A team of people with an inte re st in cultural herita ge will be brought to gether in one forum. UNESCO and th e Pa k i stan Commission for UNESCO will be closely i nvo lved in matte rs of international imp o rtance. A com- p re h e n s i ve survey of the diffe rent tribal and cultural h e r i ta ge aspects of Baloch i stan will be underta ken and its results will be documented and made public with th e s u p p o rt of the re l evant organizations. Bro ch u res and b o o k l ets on fe st i vals, artisans at wo r k, local ga m e s , h a n d i c r a fts, music and dance, with a dire c to ry of a rt i sts and artisans of the province will help publicize its cultural herita ge. Structural arrangements for financing and supporting the artisans will be ta ken up on a priority basis.
Archaeological Resources
S i te exc avation will be opened for the inte r n a t i o n a l m a r ket. The government will assign special magist r a te s to decide cases of prote c ted pro p e rty rights and th o s e re l a ted to the Antiquity Act in the shorte st possible A Balochi folk music group. time. All legal aspects re l a ted to herita ge conserva t i o n will be rev i ewed and revised by a group of ex p e rt s . of pieces in the museum. Measures will be ta ken to Information on archaeological sites will be communicat- s h i ft into sta n d a rd commercialization of arts to good ed th rough the Inte r n et, bro ch u res and other modes, quality original crafts for a selected market . to other institutions and organizations concerned with a rch a e o l o g y, especially educational inst i t u t i o n s th roughout the world. Local and international st u d e n t To u r i s m exch a n ge pro grammes will be conducte d . A general measure will be to frame the provincial poli- cy on tourism. More ove r, security for domestic as we l l Architectural Resources as international to u r i sts will be ensured th rough gov- ernment-community part n e rs h i p . M e a s u res will be ta ken to pro m ote mud const r u c t i o n . To u r i st sites will be developed, and educational Te chnical backstopping, including funding for pro m o- i n stitutions will have close collaboration with to u r i s m tion of mud construction, will be sought from age n c i e s e ff o rts. A calendar of events for Baloch i stan will be s u ch as the Smithsonian Institution in Wa s h i n g to n . d eveloped, and more non-gove r n m e n tal orga n i z a t i o n s will be encouraged to enter the tourism secto r. Re strictions on the movement of international vis- E m b r o i d e r y, Arts and Crafts ito r s to the province will be lifted. Local persons will be re c r u i ted as guides and local hosts. A to u r i st guide A two - p ro n ged appro a ch to protecting and conserv i n g training facility would be established. Until such sch o o l s c u r re n t ly available pieces, and development of the art a re available, guide training will be linked up with ex i st- in future will be adopted. An arts and crafts museum ing facilities such as those established by the Sarhad will be established in Quet ta. Priva te collecto rs will be Tourism Corporation. Hotels and service ve n d o rs will be i nvo lved in the process of collection and mainte n a n c e p rovided with te chnical know- h ow on to u r i st guidance.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 199 Chapter 14 Go v e r n a in s t i t u t i o n s ca p overnance emerged as a widespread concern during the process of public consultation for Gthe BCS. The discussions ranged from political instability at the national level to the malfunction- ing of water supply systems in the streets. This war- rants a concerted effort across the country, which is beyond the scope of a provincial conservation strategy. Nonetheless, in addressing some of the governance issues through the BCS, the govern- ment and the people of Balochistan can make a sig- nificant contribution to the much-needed national effort. They are resolved to do so. Accordingly, the discussion here focuses on governance as it relates to the BCS implementation, but in due consideration of the wider context. The breakup of the Soviet Union and continuing concerns about pervasive poverty in much of the developing world, along with recent emphasis on sustainable development, have lent a new recogni- tion and currency to the term ‘governance’, which is being interpreted differently in varied contexts. nance, The World Bank (1996) has defined governance as ‘the manner in which power is exercised in the man- a gement of a country ’s social and economic resources for development’. Thus, good governance is premised on efficient and accountable manage- ment by the public sector, and a predictable and transparent policy framework is considered critical for the efficiency of markets and governments, and ns and hence to economic development. It warrants the government’s role in defining its priorities, through participation of the private sector and civil society, so as to provide an effective and enabling environ- ment for economic and social development. Banuri and Holmberg (1992) have emphasized governance to be also the manner in which a society governs itself, which alongside the state, recognizes ca p a c i t y the importance of the existence, role and function- ing of civil society institutions, such as local (self) g ove rnment, non-gove rn m e n tal orga n i z a t i o n s , Go v e r n a n c e , research organizations, judiciary, quasi-judicial insti- tutions, the systems of legal and property rights, trade unions, business associations, political parties and religious and civic organizations. In s t i t u t i o n s For the purpose of the BCS, governance is taken to be the system of decision-making and implemen- tation as it affects people, and the environment and Capacity they live in. It encompasses both the elements of ‘power’ as well as ‘civil society’, but additionally, of ‘capacity’ and ‘accounta b i l i t y ’. This definition is premised on consideration that the quality of deci- sions and their implementation is a factor of com- petence that includes knowledge; the process of decision-making, especially its proximity to the level 14 Governance, Institutions and Capacity
at which decisions are enforced; and the opportunity for tives is wanting in most agencies, which together with stakeholders to freely, wilfully and effectively partici- outdated systems and lack of suitable equipment, pre- pate in decision-making as a measure of their support vents the effective use of the knowledge and expertise for the decisions taken. that do exist. The polity continues to get as much knowl- Consequently, the discussion of governance for the edge as might seem necessary from the civil service. The BCS is organized around the four themes of competence policy interaction with civil society institutions is seldom or capacity, devolution, participation and accountability institutional, and therefore public decision-making does – all predominantly in the context of institutions. The not optimally benefit from the collective wisdom in soci- key institutions in this regard are those of government; ety. Related to this, is the concern for the lack of politi- autonomous organizations supported by the govern- cal will for the environment. The much-needed political ment; civil society institutions, including NGOs, communi- in te re s t and support can only be mobilized by an ty organizations and other associations of various kinds informed and organized public opinion that is wanting in and interests; and institutions of the private sector, Balochistan. including chambers of commerce and industry, trade The lack of ex p e rtise is not limited to gove r n m e n t associations and others. The discussion about the gov- d e p a rtments only. NGOs and the priva te sector are ernment organizations is focused on institutions of the e qu a l ly sta rved of te chnical capacity and have incre a s- p rovincial government, with re fe rence to natural i n gly drawn on government institutions, attracting resources and environment, as well as parts of the fed- some of their best people to the freedom of th o u g h t eral government that are coordinating environment- and action offe red by these secto rs, along with th e related work – notably, the Ministry of Environment, bet t er remuneration. Thus, while at times NGOs and Local Government and Rural Development. the priva te sector may seem to have more re s o u rc e s , the net te chnical capital of the society might have only m a rg i n a l ly increased. Wi thin the env i ronment field, an ISSUES a c u te shorta ge is experienced in terms of the usable capacity in natural re s o u rce management, env i ro n m e n- tal economics, the inte gration of the env i ronment in Capacity economic development planning and env i ro n m e n ta l te chnologies re l a ted to the manufacturing and pro- The lack of capacity in general, and parti c u l a r l y for the cessing indust ry. env i r onment, is perhaps the single most imp o rta n t Equ a l l y impo r tant are monitoring and accountab i l i t y . im pediment to attaining the goal of sustainable devel o p - Cu r re n t l y, these are weak in government institutions. In the ment. The problem is more acute in Balochi s tan. The event of bad decisions or undesirable outcomes, the pri- capacity issue has several impo r tant dimensions. One of vat e sector is immediatel y punished by the market, or is them is knowle d g e. A combination of the deter i o r a t i n g co e r ced by the government, or gets bad press. Similarly, quality of education and inattention to res e a r ch are cre- NGOs lose their donors and consti t u e n c y , in addition to fac - ating a knowle d g e crisis. Existing res e a r ch institutions are ing government thr eats and actions. In contrast, the gov- gros s l y under-re s o u r ced, and the res e a r ch that does tak e ernment has a linear accountability only that seldom take s place is often driven by academic intere s t, rather than by ef fect due to shared ves ted intere s ts thr ough the ranks the need for rel e vant knowle d g e. The res e a r ch system is and/or misdirec t ed political inter ven t i o n s . fr a g m e n t ed and suffer s from a lack of coordi n a t i o n . There is a local scarcity of technical expertise, espe- cially in the areas of environment and sustainable devel- Centralized Decision-Making opment. This has steadily increased reliance on con- tracting outside consultants, often with expensive loans. Pa k i stan has bro ken the shackles of colonial rule, but But ironically, the knowledge and skill (if not the will) to m u ch of the colonial legacy remains. Hierarchical and benefit from the contracted consultants is also dimin- c o mp a rt m e n talized decision-making is one that is ishing. The knowledge that does exist resides in individu- p remised on the assumption that positions higher in als; the documented and institutional knowledge is at the hierarchy are best informed, and thus most com- best scattered, and mostly in State custody, inaccessible p etent to ta ke decisions. This is true, at least part ly, for to the general public. s everal apex and sub-apex positions that do have an Within the government, the civil service is best overall sectoral view. What is not available to a linear informed. However, a clear vision and definition of objec- and centralized decision-making process is knowl e d ge
202 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Governance, Institutions and Capacity 14
in other secto rs of government and outside gove r n- ment inst i t u t i o n s . There was, and still is, a mechanism to harness the lateral knowledge in other sectors, but it has steadily eroded. Even when intact, however, it would not capture the larger societal wisdom. Over time, governments have expanded in size, apparently in response to the increas- ing population and its civic needs. In effect, the capacity for good governance has shrunk. Decision-making is remote from implementation and increasingly oblivious to people’s needs at the local level. This has contributed to continued poverty and diminished internal account- ability by the government, which has been further affected by the severe politicization of the civil service in the past three decades. In addition, political instability and resulting short spans of successive governments have preven t ed a long-ter m vi e w in public decision-making. The institutions of local gov- ernment have exi s ted only inter m i t te n t l y, with gover n - me n t - a p p o i n t ed administr a to r s managing the municipali- ties and other such institutions much of the time.
Participation
Pa rticipation is closely re l a ted to devolution, and ro ot- Planning needs participation at all levels. ed in the concept of emp owerment, which means granting the various elements of civil society the man- ernment; several have stumbled however. NGOs are d a te, space and ability to ta ke part in making public i n c re a s i n gly re qu i red to be more transparent and decisions and be responsible for them, especially at th e accountable; most are donor-dependent, and almost all local level. There f o re, it would not be enough to co-opt are constrained by a lack of capacity, especially technical communities at discretion. They must part i c i p a te in expertise. Thus, participation and hence good gover- public decisions as their legitimate right, and the gov- nance, not only depends on the government’s will and ernment should cre a te an env i ronment in which th ey action, it also depends on the strength, ability and can exe rcise this right fre e ly. This calls for legal and resolve of civil society. The communities’ interests and i n stitutional reforms, as well as a continued eff o rt to concerns are perceived to be represented by NGOs, but c re a te the much-needed awa reness and ch a n ge in peo- m a i n st reaming communities and their orga n i z a t i o n s p l e s’ attitudes about civil societ y ’s role, potential and remains a cherished goal. p ro b l e m s . In its wider meaning, participation would also In the traditional sense, participation refe r s to the e n c o mpass the enga gement of the priva te sector as an en ga g ement of NGOs by the public sector . Ideally, the two i mp o rtant part of societ y. The st re n g th of this secto r ma y work not only tog ethe r , but also alongside and inde- is in its financial and entre p reneurial capital. It is we l l pe n d e n t l y, as the y have separate roles to perform. The o rganized and influential, large ly driven by self-inte r- de tails to this effect are contained in Chapter 15; here, it e st, and perhaps not fully awa re of its impact and will suffice to stat e that past experience has been mixed . p otential, in terms of the health and inte grity of th e Go vernments in some places have been more supporti v e e nv i ro n m e n t . than othe r s. In Balochi s tan, the gover n m e n t ’s means to Pr i va te - s e c t or decisions are essentially shaped by su p p o r t NGOs may have been limited, but it has been will- go vernment polices; the lukewarm response of industr y ing to allow them a grea t er space and free d o m . to compliance with National Env i ro n m e n tal Quality The performance of NGOs has also been uneven. Stan d a r ds (NEQS) has certai n l y been in part due to the Most have successfully filled in the space created by the ext ensions gra n t ed by government in compliance dead- lack of objectivity, capacity and accountability in gov- lines. At times, the stat e and the privat e sector are per-
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 203 14 Governance, Institutions and Capacity
the exercise of authority, transparency in decision-mak- ing, responsibility for decisions’ outcomes and the exis- tence of an overall system of accountability that func- tions effectively. Accountability is a growing concern in Pakistan, with Balochistan having its own share of the problems. In 1999, accountability for public and donor funds became a major issue, especially with those financing economic development initiatives in the province. The government of Balochistan is grappling with the situation, but a lot remains to be done. The lack of transparency in public decision-making seriously impedes good governance, but this is seldom recognized. Instead and often, the need for ‘secrecy’ is used to repulse any calls for transparency. The docu- mentation of major public decisions is frequently inade- quate and, at times, missing. Moreover, political consid- erations and interventions are believed to override merit in assigning civil servants to positions of responsibility, which has essentially dis-empowered the civil service from undertaking the accountability of its employees. At the higher level, political instability has seldom allowed the government to complete its term. In their short spells, the governments’ struggle for survival; accountability escapes their attention and priority. There have been some attempts, but few have gone far enough. The little accountability that does take place is Environment Foundation, Balochistan: gathering people at the start of a campaign. perceived as skewed and biased. This justifiably leaves the political system suspect. Increasingly, the judiciary is ce i v ed to be in alliance agai n s t the envi r onment. However , taking action on its own, which bears testimony to the popular pres s u r e on the stat e for a healthy envi ro n m e n t erosion of the normal system of accountability. ar e increasing, and the growing consumer activism and Ac c o u n tability in the case of env i ro n m e n ta l awar eness is fostering the concept of ‘corporate envi - (mis)management is even more demanding. Most envi- ron m e n t al res p o n s i b i l i t y ’ . Private - s e c t or entities arou n d ronmental resources are common property, which caus- the world, and several in Pak i s tan, are seeking the re- es public interest in the environment to be very dif- engineering of their operations (ranging from the inter i - fused. This increases the temptation for infringement, or s of their offices to the life st yles of their empl o yee s ) and environmental mismanagement becomes a norm to build their images as energy- e f ficient and eco-friendly rather than an exception. or ganizations. In Balochi s tan, this is yet to tak e place. Civil society can play a useful role in mobilizing the Thus, in terms of governance, the participation of much-needed political interest and support for account- the private sector may have to be motivated by a com- ability. It is increasingly doing so, but its efforts are con- bination of incentives, an enabling framework and regu- strained by several factors: NGOs are few and lack capac- lations that are adequately enforced. This is especially ity; the institutional space available to them is limited; important for Balochistan, given its potential for indus- and they lack access to reliable information. trial development at Hab, Windar, Gadani and elsewhere along its long coastline. Policy and Law
Accountability Policy-making is a privilege of the government, which is organized in a hierarchy of federal, provincial and local. Accountability is the most widely understood dimension Ideally, all three should have policies that are mutually of governance. Its main elements include prudence in consistent, complementary and supportive. Practically, it
204 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Governance, Institutions and Capacity 14
varies. The policy framework at the federal level is fairly long. In doing so, however , the provincial gover n m e n t strong, with national policies having been defined for would need to ensure that its legislation is not in confli c t most sectors. However, the policy-making process is wi t h federal laws, because in the event of any confli c t , mostly exclusive, with little or no participation from the federal laws prevail; also, provincial laws cannot be more wider society. Even within the government, the process lenient than federal ones. is inadequately coordinated, resulting in gaps and diffi- A l though enforcing the PEPA or enacting prov i n c i a l culties in implementation. legislation is necessary to address env i ro n m e n tal pro b- At the provincial level, the government of Balochi s tan lems in general, attention must also be paid to re f o r m- ad o p ts federal policies as necessary, but has not devel - ing and effe c t i ve ly enforcing the various sectoral laws , oped its own overall or sectoral policies. Instead, it seeks s u ch as Baloch i stan Fo re st Regulation (1892), Pa k i sta n the opportunity and mechanisms of the Five - Year Plans to Fo re st Act (19 27), Baloch i stan Wi l d l i fe Act (1974) and br i d g e the gap. These are essentially the tools for devel - oth e rs. Many of these laws are outdated and some of opment inves tments, and do not necessarily provide for them have lost imp o rtance, besides being on th e fiscal, reg u l a to r y or other types of policies. The gover n - sta t u te books. A list of major sectoral laws is given in ment does develop policies on specific and emergi n g Appendix 3. issues, but these are inter m i t t ent. The need for a com- The other key issues with respect to envi ro n m e n ta l pre h e n s i v e policy framework remains unfulfil l e d . legislation include the punitive nature of laws whose Co n s e qu e n t l y, short- t erm considerations override the en f o r cement heavi l y relies on regulations, with little pro- lo n g - t erm objectives of sustainability in the name of visions for incentives; the discreti o n a r y power s of, and ‘p r osperity’ and ‘devel o p m e n t ’ that continue to rem a i n indemnity enjoyed by authorities; lenient inter p r etat i o n il l u s i v e. For exam ple, tubewell own e r s are cha r ged for and awar ding of penalties for violations; fragmentation of electricity at flat (uniform) rates, rega r dless of the power la ws; and fai l u r e to tak e international conventions and consumed or wat er abstr a c t ed. This has encouraged min- ag reements into account. ing of grou n d wa t er that is becoming ever scarcer in La c k of enforcement is a major problem common to Ba l o ch i s tan. A rel a t ed exam ple is housing on alluvial fans in bo th policies and laws. This is attributed to the lack of Qu et t a val l e y. This is believed to limit the potential and political will, resulting in part in the political instability in ef fec t i v e rech a r ge of the grou n d wa t er that is the main Pak i s tan, as well as to the numerous other issues of gov- so u r ce of wat er supply for over a million people residing in ernance discussed in this cha p ter . Moreo ver , impl e m e n t a- the val l e y. tion of policies is often sought thr ough administr a t i v e The Pak i s tan Envi ro n m e n t al Protection Ordi n a n c e , me a s u r es. The tool of legislation in support of policies is 1983 was the fir st piece of law that sought to address the sc a rc e l y used. Other options, such as economic tools and env i r onment, alongside the various sectoral laws tha t awar eness raising, are even rarer . Theref o r e, a concerted al r eady exi s ted. It remained on the books for 15 yea r s, but eff o r t in all aspects of envi ro n m e n t al policy and legislation was little impl e m e n t ed until it was replaced by the is requ i re d . Pak i s tan Envi ro n m e n t al Protection Act (PEPA) of 199 7. The main responsibility for implementing the act in the pr ovince res ts with the Envi ro n m e n t al Protection Agen c y Recent Progress of Balochi s tan. To be able to effec t i ve l y implement the act, the agency needs to be signific a n t l y stre n g t hened. Its T h e re is always a silver lining to dark clouds. Seve r a l main problems include acute shortag e of staf f, exp e rt i s e , actions ta ken re c e n t ly promise hope for resilience and s ystems and funds. Even without these pro b l e m s , even excellence. In 19 97, the government esta b l i s h e d en f o r cement of the PEPA would remain illusive due to the the Baloch i stan Env i ro n m e n tal Protection Council to la c k of adequa t e sub-ordi n a t e legislation, proc e d u r es and ove rsee and guide the imp l e m e n tation of PEPA. The in s titutional infrastr u c t u re . Council is active, and has met th ree times to ta ke imp o r- The subjects of ecology and envi r onment are on the tant decisions, including the establishment of an Co n c u r r ent List of the Constitution of Pak i s tan, meaning Ad v i s o ry Committee and a Te chnical Committee. An that both federal and provincial governments can legis- Env i r onment Section has been cre a ted in the Planning & la t e in these matter s. This allows the government of D evelopment (P&D) Department to inte gr a te env i ro n- Ba l o ch i s tan the initiative to undertak e provincial legisla- m e n tal concerns in economic development planning. An tion for the envi r onment, which would fulfil its own E nv i ro n m e n tal Protection Agency for the province is needs and aspirations, as well as bridge the gaps in the a l ready functioning, albeit slowly; inte r m i t te n t ly, ste p s federal law, which have impeded enforcement for so h ave been ta ken to further st re n g then the agency and
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 205 14 Governance, Institutions and Capacity
its leadership. Institutional reforms in the Irriga t i o n the BCS for natural res o u r ce conservation and sustai n a b l e D e p a rtment are being cata lyzed th rough the Na t i o n a l de velopment in Balochi s tan . D r a i n a ge Pro gr a m m e . All policies, exi s ting or new, shall be subject to str a t e- The government is also engaging civil society more gic envi ro n m e n t al assessment in order to ensure tha t pro a c t i ve l y, as exemp l i f ied by the consultat i v e process of the y meet the exp e c t ation of the government and peo- BCS preparation, and inclusion of the rep re s e n ta t i v es of ple of Balochi s tan for sustainable devel o p m e n t . NGOs and the priva te sector on the Baloch i sta n Taking guidance from the BCS and the policy frame- Env i r onment Protection Council, the Balochi s tan Wil d l i f e work that will be developed in its support, it will be essen- Ma n a g ement Board and othe r s from time to time. tial to undertak e legislative reforms. Priority will be given Re c e n t ly, the federal government pre s e n ted a plan to developing sub-ordi n a t e legislation (rules, reg u l a t i o n s , of devolution of power to the district level on ad m i n i st r a t i v e proc e d u r es), which is believed to be impe d - Au g u st 14, 2000. ing the impl e m e n t ation of the Pak i s tan Envi ro n m e n ta l Finally, while the NCS recommendations for sensitiz- Pr otection Act in Balochi s tan . ing and adopting economic policies to incorporate envi- PEPA has significantly evolved from its predecessor, ronmental considerations remain to be implemented at the Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance 1983. large, the government of Balochistan has sought oppor- But it continues to be predominantly a pollution control tunities for capacity-building in environmental assess- law. The government of Balochistan will examine the ment, mainly through training staff in strategic assess- need for a provincial Environment Act that will give ment of policies and programmes and in Environmental greater attention to the issues of specific interest to Impact Assessment (EIA) of projects. By the same mea- Balochistan. As the environment is on the concurrent list sure, several federal policies have been analyzed for the for legislation, of the Constitution of Pakistan, such an BCS, especially with a view to recommending guidelines u n d e rtaking would be legitimate and const i t u t i o n a l . for the development of sectoral policies for th e However, it is important to ensure that the Provincial Act province. These include the National Minerals Policy is consistent with the Federal Law. 1995, the National Petroleum Policy 1997 and the draft The government will encourage and require its vari- Pakistan Forest Policy. ous departments, especially those of Local Government, Tog ether with the federal gover n m e n t ’s initiatives of Forestry and Wildlife, Irrigation, Fisheries and Coastal de volution and decentralization of power s and account- D evelopment, Live sto ck, Agr i c u l t u re, Health and ab i l i t y , the effo r ts in Balochi s tan rep r esent a step toward s I n d u st ry, and Mineral Development, to rev i ew th e realizing the goals of the Pak i s tan National Conservat i o n respective legislation with a view towards reforming it in Str a t egy thr ough the BCS. the spirit of sustainable development. The government will also requ i r e the various local go vernments and development authorities to revi e w and reform their building regulations and other rules to inter - THE WAY AHEAD nalize the concerns for safety and envi ro n m e n t . For people to support the process of policy and leg- is l a t i v e reforms, it will be necessary not only to invol ve Policy and Legal Reforms them in the reform processes, but also to continuously ed u c a t e them about various policies and legislation, espe- The policies of the provincial government in various sec- ci a l l y with rega r d to their rights and obligations. The par- tor s, either written or as practised by tradition, will be ti c i p a to r y processes deployed in developing the PEPA and revi e wed with a view to filling in the gaps and devel o p i n g the BCS have already set good exam ples of thi s . ne w policies where necessary in order to provide a policy To institutionalize the participation of civil society in fr a m e work for BCS impl e m e n t ation, parti c u l a r l y for the public decision-making, the processes and institutions of le g i s l a t i v e reforms emanating from it. Priority will be given community organization and ro u n d tables may be to policies in the areas of natural res o u r ce managem e n t , an ch o r ed in the law. Giving community organizations a in d u st r y, urban envi r onment and governance. The revi e ws le g al recognition and identity will impr ove their access to will be guided by the exce s s i v e difficulties and costs cr edit and other facilities, and will signific a n t l y contribute in vol ved in enforcing laws effec t i ve l y, and the re f o r e, the to their sustai n a b i l i t y . need to combine regulations with fiscal and policy incen- Good governance grea t l y depends on political will tha t ti v es as feasible. The re qu i red policy framework on is a fac t or of public awar eness. Theref o r e, awar eness rais- becoming available, will accelerate the impl e m e n t ation of ing will be pursued as a tool for good governance, tar get-
206 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Governance, Institutions and Capacity 14
CDAofficials brief BCS stakeholders on the Islamabad Master Plan in Islamabad. ed especially, and approp r i a te l y, at the polity and senior involved in travel and the need to ensure that develop- bu re a u c r a c y . A more institutionalized interaction betwe e n ment investments are truly needs-based, all make a very the polity and civil society organizations, such as thro u g h strong case for decentralizing the processes of develop- rou n d t ables and wor k shops, will go a long way in this direc - ment planning and implementation in Balochistan. The ti o n . district administration had been relieved of a major part It will also be ver y useful to inves t some effo r t in the of its judicial responsibilities, creating the space and or i e n t ation of the Bar and the Bench with respect to envi - opportunity for it to take on the development coordina- ron m e n t al laws whose effec t i v e enforcement so heavi l y tion function. This called for a fundamental change in its depends on the m . orientation and approach however, so that it coordinat- Fin a l l y, as a part of the impending civil service ref o r m , ed and enabled development, rather than ‘controlling’ or ar r a n g ements need to be made for career planning of ‘directing’ it. However, it did not happen. But recently the go vernment officials and encouraging continuity in jobs new government has come up with a plan of devolution for bett er performance; curren t l y performance is seri- of power to local government at district, tehsil, union ou s l y affec t ed by freq uent transfer s that are moti va te d council and village levels. Given the enormity of the task or manipulated politically. and the need to build people’s confidence in the new system, it would be appropriate to experiment with the concept of devolved development planning, coordina- Devolution and Empowerment tion and implementation in a phased manner rather than covering the whole province. A thinly spread population, a vast area, inadequate com- This might entail allocating public-sector devel o p m e n t munication infrast r u c t u re, the time and ex p e n s e funds into district pool(s), which would be available to gov-
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 207 14 Governance, Institutions and Capacity
ernment agencies and NGOs at the district level; proc e - tation, driven by ‘pro j e c t s’ or other opport u n i stic con- du r es and criteria will need to be elaborated for this pur- siderations. Perhaps none has had the benefit of a pose. This system also envisions a cha n g e in the pres e n t h o l i stic rev i ew of its mandate, st r u c t u re, function and sy stem of closed and linear accountability to a more work in relation to the present context, which has dras- tr a n s p a r ent system that would invol ve true rep re s e n t a- t i c a l ly ch a n ged since these institutions we re cre a te d . ti v es of communities. H oweve r, it is only prudent that the orga n i z a t i o n a l Decentralized and locally coord i n a ted deve l o p- rev i ews and reforms in the diffe rent departments are ment allows for more efficient delive ry of public ser- u n d e rta ken in a phased manner, in order not to ove r- vices th rough one window; it will also augment th e whelm the gove r n m e n t . capacity to learn and apply lessons from one place to The government departments at the secreta r i a t a n oth e r. l evel have been re st r u c t u red on October 29, 1999 and The burden of development falls disprop o rt i o n a te l y M ay 4, 2000 (see Fi g u res 17 and 18). The institution of on the shoulders of the provincial government. It ought n ew local government system will also pro f o u n d ly to be shared by local bodies, but the y have exi s ted only ch a n ge the ex i sting st r u c t u res. There is, howeve r, a long in te r m i t te n t l y and have few res o u r ces. Hopefully, the way to go to fully overhaul the st r u c t u re. The en visioned plan will address these issues. The gover n m e n t priority departments for institutional st re n g th e n i n g of Balochi s tan will, in collaboration with other provi n c e s , and reform include the P&D Depart m e n t; Env i ro n m e n ta l seek constitutional protection for the local bodies so tha t P rotection Age n c y; Env i ronment, Wi l d l i fe, Live sto ck, the y can effec t i ve l y tak e on the role of local devel o p - Fo re st and Tourism Depar t m e n t; Agr i c u l t u re , ment, and thus allow the provincial government to focus C o o p e r a t i ves, Food and Fisheries Depart m e n t; Irriga t i o n on major issues. and Power Depar t m e n t; Public Health Engineering D e p a rt m e n t; Education, Culture, Sports and Yo u th A ffa i rs Depart m e n t; and Local Bodies and Ru r a l Institutional Reforms D evelopment Depart m e n t . Towa rds this end, and in anticipation of large r At the highest level, the Baloch i stan Env i ro n m e n ta l reforms, wherever possible a ‘one-window’ operation prin- Pr otection Council will be reo r ganized into a Balochi s tan ciple should be introduced to reduce wa sta ge of Council for Sustainable Development, with an exp a n d e d res o u r ces. For exam ple, in the health sector , a var i e ty of ma n d a t e to include, beside envi r onment protection, the se r vices are independently deliver ed by differ ent pro- la r ger issues of sustainable development. In the spirit of grammes. Bringing them tog ether will increase public con- the BCS, it will be essential to include in the ref o r m e d venience and benefit, while saving considerably on cost council an adequa t e rep re s e n t ation from civil society and and effo rt . the privat e sector , taking due care that the council does The institutional reforms and capacity-building will no t become unduly large. ta ke into account the current trend of downsizing and The Steering Committee for the BCS, following its decentralizing the government. The creation of new c o mp l etion, will be transformed into an Exe c u t i ve i n stitutions at the provincial level would be neith e r Co m m i t t ee of the Council, subsuming into it any othe r a ff o rdable, nor popular. It should be possible to furth e r similar committees or boards that might exi s t, in order to a m a l ga m a te or re o rganize some departments (and avoid duplication of mandate and effo r ts. The Exec u t i v e their wings and sections) with oth e rs, to reduce admin- Co m m i t t ee will fac i l i ta t e and over see the impl e m e n ta t i o n i st r a t i ve costs and ensure gre a ter coordination. Fo r of the Council’s decisions. exa mple, the subjects of fore st ry, wildlife, live sto ck, The Envi ro n m e n t al Section in the P&D Departm e n t a gr i c u l t u re and inland fisheries would lend th e m s e lve s shall serve as the secretariat to both the Council and the to be grouped to gether under one Natural Re s o u rc e s Exe c u t i v e Committee. To this end, the section will requ i r e D e p a rtment at the secretariat level. Howeve r, this must considerable stre n g t hening, principally by giving it ade- n ot mean a move back wa rd towa rds a more centralized qua t e exp e r t knowle d g e and approp r i a t e systems. In fac t , a u th o r i t y. Instead, it may be re ga rded and pursued as the P&D Department as such, would need to be suitab l y the te a mwork of dire c to rs responsible for their re s p e c- stre n g t hened, and if necessary reo r ganized, to enable it t i ve portfolios (agr i c u l t u re, fore sts and so on) that are to coordi n a t e and monitor the BCS impl e m e n t ation effec - re qu i red and enabled to work with fully devo lve d ti ve l y, which will remain its mandate. a u th o r i t y, under the effe c t i ve coordination of th e M a ny government departments have gone S e c reta ry to the Government of Baloch i stan for th rough a process of grow th, and at times, fragmen- Natural Re s o u rces. But fisheries and coastal deve l o p-
208 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Governance, Institutions and Capacity 14
Figure 17 Organogram of the Government of Balochistan, before October 1999
Chief Minister CM Secretariat
CM Inspection Team Chief Secretary ACS (Coordination) Planning & Development Dept. ACS (Development)
Sec. Planning
Sec. Irrigation & Power Sec. Implementation Chiefs of Sections Sec. Agriculture DG, SAP
Sec. Livestock Chief Economist Sec. Fisheries & Coastal Development Joint Chief Economist
Sec. Environment, MD, BDA Forest & Wildlife DG, EPA MD, BWASA
Chief Conservator DG, QDA Sec. Industries & Mineral of Forests Development
Sec. Communications & Works
Mayor, QMC Sec. Local Govt. & Rural Development Chairpersons, Local Bodies Sec. Information, Sports & Culture
Sec. Social Welfare & Women Development
Sec. Elementary Education
Sec. Higher Education
Sec. Health
Sec. Public Health Engineering
Sec. Labour & Manpower
Sec. Finance
Sec. Law & Revenue Senior Member, Sec. Excise & Taxation Board of Revenue
Sec. S&GAD Chairman, BPSC
Sec. Home Commissioners Deputy Commissioners
Sec. Food
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 209 14 Governance, Institutions and Capacity
Figure 18 Organogram of the Government of Balochistan, since October 1999
Governor Governor’s Secretariat
Chairmman, Provincial Inspection Team Chief Secretary
Planning & Development Dept. ACS (Development)
Sec. Agriculture, Sec. Planning Cooperatives, Food & Fisheries DG, SAP Chiefs of Sections Sec. Irrigation & Power Chief Economist
Sec. Public Health Joint Chief Economist Engineering
MD, BDA MD, BWASA MD, QDA
Sec. Environment, Wil d l i f e , DG, Coastal Dev. Livestock, Forests & Tou r i s m Authority DG, EPA Sec. Industries, Trade, Minerals & Labour & Manpower Chief Conservator of Forests Sec. Communications & Works Mayor, QMC Sec. Local Bodies & Rural Development Mayors, Local Bodies
Sec. Health
Sec. Education, Culture, Sports & Youth Affairs
Sec. Haj, Auqaf, Zakat, Library & Archives
Sec. Population Planning & Social Welfare
Sec. Finance
Sec. Law
Sec. Board of Revenue, Excise & Taxation
Sec. Services, General Chairman, Balochistan Administration & Information Public Service Commission
Sec. Home & Tribal Affairs Commissioners Deputy Commissioners
210 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Governance, Institutions and Capacity 14
ment needs to be managed by a separate depart m e n t in f r a st r u c t u r e when the present capacity is idling for or authority keeping in view the envisioned and pote n- want of funds, direction and leadersh i p ; tial development of coastal areas and the need for n pr i v atizing res e a r ch as far as possible, encouraging c o o rdination, inte gration and incorporation of env i ro n- the various res e a r ch establishments to work in con- m e n tal considerations. Similarly, env i ronment, as it is a su l t ancy mode, to raise funds for the m s e l ves by writ- c ro s s - s e c toral subject with prime emphasis on ing fundable res e a r ch proposals for clients (including considering env i ro n m e n tal concerns. This fits in we l l do n o r s and private - s e c t or institutions) and by com- w i th the Planning and Development Department (as in pe ting for government funds, whose allocation may the NWFP). be revamp e d ; The Social Action Prog ramme obligat es the gover n - n u p grading the ex i sting Agr i c u l t u re Re s e a rch Board ment to inves t a major part of public funds in education i n to a Re s e a rch Coordination Board, with appro p r i- and health. It is unlikel y that the provincial gover n m e n t a te high level membership of all re s e a rch orga n i z a- would be able to further enhance inves tments in the s e tions, the priva te sector and re p u ted scientist s , se c to r s. Considering that past inves tments have mostl y collapsing into it all the other apex re s e a rch coor- gone into raising the infrastr u c t u r e, frequ e n t l y at the dination mechanisms (if any) operating in th e expense of the deliver y of quality services, the future p rovince, with the funds that Baloch i stan might str a t egy will move away from constructing more buildings wish to inve st in re s e a rch in any sector being and creating more vacancies. Instead, the focus will be on pooled to gether into a Baloch i stan Re s e a rch Fu n d in c r easing the effic i e n c y , spread and quality of exi st i n g that will be in the custody of the Board, which will se r vices. A functioning school or health centre under the a l l o c a te funds for the re s e a rch projects it might shade of a tree is bett er than an exp e n s i v e concrete re qu i re various organizations to underta ke individ- str u c t u r e without any servi c e . u a l ly or collaborative ly; and L i kewise, the emphasis of public inve stment should n imp r oving the process of allocating res e a r ch funds be on the unive rsal provision of primary services (edu- and their monitoring, with the Res e a r ch Coordi n a t i o n cation and health) managed locally by the communities. Bo a r d meeting twice a year to revi e w the prog ress on The priva te sector should be encouraged to ta ke up ea c h project it funds, and deciding on future res e a r ch s e c o n d a ry and te rt i a ry services. The introduction of a and allocations, with a view towar ds ensuring tha t decentralized and devo lved system of community- res e a r ch is driven by need and not by academic inter - based management and accountability will go a long es ts alone. way in this dire c t i o n . The lack of coordination between public-sector insti- tutions and civil society is a key issue. The Rules of Upgrading Knowledge Business of the government of Balochistan are general- and Skills ly helpful in defining the roles, responsibilities and juris- diction of public-sector institutions, but they lack ade- Att ention to the acute shortag e of knowle d g e and exp e r - qu a te attention to cro s s - s e c toral linka ges. The tise is critical and will have a profound effect on sustai n - Secretariat Instructions of 1991 does require coordina- able development in the long term. Thus, alongside the tion among different government departments on cer- i mp rovements in re s e a rch just recommended, and tain matters, but these are not yet used effectively. not w i th s tanding the recommendations in Chapter 18, Attention will be paid to making the coordination among fo re m o s t consideration will be given to the quality and various government agencies more effective, and to de l i ve r y of education in the public and privat e sectors , instituting mechanisms (such as roundtables) that would including due emphasis on envi ro n m e n t al education. provide for interface between government institutions In Baloch i stan, th e re is no institution imp a rt i n g and civil society. e nv i ro n m e n tal education at the te chnical or pro fe s- The need for additional res e a r ch in envi r onment or sional level. Either an ex i sting department in th e other areas, acute as it is, may not necessarily war r a n t Un i ve rsity of Baloch i stan will be re o rganized, or a new he a vy inves tments in new institutions and equipment. The d e p a rtment will be cre a ted to imp a rt quality education fact is, that res e a r ch capacities are overlapping and idling on the env i ronment. Until this is done, the gove r n m e n t for want of operational funds. Theref o r e, the str a t egy to will sponsor promising individuals, for env i ro n m e n ta l me e t the res e a r ch needs will include: education in institutions elsew h e re, such as th e n p roviding re s o u rces to and mobilizing ex i st i n g National Un i ve rsity of Science and Te ch n o l o g y res e a r ch capacities, in prefe r ence to adding new ( Rawalpindi), Un i ve rsity of Ka r a chi, Un i ve rsity of
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 211 14 Governance, Institutions and Capacity
Engineering and Te chnology (Lahore), Un i ve rsity of s e c to r. In the priva te secto r, the most commonly Pe s h awa r, GIK Inst i t u te and oth e rs . expressed need is access to affordable environmental The curricula of training institutions in various sec- technology and expertise. Additionally, the private sec- to rs will be rev i ewed, to incorporate env i ro n m e n ta l tor will benefit from greater awareness, knowledge and concerns; additional support for material deve l o p m e n t expertise as to its obligations under the environmental and training of trainers will also be provided to th e s e laws; ways and options for compliance with these laws at i n st i t u t i o n s . reasonable costs; the sector’s potential for a positive S p e c i fic training courses will be designed for re l e- contribution to environment while doing business (for vant public-sector organizations, based on their imme- example, energy-saving and waste-minimizing approach- d i a te needs, in relation to compliance with env i ro n m e n- es); and the role and vulnerability of the sector in rela- tal laws and inte grating env i ronment in economic deve l- tion to international trade negotiations and resulting opment. To this end, priority attention will be given to multilateral agreements. training in IEE, EIA and St r a tegic Env i ro n m e n ta l The existence of knowledge and expertise in itself is A s s e s s m e n t; enforcement of NEQS; st r a tegic planning of little value unless it is accessible. Therefore, environ- for env i ro n m e n t; and env i ro n m e n tal communications. mental communication and awareness will have a very One of the te sted ways of enhancing skills and important role in making people aware of the existence, ex p e rtise is on-the-job training. To this end, it will be sources and locations of the various information, tech- useful to conceive and consiste n t ly implement an nologies and expertise, and how best to gain access to i n ternship pro gramme for young pro fessionals, in ord e r them (see Chapters 18 and 21). to make up for the deficiencies in their knowl e d ge, and to pre p a re them bet ter for the job market in env i ro n- ment, and to develop and implement a pro gramme of Greater Engagement of sta ff exch a n ges bet ween the government, NGOs and Civil Society p r i va te - s e c tor institutions in order to enhance mutual learning and expand the ex p e rtise base of the prov i n c e . Roundtables make up, at least partly, for the govern- The dividends may be even gre a ter if the exch a n ge pro- ment’s constraints in investing in expensive advice; allow gramme is ex tended to organizations and inst i t u t i o n s public decision-making to benefit from the collective outside Baloch i sta n . wisdom of society; and encourage greater accountabili- To enable the government and people of Balochistan ty. Towards good governance, the concept of a round- to better harness the financial and donor market, their table, initiated as a part of the BCS process, will need to capacity in conceiving and developing creative, innova- be recognized, further developed and supported. tive and fundable proposals must be enhanced. This The interest groups established during the formula- seems a binding constraint, stemming essentially from tion of the BCS will be formalized into roundtables on weak writing and presentation skills. Two steps would be water, agriculture, livestock and rangelands, forestry useful in this regard: designing and commissioning tailor- and biodive rs i t y, fisheries and coastal deve l o p m e n t , made English writing courses offered to relevant public urban environment, environmental communication and servants, as well as to fresh graduates in the job market, education, NGOs, population and poverty, and environ- and creating a fund that can be accessed by these mental health. trained professionals as well as others to develop ideas, The roundtables will be supported by the relevant concepts and proposals. It will be essential that the usual line departments, which will provide and house secre- consultant selection procedure not be applied to this tariats for them. fund. These procedures are long and tedious, and would Roundtable members will need to be confident if act as a disincentive to apply for the modest grants the they are to remain supportive and sustain the process. fund will provide. Instead, a simple procedure may be This will be pursued by assuring the members of the developed that will ensure prompt and effective use of government’s resolve and commitment, ensuring that the fund in a responsible manner. the agenda for meetings is meaningful and substantive, Inventories will be done of the resources and capac- giving the roundtables the necessary freedom, refrain- ity of existing training institutions, and their training ing from imposing on them the department’s own programmes will be coordinated for synergy. Any defi- authority and views, ensuring that the Administrative ciency will be made up by undertaking an additional sup- Secretary personally participates in the meetings, and port programme. These recommendations are also tar- ensuring follow-up action on the recommendations and geted, in parts, at NGOs (see Chapter 15) and the private decisions of the roundtable.
212 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Governance, Institutions and Capacity 14
The ro u n d table will have adequ a te re p re s e n ta t i ve s f rom all re l evant secto rs, organizations and groups of the government and civil societ y, considering th e i r i n te re sts, availability and ability to contribute to th e gro u p ’s wo r k. Re l a ted to ro u n d tables is the concept of focal points. To implement the BCS in their re s p e c t i ve sec- to rs, diffe rent government departments re qu i re a gre a ter understanding of their roles and re s p o n s i b i l i- ties, as well as of the BCS priorities, re c o m m e n d a t i o n s and appro a ches. They would also need to conceive pro- grammes in support of the BCS and coord i n a te th e i r i mp l e m e n tation. This will re qu i re assigning a senior per- son in each of the re l evant line departments as a BCS focal person who will also be the convenor of th e re s p e c t i ve ro u n d table. The NCS imp l e m e n tation has stumbled for want of such an institutional arrange- ment. In the NWFP, Additional Secretaries or Chief Planning Offi c e rs have been entrusted this ta s k. The same arrangement would be necessary for the BCS in B a l o ch i sta n .
Transparency and Accountability
A policy of open access to information will be followed, and public-sector development and other unrestricted information will be placed in the public domain. This is All must participate in governance. one simple and low-cost policy measure that will signifi- cantly advance good governance. ment in the performance of the civil service; attention The situation in Baloch i stan is additionally con- will be paid to systems of performance appraisals, pro- strained by the very lack of information itself. The motions and accountability. Bureau of Statistics in the P&D Department is currently A sovereign institution of ombudsman at the provin- inactive. It will be re-activated to collect, analyze and dis- cial level and of monitoring committees will be created seminate relevant data. and supported to free the civil service from political Concern about the unreliability of information will be intervention and manipulation, and to ensure account- addressed through the systematic collection of data by ability of the civil service as well as the polity. To be the Bureau of Statistics, improved coordination among effective, the ombudsman and monitoring committees the agencies and the availability of information in the must be neutral and non-partisan institutions. public domain. The quality of the civil service, at least for a major Towards a greater transparency and accountability, part, is a product of its professional work-force, which is the various government departments and organizations mostly inducted through the Balochistan Public Service will be required to produce and publish an annual report Commission. The government will undertake a periodic highlighting their performance and problems in areas of review and necessary reform of the Balochistan Public administration, finance and public service(s). The reports Service Commission, to enhance the transparency, effi- will also carry information about the amount and ciency and quality of its performance. sources of their funds and beneficiaries. The reports will The processes of invo lving people in public be discussed in the Provincial Assembly. c o n s u l tation and in decision-making will be further sup- The processes of devolution of power to and recon- p o rted, st re n g thened and expanded. This will, hopeful- struction of local government, and impending civil ser- ly, be a measure towa rds gre a ter transparency and vice reforms will be supported, for a significant improve- a c c o u n ta b i l i t y.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 213 Chapter 15
No n - g o v e r n m or g a n i z a he last two decades have seen a shift in devel- opment trends in which the role of civil soci- Tety has been emphasized as a means of work- ing towards the sustainable use of resources and p rotection of the env i ronment. While activist groups have been on the scene for many years, for- mally organized bodies are a more recent phenome- non. The mushrooming growth of non-governmen- tal organizations is part of a new development par- adigm that moves away from top-down approaches to development. It is important to look at the role NGOs can play within civil society in promoting poli- cy development and imp l e m e n tation, and th e i r potential for developing linkages with communities. The role of community groups in the management of their natural resources, advocacy, institutional strengthening and social mobilization is very impor- tant. The aim of strengthening the NGO sector is to ensure Balochistan’s development on a sustainable and equitable basis, with the involvement of all sec- tors of society. The concept of participatory approaches to development, places more emphasis on community participation than the conventional development model. Prescriptive modes of working are now being replaced by a trend to letting ‘people’, especially the marginalized, identify and decide their needs and development priorities. One type of participatory development has focused on community-based con- servation. This type of approach ensures that com- nm e n t a l munities are in the fo r e f ront of conserva t i o n efforts and are inherently aware of the benefits that flow from it. Furthermore, it involves shifting the ownership and the responsibility for resources and their benefits to local groups. In Pa k i s tan, lack of resources, both human and c a p i tal, has resulted in weak gove rnance, especially iz a t i o n s at the local level. This vacuum has opened the way for NGOs to organize people at the village - l evel and begin the process of part i c i p a to ry deve l o p m e n t . No n - Exa m ples of such organizations include the Aga Khan Ru ral Support Pro gramme, the Balochi s ta n Ru ral Support Pro gramme (BRSP), the National Ru ra l S u p p o rt Pro gramme (NRSP), the Sarhad Ru ra l Go v e r n m e n t a l S u p p o rt Corp o ration and more recently the Punjab Ru ral Support Pro gramme. The impact of their pro- grammes justifies the further strengthening of th e Or g a n i z a t i o n s NGO sector so that th ey can complement th e e ffo rts of gove rnments. This is part i c u l a rly true in the Baloch i s tan context, considering the paucity of r e s o u rces, the ex tent of the ge o graphical area i nvo lved and limited accessibility to some areas. An o ther fac e t of the potential role for NGOs is at the macro policy-making level. Under the present 15 Non-Governmental Organizations
Dutch, NGO and IUCN representatives at a BCS discussion. ci rc u m s tances, for historical, conceptual and logistical rea - Sp e c i a l i s t Group-Central Asia (SUSG-CA) and World Wid e sons, public participation in policy-making has been for the Fund for Nat u r e Pak i s tan (WWF-P) are also found in mo s t part limited to politicians, bureaucrats and the elite. Ba l o ch i s tan . Go vernment policies, parti c u l a r l y those relating to trade About 175 NGOs, registered under Voluntary Social and economics, are framed with a view to benefiting a We l fa re Agencies Ordinance (19 61), we re prov i d e d few. Often the y are dictat ed by global economic trends or in t ernational monetar y institutions, by structural adjust- Table 31 Legislation and NGOs ment policies rather than internal priorities. Their over a l l im pact on social and cultural systems is either over l o o ke d Legislation Type of No. of or deliberatel y ignored. Social policies that have a direc t Organizations Organizations bearing on people are designed in a similar fashion, with- Voluntary NGOs, CBOs 850 Social Welfare out ever understanding the specific needs and priorities Agencies of people. A prime exam ple is the Education Pol i c y . NGO s , Ordinance (1961) pa rt i c u l a r l y those that have direct links with Community- Societies Act (1860) NGOs, Anjumans 267 Based Organizations (CBOs), have the potential to devel o p Educational 148 a real understanding of local communities and to analyz e societies priorities determined by local needs. Their potential role in Company Ordinance, Guarantee Limited 1 bringing about just and equi t able development, a proc e s s (1984), Section 42 (NGO) dr i v en by government policies, is far rea ch i n g . Associations 10 In Balochi s tan, NGOs are reg i s ter ed under various leg- Foreign companies 3 islations, according to their focus (Table 31). In addition to Cooperative Agriculture 652 these, the r e are NGOs operating in Balochi s tan as reg i o n a l Societies Act (1925) co-operative br a n c hes of parent organizations reg i s ter ed at the nation- societies Non-agriculture 157 al level. These include the Aurat Foundation, the Fam i l y co-operative Planning Association of Pak i s tan, NRSP, Stre n g th e n i n g societies Pa rt i c i p a to ry Organization (SPO) and the Tr u st for Trust Act (1882) NGOs 1 Vol u n ta r y Organizations. Regional offices of some inter n a - Water User CBOs Not tional NGOs and conservation and development organ i z a - Ordinance (1981) available tions, such as IUCN-The World Conservation Union Pak i s tan , Source: IUCN 1999b. Ox f am, Save the Children Fund (SCF), Sustainable Use
216 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Non-Governmental Organizations 15
grants in aid by the Balochistan Provincial Council of ful experiences of the South Asian countries (Bangladesh Social Welfare until 1995–96. Grants ceased after 1996 and India) in Pakistan, the maturation of community due to lack of funds. groups (unregistered and geographically limited) into Broadly speaking, NGOs can be categorized as: larger organizations, and the spin-off of bilateral and n indigenous NGOs formed by philanthropists – indi- multilateral projects into NGOs. While the sector has viduals with vision and a commitment to the welfare grown fairly quickly, it is also faced with its own share of and development of communities; growing pains: absence of government support and n b i l a teral pro j e c t s / p ro grammes that have trans- recognition, limited impact, gaps in strategic focus, formed into NGOs, such as BRSP, TARAQEE Trust and dearth of human resources and absence of long-term SPO; sustainability, to cite a few. The full potential of NGOs’ n br a n ch / r egional offices of international NGO s / d e vel - role as a part of civil society, particularly on issues relat- opment organizations; and ing to development, has yet to be fulfilled. n branch/regional offices of national NGOs. In the case of Baloch i stan, th e re are similar tre n d s From a geographical coverage point of view, NGOs e m e rging in both the grow th, constraints and diffi c u l- can be categorized as: ties faced by NGOs. There are certain realities in n community-based; B a l o ch i stan that are peculiar to it as a region and can- n regional/provincial; n ot be ignored in predicting or analyzing the grow th of n national; and the NGO secto r. These re l a te primarily to socio-cultural n international. s ystems (such as rural ve rsus urban, decision-making s ystems, governance at the rural level) prevalent in th e Thematic Areas Table 32 Work of NGOs by Thematic Area NGOs in Balochistan work in a wide variety of thematic Thematic Areas Percentage areas (Table 32). Top-ranking themes are community mobilization and development, gender, income genera- Community/CBOs development 11 tion and education. Gender/women and development 9 Education 8 Geographical Coverage Employment and income generation 8 Forestry/tree plantation 7 While NGOs and CBOs are found in almost all parts of Health and nutrition 7 Ba l o ch i s tan, the r e was little information available on the Rural development 7 full range of development activities being undertak en or Agriculture 5 the scope of geo g raphical area cover ed prior to the Family planning/population welfare 5 de velopment of the BCS. A Quett a-based survey was car- ried out by IUCN in an attem pt to fill this gap (Table 33). General social welfare 5 Humanitarian relief 4 Rehabilitation of drug addicts 4 ISSUES Youth affairs 4 Urban environment 4 NGO Sector Constraints Human rights 3 and Weaknesses Fisheries 2 Culture/art/heritage 2 The major growth in the NGO sector in Pakistan has Urban planning and development 1 occurred over the last few years. A number of reasons can be attributed to this; the important ones are the Water and sanitation 0.5 increased availability of funds for NGO-led development Industry 0.5 activities, a growing number of development activists Other 3 and practitioners with a vision and desire to translate Source: IUCN 1999b. that vision into action, a desire to replicate the success-
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 217 15 Non-Governmental Organizations
Table 33 Geographical Coverage of NGOs
Name of NGO/ Category Geographic Coverage Sector Theme Project Aurat Publication Umbrella 20 districts of Women’s development (all issues). Advocacy, and Information Balochistan training, legislation Service Foundation and empowerment Balochistan Multilateral 20 districts of Irrigation, agriculture, income generation, Training, research, Community project Balochistan and rural and community development. funding, ex t e n s i o n , Irrigation and and irrigation Agriculture infrastructure Project (BCIAP) Balochistan Service Quetta District Water and sanitation. Extension and Environment and delivery training Sanitation Training Centre Balochistan Rural Umbrella and Barkhan, Musakhel, Poverty alleviation, rural development, Social Support support Jhal Magsi, institutional development at the mobilization, Programme (BRSP) Qila Saifullah, Pishin, grassroots, income generation and training, Quetta, Mastung, Kalat, human resource development, extension and Bolan, Nasirabad, forestry, micro credit, environment, networking Jaffarabad and Lasbela health and sanitation. Districts Development Service Quetta, Zhob, Loralai Tree plantation, education, health and Advocacy and Association of delivery and Sibi Districts women and development. networking Youth (DAY) Environment Service Quetta District Drinking water and sanitation, income Extension, Foundation delivery generation, health and nutrition, advocacy Balochistan (EFB) urban environment, women and and training community development. Family Planning Service Quetta, Pishin, Panjgur Urban environment, family planning, Extension, Association of delivery and Kech Districts education, women and development, training, Pakistan (FPAP) health and nutrition, income generation, advocacy and youth welfare, community development. networking Institute for Support Entire Balochistan Training on participatory action Training, Development research, power structure and advocacy Studies and organizational theory. and research Practice (IDSP) LAFAM, Loralai Service Loralai, Zhob, Lasbela, Education, water and sanitation and Advocacy, delivery Barkhan, Musakhel, rehabilitation of drug addicts. training and Kohlu and Qila Saifullah networking Districts Organization for Service Entire Balochistan Poverty reduction, community Advocacy, Community delivery especially Quetta City development, rural development and training and Development (OCD) water and sanitation. project implementation Oxfam Support Quetta, Bolan, Sibi, Agriculture, family planning, water and Advocacy, and service Loralai and Zhob sanitation, urban environment, health, training, funding, delivery Districts humanitarian relief and drug abuse. extension and networking Pak Public Service Quetta, Jhal Magsi, Sibi, Education, child labour, health, drug Extension, Development delivery Dera Murad Jamali, abuse, human rights, poverty advocacy and Society Mach, Khuzdar, Panjgur alleviation and women and development. training and Kalat Districts Rural Community Service Kech, Gwadar and Education, women and development, Training, Development delivery Panjgur community development and rural advocacy and Council (RCDC) development. networking Salamti Service Quetta City Education, water and sanitation and Advocacy, Welfare Society delivery community development. training, networking and extension
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Name of NGO/ Category Geographic Coverage Sector Theme Project Society for Service Jaffarabad, Nasirabad, Education, income generation, women Advocacy, Community delivery Bolan, Jhal Magsi, and development and community training, Organization and Dera Bugti and Sibi development. networking and Promotion of Districts research Education (SCOPE) Society for Service Entire Balochistan Education, water and sanitation, Advocacy, Community delivery women and development, community research, Support for development/human resource training and Primary Education development and primary networking in Balochistan environmental care. Society Service Quetta District Environmental education and water Advocacy and Environmental delivery and sanitation. training Awareness (SEA) Society for Torghar Service Qila Saifullah Conservation and sustainable use of Advocacy, Environmental delivery natural resources, agriculture and management Protection income generation. and research South Asia Support Entire Balochistan Rural development. Training, and Partnership- technical and Pakistan (SAP-Pak) financial support Strengthening Support Pishin, Loralai, Kalat, Agriculture, forestry, education, water Capacity building, Participatory Khuzdar, Kech, Bolan, and sanitation, health, humanitarian training, advocacy, Organization (SPO) Lasbela, Qila Saifullah relief, human right, community networking, Ziarat, Quetta and Zhob development and rural development. funding, research Districts and technical assistance in proposal development Sustainable Use Service Entire Balochistan Natural resource, sustainable use of and Advocacy, Specialist Group delivery conservation including wildlife, fisheries, extension, - Central Asia biodiversity, income generation and training, planning (SUSG-CA) ru r a l de v e l o p m e n t . and management Taleem Foundation Service Quetta, Zhob, Kohlu, Education, environment, poverty Education, delivery Loralai, Pishin, Mastung, alleviation and women and extension and Qila Saifullah and development. training Dera Bugti Districts Tanzeem Service Quetta, Barkhan, Pishin, Forestry, education, family planning, Advocacy, Idara Bahali-e- delivery Qila Abdullah, Bolan, water and sanitation, income generation, education, training Mustehqeen (TIBM) Ziarat, Sibi and Jaffarabad health and nutrition, women and networking and Districts development, and urban environment. material support TARAQEE Trust Service Quetta and Nasirabad Water and sanitation, women and Advocacy, delivery Districts development, income generation training, and credit. networking and extension Trust For Vol u n t a r y Support Entire Balochistan Agriculture, family planning, water and Funding and Organizations sanitation, income generation, health, training (TVO) education, rural development and community development. UNDP/Area UNDP Quetta, Pishin, Mastung, Local institution development, Social Development funded Kalat, Musakhel, Qila agriculture, livestock and range, mobilization, Programme project Saifullah, Loralai and water, watershed, women’s planning, training (UNDP/ADP) Khuzdar Districts development and gender. and service delivery UNDP/Balochistan Multilateral Loralai and Jhal Magsi Institutional development and Decentralized Trial District project strengthening, community government, Management development and Gender participatory Project and Development. approach, training and advocacy World Wide Fund Service 15 Districts of Natural resource conservation - Education, for Nature- delivery Balochistan wildlife protection, forestry, wetland advocacy, Pakistan (WWF-P) rehabilitation and environmental planning, education. research, training, extension, networking and funding.
Source: IUCN 1999b.
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p rovince, social sector and economic policies as defi n e d to ack n owl e d ge their limitations in understanding and by the federal and provincial governments, the scope i mplementing development activities. There is no of the st r a tegic inte re sts of various foreign missions recognition of the need to work to gether and to see in the region and tribal and ethnic makeup and that the primary acto rs in development are the people i n f r a st r u c t u re . th e m s e lve s .
Lack of Adequate Government Donor Priorities Recognition and Support The issue of donor priorities as a constraint on NGOs is Over the last few years, there has been growing interac- a widely cited and recognized source of pre s s u re all tion between various government departments and over the world. NGOs are heav i ly dependent on fore i g n NGOs. In terms of collaboration and institutional recogni- aid to support their eff o rts and activities. The gro u p s tion, little evidence is available to show that there is a b e l i eve, for the most part, that th ey are unable to true collaborative spirit. Organizations such as IUCN have i n fluence donor policies, and some see th e m s e lves as perhaps the best record in terms of gaining support victims of the whims and fancies of donor missions and from the highest levels of government. This is not to say donor rev i ew teams. Donor priorities keep shift i n g , that government-NGO collaboration does not exist. Its resulting in lack of sustainability in the deve l o p m e n t existence is often at the field level of line agencies and activities of NGOs. Donor agencies in turn are at th e not across the spectrum of government bureaucracies. m e rcy of the changing priorities and policies of th e i r An o ther gap in the interaction betw een gover n m e n t own gove r n m e n t s . and NGOs is the absence of linkag es betw een NGO rep r e- se n ta t i v es and politicians. There are bigger political issues that prevent this from happening. A manifes tation of the Sustainability tension betw een government and NGOs in recent yea r s has been the NGO Bill. The controver sy and damage tha t S u stainability is a critical issue, part i c u l a r ly to th o s e res u l t ed from the NGO Bill has another side to it. It was NGOs in Baloch i stan that are ex te r n a l ly funded. This is perhaps the fir st time that NGOs in Pak i s tan at the nation- n ot just limited to money and human re s o u rces but al and provincial levels organized the m s e l ves to cha l l e n g e goes beyond that to sustaining the deve l o p m e n t and protes t the content of the bill. Netwo r k s of NGOs and p rocess. In other wo rds, this re l a tes to the inte r n a l i z a- CB Os wer e formed all over Pak i s tan. They lobbied var i o u s tion of development processes within the systems for groups to prevent the bill from being passed and suc- w h i ch th ey are designed or ‘ta rgete d ’. An element of ceeded in their move. Although formed for the singular financial support is imp o rtant to the ex tent that initial reason of opposing the bill, these netwo r k s have moved s u p p o rt may be needed to establish the pro c e s s e s on to addressing other national and provincial issues. The th e m s e lve s . NGOs also stood tog ether successfully in the wak e of D evelopment pro grammes invo lving community eff o r ts of the federal and some provincial gover n m e n t s p a rticipation ta ke time not only to get established, but (n o t the government of Balochi s tan) to control the fund- also to stabilize and consolidate. This re qu i res ch a n ge s ing and activities of NGO s . in the attitude of communities and in the practices, p ro c e d u res and attitude of various sta ke h o l d e rs, such as the government. More ove r, it is part i c u l a r ly ch a l l e n g- Overlap Between NGOs ing to sustain and stabilize community part i c i p a to ry and Government d evelopment pro grammes in an env i ronment where n o n - p a rt i c i p a to ry appro a ches are also in play. O verlap is often cited as one of the bigge st we a k n e s s- es and sources of confusion within the NGO secto r. T h e re is a lack of understanding and acceptance of th e Absence of Effective role NGOs play in providing critical analysis of deve l o p- Coordination Amongst NGOs ment processes and fa c i l i tating the development of d i s a d va n ta ged and marginalized groups. There is an This issue is parti c u l a r l y rel e vant to large NGOs invol ved in u nwillingness to accept that neither government nor c a p a c i t y-building or inte gr a ted rural deve l o p m e n t . NGOs can be the leading force behind development or Communities often complain of ‘development organ i z a -
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ti o n – re l a t ed fat i g u e ’. This is usually a result of NGOs wor k - to name a few. In Balochi s tan, however , the thr u s t of ing in the same area providing the same type of assis- de velopment effo r ts seems to be concentrated on com- tance. Freq uent visits by social organ i z e r s to villages often munity projects concerned with the capacity-building of di s r u p t village life. Atte m pts have been made to try and CB Os and service deliver y type of activities. There is a imp r ove coordination amongst the various support orga- need to prom o te institutions or organizations focusing nizations th rough the development of net wo r ks . on macro issues relating to development, both on the Concentrations of NGOs in specific geo g raphical areas are in t ernational and national fronts. It is essential that thi s also influenced by fac to r s other then just lack of coordi - element of development be incorporated into the NGO nation. These include donor policies and priorities, the se c t or in Balochi s tan. Othe r wise, the sector will not be in exi s ting level of infrastr u c t u r e available to the support a position to make an impact at a level where decisions or ganization working in that area and accessibility. It is a and policies are made. common practice to establish projects in areas tha t al r eady have a track rec o r d of success and have easy ac c e s s . N e t w o r k i n g
NGO networks exist in Balochistan to deal with various Access to Information issues. The Balochistan NGO Federation was established in 1995 to develop a network for improving communica- Issues of access to and management of re l evant and tion and coordination amongst NGOs. Others include the u p d a ted information is not limited to just the NGO sec- NGOs Network Balochistan, the Women in Development to r. What is significant perhaps, is that for NGOs, th e n et wo r k, Pa rt i c i p a to ry Coalition, Baloch i sta n i n f r a st r u c t u re re l a ted to information access and th e Coordination Council, Media Watch, Gender Resource u n d e rstanding of the type of information needed is Group and more recently established , meaning even we a ker (see Chapter 17 ) . coordination. These networks play a useful role for improving coordination and communication. NGOs also have the potential to influence macro issues of environ- Human Resource Inadequacy ment and sustainable use of resources. The approach to networking will therefore be based on coalition-building Wi th the rapid grow th and expansion of the NGO secto r rather than just information exchange. in Baloch i stan, th e re is a dearth of qu a l i fied pers o n n e l NGO net wo r ks will be supported th ro u g h : to manage and operate NGO pro grammes. There is a n u n d e rstanding and building the real potential of s h o rta ge of qu a l i fied personnel in both env i ro n m e n t - net wo r k s as mechanisms of infl u e n c e ; re l a ted activities, as well as in generic fields of practice. n o b taining and providing re l evant information th a t Also, th e re is diminishing inte re st in vo l u n teerism. There can be used by netwo r k s in their eff o rts to infl u- is a lack of recognition that vo l u n te e rs as well as qu a l i- ence; and fied pro fessionals are re qu i red in the NGO secto r, par- n p roviding platforms such as the BCS net work to t i c u l a r ly in the field of env i ro n m e n t . c o m m u n i c a te, convey and influence policy- m a k i n g p ro c e s s e s . A diffe rent level of net working is re qu i red on NG O - THE WAY AHEAD g overnment linka ges. At present, no such inst i t u t i o n a l- ized net working occurs in Baloch i stan. Ro u n d tables can be cre a ted to ach i eve this. Ro u n d tables will include re p- Resource Management and re s e n ta t i ves of NGOs supported by the larger NGO sec- Environmental Protection to r. This can be done th rough bringing in members of the various netwo r ks . NGOs have exh i b i t ed a str ong trend away from the cha r - E stablishment of an NG O - g overnment net work in ity approa c h and towar ds the empo werment approa ch . B a l o ch i stan is seen as a desirable option by the NG O s The role of NGOs is the re f o r e not limited to being a con- th e m s e lves. The role of gove r n m e n t - NGO net wo r ks and duit for a grea t er role for communities. The sector in their mandate need to be elaborated. The credibility of itself contains a var i e ty of differ ent organizations, wor k - s u ch net wo r ks will only be established if th e re is a ing at differ ent levels with var ying mandates and philoso- sense that th ey are needed, enabled and capable of phies/ideologies, res e a r ch, advocacy and service deliver y, i n fluencing policy decisions.
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D o n o r-NGO Relationship st re n g thened and the link bet ween it and deve l o p m e n t needs to be highlighted. Capacity-building for NG O s , Building coalitions, net working and developing linka ge s p a rt i c u l a r ly those working on env i ronment with com- w i th NGOs in industrial countries are imp o rtant ste p s m u n i t y- l evel groups, will be designed to ensure th a t towa rds finding allies in the cause of just and equ i ta b l e cutting edge appro a ches to natural re s o u rce manage- d evelopment, and a way to influence aid policy. While ment are adopted in their wo r k. NGOs not wo r k i n g NGOs need to decrease their reliance and dependency d i re c t ly on the env i ronment will be encouraged to ta ke on foreign aid in the long run, foreign aid will not be e nv i ro n m e n tal considerations into account in th e i r t re a ted or viewed as a handout, or alms given by th e d evelopment activities. m o re powe rful to the less powe rful. Net wo r ks and In atte mpting to build capacities on the env i ro n- coalitions are the forums th rough which such under- ment, organizations working with community gro u p s standing can be pro m oted. International NGOs wo r k i n g will be sensitive to, understand and recognize indige- in Pa k i stan are also useful channels for enhancing nous, traditional and natural re s o u rce manage m e n t u n d e rstanding and pro m oting such inte rve n t i o n s . practices in Baloch i sta n . A n other way to build capacities of NGOs in this are a is to design and implement pilot projects with a st ro n g Capacity-Building on e mphasis on community-based conservation. These will Macro Issues be established within a part i c i p a to ry deve l o p m e n t f r a m ewo r k, and will have built-in monitoring and train- NGOs need to develop an understanding of macro - l eve l ing processes to ensure regular rev i ew of their imp a c t s issues and work with policy-making bodies. The NG O and usefulness. s e c tor has to link its wo r k, part i c u l a r ly on community d evelopment and pove rty alleviation, to the real caus- es of pove rty defined at the global level. Pove rty is Institutional Development o ften the result of land use policies, infrast r u c t u re of the NGO Sector grow th, pro m otion of a cash crop economy and eco- nomic incentives that degrade the env i ro n m e n t . I n stitutional development is one of the most imp o rta n t K n owl e d ge and information about macro issues in needs of the NGO secto r. Wi thin that, human re s o u rc e Pa k i stan is either absent, or is ex t re m e ly fragmente d . d evelopment is the priority. This means increasing th e A re s o u rce centre or information cell will be set up availability of qu a l i fied people in the NGO secto r. The that can act as a link bet ween Baloch i stan and the re st grow th of the non-government development scene in of the globe. IUCN B a l o ch i stan Office, Quet ta is in a Pa k i stan and in Baloch i stan has outpaced the grow th in good position to underta ke this re s p o n s i b i l i t y. A dire c- the number of pro fessionals or people who understa n d to ry of all NGOs and CBOs in Baloch i stan will be deve l- the comp l exities or the holistic nature of deve l o p m e n t . oped to provide situation analysis rega r ding the con- M o st NGOs and their work are concentrated in and straints and potential of the secto r. An ex i sting initia- a round Quet ta. The spread and re a ch of NGOs must be t i ve is the IUCN-managed Sustainable Deve l o p m e n t i n c reased. In this re ga rd, the responsibility lies on both Net working Pro gramme that provides the link to va r i- the government (in creating an enabling env i ro n m e n t ) ous re s o u rces around the world th rough its electro n i c and on NGO support organizations (to re a ch out, cre a te n et wo r k. This will be supplemented by developing a and nurt u re as many non-gove r n m e n tal and communi- re s o u rce base on issues of sustainable use of t y-based organizations as possible). re s o u rces, env i ronment and development that are spe- c i fic to Baloch i stan and its socio-cultural syste m s . Image-Building of NGOs
Capacity-Building Initiatives Some groups in Pa k i stan see NGOs as corrupt and on the Environment wa steful. While these perc e ptions stem from a few c o r r u pt NGOs, the whole sector has suffe red from th e NGOs in Baloch i stan are working in diffe rent areas of b a cklash. NGOs are in the business of ensuring th a t the env i ronment, ranging from education to natural people, especially the marginalized, have gre a te r re s o u rce management. As with mainst ream deve l o p- access to their rights th rough advocacy or th ro u g h ment, an understanding of env i ronment needs to be s e rvice delive ry. It is essential that NGOs ta ke a posi-
222 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Non-Governmental Organizations 15
NGOs exchange expertise. tion to eliminate corruption within the NGO secto r. As NGOs to discern and distinguish the multifa c ete d donor and government funds are invo lved, NGOs need n a t u re of communications and its imp o rtance to th e i r to adopt prudent spending habits and build the trust wo r k. of communities, the government and donors by adhering to practices of transparency and account- ability in all their activities. To that end, NGOs will be Fund for Sustainable re qu i red to publish annual re p o rts on perf o r m a n c e D e v e l o p m e n t and problems in administration, finance and oth e r a reas. To combat the misuse of funds, NGOs have to L i m i ted financial re s o u rces are a constraint for NGOs in ta ke great care to ensure that a code of ethical con- B a l o ch i stan. The concept of a Fund for Susta i n a b l e duct is followed by the sector in general and by indi- D evelopment was fi rst fl o a ted during the formulation vidual orga n i z a t i o n s . of the Sarhad Provincial Conservation St r a te g y. PEPA NGOs need to develop st rong and effe c t i ve com- p rovided legal cover for the establishment of such a munication st r a tegies to highlight their work and its fund by the provinces. The need for such a fund will be i mpact on development. This awa reness will be ta rget- ex p l o red in Baloch i stan. Care will be ta ken to see th a t ed towa rds various groups in society and will be the fund remains independent of ve sted inte re sts. The l a u n ched on both a collective and individual basis. This fund will be established within a culture of openness, means imp roving the communication capacities of a c c o u n tability and transpare n c y.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 223 Chapter 16 Ge de v e l o p m an d environ ll development is about cha n g e of one kind or a n oth e r. It may atte mpt to enhance th e Are s o u r ce base within an area, or modify exi s t - ing economic structures; it may introduce new tec h- nologies or methods of production, or develop the skills and comp etence of the human resourc e . Wh e ther directly or indirectly, development effo rt s af fect the culture of the area where the y are focused. They affect current roles, relationships, access to and control over resources, as well as the b e h aviour patte rns of people – both men and wom e n . When development initiatives are designed, plan- ne r s try to assess how these initiatives affect people in the area. It is assumed that this means both men and women. But the reality is that most devel o p - ment has been designed to meet the specific needs of men. This is no different in Balochi s t an, where women are prac t i c a l l y invisible in public life. Gender and development (GAD) is a consciously Ge n d e r , designed approa c h that for ces development prac t i - ti o n e r s to ask how development affects both men and women and how men and women can contrib u te . When these questions are asked separate l y, the infor - mation search becomes ver y different, as do the an s we r s. This is a pragmatic and market- o ri e n te d ap p ro a c h to development, if it can be assumed tha t de velopment prac t i t i o n e r s have an inherent responsi- pment bility towards the well-being, pros p e r ity and progr e s s of both men and wom e n . The diffe ring relationships of men and wo m e n to development can be more clearly unders tood by a n a lyzing the structure of a community. Eve ry com- munity underta kes four broad roles, each of which i nvo lves specific activities: reproduction (ch i l d b e a r- ing and nurt u ring); caring (cooking, cleaning, fet ch- ing, looking after children and the aged and fa m i ly on m e n t h e a l th); production (both income saving and income ge n e ration); and community manage m e n t ( m a i n taining social and political contacts within th e Ge n d e r , c o m m u n i t y ) . The reprod u c t i v e role is biological, limited to women. But the other roles are not specific to eithe r se x. Labour is divided betw een men and women in De v e l o p m e n t an y community based on the economic status and class of the community, its cultural and religious val - ues, ethnicity and types of prod u c t i v e activity with- an d in the community and household. It is safe to assume, the r e f ore, that socially defined gender rol e s will differ from area to area within Balochi s ta n . Some statisticians, economists and deve l o p- En v i r o n m e n t ment interventionists are gender-blind. They are unable to perceive certain gender roles within com- munities. For example, agricultural policy-makers 16 Gender, Development and Environment
po table wat er supply facilities. Another exam ple of this is training of women in processing dates that previ o u s l y wer e sold unpr ocessed. This added value to the res o u rc e , imp r oved the use of their time and increased the i r in c o m e s . Si g n i f icant cha n g es in gender roles are evident in ar eas where men have migra t ed in large numbers, and wh e r e women undertak e prod u c t i v e activities in addition to their other tas k s. In Mekran, for exam ple, where the fishing industr y has developed exte n s i ve l y, women are ac t i v e in the prod u c t i v e role, and men and women are tog ether responsible for caring and for managing com- munity activities. All roles and activities are significant within a com- mu n i t y . But the grea te s t contribution to personal power – self-confidence, self-image and decision-making – comes from both prod u c t i v e and political roles. Wit h ver y few exce p tions, both these roles are primarily within male domains in all the provinces of Pak i s tan. When power reposes solely with any particular community, ethn i c group, individual, or gen d e r , the r e is a risk of unbalanced de velopment and exp l o i ta t i o n . De velopment practitioners should understand exi s t- ing gender roles within a community and design the i r in te r ventions in a manner that ensures grea t er balance bet w een the roles and responsibilities of both men and women. If this is not done, then one gender ends up with grea t er access to and control over res o u r ces and bene- fits. This could mean that one gender now has grea te r A woman farmer at work. access to education, health facilities, mobility, income- generating opportunities, information, communication, have for decades turned a blind eye to women farmers rec r eation and general well-being. Over time, the gap will because they think of farmers as men, thus denying continue to widen. women’s claim to participation in farming and other Num e r ous exam ples of gen d e r- i n s e n s i t i v e devel o p - activities that directly affect their lives. All inputs to ment can be cited : increase farming skills are directed towards men, and so n In puts are given to one gender to perform his/her women farmers’ output remains limited, which has a role more effic i e n t l y and effec t i ve l y, while the othe r negative impact on the total benefit to the family. gender continues to labour away. For exam ple, men Since it is the gender roles of men and women tha t ar e given tec hnology to ease their prod u c t i v e rol e , rea l l y determine who would be affec t ed, positivel y or wh e r eas women continue to put in a long day, wor k - ne ga t i ve l y, by any development initiative and who can ing hard to fetc h wat er and fuelwoo d . co n t r i b u t e to the inter vention, it is critical for devel o p - n An exi s ting gender role is replaced by tech n o l o g y , ment practitioners to be able to define these roles prop - and passed over to the other gen d e r . For examp l e , er l y. Pol i c y- m a ke r s should also apprec i a t e that it is devel - m e chanization has signifi c a n t ly decreased wo r k opment projects and a changing economic envi ro n m e n t op p o r tunities for women. It reduces their income, that have in the past been potent cha n g e agents for and makes the agricultural by-p r oducts the y tradi- red e f ining gender roles in a community. The Balochi s tan ti o n a l l y used less avai l a b l e . Community Irrigation and Agri c u l t u r e Project has active- n An exi s ting gender role is invisible. It is neither rep o r t- ly invol ved women in designing the irrigation and potab l e ed nor supported. For exam ple, women who grow wat er supply schemes and selecting locations for was h - po tat oes and tom a t oes, process dates, grade and ing str u c t u r es along the irrigation channels. Women have clean fish and tend lives toc k and poultry are gen e r a l - also been trained in operation and management of ly unpaid and unackn o wle d g ed. During devel o p m e n t
226 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Gender, Development and Environment 16
in te r ventions, the y rec e i v e marginal inputs for doing ventions. And it is usually women, rather than men, who their work bett er or fas ter . Men who rec e i v e prop e r ar e negat i ve l y affec t ed by development. It is not the training and te chnology thus leave women fa r conscious intent of development practitioners to disad- behind, unable to compe te. By the same tok en, much van ta g e women, but that is what occurs as a result of he a l t h training is focused on women, when many unconscious over sight. This is gen e r a l l y because it has men are direc t l y invol ved in looking after fam i l y been men who have been in the foref r ont of devel o p - he a l t h. This leaves men unable to cope with cha n g i n g ment, both as recipients and impl e m e n te r s. Devel o p m e n t he a l t h information. imp l e m e n te r s can more easily empa t hize with the rol e s n Eq ual weight is not given to problems of scarcity of and responsibilities of other men. They can approa c h res o u r ces. For exam ple, the burden of dwindling men more easily. What can be seen and heard is more res o u r ces is borne by women because of their role as ea s i l y understood. Development policies and progr a m m e s fa m i ly susta i n e rs and primary users of natural in the past have the re f o r e been skewed to favour men res o u rc e s . and their priorities. Women and their concerns have n The role is performed by one gen d e r , and only the remained largel y invisible and ignored, although the r e other gender rec e i v es training to perform it more ha ve been a few signs of impr ovement rec e n t l y (Box 23). ef fec t i ve l y. For exam ple, lives toc k training is given to men where women are actually the ones res p o n s i b l e for tending lives toc k and poultry. THE WAY AHEAD n The major concern of one gender is ignored, leading to undue burden and discomfort. For exam ple, thi s All initiatives undertak en within the scope of the BCS will oc c u r s when agricultural res e a r ch and exte n s i o n en s u r e that gender issues are fully addressed. There are la r gel y ignores the major concerns of women far m - thr ee broad str a t egies to ensure thi s : er s. These concerns may not be for commerci a l n Bo th men and women will be trained, at their appro- cr ops but for food production, hardy planting mate- pr i a t e levels, and supported to perform their exi st i n g rials, household food security, home stor a g e and roles, responsibilities and activities in ways that can small-scale proc e s s i n g . mo s t effec t i ve l y conserve res o u r ces and protect the These highlight gender issues that arise in spite, or env i r onment. A gender analysis will be conducted as of ten as a result, of wel l - i n t entioned development inter - pa r t of project design. Gender roles and res p o n s i b i l i -
Box 23 WID/GAD Initiatives
n The Eighth Five - Year Plan mentions the Women In Development (WID) approa c h and the Ninth Five - Year Plan elaborates the guidelines for Gender And Development (GAD ) . n Under the Planning and Development Department (P&DD), the gover n m e n t : – es tablished a Women Coordination Cell under IMPLAN Project, which later transformed into the Women Devel o p m e n t De p a r tment and has now been merged with the Population Planning and Social Wel fa r e Departm e n t ; – mobilized non-gover n m e n t al organizations and rel e vant government departments to parti c i p a t e in the Country Rep o r t on Women for the International Beijing Confer ence in 199 5 ; – fo l l o wed up on the Beijing recommendations and parti c i p a t ed in the formulation of the National Plan of Action, and la t er its translation on a provincial level ; – de s i g n a t ed WID focal persons in all rel e vant line departm e n t s ; – cre a t ed a Women Section in the Pⅅ – de veloped a WID library and database which was later transfer r ed to the Women Studies Centre in the Uni ve r sity of Ba l o ch i s tan ; – de veloped gender guidelines for PC-1 formulation; and – es tablished a Gender Res o u r ce Grou p . n Es tablishment of primary schools for girls, under the Primary Education Development Project with the assistance of So c i e ty for Community Support for Primary Education in Balochi s tan . n Application of GAD approa c h under the Food and Agri c u l t u r e Organ i z a t i o n – s u p p o r ted Upland Reh a b i l i t ation Proj e c t . n Prime Minister ’s Lady Health Wor ke r s Progr a m m e . n Es tablishment of Women Studies Centre in the Uni ve r sity of Balochi s tan . n Es tablishment of WID Netwo r k , Balochi s tan .
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 227 16 Gender, Development and Environment
Women in Balochistan manage livestock and poultry.
ties will not be assumed, since the y may differ from Women in Balochi s tan have a wide range of roles and ar ea to area within the provi n c e . responsibilities. In some areas the y are confined withi n n If the roles of men and women within a community four walls, while in othe r s the y are seen to perform a vas t or household result in an uneven or unfair distr i b u - ra n g e of caring and prod u c t i v e roles. Women can be sup- tion of assets or benefit from res o u r ces, then devel - po r ted in the performance of some of their current rol e s opment inter ventions will crea t e opportunities to in numerous ways: reduce this gap. This may requ i r e specially designed n Ensuring a supply of clean, potable wat er for house- pro g rammes for the disadvan ta g ed gen d e r . hold needs is a wom a n ’s res p o n s i b i l i t y . In areas where n Women, along with men, will be activel y invol ved as women fetc h wate r , this task invol ves a substan t i a l co l l a b o r a to r s and decision-make rs . amount of time and physical exer tion. Inter ven t i o n s n The envisioned rou n d t abels will comprise of both will focus on conserving natural sources of wate r , women and men. su c h as perennial springs, and guaranteeing that thi s community res o u r ce is not negat i ve l y affec t ed by other inter ventions, such as tubewell drilling. Effective Implementation n The wat er res o u r ce, parti c u l a r l y in rural areas, is tra- of Current Activities di t i o n a l l y distr i b u t ed on the basis of the number of individuals or ‘heads’. This gen e r a l l y refe r s to the Wid e s p r ead and continuing degradation of res o u r ces in number of men in a household. And it is men who an y one sector has a harmful effect on the men, wom e n ma n a g e the wate r . But it is women who use the and chi l d r en of the area. But women and chi l d r en are more wat er source, and the y walk for miles at a str etc h on vulnerable, for the y are direc t l y invol ved in activities such roc ky and rugged paths to fetc h it. For women, the as grazing animals and collecting wat er and fuelwood. Their in c o n venience is wor th it, for the wat er collection cu r r ent practices affect the envi r onment, and the qua l i t y points are the only places where the y can gath e r of their life is in turn affec t ed by the envi ro n m e n t . wi t h other women and socialize. Rec e n t l y, the gov-
228 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Gender, Development and Environment 16
ernment of Balochi s tan provided drinking wat er near and res p o n s i b l y, women will also rec e i v e training and the communities. But most hand pumps instal l e d ma r k et orientation on sorting, grading, pres e rv i n g ha ve been mismanaged and now do not wor k . One and packaging fish. Awar eness and skills to manage reason could be that women and chi l d r en handle the occupational health hazards of fish proc e s s i n g these pumps, whereas men rec e i v ed the training on will be an integ ral part of the training provided to use and maintenance. Also, most women are not wom e n . in vol ved in critical decisions such as site selection, n C r a fts from Baloch i stan have a special re c o g n i t i o n thus resulting in hand pumps being installed near and are marketed both nationally and inte r n a t i o n a l- public places, for exam ple next to a village mosque . ly. While large and medium-scale industries are This prevents women from interacting. Such inter - l o c a ted at Hab and Quet ta, small-scale industries are ventions result in was te, since in this instance, many w i d e ly dispersed th roughout Baloch i stan. We l l - women still pref er to walk for long distances to k n own handicrafts from Baloch i stan include access even muddy wate r . Any inter vention with e m b ro i d e ry, wool and leather products, and carpet s rega r d to wat er res o u r ces will invol ve women in all and rugs. Women, as unpaid fa m i ly wor ke r s, make stag es of decision-making. up the dominant wor k- f o r ce in this secto r. Most of n Animal grazing, fuelwood collection and collection of the labour is untrained and is not exposed to ch a n g- edible fores t products are tas k s undertak en by ing designs, colour combinations and market women and chi l d r en in many areas of Balochi s tan . re qu i rements. Women will re c e i ve appro p r i a te train- When developing any policy that might have an ing in the production aspects, and men will be im pact on these tas k s, women and chi l d r en will be trained to re a ch out to appro p r i a te national and co n s u l t ed as well as the men. Alter n a t e sources of i n ternational markets. This will imp rove fa m i ly cooking fuel and energy will be looked at to help income, as well as lead to economic gains for th e li g h t en the burden on wom e n . p rov i n c e . n The agr i c u l t u re sector will conduct substa n t i ve n Due to lack of access to a supply of natural gas, woo d res e a r ch on wom e n ’s changing roles in farming. The is burnt as fuel th roughout the prov i n c e . fact that women are not direc t l y trained for the rol e In d i s c r i m i n a t e use of the fores t is causing major eco- the y are curren t l y performing in this sector could be logical and env i ro n m e n tal problems. The wo r l d - one reason for low yield. Though the Agri c u l t u r e ren o wned juniper fores ts of Balochi s tan have also De p a r tment has a wom e n ’s section, the training been affec t ed. Wit h the invol vement of the Fore st r y designed and impa r ted bears little relationship to De p a r tment, a communication prog ramme could be what is actually requ i r ed. Women ext ension wor ke r s de veloped for women, to make them awar e of the will rec e i v e adequa t e training so that the y can per- di r e consequences of defores tation and to train form more effec t i ve l y. them in planting fast - g rowing var i e ties that are more n Cu r re n t l y, women and chi l d r en manage lives toc k and su i t able for burning. po u l t r y, while men market them. Processing prod - ucts, such as milk, cheese and wool is the sole res p o n - sibility of women. It is impe r a t i v e that training in vac - New Roles in Production and cination and disease control, milking and milk pro- Community Management cessing and wool processing is provided to wom e n wi t h the assistance of women lives toc k exte n s i o n Women are already invol ved in a var i e ty of income-gen - wor ke rs . erating activities. In communities where women have the n Mo s t development initiatives in the fisheries sector time and the intere s t to be further and more effec t i ve l y focus on developing the coast and exploiting the in vol ved in income-generating opportunities, additional res o u r ce rather than responding to the needs of the activities could be undertake n : fishermen, and even less so to the women. Men are n Und e r tak e an inven to r y of wom e n ’s skills and the i r no t formally trained for the work the y do. Wom e n sp e c i f ic invol vement in income-generating activities, ar e invol ved in many prod u c t i v e activities, including and identify opportunities where value can be added ne t-making, net repairing, fish sorting, grading and to exi s ting skills. For exam ple, women who tend poul- cleaning, all undertak en for long hours under diffic u l t tr y and lives toc k can be trained to vac c i n a t e and situations. Women rec e i v e neither tec hnology nor tr eat them; women who collect herbs and spices can training to conduct their work bett er or fas ter . be trained to produce them organ i c a l l y; women who Wh e r e training is provided to men to fish prop e r l y al r eady shear wool can learn to process it; wom e n
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 229 16 Gender, Development and Environment
can grow flo wer s for commercial purposes and learn awar eness and acceptance at the policy level of the to extract perfume from the m . imp o r tance of ensuring gender balance thr ough gen d e r n E n s u re that wo m e n’s invo lvement in pro d u c t i ve an a l ysis. This will lead to a commitment at the highest activities is offse t by grea t er efficiencies in the i r le vel to obtain gender differe n t i a t ed and dis-aggrega te d household tas k s. Both must be addressed conscien- da t a for macro (regional) and micro (intra-household, ti o u s l y. Women will be invol ved in all decisions tha t farm, community) planning. It will be recognized tha t di re c t l y affect their current and potential roles with- biased data can cause skewed policies in favour of one in the community. gen d e r , most frequ e n t l y men. n Earmark new avenues for women to earn income, In s titutions (ministries, parastat al, non-gover n m e n ta l wh i c h after training can be performed by both men or ganizations (NGOs)) with a demonstr a t ed capacity to and women. These may include production and use ad d r ess exi s ting and potential gender issues must be of solar energy , solar cooker s, solar cells, solar id e n t i f ied. This is possible if the men and women wor k i n g he a te r s and wind energy . Activities such as cutting in these various institutions are gen d e r- s e n s i t i v e, and and polishing gem s tones and studding ornaments the re f o r e committed to the development needs of both ma y be approp r i a t e for women, given their inheren t se xes. Stake h o l d e r s in prog ramme impl e m e n t ation will dex t erity and attention to detai l . ha ve gen d e r- s e n s i t i v e que st i o n n a i r es to collect informa- n En c o u r a g e formal education, especially for girls. It is tion in needs assessment and monitor i n g / e val u a t i o n on l y though education that a broader range of phases. Most of these institutions pres e n t l y have all-male op p o r tunities for new roles can emerge for wom e n . staf fs. They the re f o r e, are constrained in effo r ts to Communities can be given incentives to educate di re c t l y rea c h out to women. This may be a major rea s o n their girls in terms of new economic opportu n i t i e s , wh y most government line departments do not addres s skill enhancement, credit and tech n o l o g y . wom e n ’s issues and concerns thr ough their devel o p m e n t n En s u r e equal access for men and women when for- in i t i a t i v es. This constraint can be initially over come by mal studies in electronics and information tech n o l o - co o r dinating with those organizations within Balochi s tan gy are introduced in urban colleges . that specific a l l y address wom e n ’s needs. In the longer term, the government will proa c t i ve l y recruit more women in all line departm e n t s . Implementation of Resource Particular attention needs to be given to women- Management and Conservation focused NGOs. Although it is unintentional, women can Pr o g r a m m e s be pushed further away from power by the introduction of new technologies (for example, farming technology Women will be given an orientation to, and be consulted and extension services), which are often more accessible on, the planning and impl e m e n t ation of res o u r ce man- to men. Opportunities for women must be expanded if ag ement and envi ro n m e n t al conservation progr a m m e s . their energies and talents are to be harnessed for sus- Generations of knowle d g e and practice have been passed tainable development. More specifically, the government do wn thr ough women, and will continue to pass down will allocate quota for women in public-sector jobs, thr ough them. If some practices need to be cha n ge d , include them in various government-appointed commit- women must be activel y invol ved to ensure sustai n a b i l i t y . tees and fora and maintain, and if possible, enhance Some areas of particular intere s t and concern for wom e n their representation in the Provincial Assembly and the ar e str a t egies for conservation, developing and deployi n g National Assembly. ren e wable energy , wat er use, protection of fores ts, pre- The Population Planning and Social We l fa re venting and abating pollution, at household, stre e t and De p a r tment, in collaboration with the P&DD, must play a vi l l a g e levels, small desalination plants in south- we s ter n vi t al role in prog ramme design, impl e m e n t ation and mon- and coastal areas, shifting of wholesale markets, manag- it oring for gender integ ration. These departments will be ing urban was tes and conserving biodive rs i t y. a catal yst for providing policy guidelines to ensure wom e n ’s participation in all development progr a m m e s . While the Women Development Wing is the insti t u t i o n Institutional Support for wi t hin the government with a mandate to integr a t e Gender and Development wom e n ’s concerns in all development initiatives, it will be recognized that its role is that of a fac i l i ta t or to support Se veral measures are re qu i red to ensure institutional sup- the line departments, NGOs and community-based orga- po r t for gender and development. There needs to be nizations. It is not their task to tak e on a limited role to
230 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Gender, Development and Environment 16
Self-help: rural women repairing the tap. pr ovide development inter ventions for women on behalf in n o vat i v e ways must be designed to rea c h out to the of the line departm e n t s . women of Balochi s tan. A fir st step may be the parti c i p a - Since 1995, the federal and provincial gover n m e n t s tion of gen d e r- s e n s i t i v e media personnel in this effo rt . ha ve put Gender and Development on a higher agen d a . Wit h their support, the government could crea t e an inte- As a result, women have rec e i v ed a more defined focus gra t ed orientation packag e that simpl y but crea t i ve l y in development initiatives than in the past. A major dri- explains rel e vant aspects of the prog rammes to tar get ving force behind this shift has been the nation-wide groups in a way that can be understood easily by men, Social Action Prog ramme, which supported the Beiji n g women and chi l d r en. The orientation would be devel o p e d Co n fe r ence on Women. Other impo r tant str u c t u r es and keeping the geo g raphic area and its associated economic forums that can be approa c hed for assistance to support activities and ecology in mind. The deliver y of the orienta- wo m e n’s development include the Beijing Fo l l ow- u p tion may be thr ough inter p e r sonal contact, where NGO s C o m m i t tee, Sector Focal Point Forum and Wo m e n and community groups carry the message thr ough visu- Studies Centre in the Uni ve r sity of Balochi s tan . als and puppet shows for groups of men, women and chi l - G e n d e r- d i ffe re n t i a ted and dis-aggre ga ted data dr en. Radio would prove a power ful media. Other exi st i n g based on authentic res e a r ch and monitoring outputs will channels of communication include health wo r ke rs , be crea t ed to provide continued support to future gen - sch o o l te a ch e r s, birth attendants (dais), fam i l y health de r- s e n s i t i v e project planning. Each line departm e n t wor ke r s and religious educator s. Women would have to be mu s t commit itself to this, with the tec hnical assistan c e mobilized into community groups to ensure their parti c i - of the Bureau of Stat i s tics and field support from the pation. Though exp e n s i v e initially, this is a proven mecha - Population Planning and Social Wel fa r e Departm e n t . nism for wom e n ’s participation and project sustai n a b i l i t y . Conscious effo r ts must be tak en to educate and A cost- e f fec t i v e way to mobilize is for all line departm e n t s in te re s t women and chi l d r en in implementing res o u rc e to inves t collectivel y in the formation of community ma n a g ement and conservation prog rammes. To do thi s , groups, thr ough which the y tog ether can have an inpu t .
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 231 Chapter 17
In f o r m a ma n a g e m ecision-making is based on information. That information might come in many forms – the Dradio, television, newspapers, or discussions w i th fa m i ly, friends, colleagues and advisors. It might involve information acquired over a long peri- od of time, in the course of education, research, management, or from past experience. Decision- makers must weigh a great deal of information, con- sidering what is reliable, what to disregard, and whose opinion to trust. Whether buying livestock or a new car, the process is much the same, but the sources of information might be quite different. In the first case, the opinions of people skilled in live- stock breeding might be very important. The expe- rience and knowledge of skilled, but uneducated people might be more valuable than research r e p o rts and databases. The second case might depend on comparative statistics of cost, perfor- mance and reliability, supplemented by the opinions of other car owners and personal preferences. The tactics are quite different. The best strategy is to draw on as many sources of information and advice as possible. Managing natural resources follows the same pattern. It is important to have the right kind of information and to use it effectively. Acquiring use- ful information means asking the right questions, understanding the answers, analyzing the results and comprehending the consequences of various mation courses of action. In a single sector, there may be a library of documents recording the results of past research programmes and field projects, as well as up-to-date reference works. There may be sector specialists who can interpret information and offer the benefit of experience and knowledge. There may be other sources, such as the internet, that can provide information from a multitude of sources. ge m e n t And then there are the beneficiaries who may know a great deal about the sector and may be willing to share their knowledge. But sectoral solutions may In f o r m a t i o n be more comp l ex, requ i ring inputs from many sources and needing to take into account socio-eco- nomic va riables. Inte gra ted appro a ches are required. These are complex and demand an enor- Ma n a g e m e n t mous array of inputs. G ove rnment departments are commonly described as ‘watertight compartments’. That is to say, information is held closely by officials in a cell, section or directorate. In line with time-honoured administrative procedures, responsibilities are close- ly defined and the decision-making process is adapt- ed to it. Matters that are not assigned to a depart- ment, are not addressed. The principle of ‘need to know’ is followed closely. The concept of ‘right to 17 Information Management
know’ is seldom accepted. The process militates against by the departments dealing with fisheries, fores t, indus- collective action. tries and tourism. Energy falls within federal jurisdiction Ba l o ch i s tan is not parti c u l a r l y accustomed to wor k i n g and is rep o r ted annually. wi t h rep o r ts and publications. The working language of The provincial Bureau of Stat i s tics (BoS) is part of the go vernment is English and all correspondence and docu- Planning and Development Department. It was crea t ed in me n t ation is in that language, although the working lan- 1970 and wor k s under the Provincial Stat i s tical Council gu a g e may be one of several local languages. Newsp a p e r s (PSC). The PSC, composed of departm e n t al secretaries, met ar e read assiduously, but little else is. Poet r y draws rapt for the fir st time in December 1998 to discuss the mandate at t ention and admiration, but project rep o r ts and stat i s - of the BoS and assign priorities for the collection and time- tical diges ts end up gat hering dust. Visual media are close- ly dissemination of reliable data. BoS should furnish data ly scrutinized, but facts and fig u r es seem to attract little ac c o r ding to the provisions of the General Stat i s tical Act in te re s t. It is hard to find copies of the many devel o p - (1 975), but it was never str u c t u r ed, managed, direc t ed or me n t - re l a t ed rep o r ts that have been prod u c e d . su p p o r ted to perform as such. One of the fir st tas k s of the Information documented in the course of scientific PSC is to determine what kind of information should be col- res e a r ch, invest i g ations, project development, impl e m e n - le c t ed for development purposes. This requ i r es a tho ro u g h tation, monitoring and evaluation are contained in the revi e w of socio-economic indicator s in use in Pak i s tan, and ma n y rep o r ts filed by res e a r ch agencies, line depart- by the international community. ments, district administrations, projects, academics, con- A recent study of the BoS reveals how information on su l t ants and othe r s. Non - g o ver n m e n t al organizations may various res o u r ce sector s is collected, processed and dis- also hold a great deal of useful documentation. Much of it se m i n a t ed (National Management Consultants 1999). The is unavailable, kep t within the confines of a parti c u l a r study revi e wed data collection processes in line depart- or ganization, of dubious qua l i t y , discounted, or gen e r a l l y ments and found tha t : ig n o r ed. Too much time is spent in tracking down docu- n funds and logistic arrangements are not available to me n t ation, assessing its usefulness, duplicating it and send staf f into the field to collect the information; keeping track of it. Too often, work is duplicated eithe r n de p a r tments wer e unsure about the authenticity of because the exi s tence of earlier documents is not known , the data, as the r e was no system or priority to che c k or the y cannot be traced. This causes consternation on up on the field staff ; the part of decision-maker s, who are gen e r a l l y not spe- n staf f are not suitab l y qua l i f ied and trained; hence ci a l i s ts and have little time to exp l o r e the tech n i c a l i t i e s da t a lacks qua l i t y , credibility and timeliness; behind the issues. They see an endless duplication of n the r e is no validation of data by any other agen c y ; eff o r t and disagreement, and begin to discount the val u e n staf f are under the supervision of offic e r s who have or validity of the studies in the fir st place. The end res u l t other work priorities; is that much of the work done is not given due consider- n the r e is a lack of cooperation in filling in que st i o n - ation in the decision-making proc e s s . na i r es; and n co mp u t er res o u r ces are not avai l a b l e . The study also found that of 49 posts, only 19 staf f DA TA COLLECTION: me m b e r s are actually working in the Bureau. BoS is not in a position to visit the field and provide guidance, supervi - CURRENT SITUATI O N sion and monitoring. The ability of departments to com- pile useful information varies widely (Table 34). Agri c u l t u r e De p a r tments gen e r a t e rep o r ts and stat i s tics as input to has the advan ta g e of having a province-wide netw ork and the development process. This is done on a departm e n ta l access to the village level. The Department of Industr i e s le vel. The Bureau of Stat i s tics is the organization res p o n - has ver y limited res o u r ces to get the information it needs. sible for compiling available information. For planning and Information held by the Irrigation Department could be of bu d g eting purposes, reliance is placed on stat i s tics com- use to other departments, but little new information is piled by each sector . Disagreement among the sector s on being collected. The Health Department has good access the significance of their contributions is commonpl a c e . to the village and distr i c t - l e vel data, but their data are not The main sources of information on the sector s come ver i f ied at any level. Information collection by other agen - di re c t l y from the departments concerned. Key amongst cies is limited. The BoS is not producing stat i s tics, but these sources, are the Agricultural Sta t i stics of ra th e r , is rep r oducing summaries of old data rep o r ted Ba l o ch i s tan 199 6 - 9 7, 1990 Census of Agri c u l t u r e, and fr om line departments. The study concluded that "the Li ve s toc k Census 1996. Additional information is rep o r ted way the stat i s tical data is produced in Balochi s tan has lit-
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Table 34 Government Departments and Information
Departments Source of Type of Information Notes Issues Information Agriculture Union councils Land use by district. Lack of computers and No checking on field staff Irrigated and unirrigated transport. who are not trained for areas by crop and district. Field assistant does the data the work, are primarily Total area and production collection. involved in extension of fruit and vegetables. Department feels it is work, and do not attach Sources and extent collecting the necessary data. importance to data of irrigation. collection; no Number of tractors. compliance with Federal Consumption of fertilizer Bureau of Statistics by district and cropped schedules for data area. collection. Consumption of fertilizer by type and season. Plant protection. Industries Industrial units Profiles of industrial estates. Small staff based in Quetta. The 1994 Directory of Industrial units by district. The Federal Bureau of Industrial Establishments Date of establishment, Statistics conducts the is unreliable and cannot investment, installed census of manufacturing be used for planning ca p a c i t y , manpower and industries. purposes, as the status. Department does not information it contains is collect any data of its own. not credible. Industrial units do not co-operate Staff are not trained No budget for data collection. Irrigation and Canal systems Water availability from No separate unit for collection A great deal of power and water canals for different crops. of statistics; no equipment information is contained management Number of consumers in or budget. in departmental projects canal system. Recently, Bureau of Water documents on canals, Number of dams and water Resources (BWR) has been reservoirs, tubewells, management projects. transferred from P&DD to stream flows, soil Number and status of the Irrigation Department conditions, and tubewells. which has the mandate for socio-economic collection of water related conditions. data. The department does not Data collected for PC-1 have data on climate, purposes and monitoring geological and progress of projects and hydrological conditions, schemes. physical geography and The publication Inventory site-specific information. of Irrigation Works in The transfer of BWRwith Balochistan is out of date. information and some capacity should be useful. Public health Village level and Demographic and socio- Management Information No reliable and authentic engineering sub-division level economic data at village System unit has some population or socio- level. computers. economic information. Expenditures, connections, Most of the data collected staff, operations and relates to monitoring and management, tariff evaluation activities. collection, tube-wells and Community development unit project status has transport. Health Primary Communicable diseases Statistical cell publishes Real situation regarding healthcare units and patients. quarterly report on number of patients and at village level;. Immunization. communicable diseases and medicine usage may not hospitals at Inventory of hospitals, annual report on infectious be available; under and district level dispensaries, rural health diseases and annual health over reporting are centres, basic health units, statistics. common. patients and medical staff. Health Management No check on data at any Information System (HMIS) level; authenticity unit established. questionable. Statistical cell and HMIS Insufficient funds for have good computer facilities dissemination of results. and vehicles.
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Departments Source of Type of Information Notes Issues Information Education Government Education system up to Balochistan Educational Only government schools schools secondary level, including Management Information are included. enrolment and staff. System (BEMIS) collects and Budgetary limitations. compiles data; geographic No validation of data; information system. erroneous and Good computer facilities. questionable data. Sustainability of BEMIS uncertain. Labour Government Percentage of unpaid Statistical cell with some Poor response from offices and family workers over 10 computer equipment but government offices and industrial units years, by sex and level of no transport. industrial units. education. Lack of funds, training, Labour force and and logistic support. unemployment. Percentage of employed persons, by industry and district. Surveys of disabled, women and child labour. tle credibility in the eyes of the users, it is not tho u g h t towards remedying this, Improving the Systems for re a s o n a b ly accurate, valid and authentic" (Na t i o n a l Development Planning in Balochistan (IMPLAN) has been Ma n a g ement Consultants 199 9 ) . working to introduce information technology within The government of Baloch i stan recognizes th e P&DD and between P&D and related departments. A problems with statistical data and acknowledges that Local Area Network has been functioning within P&D corrective action is required (Box 24). D e p a rtment for some time. The system is being redesigned as an intranet to enable Chiefs of Sections and Finance to use the Project Management Information DISSEMINATION OF System (PMIS). The PMIS provides information on the financial status of projects. It is currently being upgrad- INFORMATION ed to include information on physical progress, and to produce the Public Sector Development Programme There is very limited dissemination of information with- (PSDP) for 1999–2000. The system will be expanded to in the government or to the general public. As a step include line departments and divisional and dist r i c t offices. It will extend electronic messaging to all staff. Additional developments involve linking departmental Box 24 State of Statistical Data databases with the intranet. The District Profiles compiled by IMPLAN have been As the database is still rel a t i ve l y wea k , only a limited placed on a website to facilitate public access. The BoS de g ree of accuracy can be obtained in these descripti o n s will update these. The District Profiles will be distributed (of the main social and economic cha r a c te r i s tics of the on CD-ROM, intranet and internet. The PMIS database will pr ovince). Theref o r e, qua n t i f ications have to be eventually be moved to the internet. Additional services in te r p r eted caref u l l y and mainly serve the purpose of a rough order of rel a t i v e magnitude. The rec e n t l y will include a Women Information System Balochistan co mp l e ted District Prof iles of the 26 districts form a database and a geographic information system (GIS). valuable source of additional information, adding a spatial These are the first steps being taken by the government element to what is known alrea d y . The Prof iles are a of Balochistan to promote transparency in development. se c o n d a r y source; the y contain stat i s tical data that was In terms of hardware, many of the computers in al r eady available. Planning without adequa t e fac t u a l current use are outdated and plagued with problems, information imposes a bias towar ds qua l i ta t i v e analysi s , including viruses. They are not able to run commonly wh i c h is acceptable given the prevailing circu m s tan c e s . used office software suites. Furthermore, software is The task of collecting more reliable data still remains a not standardized, and is of poor quality. priority in the yea r s to come. M a ny of the projects and NGOs operating in Source: P&DD, 1998a. Balochistan have developed report libraries and databas-
236 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Information Management 17
es specific to their needs, and they often support derived from books but from generations of observa- sophisticated information management systems. The tion and tradition. People have survived in Balochistan information they manage is not readily available. This is for at least 10,000 years, have lived subsistence lives, are not necessarily because of any reluctance to share it, skilled nomadic herders, have domesticated plants and but rather the investment of time and resources it animals, have developed artisanal fisheries and still use all requires. In general, NGOs and projects are willing to the resources around them. This indigenous knowledge share the information they have. has not been drawn on to any extent in developing a Pr ojects and NGOs do not communicate rou t i n e l y deeper understanding of the environment and the func- wi t h one another on issues of common intere s t, altho u g h tioning of Balochistan’s ecosystems. Not every local per- the means to do so are impr oving. Electronic mail is avai l - son is an expert, but many do know a lot about their local able in Quett a and some other major urban areas and environment. They know about: the r e are several hundred subscribers. Electronic confer - n biodiversity: the variety, local and seasonal distribu- ences, such as lists e r vs, have the potential to enable tion and abundance of plants and animals; excha n g e of ideas and information within the NGO com- n the household, economic and medicinal uses of munity and within projects, but the y have not been used plants and animals; as yet. Large urban centres, such as Quett a have a sub- n ecological relationships, behaviour and migratory stantial, compu te r- l i te r a t e population, well informed patterns; about the potential of compu te r- m e d i a t ed communica- n long-term trends and cycles of abundance in fish tions. At present though, inter n e t service is ver y limited and wildlife populations; and slow. Once the communications infrastr u c t u r e is in n effects of hunting, fishing and grazing; place, access will impr ove dramatically. Demand for the n effects of development activities on the environ- se r vice will be str ong and will spread qui ck l y thro u g h o u t ment, such as irrigation and drainage, agriculture, the province. Web sites hosting information on res o u rc e s and coastal development; and envi r onment will qui ck l y follow. n the indicators of long-term change; and The opportunity to share compu t er tec hnology also n climate and weather patterns. exi s ts. GIS is in use in Quett a, with the Area Devel o p m e n t P ro gramme Baloch i stan; the Primary Education Di re c to r a t e; and the Quett a Wat er Supply project. There THE WAY AHEAD is a growing acceptance of the need to share such impo r - tant and exp e n s i v e tools. The tec hnology invol ved is ex p e n s i ve to acqu i re and even harder to mainta i n . Information Management Ef fec t i v e operation of high-end GIS re qu i res trained and Policy experienced staf f, maintenance and a long-term com- mitment of res o u rc e s . The government of Baloch i stan will give high priority to d eveloping a Development Information Manage m e n t Policy (DIMP). The objective of the policy would be to LOCAL KNOWLEDGE e n s u re that the information re qu i red for decision-mak- ing on natural re s o u rces and env i ronment is made ava i l- A great deal of lip service has been given to the impor- able in a timely fashion to all of those invo lved. The pol- tance of community and grassroots participation in icy will pro m ote the acquisition, management and dis- d evelopment. Some pro gress is being made in th i s semination of accurate and up-to - d a te information. In regard, as local people become increasingly involved as p a rt i c u l a r, the policy will pro m ote the identification and partners in development programmes, such as water use of indicato rs for monitoring pro gress toward s management, sanitation, horticulture, conservation of a ch i eving well being of people and ecosystems, socio- forests and wildlife, and fisheries. It is acknowledged that economic goals and the sustainable use of re s o u rc e s . local people are the beneficiaries of development, that I mp l e m e n tation of the DIMP re i n f o rces the need for the government at present has little effective control user training at all levels, from clerical to senior man- over the use of natural resources, and that the govern- a gement. Eve ryone will need to have access to a com- ment has few resources to dedicate to the collection of p u ter and know how to use it. Compu te r s are no longe r information it requires. a luxury, but an indispensable tool for productivity and What has not been appreciated to any extent is that e ffe c t i ve use of human and financial re s o u rces, and for local people themselves have knowledge. This is not d eve l o p m e n t .
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Sustainable Development Networking Proramme of UNDP-IUCNPin Quetta.
The DIMP will be specific to Balochi s tan ’s needs, con- aspect was lacking, however . That concerns the attitude si s tent with the emerging draft National Information of government agencies, parti c u l a r l y those that are cus- Tec hnology Policy (NITP) produced in 1998 by the Deputy todians of information. These agencies use one pretext or Chairman, Planning Commission and Chief Coordi n a to r , an o ther to hinder information sharing. The draft NITP Pak i s tan 2010 Prog ramme and as to be finalized in mid points out that eve ry thing is centred on the citizens of 2000. The draft NITP was based on a revi e w of exi st i n g Pak i s tan, and that information access to the people will be information tech n o l o g y , a critical analysis of the pres e n t easy and guaranteed in legislation. The practice of with- situation and an assessment of future needs and policy holding information from the general public is common. d i rections. The draft policy was circ u l a ted to th e But these agencies qui t e successfully control the flo w of pr ovinces for comment in November 1998. This is an da t a to other government departments. The draft NITP imp o r tant and welcome initiative. The scope of the draft did not deal with this issue at any length. Hopefully, thi s policy is ver y broad and the implications far- re a c hing. It is issue will be addressed in NITP to be commissioned in the vi t al the re f o r e that Balochi s tan develops its own policy near future. while playing an active role in the process of devel o p i n g It is recommended that access to certain levels of the NITP. information that are unrel a t ed to national security issues, The draft NITP rightly points out that isolated infor- will be free l y available to the public and privat e agen c i e s . mation management systems and database res o u rc e s This is parti c u l a r l y rel e vant to geo-spatial data. The Survey mu s t be integr a t ed to a level that can impr ove decision- of Pak i s tan is rel u c t ant to grant permission to other gov- making. There is much in the draft NITP and a lot more is ernment organizations with GIS facilities to use their maps. exp e c t ed in the final NITP2000 that will support the Yet geo-spatial information is rou t i n e l y available in the de velopment of the DIMP for Balochi s tan . ma r k et-place from numerous sources outside Pak i s tan. If It is impo r tant that the provinces are rep re s e n t ed on Ba l o ch i s tan is to enter the ‘knowle d g e age’, then opening bo th the federal committees for information tech n o l o g y . up information res o u r ces vital to economic growt h is an Th e y will be mirror ed at the provincial level to ensure imp o r tant step . co o r dination with those at the federal level . All levels of government have to formulate policies to The assessment of the current envi r onment in the en c o u r a g e development and sharing of databases. This dr a f t NITP is pres e n t ed in a rea l i s tic way. One impo r tan t in vol ves :
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n Stan d a r dization of databases. This is ver y crucial, and tent and ideas become more subjective and carry more go vernment must tak e immediate action to build human val u e s . these stan d a rd s . Science is concerned with the fir st four steps of the n Spatial Data Infrastr u c t u r e (GIS/Digital Map Proj e c t ) . stai r case. This is the work of res e a r ch and monitor i n g Ap a r t from the Survey of Pak i s tan, the Space and ag encies, line departments, academia and tec hnical pro- Upper Atmospheric Res e a r ch Commission is acqui r i n g jects. It is gen e r a l l y assumed that the various stake h o l d e r s rem o tel y sensed satel l i t e data on a regular basis. An will translate the data, information and knowle d g e the y annual, geo - c o r re c t ed digital map of merged satel l i t e gen e r a t e, and turn them into understanding to apply it. da t a ever y year would be a valuable contribution to Local knowle d g e (also known as traditional or indigen o u s the Digital Base Map project. Once a digital base map kn o wle d g e) is focused on the top thr ee steps – knowl- sh o wing top o gr a p h y has been prep a r ed, then updat- ed g e, understanding and wisdom. ed satel l i t e images can effec t i ve l y enhance its useful- ness for natural res o u r ces assessment, managem e n t About Data and monitoring. The Electronic Res o u r ce Atlas of The res tructuring of the Bureau of Stat i s tics, a proc e s s Ba l o ch i s tan proposed in Chapter 3 elaborates thi s in i t i a t ed by the P&D Department to impr ove perfo r - co n c e pt . mance, will be revi t alized. As a matter of policy, all the The Soil Survey of Pakistan is preparing a Digital Soils a gencies responsible for the collection of data for Base Map. This will also be a valuable source of informa- res o u r ce management will undertak e a compre h e n s i v e tion for land use planning in the province. These soil revi e w of their data collection needs, assess their ability to maps will be made available to Balochistan in digital form. collect the requ i r ed data, make the necessary cha n ge s and ensure that what is collected is che c ked and val i d a te d . The BoS will ensure that staf f are prop e r l y trained in data Knowledge, Understanding and Wis d o m Box 25 About Wisdom and Influence Information is organized and inter p r eted to provi d e kn o wle d g e. The goal is to make development decisions How many times have you heard it said – that based on knowle d g e and, it is hoped, with understan d i n g only if we had more data, or more information, and wisdom. we could make better decisions? And yet, there In developing an information management policy, it is has never been a society with so much data, on imp o r tant to keep fir m l y in mind the several step s almost any conceivable subject and problem. Our in vol ved in the pursuit of knowle d g e and how these might experience with the problems of (Canada) and the even t u a l l y translate into understanding and wisdom. Each world does not give assurance that better step in this process is impo r tant to the decision-making decisions will come from putting most of our sy stem. The roles and responsibilities for each step may effort into the bottom steps of the staircase. What we need is help from the upper steps. I be qui t e distinct. An information management policy would ask you also, to think of the wisest person mu s t consider each step and concomitant roles and you know – wise in any subject you choose, or responsibilities, and design decision-making proc e s s e s wise in general. Is that person wise in your ac c o rd i n g ly. Processes based solely on tec hnocratic inpu t s estimation because she or he is full of data and will not be ver y successful in Balochi s tan . information, or because of the ability to distil Kn o wle d g e begins with observations or measure- information into wisdom? ments. A set of observations or measurements becomes Roots 1998. da t a. When data are selected, tes ted for reliability and In Balochistan, there are well-defined social and cultural rel a t ed to a subject or problem, the y become informa- traditions for decision-making. Those with knowledge tion. If that information is organized, inter p r eted or and wisdom include elders and tribal and religious applied to some problem or issue, it becomes knowl e d ge . leaders. Those with influence include senior If that knowle d g e is assimilated tog ether with othe r bureaucrats, consultants, and family members. The kn o wle d g e, and inte gr a ted with what is already known, it government structure is geared to defer to those who can become understanding. Und e r standing, with judge- enjoy seniority by reason of age, educational ment based on res p e c t ed societal values, can lead to wis- background, or rank. Consultants might enjoy a special dom. The relationship among these steps, from observa- status, driven in part by donor support. The role of the tion to wisdom, was elaborated in The Stai r case of extended family and professional connections cannot be discounted. Kn o wing (Box 25). As you move up the stai r case, the con-
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tion on the physical prog ress of projects. This work will continue, parti c u l a r l y the process of using electronic net- wor k s to disseminate information in forms useful to deci- si o n - m a ke r s and stake h o l d e r s. This will be refl e c t ed in the DI M P . The inter n e t is clearly the vehicle of choice for mak- ing much of the gover n m e n t ’s information holdings wide- ly available. Top priority will be given to developing the ne c e s s a r y communications netwo r k s, either by landline or by satel l i t e link, to connect all government departm e n t s to the inter n e t and to ext end this facility to the public. Go vernment users will have access to an intranet to serve their specific information needs. Intranets may also be used to serve the information needs of the prop o s e d Wat er Board, the Land Use Planning Commission and sup- po r ting organ i z a t i o n s .
Policy on the Use of Local (Indigenous) Knowledge
Ar ticle 8j of the Convention on Biological Diver sity (199 2 ) Information Center, IUCN Balochistan Office, Quetta. stat es tha t : Subject to its national legislation, res p e c t , collection tech n i q ues, that the work is compl e ted in a pre s e r ve and maintain knowle d g e, innovat i o n s ti m e l y manner and that approval and quality control sys- and practices of indigenous and local communi- tems are in place and functioning. ties embodying traditional lifest y les rel e vant for The BoS will have the responsibility for compiling and the conservation and sustainable use of biologi- disseminating data in formats useful to users. The Burea u cal diver sity and prom o te wider application with will work in close collaboration with the line departm e n t s the approval and invol vement of the holders of that have a good rea c h to the community level. The su c h knowle d g e, innovations and practices and Pr ovincial Stat i s tical Council will place a high priority on en c o u r a g e the equi t able sharing of the benefit s revi e wing and adopting socio-economic and envi ro n m e n - arising from the utilization of such knowle d ge , tal indicator s as a basis for data collection. in n o vations and practices. The government will develop and implement a policy Mobilizing Information that recognizes and defines local or indigenous knowle d g e The government will collaborate with the privat e sector , and ensures that it is given due attention in policy devel - res e a r ch institutions, academia and NGOs to mobilize opment, legislation and decision-making on the manage- information in support of the decision-making proc e s s . ment of natural res o u r ces and conservation of biodivers i - Do n o r s too, hold a great deal of information about ty . This means that land use planning, the management of Ba l o ch i s tan. This information will also be mobilized in sup- wa ter th rough Wa ter Boards, env i ro n m e n tal imp a c t po r t of res o u r ce managem e n t . assessments, prote c ted area management and pro- Libraries are traditionally the rep o s i t ories of docu- grammes gea r ed to the sustainable use of res o u rc e s , me n t ation, and their present and future role in informa- su c h as wildlife, would tak e into account the knowle d g e of tion management needs to be assessed. Holdings of the people and their communities in the area concerned. libraries and res o u r ce centres will be catalogued and the The policy would apply to all departments. In addition to ca t alogues placed on-line so that pros p e c t i v e users have mobilizing local knowle d g e for planning and devel o p m e n t access to the m . pro g rammes, the policy will prom o te the identific a t i o n , The P&D Department has made a good star t in devel - co m pilation, documentation and management of thi s oping and implementing an information tec hnology sys- kn o wle d g e by local people the m s e l ves. The collection and tem within the department and betw een departm e n t s , use of local knowle d g e will be guided by a Code of Ethi c s pa rt i c u l a r l y to prep a r e the PSDP and to include informa- dr a wn up thr ough consultations at the local level .
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The Convention on Biological Diver sity recognizes the Par t of the rationale for a Development Information desirability of sharing equi ta b l y benefits arising from the Us e r s Group is the belief that information and communi- use of traditional knowle d g e, innovations and practices cations tech n o l o g y , including access to low-c o s t tel e c o m - rel e vant to the conservation of biological diver sity and the munications, will be integ ral to life in Balochi s tan in the su s tainable use of its components. This will be refl e c t ed in twe n t y- fi r st century. the policy. Sharing Common Development Information Resources in Support of Users Group Information Management
A Development Information Users Group can assist all As much as possible, common services will be devel o p e d stake h o l d e r s in finding out more about information tha t and supported to serve the needs of projects, pro- has been collected, where it is held, and how to get access grammes and departments. This includes services such as to it. Such a group can provide useful advice to the gov- GIS, cartogr a p h y, printing, rem o te sensing and aerial pho- ernment in the development of the DIMP. More specific a l - togr a p h y. These services could be provided either by the ly, this group would operate as a ‘think tank’ and look at pr i va t e sector or run on a cost rec o ver y basis. This wou l d ef fec t i v e and efficient ways of mobilizing information, minimize compe tition for funds and trained personnel and pa rt i c u l a r l y in light of the gover n m e n t ’s commitment to would ensure the availability and maintenance of up-to- decentralize decision-making to the local level. Discussion da t e, wel l - m a i n t ained and well-run facilities. It would help could be organized around the various communication en s u r e that the costs of new tec hnologies and the devel - needs, and revi e w the efficacy of traditional and elec- opment of commonly used products are available on a tr onic tech n i q ues (Table 35). co st - s h a r ed basis. Some of the activities of the group might include: In terms of sharing geomatics tec hnologies, a wor k i n g n building a distr i b u t able database of natural res o u rc e s group will be established to deter m i n e : and envi ro n m e n t al information to complement the n the nature of information held by projects and Di s trict Profi l e s ; agencies; n se tting up a web site and distributing information on n information collection, stor a g e and retr i e val (the cur- CD - RO M s ; rent use of GIS); n se tting up or maintaining a res o u r ce centre; n information needs of projects and agencies now and n se tting up a group to recommend on the process of in the future; information management, with a separate geo m a t i c s n issues invol ved in sharing information; group on geo - re fe r enced information; n de velopment of a str a t egic approa c h to sharing n pro m o ting electronic netw orking, communications res o u rc e s ; and confere n c i n g ; n making best use of tools such as GIS; n ca p i t alizing on the knowle d g e of former civil servan t s n d eveloping capacity to enhance information thr ough their invol vement in intere s t groups or excha n g e and analysis; and rou n d t ables; and n es tablishment of sub-groups to deal with specific n recommending training needs. is s u e s .
Table 35 Communication Needs: Traditional and Electronic Media
Communication Traditional Internet One to one Conversations, letters, memos, notes, telephone E-mail and fax. One to many Print and broadcast media, film, video and theatre. E-mail broadcast mailing lists, e-zines (online magazines), static web documents and internet audio/video Many to many Congresses, conventions, workshops, symposia E-mail interactive mailing lists, internet ‘chat’ and meetings. sessions and virtual conferencing Many to one Searchable databases
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 241 Chapter 18 En v i r o n m e co m m u n i c a and educ a l o ch i s ta n’s env i ro n m e n tal problems, like those elsewhere in the world, will not be Bsolved easily or quickly. They will require a comprehensive long-term effort and simultaneous action on many fronts. For government action to be successful, it must have public support. Changes must be seen as the responsibility of all members of society, and must relate to their decisions as private and professional consumers and producers. The BCS is promoting the social, economic and ecological well-being of the people of Balochistan through the conservation and sustainable manage- ment of the prov i n c e’s natural resourc e s . Recognizing this, the Stra t egy must proa c t i ve l y focus on raising awareness and educating all stake- holders about its vision and the principles of sus- tainable development. The IUCN Commission on Education and Communication contends that conservation strate- gies will not work if education and communication are overlooked or carried out in a reactive manner. The challenge, therefore, is to put in place effective nm e n t a l communication and education programmes for key groups – decision-make rs, stewards of natura l resources and the general public – to enable them to take informed action. ni c a t i o n CURRENT STATUS The growing interest in the province’s environment is evident from the increasing number of non-gov- ernmental organizations, schools and private insti- tutions involved in raising awareness about environ- mental issues. There is also a growing trend in the Balochistan media towards environmentally orient- ed programmes. But there is still a long way to go, uc a t i o n as the province is faced with numerous constraints due to its limited human and financial resources. These constraints are further exacerbated by the En v i r o n m e n t a l province’s poor communication and education infra- structure. With access to schools being more or less limit- ed to those who can afford it (both financially and Co m m u n i c a t i o n in terms of physical access), the literacy rate is high- er among the middle and upper classes. In 1998, a mere 26.6% of the total 6.5 million population was and Education literate (Table 35). This suggests that while the print media is not the most effec t i v e means of communicating with the public, it is a way of communicating with decision- ma ke r s. Total readership of newsp a p e r s is only about 3-4%. In contrast, nearly 87% of the population lis- tens regularly to local radio. In rur al Balochi s t an, with 18 Environmental Communication and Education
Table 36 Literacy Rates of Balochistan’s Population*
Year Total Rural Urban Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women 1998 26.6 36.5 15.0 18.9 27.8 8.8 50.3 62.4 35.3 1981 10.3 15.2 4.3 6.2 9.8 1.7 32.2 42.4 18.5
Source: Population Census Organization 1984; Ibid 1999b. *age 10 years and above. few roads and limited access to electricity, radio carries INITIATIVES IN messages very effectively. The six radio stations in the province broadcast Urdu, Pashto, Balochi, Brahvi and ENVIRONMENTAL Persian. Television could be another effective communica- COMMUNICATION tion channel in the province. The installation of boosters AND EDUCATION at Lak pass, Loralai, Khojak pass, Sibi, Khuzdar, Kalat, Gwadar, Kohlu and Ghazaband have made it possible for nearly 70% of the people to receive Pakistan Television’s Some env i ro n m e n tal communication and education broadcasts. Now with the advent of satellite communi- p ro grammes are already taking place th roughout th e cation, foreign television networks have become more p rovince. The Area Development Pro gr a m m e , accessible, albeit to a small but increasing segment of B a l o ch i stan 1998–2003, a collaborative eff o rt bet we e n the population. the government and the Un i ted Nations Deve l o p m e n t There are important non-formal channels of com- Pro g ramme, has ta ken a holistic appro a ch to the deve l- munication as well. These include local (festivals) opment of the province. In 1998, a comp re h e n s i ve are a such as those held at Sibi and Pishin, jirgas (village coun- rev i ew of the entire province with a focus on eight dis- cils) and the ulema (religious leaders). Street theatre tricts was comp l eted. Education for sustainable live l i- groups have also begun to emerge in Balochistan. The hoods emerged as a major th r u st are a . annual sale and marketing shows, such as the fruit and The Environmental Protection Agency, Balochistan handicrafts exhibitions organized regularly, have poten- has envisioned several environmental awareness raising tial for communicating information on the province’s and educational programmes. These include seminars environmental issues. and workshops on environmental issues, establishment B a l o ch i sta n’s education sector is ch a r a c terized by of environment clubs, competitions and production of l ow enrolment and high dropout rates, untrained te a ch- posters with environmental themes and radio and televi- e rs, poor- quality te a ching aids and a curriculum hav i n g sion discussions. EPA works in collaboration with other little re l evance to the present or future needs and government departments, various NGOs and the media. in te re s ts of students. The situation is wo rse in rural The Bureau of Curriculum and Extension Wing has a reas, primarily due to va st distances, low population been at the fore f ront in demonstrating the gove r n- d e n s i t y, lack of infrast r u c t u re, poor communications m e n t’s re s o lve to make formal education more re l e- and limited human re s o u rces. Women in general, and vant to future needs. In 19 97, an Env i ro n m e n ta l those in the rural areas in part i c u l a r, are by far th e Education Cell was const i t u ted within the Bureau. Some wo rst off. Wi th an acute shorta ge of women te a ch e rs te a ch e rs we re sent to the Centre for Env i ro n m e n ta l and only one girls’ school for eve ry four for boys, Education, India for an inte n s i ve th re e - m o n th course in few girls enrol in school and fewer still comp l ete th e i r e nv i ro n m e n tal education. The Bureau also wo r ks close- e d u c a t i o n . ly with organizations such as IUCN and the World Wi d e Acknowledging the importance of the education Fund for Na t u re Pa k i stan (WWF). A number of th e sector in human resource development, the government B u re a u’s master trainers have re c e i ved training in env i- endeavours to provide a developmental budget for the ro n m e n tal education th rough wo r kshops arranged by sector. In 1999–2000, 26% of the total developmental these orga n i z a t i o n s . budget was allocated for the enhancement of this sec- A number of NGOs are active in the field of environ- tor. This allocation was 32% and 34% in 1997–98 and mental communication and education in the province. 1998–99 respectively. Environmental awareness raising and education is a key
244 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Environmental Communication and Education 18
An open-air school in Gwadar. a rea of WWF Pa k i sta n’s Quet ta Office. Its Quet ta awa reness of students and to bring about a healthy Environmental Education Programme, launched in 1990, ch a n ge in their attitude towa rds the env i ro n m e n t . has used both formal and non-formal approaches. WWF Under this pro gramme, each student underta ke s Pakistan has worked with the private sector, media and re s e a rch work to contribute towa rds solving an env i- other NGOs in promoting environmental awareness in ro n m e n tal problem in his or her own are a . the province. The mandate of the Balochistan Rural S everal journalists from Baloch i stan are active Support Programme is to improve the quality of life of m e m b e rs of the Forum of Env i ro n m e n tal Journalist s the rural population, especially women. Through its envi- Pa k i stan. This is a countrywide net work of people in th e ronmental awareness and education programmes, infor- p ress who are inte re sted in env i ronment and deve l o p- mation is provided on how excessive resource use can ment. The Fo r u m ’s chief aim is to support, encourage lead to environmental degradation, the long and short- and assist the media in advocating for susta i n a b l e term impacts and possible remedial measures. The d evelopment. It wo r ks in close association with env i- Society Environmental Awareness has been active in the ro n m e n tal NGOs in the country and with similar forums province since early 1997. The group endeavours to sup- re g i o n a l ly. port and promote initiatives and professional develop- Since 1995, a number of pro fessionals from acade- ment in the field of environmental education. The Shajar mia, business, NGOs, government, milita ry and th e Environmental Society has also been active in trying to media have benefi ted from the Leadership for raise awareness about the environment. It has launched E nv i ronment and Development pro gramme. This is an environmental awareness programme and publishes a designed to enhance the understanding of national and quarterly environmental magazine, Shajar. i n ternational env i ronment and development issues, and In 1996, Allama Iqbal Open Uni ve r sity initiated th e to build the planning, policy-making and decision-making G reen Action Pro gramme. This is meant to raise th e capacities of par t i c i p a n t s .
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 245 18 Environmental Communication and Education
IMPLEMENTATION it y -building of key stake h o l d e r s and the insti t u t i o n a l i z a t i o n of sustainable development principles in the communica- OF ENVIRONMENTAL tion and education sector s of Balochi s tan or vice vers a . COMMUNICATION AND EDUCATION THE WAY AHEAD The success of any str a t egy gea r ed towar ds bringing PROGRAMME about a cha n g e in people’s attitudes and behavi o u r depends ver y much on the process of its devel o p m e n t . A number of realities need to be tak en into account while Ca r e needs to be tak en that the process of consultat i o n un d e r taking envi ro n m e n t al communication and education used to develop the Str a t egy is continued thr ough impl e - pro g rammes in Balochi s tan. These rel a t e to difficulties in me n t ation, so that the str a t egy is a living process that can rea c hing out to people, the limited human capacity avai l - cha n g e over time. The exi s ting Communication-Education able in the field of envi ro n m e n t ; the current situation of In te re s t Group will be developed into a Rou n d t able on women and prevalent gender disparities; the newness of Env i ro n m e n t al Communication and Education. The mem- the NGO sector ; and the socio-economic and political be r s – including rep re s e n ta t i v es of provincial depart- str u c t u r e of the area. There is a need the re f o r e, to: ments and line agencies, NGOs, opinion leaders and mem- n Raise awar eness and educate tribal elders and othe r be r s of other sectoral intere s t groups or rou n d t ables – local opinion leaders about envi ro n m e n t al issues and will assist in the impl e m e n t ation of the Str a te g y , its revi e w the sustainable use of res o u r ces. Their parti c i p a t i o n and updating. and commitment is impe r a t i v e for the effec t i v e Sp e c i f ic actions are listed below. Priorities on these will imp l e m e n t ation of any str a t egy to deal with the s e be set by the rou n d t able, submitted to the gover n m e n t su b j e c t s . and other stake h o l d e r s, and impl e m e n t ed according to n Build the capacity of staf f in the government, media the availability of res o u rc e s . and the NGO sector that are going to be invol ved in n De velop and implement tai l o r -made envi ro n m e n ta l env i ro n m e n t al communication and education. This awar eness raising prog rammes for selected stak e- could be in awar eness raising, advocacy and envi ro n - ho l d e rs . me n t al education. n De velop and disseminate tar get- s p e c i f ic aware n e s s n Raise envi ro n m e n t al awar eness and prom o te parti c i - ma t erial in Urdu, to prom o te sustainable devel o p m e n t pation of local women's groups in all education and in the provi n c e . communication consultations. For this, it is necessary n Appoint focal persons in key line departments (Health, that gender sensitivity be maintained while devel o p - Education, Agr i c u l t u re, Social We l fa re, Irriga t i o n , ing envi ro n m e n t al awar eness and education mater i a l . Fore st r y & Wil d l i f e, Lives toc k, Industries, Fisheries & n Ma k e the best possible use of funding. Priority should Co a s tal Development, Public Health Engineering and be given to how envi ro n m e n t al communication and Local Bodiesand Rural Development) for envi ro n m e n - education pro grammes are to be funded. This tal communication and education. includes consideration of how exi s ting res o u r ces are n Design and implement capacity-building progr a m m e s al l o c a t ed and how priorities for funding are deter - for key line departments, to enable them to incorpo- mined betw een various sectors . ra t e envi ro n m e n t al communication and education in n In c o r p o r a t e envi ro n m e n t al communication and edu- their res p e c t i v e areas of wor k . cation in all development initiatives at the provi n c i a l n En s u r e the regular flo w of information and sharing of and local community level . experiences amongst various line departm e n t s . Env i ro n m e n t al communication and education pro- n En c o u r a g e and support the Ulema to raise envi ro n - grammes can contribute both to approp r i a t e solutions to me n t al awar eness and prom o te sustainable devel o p - env i ro n m e n t al problems and to the development of ment in the provi n c e . po tential for long-term cha n g e. A range of communication n I nvo lve traditional communication channels in and education str a t egies is requ i r ed to achi e ve these short Ba l o ch i s tan (such as jirga and ) in raising envi - and long-term goals. In the short term, the objective ron m e n t al aware n e s s . would be to raise the awar eness rega r ding envi ro n m e n ta l n Su p p o r t the Balochi s tan section of the Forum of issues and consti t u e n c y -building, in both the public and pri- Env i ro n m e n t al Journalists Pak i s tan to prom o te envi - vat e sector s. The long-term objective would be the capac- ron m e n t al journalism in the provi n c e .
246 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Environmental Communication and Education 18
n Build the capacity of the local press for writing on env i ro n m e n t al issues. n Su p p o r t the prod u c e r s of radio and tel e vision pro- grammes to infuse conservation and sustai n a b l e de velopment issues in their wor k . n I n stitutionalize env i ro n m e n tal journalism in th e De p a r tment of Mass Communication at Balochi s tan Uni ve rs i t y . n A s s i st the Sustainable Development Net wo r k i n g Pro g ramme in Balochi s tan to raise awar eness about env i ro n m e n t al issues and prom o te sustainable devel - opment in the provi n c e . n In f luence and encourage the armed forces insti t u - tions to parti c i p a t e in envi ro n m e n t al awar eness rais- ing and reh a b i l i t ation progr a m m e s . n In c o r p o r a t e envi ro n m e n t al education in text books thr ough the Text Book Board, Balochi s tan . n Work with the Envi ro n m e n t al Education Cell in the Bu r eau of Curriculum and Extension Wing to ensure the adoption of a multidisciplinary and balanced ap p ro a c h to envi ro n m e n t al education in the Burea u ’s curriculum development and training progr a m m e s . n De velop training modules to incorporate envi ro n m e n - tal awar eness and education in pre- s e r vice and in-ser- vice tea c her education/training progr a m m e s . n D evelop ta i l o r-made training pro grammes for fa c u l- Technolgy in education. ties at the te rt i a ry education levels (such as te ch n i- cal colleges and diffe rent departments at th e n De velop further the Envi ro n m e n t al Res o u r ce Centre Un i ve rsity of Baloch i stan, including Sociology, Social es tablished by IUCN in Quett a, for use by gover n m e n t , Wo r k, Mass Communications, Inte r n a t i o n a l media, NGOs, the privat e sector , academia, stu d e n t s Relations, Public Ad m i n i stration, Education, Bota ny, and othe rs . Z o o l o g y, Bioch e m i st ry and Law) to incorporate env i- n Or ganize capacity-building prog rammes for selected ronment and sustainable development in th e i r NGOs and community-based organizations to incorpo- te a ching pro gr a m m e s . ra t e envi r onment in their res p e c t i v e areas of wor k . n In s titutionalize envi ro n m e n t al education in tea ch i n g n Enhance envi ro n m e n t al awar eness and education pro g rammes of the privat e sector and armed force s ’ pro g rammes of institutions and organizations offer - educational/training insti t u t i o n s . ing distance-learning courses (such as Allama Iqbal n In c o r p o r a t e envi ro n m e n t al awar eness and education Open Uni ve rs i t y ) . in the curriculum and tea c her training prog rammes of n In s titutionalize envi ro n m e n t al components into the the Non - F ormal Education Direc to r a t e and education- training prog rammes of prof essional devel o p m e n t al NGO s . i n stitutions (such as National Inst i t u te of Public n Design and implement envi ro n m e n t al orientation and Ad m i n i stration and Pa k i stan Inst i t u te of Medical education prog rammes for tea ch e rs . Sc i e n c e s ) . n De velop courses in natural res o u r ce managem e n t n Build the capacity of the Balochi s tan Chamber of (s u c h as land res o u r ce reh a b i l i t ation, wat er manage- Co m m e r ce and Industries to prom o te envi ro n m e n ta l ment, sustainable agri c u l t u r e and forest r y) by sup- awar eness among the business community in the po r ting tert i a r y-l e vel institutions to collaborate with pr ovi n c e . rel e vant institutions and government departm e n t s . n Infuse the concept of env i ro n m e n tal health in ex i st- n E stablish information re s o u rce centres in th e ing training pro grammes for Traditional Birth pr ovince to ensure open and effec t i v e communica- At tendants and Lady Health Wor ke rs / Vi s i to r s, who tion about sustainable development and associated a re effe c t i ve channels for raising awa reness among is s u e s . wo m e n .
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 247 Part III Im p l e m e n t a t i o n
Co n t e n t s
Chapter 19 Implementation Framework 252 The NCS Experience 253 The SPCS Experience 254 The BCS Experience 255 Institutionalizing BCS Implementation 256 Implementation Mechanisms 257 Partners in Implementation 259 Communication, Networking and Monitoring 259 Chapter 20 BCS Core Programmes 260 Chapter 21 Implementation: Roles and Responsibilities 270 Communicating the BCS 271 Chapter 22 Resource Mobilization for the BCS 292 Fiscal Position 294 Four-Pronged Approach 300 Chapter 23 Monitoring Implementation and Assessing Sustainability 306 A Monitoring and Assessment Framework 307 Monitoring BCS implementation 308 Measuring Progress 309 Governance 310
List of Figures Fig u r e 19 In s titutional Fra m e work for BCS Impl e m e n ta t i o n 258 Fig u r e 20 De velopment and Non - D e velopment Expenditure in Balochi s tan 294 Fig u r e 21 Cash and FPA Allocations in the Public Sector Development Progr a m m e 294 Fig u r e 22 Cash and FPA Allocations as a Prop o r tion of PSDP 295 Fig u r e 23 Allocations for Natural Res o u r ce Sector s in the PSDP 295 Fig u r e 24 Allocations for Social Sector s in the Public Sector Development Progr a m m e 296 Fig u r e 25 Allocations for Economic and Infrastr u c t u r e Sector s in the PSDP 296 Fig u r e 26 Se c t oral Allocation in Public Sector Development Prog ramme, 199 9 – 2 0 0 0 298
List of Tables Table 37 Imp l e m e n t ation – Roles and Res p o n s i b i l i t i e s 272 Table 38 Communicating the BCS 286 Table 39 Se c t oral Allocations in the Ninth Five - Year Plan 297 Table 40 Do n o r s 299 Table 41 Funding Level in 199 9 – 2 0 0 0 300 Chapter 19
Im p l e m e n t a fr a m e w nlike other planning initiatives in Balochistan, the BCS has been developed through a wide Uplanning process aimed at creating ownership and commitment amongst stakeholders, including political leaders, senior bureaucrats, government line departments and field agencies, the private sec- tor, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), media and academia. The implementation framework has also been developed in consultation with them so that the BCS document receives serious attention in its implementation. The framework has benefited from the experi- ences gained in the implementation of the National C o n s e rvation St ra tegy (NCS) and the Sarh a d Provincial Conservation Strategy (SPCS).
THE NCS EXPERIENCE
Wo rk on the preparation of the Na t i o n a l Conservation Strategy started in 1987, but the doc- ument was not finally approved by the Federal Cabinet until 1992. The NCS was instrumental in bringing about the establishment of environmental policy and institutional and legal mechanisms: the standing Senate and Parliamentary Committee, the M i n i s t ry of Env i ronment, Local Gove rnment and en t a t i o n Ru ral Deve l o p m e n t – NCS Unit, the Env i ro n m e n t Section of the Planning Commission, prov i n c i a l E nv i ro n m e n tal Protection Agencies (EPAs), th e Pakistan Environmental Protection Act and environ- mental tribunals. Despite these advances in setting up a frame- work for the institutional management of the envi- ronment, the current situation presents a bleak pic- me w o r k ture. All key environmental indicators point towards increased – often critical – levels of pollution and degradation of water, air and soil. In fact, this Im p l e m e n t a t i o n across-the-board deterioration was largely a symp- tom of institutional failure, reflecting human, tech- nical and financial resource deficiencies. Other con- tributing factors were lack of inter-sectoral inter- Fr a m e w o r k faces, inability to mainstream the environment into national development policies and marginalization of communities and civil society representatives in policy planning, decision-making and implementa- tion. Some other critical issues are: n The lack of political will and foolproof mecha- nisms are key elements inhibiting the implemen- tation of the NCS. Policy-makers pay lip service to the environment, but do not translate this into on-the-ground activities. 19 Implementation Framework
A briefing to BCS stakeholders on SPCS implementation. n Frequent changes in government policies have had a THE SPCS damaging effect on both the environment and the economy. EXPERIENCE n Programmatically, there were problems with the NCS. Relative to its broad operational sweep (14 core The SPCS was approved in June 1996 and was officially areas), the NCS has not devised a workable manage- launched in November 1997. The SPCS, like the BCS, cov- ment strategy. Moreover, institutions responsible ers a wide spectrum of issues requiring massive human, for the implementation of environmental policies, financial and legal inputs. Although the NWFP’s human such as forestry and agriculture departments, lack and financial re s o u rces are large comp a red to the capacity, expertise and financial resources for Balochistan’s, they are still not sufficient to meet the effective outreach to farmers and communities. province’s development needs. n Some aspects of process and operational fai l u r e The SPCS has laid emphasis on building human in vol ved lack of cost- b e n e f it analysis and the absence re s o u rces to institutionalize st r a tegic env i ro n m e n ta l of private / g o vernment partn e r ships to impl e m e n t p rocesses as a means to foster imp l e m e n ta t i o n . various prog rammes in the NCS core area s . Various initiatives have been underta ken. The env i ro n- The extent to which some of these and other issues ment is the responsibility of the Planning, Env i ro n m e n t are valid and relevant will be verified by the more com- and Development Department (PEDD) in the NWFP due prehensive and research-oriented mid-term review of to the cro s s - s e c toral nature of the subject and th e the NCS that was undertaken under the lead of the need to imp rove coordination in planning, imp l e m e n ta- Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural tion and monitoring of SPCS-re l a ted pro grammes and Development recently. p ro j e c t s .
254 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Implementation Framework 19
SPCS imp l e m e n tation is the main agenda of th e E nv i ronment Wing in PEDD, which has re a s o n a b l e re s o u rces. Full-time focal persons for the env i ro n m e n t h ave been provided by PEDD to key line depart m e n t s for inte grating env i ronment in sectoral policies, pro- grammes and projects and cata lyzing and support i n g e nv i ro n m e n t - f r i e n d ly initiatives and building capacity. Ro u n d tables have been established in key secto rs and are effe c t i ve ly operating. The EPA, Sarhad is active and effe c t i ve ly performing its role. The re st r u c t u r i n g of the Fo re st Department is under way. The appro a ch of community participation in re s o u rce management is being imp l e m e n ted. The Env i ronment Re h a b i l i tation in NWFP and Punjab project, funded by the Euro p e a n Union and the Mountain Area Conservancy Pro j e c t , funded by the Global Env i ronment Facility/UNDP are wo rth mentioning in this contex t . C o n s e rvation st r a tegies are being formulated for the Chitral and Ab b ot tabad Districts. Drafts of a P rovincial Env i ro n m e n tal Protection Act, Good G overnance Act, Land Use Planning Act and Fo re st Ac t h ave been pre p a red, dist r i b u ted for discussion and p rocessed for enactment. Human re s o u rce development needs of imp l e m e n t- ing organizations and training needs of their emp l oye e s h ave been assessed and training courses have been con- d u c ted. This is an on-going process. Existing pre - s e rv i c e and in-service training pro grammes in agr i c u l t u re , fo re st r y and education secto rs have been stre n g t h- ened, and a new pro gramme is being developed for th e One of the BCS workshops. Local Bodies and Rural Development Depart m e n t . Se c to r- s p e c i f ic guidelines are being produced in n G reening of development finance institutions and some cases to fa c i l i ta te env i ro n m e n t - f r i e n d ly deve l o p- e ff o rts to include the priva te sector in env i ro n- ment, appraisal, imp l e m e n tation and monitoring of sec- m e n tal protection are also under way. toral pro grammes and pro j e c t s . n S u p p o rt is provided in pro gramme and pro j e c t Donor assistance has increased manifold for th e development to line agencies, and a project devel- e nv i ronment. IUCN is supporting the government of opment fund has been established to enhance SPCS NWFP in SPCS imp l e m e n tation th rough a Support Un i t implementation. e stablished in and working closely with PEDD. The gov- ernment is ke e n ly pursuing the following innova t i ve a p p ro a ches for mobilizing additional funds and human THE BCS EXPERIENCE re s o u rces for imp l e m e n ta t i o n : n Fund for Sustainable Development – this will be a The long lists of recommendations relating to the va r- revo lving fund for the env i ro n m e n t . ious secto rs and themes appearing in the prev i o u s n Debt swaps for env i ronment and conservation – ch a pte rs of this re p o rt have been transformed into an this mechanism will also be useful for reducing for- i mp l e m e n table and prioritized agenda and pre s e n ted in eign debts. 14 core pro grammes. The BCS has ta ken a long-te r m n D i strict Development Fund – this is a lump - s u m vision but its imp l e m e n tation agenda is for 10 ye a rs . d evelopment fund dire c t ly provided to a district for The secto rs re l evant to the BCS include: a p p ro p r i a te use as determined by the people of th e n natural re s o u rces – wa te r, agr i c u l t u re, fore st ry and d i strict th rough an appro p r i a te process. Chitral and b i o d i ve rs i t y, live sto ck and rangelands, and coasta l Ab b ot tabad Districts are being ta rgeted initially. fisheries and deve l o p m e n t;
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 255 19 Implementation Framework
Some level of environmental protection has started.
n economic – industries, mining and energ y; n The BCS Steering Committee will continue under a n socio-economic – urban env i ronment and cultural revised mandate and compo s i t i o n . h e r i ta ge; and n The Envi r onment Section at P&DD will tak e a lead in n social – env i ro n m e n tal communication and educa- co - o r dinating and supporting BCS impl e m e n ta t i o n . tion and env i ro n m e n tal health . n The responsibility for monitoring BCS impl e m e n ta t i o n T h e re are also cross-cutting themes relating to will res t with the beefed-up Monitoring & Eval u a t i o n these secto rs: population and pove rt y, gove r n a n c e , Section at P&DD, which will be supported by the e nv i ro n m e n tal legislation, gender and invo lvement of Env i r onment Section, P&DD. sta ke h o l d e rs, including NG O s . n Mu l t i - s e c t oral and multi-stak eholder rou n d t ables will The framework identifies BCS core programmes (see be established at the provincial level . Chapter 20) and their implementation mechanisms. The n A multi-stak eholder Development and Envi ro n m e n t topics requiring further discussion and details – such as Co m m i t t ee will be established in each distr i c t . partners in implementation, communicating the BCS, n Senior officials will be designated or appointed as BCS resources for implementation and assessing sustainabili- focal persons by the public-sector and independent- ty and BCS implementation – are dealt with in much se c t or insti t u t i o n s . greater detail in separate chapters. n BCS impl e m e n t ation will be incorporated in the Rul e s of Business, as a mandator y responsibility of all rel e - vant public-sector insti t u t i o n s . IN S T I T U T I O N A L I Z I N G n Re qu i rements for a project will be in line with th e principles, objectives, appro a ches and guidelines of BCS IMPLEMENTATI O N the BCS, incorporated in the PC-I and PC-II. n The privat e sector , civil society institutions, media and The following arrangements will be made for institution- academia will be encouraged and fac i l i ta t ed to play alizing BCS implementation: their roles in BCS impl e m e n ta t i o n .
256 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Implementation Framework 19
IM P L E M E N T ATI O N ME C H A N I S M S
The key mechanisms for impl e m e n t ation of the BCS core pro g rammes are: n in s titutional stre n g th e n i n g ; n raising awar eness and impr oving envi ro n m e n t al edu- ca t i o n ; n policy and legal reform, including the use of econom- ic tools; and n human and financial res o u r ce mobilization.
In s t i t u t i o n a l - S t r e n g t h e n i n g
The measures relating to governance, institutions and capacity are impo r tant and have been discussed in detai l in Chapter 14 under the following broad categ o r i e s : n ca p a c i t y : upgrading knowle d g e and skills; n centralized decision making: devolution and empo wer - me n t ; n pa rt i c i p a t i o n : grea t er engag ement of civil society ; n tr a n s p a r ency and accountab i l i t y ; n policy and legal reforms; and n in s titutional reforms including rou n d t ables, BCS focal pe r sons in line departments, res tructuring of public se c t or institutions and impr oving coordi n a t i o n . Ex i s ting capacities of the P&DD, line departm e n t s , field agencies, the privat e sector , academia and civil soci- ety institutions for BCS imp l e m e n t ation are limited. These will be enhanced. This would requ i r e ext ernal support sim- Environment awareness seminar organized by QMC. ilar to that used for formulation of the BCS. Ideally, sup- po r t mechanism should be established at the provi n c i a l cation pro grammes. The magnitude of the kind of sup- and district levels. However , the priority is for the former. p o rt needed by the BCS implementing agencies in th i s It would be useful to use ext ernal support at least in thre e a rea being colossal, an effe c t i ve support mech a n i s m di s tricts to be tak en as a model. A diagrammatic pres e n - w i thin the Env i ronment Section of P&DD, EPA tation of the institutional framework for BCS imp l e m e n t a- B a l o ch i stan or even outside of public sector inst i t u t i o n s tion is given in Fig u r e 19. is needed. Prioritization and focus will be needed, ke e p- ing in view the needs of large number of inst i t u t i o n s and options to maximize results of human and fi n a n c i a l Environmental Communication i nve stment in this pro gramme area. The follow i n g and Education th ree key areas will be focused on: n or i e n t ation of and impr oving the capacity of both E nv i ro n m e n tal awa reness is a pre re qu i s i te for ta k i n g formal media (print and electronic) and informal a ny positive action. Only then are mot i vation, mobiliza- media personnel (ulema, tribal elders, opinion leaders tion and action possible. Env i ro n m e n tal communication and the a t r e) thr ough meetings, wor k shops and train- and education is an imp o rtant independent pro- ing course s ; gramme of the BCS for common env i ro n m e n tal issues, n in s titutionalizing envi r onment in formal and non-for- and for a common foundation for building sector and mal education thr ough training of master trainers, th e m e - s p e c i fic env i ro n m e n tal communication and edu- curricula development, tea c hing and ext r a - c u r r i c u l a r
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 257 19 Implementation Framework
Figure 19 Institutional Framework for BCS Implementation
P&D Dept. (including Env. Section) Province Level Technical Support Environment, Wildlife, Livestock, Forests & Tourism Dept. (including EPA)
Field Agencies at the Provincial Level Other Natural Economic Resource Sector Depts. Depts. Private Sector
Social Academia NGOs Sector Depts. Media
District Assembly
NGOs District Level Line Agencies Media at District Technical Level Support Private Sector
Dist. Govt. Coordination
NGOs/CBOs Media
Local Bodies Communities
Private Sector
Strong Links
Moderate Links
258 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Implementation Framework 19
activities, such as establishing and operationalizing PARTNERS IN env i ro n m e n t al clubs; and n de veloping and implementing sector and the m e - s p e - I M P L E M E N TAT I O N ci f ic envi ro n m e n t al communication and education pro gr a m m e s . Because of the large number of core pro grammes and m u l t i - s e c toral focus of the BCS, the following sta ke- Policy and Legal Reform h o l d e rs will have roles in BCS imp l e m e n ta t i o n : n political leaders ; Po l i c y, legislation and use of economic incentives and n federal and provincial gove r n m e n t s ; d i s i n c e n t i ves are powe rful tools that have been used all n the judiciary; over the world for the conservation and sustainable use n armed forc e s ; of natural re s o u rces, protection of the env i ro n m e n t n d i st r i c t - l evel civil administration and gove r n m e n t and sustainable development. But the use of policy and field age n c i e s ; economic tools and enforcement of legislation in n the priva te secto r; B a l o ch i stan has been rather we a k. Thus, policy and lega l n NGOs, CBOs and citizens’ fora; reform will be an imp o rtant mechanism for BCS imp l e- n tribal elders, ulema and community leaders ; m e n tation. The details are contained in Chapter 14 . n communities and individuals; n the academia; n the media; and Finding Resources for BCS n d o n o rs . Im p l e m e n t a t i o n Their specific roles are defined in the matrices pre- s e n ted in Table 39 in Chapter 21. Human and financial res o u r ces are key to impl e m e n ta t i o n , but it would not be wise to link BCS impl e m e n t ation with the availability of additional res o u rc e s . CO M M U N I C AT I O N , The following inter ventions will be made rega rd i n g financial res o u r ces for BCS impl e m e n ta t i o n : NETWORKING AND n The impl e m e n t ation of a large part of the BCS will be made possible by putting the house in order and using M O N I T O R I N G exi s ting res o u r ces – both human and financial – prop - er l y and wisely. The most imp o rtant task for pro m oting the imp l e m e n- n I n te rventions such as policy and legal re f o r m s , tation of the BCS would be to communicate its res tructuring of public-sector institutions and use of c o n c e pts, appro a ches, pro grammes, inte rventions and economic tools do not requ i r e additional fin a n c i a l recommendations, as well as the methodology for res o u r ces and will be impl e m e n t ed with the exi st i n g i mp l e m e n tation to all re l evant organizations and res o u rc e s . sta ke h o l d e rs. This responsibility will be shared bet we e n n The private sector, NGOs, community-based organi- the Env i ronment Section of P&DD and the re l evant zations (CBOs), citizens’ fora, political leaders, tribal line departments. Fo l l owing this the imp l e m e n t n g elders, ulema, communities and individuals will be a gencies will be assisted in action planning for BCS made aware of their roles and responsibilities and i mp l e m e n ta t i o n . motivated, mobilized and helped to play a role in BCS Linking with conte mp o r a ry initiatives of conserva- i mp l e m e n tation. Financial inve stment for making tion st r a tegies, such as the NCS, SPCS, No rthern Are a s this intervention would be relatively low, but would C o n s e rvation St r a tegy and Nepal Conserva t i o n yield great benefits. St r a te g y, will be imp o rtant and useful. n Re-prioritization and re- o r i e n t ation of invest m e n t s M o n i toring and evaluation will be underta ken at two will be undertake n . l evels – that is, overall sustainability and BCS imp l e m e n- n Additional res o u r ces will be gen e r a t ed thr ough rev- tation – by a beefed-up M&E Section in the P&DD, sup- enue budget, rational consumer cha r ges, estab l i s h i n g p o rted by the beefed-up Env i ronment Section. Both will the Fund for Sustainable Development and donor be assisted by an ex ternal BCS Support Unit as discussed fu n d i n g . e a r l i e r. Details of the assessment and monitoring mech- This section has been discussed in detail in Chapter 22. anism are given in Chapter 23.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 259 Chapter 20
BCS Pr o g r a m here is a long list of recommendations relating to sectors and themes because of a wide Trange of issues. It is important to assess the s t ra tegic imp o rtance of individual recommenda- tions to be able to prioritize them, and to encapsu- l a te them in imp l e m e n table pro grammes. As a result, the following 14 programmes have emerged. 1. Raising public awareness. 2. I mp roving gove rnance and effe c t i veness of institutions. 3. Institutionalizing environmental education. 4. Arresting depletion and pollution of groundwa- ter and increasing irrigation efficiency. 5. Making agriculture sustainable. 6. Managing rangelands and enhancing productivi- ty of livestock. 7. Developing coastal and marine resources sus- tainably. 8. Sustainable planning and management of urban areas. 9. Creating and sustaining env i ro n m e n t - f ri e n d ly development. 10. Conserving, rehabilitating, developing and using forests sustainably. 11. Conserving and using biodiversity and wetlands wisely. 12. C o n s e rving cultural heri ta ge and deve l o p i n g tourism. 13. Collecting authentic data and managing infor- mation. 14. Alleviating poverty. S Core These programmes have been elaborated in this chapter by listing priority interventions and mea- sures under each programme. am m e s Raising Public Awareness
BCS Core 1. Imp r oving coordination and consultation betwe e n re l e vant agencies, media (for mal and inform a l ) , NGOs and inter e s t ed individuals by tran s fo rm i n g the existing Interest Group on Communication Pr o g r a m m e s in t o a rou n d t able, to be hosted by the Inform a t i o n Wing of the Services and General Adm i n i s t ra t i o n and Infor mation Departm e n t . 2. Developing and implementing a general environ- m e n tal communication stra tegy and specifi c sectoral and thematic communication strate- gies for the BCS by the relevant organizations. 3. Developing capacities of relevant organizations and skills of individuals in environmental com- munication. 20 BCS Core Programmes
The well-being of the people and ecosystems of Balochistan is the goal of the BCS.
4. Supporting the focus of media and other communi- Authority; Forest Department (watershed manage- cation channels on key issues, with sound informa- ment and ecosystem requirements); and Fisheries tion and appropriate direction. Directorate. 5. Mo n i t oring the impact of various kinds of effo r ts and n Ran ge l a n d s - re l a t ed: Fore s t Department and Lives toc k res e tting priorities and approa c hes, if needed. De p a rt m e n t . n Bi o d i ve rs i t y- re l a t ed: Fore s t Departm e n t ; Lives toc k De p a rt m e n t ; Agri c u l t u r e Departm e n t ; and Fis h e r i e s Improving Governance and Di re c to r a te . Effectiveness of Institutions n Po l l u t i o n - re l a ted: Envi r onment, Wil d l i f e, Lives toc k, Fore s t and Tourism Depart m e n t; Env i ro n m e n ta l 1. Establishing sectoral and thematic roundtables to Pr otection Agen c y ; Industries, Trade, Mineral and improve coordination and consultation. Labour and Manp ower Depart m e n t; Indust r i e s 2. Un d e rtaking management rev i ews of key line Di re c to r a t e; Lasbela Industrial Estat e Devel o p m e n t departments including their field agencies relevant Au th o r i t y; Mineral Development Dire c to r a te ; to BCS implementation, and implementing the rec- Ba l o ch i s tan Development Auth o r i t y ; Local Bodies and ommendations of that review. The organizations to Rural Development Departm e n t ; Quett a Municipal be reviewed include: Corporation, municipal committees, town commit- n Wa te r- re l a ted: Irrigation Department (BIDA ) ; tees and local councils; Health Department (envi ro n - Agriculture Department; Public Health Engineering me n t al health, hospital was te); and Tra f fic Pol i c e . Department; Local Bodies and Rural Development n Social action–rel a t ed: Health Departm e n t ; Education, D e p a rt m e n t; Baloch i stan Wa ter and Sanita t i o n C u l t u re, Sports and Yo u th Affa i rs Depart m e n t; Authority; Quetta Development Authority; Quetta Population Planning and Social Wel fa r e Departm e n t ; Municipal Corporation; Baloch i stan Deve l o p m e n t Se r vices and General Adm i n i s tration and Information
262 Balochistan Conservation Strategy BCS Core Programmes 20
De p a r tment (governance and institutional ref o r m ) , L aw Department (env i ro n m e n tal legislation); and Planning and Development Department (devel o p i n g pr otocols for disaster s and emergen c i e s ) . n Co o rd i n a t i o n - re l a t ed: P&D Department, Add i t i o n a l Chief Secretar y (Coordination) for proa c t i v e planning and managing disaster s and emergencies and coordi - nation of other activities at the provincial level includ- ing inter- s e c t oral coordi n a t i o n . 3. Imp r oving objectivity, transparency and accountab i l i - ty of the public-sector , local government and inde- pe n d e n t - s e c t or institutions by: n encouraging and ensuring the participation of com- munities and other stake h o l d e r s in planning, impl e - menting and monitoring development and othe r age n d a s ; n pro m o ting and encouraging access to information thr ough media and civil society insti t u t i o n s ; n appointing committees of credible citizens to assess the performance of public-sector institutions annual- ly, and instituting a system for rep o r ting to the Pr ovincial Assembly; n imp r oving the performance appraisal system of gov- ernment empl o yees and providing rewar ds and penal- ties for perfo r m a n c e ; n si m plifying proc e d u r es for disciplinary action and i n t roducing a monitoring system for track i n g Developing centres of arts and crafts to enhance appreciation pro g ress on the finalization of disciplinary cases; of Balochistan. n sharing responsibility for and consequences of wron g and inapprop r i a t e decisions and actions by political 5. Decentralizing authority and functions from the fed - le a d e rs ; eral to the provincial government, and from the latter n co n t r olling misuse of fac i l i t i e s ; to local government institutions (district gover n m e n t , n ensuring merit-based recruitment, posting and pro- tehsil council, union council and village council). mo tion, and discouraging freq uent transfers ; 6. Pr oviding constitutional protection to local gover n - n doing away with discreti o n a r y power s, indemnity ment insti t u t i o n s . aga i n s t wrong decisions and actions, and the culture of taking decisions with a rel a x ed attitude toward s rules and proc e d u re s ; Institutionalizing n making nepotism and favouritism criminal offen c e s , Environmental Education wh i c h if proved in a court of law would entail punish- ing the person(s) responsible for wrong decision(s); 1. Imp r oving coordination and consultation by formally n pr oviding constitutional protection to civil servan t s es tablishing the Intere s t Group on Education as a aga i n s t victimization, which if proved in a court of law rou n d t able, with rep re s e n t ation from all stake h o l d e r s would entail court trial of the person(s) res p o n s i b l e ; and hosted by the Education Wing of the Education, n imp r oving the working conditions, facilities and pro- Cu l t u r e, Sports and You t h Affai r s Departm e n t . ce d u r es for impr oving effic i e n c y ; 2. Und e r taking the orientation and training of staf f of n imp r oving the capacity of all stake h o l d e r s at all level s , formal and informal educational institutions at all lev- to enable them to perform their roles effic i e n t l y; and els for raising awar eness, developing understan d i n g n imp r oving databases and the authenticity of informa- and building capacity, especially of planners and mas- tion for approp r i a t e decision-making. ter trainers. 4. Rem o ving malfunctions and delays by establishing the 3. Making education rel e vant to the needs of the of fice of provincial Mohtasib (ombudsman). pr ovince and impr oving its qua l i t y .
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 263 20 BCS Core Programmes
4. Revi e wing the exi s ting curricula, syllabi, course books 4. Reh a b i l i t ating wate r l o g g ed and saline soils in canal-irri- and material and infusing the envi r onment into the s e , gat ed tracts. star ting from primary level and moving upward s . 5. Pro m o ting integr a t ed pest management and making 5. De veloping extra-curricular materials on envi ro n m e n t pr oper use of agroch e m i c a l s . for tea ch e r s and students and encouraging them to 6. Co n s e r ving topsoils in agricultural lands and maintai n - use the s e . ing their fert i l i t y . 6. In vol ving civil society institutions and parents in sup- 7. Pre s e r ving the gen e tic diver sity of native cultivar s po r ting and monitoring educational insti t u t i o n s . and wild rel a t i v es of agricultural crop s . 8. Pro p a g ating arti fi c i a l l y and commercializing the culti- vation of wild plant species of economic impo r tan c e , Arresting Depletion and su c h as cumin, to reduce the pres s u r e on wild Pollution of Groundwater and res o u r ces and raise the income of far m e rs . Increasing Irrigation Efficiency 9. Pro m o ting agro-based industries, such as rice husking and polishing, cot ton ginning fa c tories and oil 1. Imp r ove coordination and consultation by formally exp e l l e r s in Nasirabad Division, and fruit pres e r vat i o n es tablishing the exi s ting Intere s t Group on Wat er as a and processing in upland distr i c t s . rou n d t able, with rep re s e n t ation of all stake h o l d e rs , 10. Imp r oving the marketing of agricultural produce and and hosted by the Irrigation and Power Departm e n t , encouraging the exp o r t of fruits. and Public Health Engineering Departm e n t . 11. Imp r oving res e a r ch as well as education for profe s - 2. Imp r oving the irrigation efficiency of grou n d wa te r sionals and tech n i c i a n s . and canal wate r . 3. Imp r oving the rech a r ge of grou n d wa t er and discour- aging its exce s s i v e use. Managing Rangelands and 4. Encouraging rainwat er harves ting for sailaba cultiva- Enhancing Productivity of ti o n . Livestock 5. Co n t r olling the pollution of surface and grou n d wa te r . 6. Accommodating the fres h wa t er requ i r ements of 1. Imp r oving coordination and consultation by formally ec o s y stems in development planning. es tablishing the exi s ting Intere s t Group on Lives toc k 7. Using envi ro n m e n t al impact assessment (EIA) proc e - and Ran g eland as a rou n d t able, with rep re s e n ta t i o n du r es in development planning to eliminate or mini- of all stake h o l d e r s, co-hosted by the red e s i g n a te d mize adver se social and envi ro n m e n t al impa c t s . Li ve s toc k and Ran g elands Wings of the Envi ro n m e n t , 8. Es tablishing a Wat er Board to coordi n a t e, plan, man- Wil d l i f e, Lives toc k, Fore s ts and Tourism Departm e n t . ag e and monitor the rational and efficient use of 2. Re o rganizing the management st r u c t u re of th e wat er res o u r ces by river basins, initially focusing on L i ve sto ck Department, Fore s t Department and de f icit wat er balance river basins (e.g. Pishin Lora Agri c u l t u r e Department to establish a multi-discipli- Basin and Nari Basin), and districts and val l e ys includ- na r y unit at the field level by adjustment of approp r i - ing Quett a, Mangocha r , Mastung, Pishin, Qila Abd u l l a h at e staf f with exp e r tise in lives toc k, veter i n a r y, range- and Qila Saifullah. lands, agri c u l t u r e (especially in fodder prod u c t i o n ) , ma r k eting and social organization, moti v ation and mobilization for prom o ting the sound managem e n t Making Agriculture Sustainable and development of rangelands in the provi n c e . 3. Imp r oving breeds for higher prod u c t i v i t y . 1. Imp r oving coordination and consultation by formally 4. Imp r oving grazing capacity and managing the sustai n - es tablishing the exi s ting Intere s t Group on Agri c u l t u r e able use of rangel a n d s . as a rou n d t able, with rep re s e n t ation of all stake h o l d - 5. Imp r oving preven t i v e and veter i n a r y care. e rs, hosted by the Agr i c u l t u re Wing of th e 6. As s i s ting grazing communities in organizing the m - Agr i c u l t u re, Cooperatives, Food and Fi s h e r i e s se l ves, preven t i v e and veter i n a r y care of lives toc k, De p a rt m e n t . br eed impr ovement, accessing credit, and marketi n g 2. Imp r oving irrigation effic i e n c y . and combating epidemic diseases, drought and othe r 3. Co n t r olling grou n d wa t er mining (discha r ge not to di s a s ters . exceed rech a r ge), and encouraging the harves ting of 7. Pre s e r ving the gen e tic diver sity of native breeds and ra i n wat er and flo o d wa te r . of wild flora and fauna in rangel a n d s .
264 Balochistan Conservation Strategy BCS Core Programmes 20
Providing training in how to layout an irrigation system to optimise water usage.
8. Encouraging and supporting, especially women, in n su s tainable management of coastal fisheries, biodi- imp r oving the quality of handicrafts made of animal ver sity and protec t ed area s ; pr oducts for generating and enhancing income. n desalinization of seawat er for settlements, tou r i s m , in d u st r y and other uses (although it may not be eco- no m i c a l l y viable to develop commercial agri c u l t u r e Developing Coastal and Marine wi t h desalinized wate r ) ; Resources Sustainably n arranging a fer r y service betw een coastal sett l e - ments and Kar a c hi City; 1. Imp r oving coordination and consultation in fis h e r i e s n building the Coastal Highway and some key link roa d s ; and coastal development by formally establishing a n es tablishing a Fisheries Centre at Gwadar or Pasni for Rou n d t able on Fisheries and Coastal Devel o p m e n t , education and training of tec hnicians and fis h e r m a n ; wi t h rep re s e n t ation of all stake h o l d e r s, hosted initial- n de veloping local, national and international tou r i s m ; ly by the Fisheries Wing of the Agr i c u l t u re , n es tablishing non-polluting (or with pollution control ) Co o p e r a t i v es, Food and Fisheries Department and small, medium and cotta g e industries after undertak - la t er by proposed Fisheries and Coastal Devel o p m e n t ing feasibility studies, initial envi ro n m e n t al exam i n a - De p a rt m e n t . tions (IEE) and EIAs; 2. Und e r taking Integr a t ed Coastal Zone Managem e n t n planning new sustainable townships; and Planning, keeping in view all exi s ting, planned and n cleaning exi s ting settlements by collecting and safel y po tential devel o p m e n t s . disposing solid was te and sewage . 3. Und e r taking the sustainable development of the 4. Co n s e r ving, developing and sustai n a b l y using man- co a s tal zone, especially by planning and impl e m e n t i n g groves, coastal fisheries and ren e wable res o u r ces by the following elements: es tablishing and managing protec t ed areas, such as
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 265 20 BCS Core Programmes
Proper planning will help accommodate the influx of people migrating from rural areas.
Sonmiani Bay, Kalmat Hor, marine turtle feeding area s 3. Augmenting the supply of drinking wat er to Quett a and nesting beaches, estuaries and Astola Island, for fr om a source outside the val l e y. an approp r i a t e regime of use. 4. Co n t r olling, in Quett a val l e y, new housing, industr y, 5. Co n t r olling land-based pollution of coastal wate rs , agr i c u l t u r e and activities that demand wate r , in orde r es p e c i a l l y from exi s ting industries in Hab, Windar and to contain the pres s u r e on grou n d wa te r , air and land. Gadani, and likel y pollution from future devel o p m e n t 5. Managing, treating and reusing the sewag e of Quett a along the coast. city for orcha r ds, veg etables, lawns, gar dens and 6. Pro m o ting and supporting local, national and inter n a - tre e s . tional coastal tourism as an economic incentive for 6. Planning proa c t i ve l y to manage and develop town s the invol vement of local communities. and new potential areas for accommodating the in f lux of people migrating from rural areas to Quett a and other big town s . Sustainable Planning and 7. Planning for the future, a new city like Quett a, in Management of Urban Areas an o ther river basin with positive wat er balance. 8. Managing the wate r sheds of all settlements for 1. Imp r oving coordination and consultation by formally imp r oving the rech a r ge of grou n d wa t er and discour- es tablishing the exi s ting Intere s t Group on Urb a n aging exce s s i v e use of wate r . Env i r onment as a rou n d t able, with rep re s e n t ation of 9. Me e ting the wat er and sanitation requ i r ement of all stake h o l d e r s, and hosted by the Local Bodies and set t l e m e n t s . Rural Development Departm e n t . 10. Collecting and safel y disposing of domestic solid 2. Placing implementing agencies dealing with urban was te, hospital was te and industrial was te. env i r onment under the Local Government Wing of 11. Updating, approving and implementing an envi ro n - the Local Bodies and Rural Development Departm e n t , me n t - f r i e n d l y master plan of Quett a, with a focus on including the Quett a Municipal Corporation, Quett a me e ting the requ i r ements of the exi s ting population, De velopment Aut hority and Balochi s tan Wat er and and containing further growt h of the city, while also Sa n i t ation Agen c y . planning parking space for vehicles in shopping area s .
266 Balochistan Conservation Strategy BCS Core Programmes 20
12. Co n t r olling air, wate r , land and noise pollution, especial- ly in Quett a and Hab, and reducing traffic congest i o n . 13. Ma i n t aining all exi s ting open spaces in settlements as green spaces, and planning for over 10% of all new towns to be cover ed by green spaces with trea te d se wage .
Creating and Sustaining Environment-Friendly Development
1. improving coordination and consultation by formally e stablishing the ex i sting Inte re st Groups on Industries, Minerals and Energy as roundtables, with representation of all stakeholders, and hosted by the Industries, Trade, Minerals, and Labour and Manpower Department. 2. Co n t r olling exi s ting industrial, vehicular and municipal pollution and compl ying with and enforcing Nat i o n a l Env i ro n m e n t al Quality Stan d a rd s . 3. Using the tool of IEE/EIA for assessing and mitigat i n g ad ve r se social and envi ro n m e n t al impacts of all new Balochistan has its own distinctive fauna. d evelopments, whether infrast r u c t u re, indust ry, en e rg y , mining or another kind. ba n k s of river s, str eams, wat er channels, wat er res e r - 4. Imp r oving and ensuring occupational health and wor k - voi r s and ponds, as well as alongside roads and canals, er s’ safety . in houses and other buildings, and beside tubewel l s . 5. Pro m o ting cotta g e industries, as well as small and 5. Imp r oving and managing wate r sheds thr ough con- medium agro-based industr i e s . tour ditch planting, re g u l a ted grazing, ch e ck 6. Pro m o ting arts and crafts and tou r i s m . damming and subsequent tree planting. 6. Encouraging the use of alter n a t i v es, such as corru- gat ed iron sheets, iron doors, girde r s, windows, Conserving, Rehabilitating, barbed wire, bottled gas and coal. Developing and Using Forests 7. Reo r ganizing the Fore s t Department and re- o r i e n t i n g Sustainably and training all the sta ff .
1. Imp r oving coordination and consultation by formally es tablishing the exi s ting Intere s t Group on Fore st s Conserving and and Wil d l i f e as a rou n d t able, with rep re s e n t ation of all Using Biodiversity and sta ke h o l d e rs, and co-hosted by the Fo re st and Wetlands Wisely Wil d l i f e Wings of Envi r onment, Wil d l i f e, Lives toc k, Fore s t and Tourism Departm e n t . 1. Imp r oving coordination and consultation by formally 2. Encouraging and supporting community based man- es tablishing the exi s ting Intere s t Group on Fore s t and ag ement of communal fores ts, such as chi l g h o z a Wil d l i f e as a rou n d t able as mentioned above. fo re s ts in Zhob District, and collaborative manage- 2. Raising awar eness and understanding of and impl e - ment of state - o wned fores ts, such as Juniper, scrub menting all international conservation conventions to and mangrove forest s . wh i c h Pak i s tan is a contracting party , including CITES, 3. Managing fores ts sustai n a b l y for subsistence gra z i n g , Ramsar Convention, Bonn Convention, World Heritag e fu e l w ood and envi ro n m e n t al val u e . Co n vention and Biodiver sity Convention as well as 4. Encouraging farm forest r y and tree plantation on Man and Biosphere Res e r ve Prog ramme of UNESCO. farmlands in canal-irriga ted areas and north e r n 3. Assessing the exi s ting protec t ed areas for the i r uplands, especially on boundaries of prop e r ties, along ap p ro p r i a t eness, and designing a Protec t ed Area s
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 267 20 BCS Core Programmes
Sy stem for all key areas, whether curren t l y protec te d , 2. De veloping, publishing and distributing an authe n t i c state - o wned or in privat e own e rs h i p . i nven to r y and map of the cultural and natural 4. Und e r taking the management planning of protec te d res o u r ces of Balochi s tan, including: ar eas, especially of national parks and those crea te d n ar chaeological sites, archi t ectural res o u r ces, prop e r - for conserving endemic, endanger ed and migra to r y ties and places of religious significance, centres of species, with a focus not on infrastr u c t u r e, but on ar ts and crafts, places of key fest i v als and far es; and human res o u r ce development and conservation of n fo re s ts, protec t ed areas and wetlands, and unique or species, habitats and landscape. in te re s ting geological fea t u r es, such as mud vol c a - 5. Managing the protec t ed areas in accordance with the noes, gorges, caves, faults and mountaineering and ma n a g ement plans (for exam ple, the Managem e n t tr ekking area s . Plan of Hazarganji Chiltan National Park is ready and 3. Imp r oving Sibi and Quett a museums by adding the mu s t be impl e m e n te d ) . an t i q uities being rec o ver ed from the exca vation of 6. De veloping rec o ver y plans of glo b a l l y, nationally and ar chaeological sites in Balochi s tan by foreign tea m s , lo c a l l y endanger ed species found in Balochi s tan, such and by their proper exhibition and inter p r etat i o n . as the marsh crocodile, Balochi s tan black bear, goi- 4. Accommodating the exhibition of arts and crafts in ter ed gazelle, straight-horned markhor, Kabul mark- Qu et t a Museum until such time that a separate dis- ho r , urial, chi n k ara, Sindh ibex, marbeled teal and the pl a y centre is established for these in Quetta . br eeding population of houbara bustard . 5. Publicizing the cultural and natural res o u r ces for local, 7. Managing Houbara hunting, and capturing and trading national and international tou r i s m . of Saker falcon and Pere g rine falcon and other rap- 6. Doing away with ‘no objection certi fi c a t e’ requ i r e- tor s according to national and regional plans, the ment for forei g n e r s visiting Balochi s tan . d evelopment of which should be pursued with 7. Pr eparing for ‘2001 – Pak i s tan ’s Year of Tourism’ and national and regional (range stat es of the species) attracting national and international tou r i st s . go vernments and agen c i e s . 8. In vol ving local communities in tourism for income gen - 8. Encouraging and supporting local communities in eration, in the capacity of services provi d e r s, such as c o m m u n i t y-based management of communal tou r i s t guides, transport, souvenir shops, res tau r a n t s res o u r ces, and collaborative management of state - and accommodation, and developing their capacities owned protec t ed areas by enhancing understan d i n g , to manage tou r i s ts, enhancing their appreciation of building capacity and providing economic incentives . the cultural and natural heritag e of Balochi s tan . 9. Imp r oving the exi s ting policies and legislation on 9. Encouraging foreign teams to exca vat e impo r tan t wi l d l i f e, fores ts, wetlands and fis h e r i e s . si te s . 10. Changing the exi s ting institutional arrangements for 10. Co n s e r ving roc k carvings and archaeological and co n s e r ving and sustai n a b l y using biodiver sity and ar chi t ectural res o u rc e s . ec o s y stem s . 11. Documenting local traditions, customs and traditional 11. Im plementing a crash prog ramme of orientation and kn o wle d g e relating to the management of natural training of the staf f of the Fore s t Department and res o u rc e s . other rel e vant agencies on integr a t ed planning and 12. I mp roving institutional framewo r k, especially for ma n a g ement of fores ts, wate r sheds, rangelands, wet- ar cha e o l o g y . lands, wildlife and biodiver sity and protec t ed area s . Collecting Authentic Data and Conserving Cultural Heritage Managing Information and Developing Tourism 1. Imp r oving coordination betw een organizations and 1. Imp r oving coordination and consultation by formally pr ojects by establishing a committee under the cha i r - es tablishing the exi s ting Intere s t Group on Cultural man ship of ACS (Development) and with rep re s e n t a- He r i ta g e as a Rou n d t able on Culture and Tourism, with tion from all rel e vant organizations and proj e c t s . rep re s e n t ation of all stak eholder organizations, spe- 2. Stre n g t hening the Bureau of Stat i s tics in the Planning ci a l i s ts and intere s ted individuals, and co-hosted by and Development Department to perform its func- the Education, Culture, Sports and You t h Affai r s tions effic i e n t l y. De p a r tment, and the Envi r onment, Wil d l i f e, Lives toc k, 3. De veloping a common framework for information Fore s ts and Tourism Departm e n t . ma n a g ement in the province, with the Bureau of
268 Balochistan Conservation Strategy BCS Core Programmes 20
A tomb at Mekran highlights the need to conserve Balochistan’s archaelogical heritage.
Stat i s tics taking the lead and all other organ i z a t i o n s be hosted by the Planning and Deve l o p m e n t and projects feeding into and assisting it and using De p a rt m e n t . da t a and information. 2. Raising the awar eness of the poor and margi n a l i z e d 4. Disseminating information relating to sustai n a b l e classes rega r ding opportunities for education, skill de velopment thr ough the Sustainable Devel o p m e n t de velopment and jobs. Netw orking Prog ramme (SDNP) of UNDP and IUCN. 3. Encouraging the invol vement and participation of the 5. The IUCN Baloch i stan office at Quet ta managing a rep re s e n ta t i v es of the poor in the planning, manage- central information centre on env i ronment, natur- ment and monitoring of projects and other devel o p - al re s o u rces and sustainable development, with all ment initiatives . p u b l i c - s e c tor organizations, civil society inst i t u- 4. In te g rating pover ty alleviation elements in policies, tions and the priva te sector making available copies pro g rammes and proj e c t s . of their publications, study re p o rts, projects, eva l- 5. In c r easing liter a c y , encouraging population planning uation re p o rts and other non-confidential mate r i- and impr oving health care. als, which the information centre will put on th e 6. Co n s e r ving and sustai n a b l y using natural res o u rc e s , SDNP net wo r ks and disseminate th rough oth e r es p e c i a l l y wat er and rangelands, because of the grea t ways . dependence of the poor on such res o u rc e s . 6. The government prom o ting access to information for 7. Imp r oving the envi ro n m e n t al health of the living and civil society institutions, the privat e sector and the working areas of the poor, to minimize disease. general public, and sharing information proa c t i ve l y. 8. Di ve r sifying income by developing skills for income generation activities, including tourism, cotta g e in d u s tries and small agro-based industr i e s . Alleviating Poverty 9. Pro m o ting vocational training in educational system s and insti t u t i o n s . 1. Es tablishing a coordination and consultation forum, 10. Encouraging and supporting the poor and margi n a l - or rou n d t able of rep re s e n ta t i v es of all rel e vant orga- ized groups in organizing the m s e l ves for collective nizations, prog rammes, projects and stake h o l d e r s, to action for their wel fa r e and development.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 269 Chapter 21 Im p l e m e n t a Ro l e s Re s p o n s i b i lt hough the BCS has been form u l a t ed by the g ove rnment of Baloch i s tan, with tech n i c a l Aas s i s t ance from IUCN, it is by consensus, the future vision and strat egic plan of the people of Ba l o ch i s t an. Likewise, responsibility for its impl e m e n - tation is not limited to gover nment agencies or to the provincial level. Political leaders, fed e r al and pr ovincial organizations (at the national, provi n c i a l , di s t r ict and local levels), judiciary, armed for ces, the pri va t e sector , civil society institutions, tribal elders, community leaders, academia, media and donors all ha ve to play roles in its impl e m e n ta t i o n . Rel e vant organizations, institutions and even indi- viduals are stake h o l d e r s and partn e r s in BCS impl e - mention (Table 37). Academia has not been separat e- ly categ o r ized in this table because of the long list of pa rt n e r s, but has been dealt with in a list of fed e ra l and provincial institutions (Appendix 4). The current stat e of coordination and collabora- tion is poor. BCS impl e m e n t ation needs even gre a te r co n s u l t ation, coordination and collaboration among var ious organizations. The partn e r s have divers e nt a t i o n : roles to perfor m in implementing the prog ram m e s . Again, the presentation in Table 37 falls short of a co mp l e te list, but major roles have been listed . Fur ther action planning will need to be carried and the purpose of Table 37 is to fac i l i ta t e that exerc i s e . es and CO M M U N I C A TING THE BC S The most important task for promoting the imple- mentation of the BCS, would be to communicate its concepts, approaches, core programmes, commit- ted interventions and recommendations, as well as methodology for action planning and implementa- si b i l i t i e s tion to all stakeholders. This responsibility could be shared between the Environment Section and other relevant sections in the Planning and Development Im p l e m e n t a t i o n : D e p a rtment, relevant line departments, support organizations and formal and informal media. The fram e wor k for communicating the strate g y (T able 38) had identified the agencies responsible for Roles and im plementing of the BCS prog rammes and tho s e responsible for communicating the BCSactions to them as well as those who can assist them in thi s Re s p o n s i b i l i t i e s en d e a vou r s. This fram e wor k may be further refin e d and elaborat ed during the action planning of the BCS. The fram e wor k will also be useful in getting fee d b a c k on impl e m e n t ation from the implementing agen c i e s . The matrix in Table 37 lists the critical and impo r - tant inter ventions under each of the 14 core pro- gramme areas. Chapter 20 contains details of the s e . 21 Implementation: Roles and Responsibilities
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Balochistan Conservation Strategy 291 Chapter 22 Re s o mo b i l i z a for the he BCS is a stra tegic plan for arresting and r eve rsing the current trend of rapid degra- Tdation of the env i ronment in Baloch i s tan. By c ove ring all key social, economic and natura l r e s o u rce secto rs, it provides a foundation for fo r- mulating a comp r e h e n s i ve sustainable deve l o p- ment stra tegy for the province, besides pro m ot- ing the conservation and sustainable use of natur- al resources and protection of the env i ro n m e n t . The BCS identifies the comp l ex and multi- dimensional issues facing Baloch i s tan as th ey r e l a te to natural resources, the env i ronment and institutional capacities, and it art i c u l a tes stra te- gies to address these issues. Many of the sugge s t- ed actions require a ch a n ge in thought about th e way problems and opportunities are perc e i ve d and addressed. Re s o u rce requirements are of three types – institutional, human and financial. The BCS calls fo r e ffe c t i ve development of institutional and human capacities, especially for changing the modus o p e randi in the field of development planning and source i mp l e m e n tation. Essentially, the BCS is not about f u n d - raising or developing a port folio of pro j e c t s to be funded. It is about inte grating and imp rov i n g policies based on the vision for the future, invo lv- ing sta ke h o l d e rs and developing public-pri va te p a rt n e rships for rationalizing, pri o ritizing and a ch i eving development objectives. Institutional zation s t r e n g thening and human resource deve l o p m e n t and mobilization have been dealt with in detail in C h a pter 14 . Re garding the financial resources, the stra te g y does not advo c a te a huge additional investment of funds to ach i eve its goals. Ra th e r, the emphasis is placed on more efficient, part i c i p a to ry and tra n s- parent institutions that adopt contex t - s p e c i fi c e BCS a p p ro a ches to deal with problems of env i ro n m e n- tal degradation and human depri va t i o n . In light of the ove rall budgeta ry constra i n t s Resource facing the country and province howeve r, and th e l ow pri o rity ge n e ra l ly accorded to issues of env i- ronment, additional funds must be raised for spe- c i fic pro grammes and projects. Some resourc e s Mobilization could become available as a result of the pro p e r use of existing funds and reori e n tation of ex i s t i n g i nve s t m e n t s . for the BCS It is th e r e fore essential that resource needs are identified and met for BCS imp l e m e n ta t i o n . This Chapter deals with mobilizing fi n a n c i a l r e s o u rc e s . 22 Resource Mobilization for the BCS
Figure 20 Development and Non-Development Expenditure in Balochistan
n Non-Development Expenditure n Development Expenditure
18,000
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 (original)
Source: P&DD 1993b; Ibid 1994; Ibid 1995; Ibid 1996; Ibid 1997c; Ibid 1998b; Ibid 1999b; Ibid 1999c. Note: Figures 20–25 have numbers for 1992/93-1998/99 of the revised budget whereas the figures of the original estimates are used for 1999-2000. Original means initial alloca- tion made at the beginning of the fiscal year. Revised means actual allocation that is determined at the end of the fiscal year.
FISCAL POSITION (Figure 20). Until 1992–93, the Special Development Programme remained the major component of the In the previous 10 years, there has been a consistent provincial development budget, after which a major pro- increase in the total expenditure of the provincial gov- portion of the development budget became dependent ernment, but little increase in the development budget. upon the provision of funds through the Social Action The average annual rate of increase has been about Programme (SAP) window. 11.5%. The development expenditure throughout this For eign Project Assistance (FPA) has contributed ver y period constituted about one-fifth of the total budget si g n i fi c a n t l y in the allocations for development exp e n d i - tu r es. On aver a g e, FPA con- Figure 21 Cash and FPA Allocations in the sti t u t ed about 70% of the Public-Sector Development Programme total Public Secto r D evelopment Pro gr a m m e (PSDP) in the period 4,000 n Cash n FPA 1993–99 (Fig u r es 21 and 22), 3,500 a trend that began when
3,000 SAP was initiated in 199 3 – 94 . In the natural res o u rc e 2,500 se c to r s, wat er has been a
2,000 priority for the gover n m e n t , fo l l o wed by agri c u l t u r e and 1,500 then env i ronment (Fi g u re 1,000 23). There has been a consis-
500 tent increase in allocation for the wat er sector . However , 0 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 allocations for agr i c u l t u re (original) and env i ronment secto rs Source: P&DD 1993b; Ibid 1994; Ibid 1995; Ibid 1996; Ibid 1997c; Ibid 1998b; Ibid 1999b; Ibid 1999c. Note: In Figure 21–25, cash means amount contributed by the government to the PSDP. ha ve been fluctuating, main- In Figure 21–22, the cash component for 1999–2000 also includes a federal soft loan of Rs. 698.03 million and a Japanese ly because of fluctuations in grant of Rs. 11.5 million. the availability of FPA.
294 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Resource Mobilization for the BCS 22
In the social sector, education has received the high- est development budget. Public health, local govern- Figure 22 Cash and FPA Allocations as a ment and rural development and health have been the Proportion of PSDP other important sectors; these allocations mostly uti- lized for arranging drinking water and sanitation facilities n Cash n FPA as well as for promoting public health concepts. In the 100 budget for 1999–2000, education was given top priori- ty, allocating about a quarter of the PSDP budget to this 90 sector (Figure 24). 80 In the economic and infrast r u c t u re secto rs, ro a d s 70 h ave been given top priority, followed by housing and 60 urban services (Fi g u re 25). High allocation to roads is 50 i mp o rtant for imp roving access to re m ote areas in va st and rugged terrain in Baloch i stan. This will also 40 help in case of disaste rs such as drought and in 30 i n c reasing trade with other regions and countries. Fo r 20 these reasons, th e re has been a consistent increase in 10 allocations for roads over the ye a rs. The housing and 0 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 urban services sector cate rs for government offi c e s (original) and residences and amenities to urban areas in th e Source:P&DD 1993b; Ibid 1994; Ibid 1995; Ibid 1996; Ibid 1997c; Ibid 1998b; p rov i n c e . Ibid 1999b; Ibid 1999c. Although the upward trend in total allocations in the PSDP (Fi g u re 26) indicates increasing availability of allocations (Table 41), the priorities of the gove r n m e n t resources, the fact remains that high inflation rates over a re re fl e c ted: all commitments under the SAP would be the years have diluted the impact of increases. f u l ly honoured, and the infrast r u c t u re and pro d u c t i ve s e c to rs will also re c e i ve priority. The live sto ck and th e mineral secto rs will get re l a t i ve ly higher allocations. Ninth Five-Year Plan This is in line with the imp o rtance these secto rs have The total outlay of the Ninth Fi ve -Year Plan for for current and future development of Baloch i sta n B a l o ch i stan is a little over Rs. 41 billion. In the secto r a l (P&DD 19 9 8 a ) .
Figure 23 Allocations for Natural Resource Sectors in the PSDP
1,200 n 1993-94 n 1994-95 n 1995-96 n 1996-97 n 1997-98 n 1998-99 n 1999-2000 (original)
1,000
800
600
400
200
0 Agriculture Livestock Forestry & Wildlife Fisheries Minerals Water Environment
Source: P&DD 1994; Ibid 1995; Ibid 1996; Ibid 1997c; Ibid 1998b; Ibid 1999b; Ibid 1999c.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 295 22 Resource Mobilization for the BCS
Figure 24 Allocations for Social Sectors in the Public Sector Development Programme
n 1993-94 n 1994-95 n 1995-96 n 1996-97 n 1997-98 n 1998-99 n 1999-2000 (original) 1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0 Manpower Sports & Tourism Information Social Welfare Health Public Health & LGRD Education
Source: P&DD 1994; Ibid 1995; Ibid 1996; Ibid 1997c; Ibid 1998b; Ibid 1999b; Ibid 1999c.
Annual Development Plans 289 development projects we re identified for funding but only 54 could be comp l eted due to seve re fi n a n c i a l The revised budget for 1998–99 was Rs. 19 , 714.5 mil- c o n straints and inte r m i t tent bans on spending. 235 lion, of which only Rs. 4,224 million was for the PSDP. p rojects we re th rown forwa rd for inclusion in subse- The FPA const i t u ted 53.78% of the PSDP. Originally quent PSDPs. The original budget for 1999–2000 is Rs. 22,847.5 million, out Figure 25 Allocations for Economic and of which Rs. 5,552.86 million (24. 3 % ) Infrastructure Sectors in the PSDP was allocated for the devel o p m e n t pro g ramme; this includes an FPA of Rs. 3,531.23 million (63.6% of PSDP). n 1993-94 n 1994-95 The major amount of Rs. 17,2 94 . 6 4 1,200 n 1995-96 million) is meant for non-devel o p m e n t n 1996-97 ex p e n d i t u re. Out of 235 pro j e c t s n 1997-98 1,000 ac c o m m o d a t ed for funding during n 1998-99 n 1999-2000 the year only 76 wer e new. Amongst (original) 800 these, 31 projects costing Rs. 1,8 6 1.29 million, including a FPA of 1,4 71.7 4 million, are included. Abo u t 600 29.4% of the PSDP was allocated to the wat er sector . Allocation for edu- 400 cation is about 25.8%, followed by roads at 18.3%. The remaining priority 200 se c to r s for PSDPinclude public health; local government and rural devel o p -
0 m e n t; agr i c u l t u re; health, env i ro n- Industries Power Roads Housing & Urban Services ment, housing and urban servi c e s ; li ve s toc k; fisheries; and fores t and Source: P&DD 1994; Ibid 1995; Ibid 1996; Ibid 1997c; Ibid 1998b; Ibid 1999b; Ibid 1999c. wi l d l i f e. Major block allocations of Rs.
296 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Resource Mobilization for the BCS 22
215 million, Rs. 265.2 million and Rs. 30 million wer e made A list of projects in the various sector s that will help for the Public Re p re s e n ta t i ves Pro gramme, Oth e r im plement BCS recommendations is given in Appendix 5. Sc hemes and Special Prog ramme res p e c t i ve l y. It is an indicative list, and many other projects may be
Table 39 Sectoral Allocations in the Ninth Five-Year Plan
Sector Allocation On-going Schemes New Schemes (in million rupees) NON-SAP Agriculture 2,500 719 1,781 Livestock 1,000 142 858 Forestry 264 90 174 Fisheries 700 280 420 Food 22 0 22 Industries 226 20 206 Minerals 500 4 496 Manpower 100 33 67 Sports and tourism 100 1 99 Physical planning and housing 1,000 82 918 Roads 6,000 3,439 2,561 Water 4,500 3,137 1,363 Education 2,000 904 1,096 Health 1,000 521 479 Social welfare 50 2 48 Rural development 500 1 499 BDA 100 10 90 QDA 300 90 210 Environment 500 236 264 BWASA 500 103 397 Power 700 700 0 Special programme 201 0 201 Public feedback programme 1,343 0 1,343 Studies and research 80 0 80 Other schemes 2,000 0 2,000 Women specific 50 0 50 Total Non-SAP 26,236 10,514 15,722 SAP SAP (PHE) 4,128 1,505 2,623 SAP (education) 8,340 2,067 6,273 SAP (health) 2,700 626 2,074 SAP (miscellaneous) 23 0 23 Total SAP 15,191 4,198 10,993 Grand Total 41,427 14,712 26,715
Source: P&DD 1998a.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 297 22 Resource Mobilization for the BCS
Figure 26 Sectoral Allocation in Public Sector Development Programme, 1999–2000
Rs. (in million)
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600
Studies & Res.
Industries
Social Welfare
Minerals Sports & Tourism Power
Manpower Special Programmes Forestry & Wildlife Fisheries
Livestock Housing & Urban Services Environment
Health Public Rep. Prog. Agriculture
Other Schemes Public Health & LGRD Water
Roads
Education
Source: P&DD 1999b.
added to it. The government will try to accommodate criteria and their procedures is always helpful in attract- these and other BCS rel a t ed projects in PSDP in the ing donor funds. There is also a need to improve capaci- fu t u r e yea rs . ty both within and outside the government in designing The major issues regarding PSDP include: appropriate projects for donor funding. n donor-driven prioritization of investment portfolios; In order to learn about funding priorities, a qu e s- n political motives behind regional and sectoral alloca- t i o n n a i re was sent to leading donor agencies. The fe e d- tion of resources; b a ck re c e i ved from seven of them has been compiled in n over-dependence upon FPA and federal grants; Table 40 and 41. It is easy to conclude from the answe rs n limited provincial resources for development; and that most bilateral donors have sectoral and th e m a t i c , n lack of a sustainable development vision. as well as ge o graphical focuses, but the level of fund- ing, project objectives and imp l e m e n tation arrange- ments are decided on a pro j e c t - to - p roject basis. A list Donor Funding of donor-funded projects are in Appendix 6. Regarding the beneficiaries of assistance, all donors The BCS is a strategic plan for the conservation and sus- with the exception of the European Union (EU) and the tainable management of natural resources and protec- Au stralian Assistance for International Deve l o p m e n t tion of the environment. Achieving these objectives will (AusAID) plan to assist poor and vulnerable groups (espe- also help in sustainable development and poverty allevia- cially women and children). The EU focuses on rural pop- tion. The BCS is an agenda developed locally through the ulation and AusAID intends to assist primary-school-age widest participatory planning process. It is expected that girls who are out of school. bilateral and multilateral donors will accept this as the The World Bank, Royal Netherlands Embassy (RNE) basis for future investment. and Un i ted Nations Development Pro gramme (UNDP) The understanding of donor aid priorities, including plan to work th rough a combination of government line their thematic, sectoral and geographical focus, their d e p a rtments and non-gove r n m e n tal orga n i z a t i o n s
298 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Resource Mobilization for the BCS 22
( NGOs) or community-based organizations (CBOs), and a re adopting similar appro a ches and st r a tegies for plan- in some cases, exc l u s i ve ly th rough NG O s / C BOs. The EU, ning, imp l e m e n tation and monitoring. Now th ey not DFID and AusAID would determine the funding ch a n n e l s o n ly wish to assess the priority of a project in the con- and imp l e m e n tation arrangements on a pro j e c t - by- text of a pro gramme, but are also concerned with p roject basis. capacities, sustainability after a project is comp l ete d , D evelopment aid is shrinking, and access to donor i mpact on beneficiaries, gender inte gration, proper use funding is now fi r m ly entre n ched in the showing of of funds and facilities, transpare n c y, accounta b i l i t y, i mpacts on ta rget beneficiaries, using processes and i mp roved systems and pro c e d u res, and fulfilling gov- ensuring accounta b i l i t y. The donors are becoming more e r n m e n t’s commitments re ga rding counte r p a rt funds, and more st r i n gent, rightly so, due to the accounta b i l i- land and sta ff . ty exe rcised by the ta x p aye rs in their countries. Sta te - c o n t rolled and serv i c e - d e l i ve ry- o r i e n te d M o re ove r, donors have imp roved their coordination and development is no longer a candidate for donor funding.
Table 40 Donors
WB* RNE UNDP DFID EU ADB AusAID FUNDING BY SECTOR Education Ö Ö Ö Health Ö Ö Environment/NRM Ö Ö Ö Infrastructure Ö Credit Ö Institution building Ö Ö Poverty reduction Ö Water Ö Energy Ö Governance Ö Ö Livestock Ö Others TYPE OF DONOR SUPPORT Financial assistance/ project support Ö Ö Ö Training/ skill development Ö Ö Ö Ö Equipment Ö Ö Ö Networking Ö Information Ö Ö Operational/ running costs URBAN/RURAL FOCUS Mainly rural Ö Ö Mainly urban Rural/urban Ö Ö
*WB: The World Bank EU: European Union RNE: Royal Netherlands Embassy ADB: Asian Development Bank UNDP: United Nations Development Programme AusAID: Australian Assistance for International Development DFID: Department for International Development, UK
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 299 22 Resource Mobilization for the BCS
Table 41 Funding Level in 1999–2000
Sector WB RNE UNDP* DFID** EU*** ADB AusAID Infrastructure 5† 1.5 Education 60-70 Aus$ 2.0 million Rural development 3.25 0.12 Inst. development 1.75 Urban sanitation 1.20 Reproductive health 2.25 Biodiversity 1.50 Climate change 0.33 Environment 0.15 0.8 Governance 0.30
* Under GEF Small Grant Programme. ** Breakdown for planned allocation for Balochistan not available, but total annual funding by DFID is to the tune of £25–30 million. *** Not specified. † All figures in US$ million unless stated otherwise.
The public-sector organizations and NGOs that are taking It should be followed by remedial planning, inst i t u t i o n a l concrete steps to ensure a wider participation of civil m e a s u res, development of pro j e c t - s p e c i fic indicato rs society institutions in development are likely to succeed of desired impacts, and inst i t u t i o n a l i z a ton of an effe c- in raising funds from donors for their programmes and t i ve mechanism to monitor and eva l u a te imp a c t s . projects. In addition, donors prefer to provide resources S i m i l a r ly, th e re is a need to reduce wa sta ge of non- to initiatives that demonstrate a partnership between d evelopment funds by imp roving governance and effi- government and NGOs. ciency and controlling the misuse of fa c i l i t i e s . Good governance, human rights, nuclear non-prol i f - eration, absence of sta te te r rorism and control on abuse and traffic king of drugs are increa s i n g ly among Re-assessing and Re-orienting the forem o s t criteria for development aid. Good gover - Existing Programmes and nance includes civil services reform, decentralization, Projects information sharing, transparency and accountab i l i t y . This is to ensure that programmes and projects are aligned to the goals and principles of the BCS. It will FOUR-PRONGED require an analysis of all current initiatives that are being implemented or have been approved for implementa- APPROACH tion. A committee with representatives of government organizations, NGOs and the private sector will be set up to evaluate the potential for impact, technical aspects, Releasing Resources Through monitoring design, implementation methodology, insti- Improvement in Efficiency and tutional arrangements, status, linkages and monitoring Effectiveness the results of these initiatives. If heavy investments are being made in additional Re s o u rce mobilization and use are closely re l a ted to th e infrastructure when the real issues are ineffective deliv- issues of governance and capacities that have been ery, a re-profiling of the project is necessary to focus dealt with ex te n s i ve ly in the previous ch a pte rs . m o re on raising awa reness and capacity- b u i l d i n g . H oweve r, this appro a ch calls for developing a consensus Similarly, heavy investments must not be made without on the reasons for the consistent fa i l u re of deve l o p- assessing the efficiency of interventions. Transparency ment projects in Baloch i stan to ach i eve their objective s . and the participation of stakeholders in planning, imple-
300 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Resource Mobilization for the BCS 22
Public-sector development plans such as those for delay action dams need to go through a public consultative process. mentation and monitoring are the other elements that prioritized, planned, developed and approved for the dis- must be addressed. trict through a participatory and transparent process. The establishment of a joint government–non-govern- mental group to approve and oversee the implementa- Reviewing the Public-Sector tion of projects to be funded by the DDF could further Development Planning Process enhance the effectiveness of this mechanism.
This is to integrate the BCS goals, approaches, guide- Raising and Allocating lines, programmes, interventions and recommendations Additional Funds into all Five-Year Plans, Annual Development Plans and Three-Year Rolling Plans. A three-year planning cycle will This relates to local resources and donor funding. be instituted so that there is time to implement and The former will include funds to be made available by the evaluate before starting the next phase of projects. federal, provincial and local governments, and invest- Fortunately, the federal government is firming up ment to be made by the private sector and communities. its plan, through a wide consultative process, for devo- The provincial government can raise additional funds by lution of power and decentralization of planning to dis- improving efficiency in the collection of revenues and trict, tehsil, union council and village levels by devolving consumer charges, minimizing pilferage and extending financial autonomy to district and local government the taxation net to the non-formal economy in the institutions. The proposal regarding establishment and province as well as to include agricultural property or management of a District Development Fund (DDF) will income. Multilateral and bilateral donors have funded also be considered as an integral part of the broader programmes and projects in the areas relevant to the plan of devolution. The Fund will receive a share of devel- BCS in the past, and the expectation is that they will be opment funds directly, to fund the projects identified, interested in funding in the future.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 301 22 Resource Mobilization for the BCS
Potential funding windows such as the National Heritage Fund should be accessed.
Some of the existing and potential windows are dis- The Fund for Sustainable Development cussed below. The Fund for Sustainable Development (FSD) will be designed and set up as provided under the Pa k i sta n Establishing and/or Using Funds E nv i ro n m e n tal Protection Act, to raise and prov i d e re s o u rces to env i ro n m e n tal and sustainable deve l o p- Accessing the NGO Fund ment projects by collecting pollution ch a rges and The NCS Unit in the Ministry of Environment, Local l evies for the use of natural re s o u rces, such as wildlife Government and Rural Development is managing the hunting. Sustainable hunting of economic wildlife NGO Fund to support NGO actions in the 14 core pro- species, especially prized species of markhor, urial, ibex gramme areas of the National Conservation Strategy. and ch i n kara (only of populations that can with sta n d NGOs can apply for funds on a prescribed proforma s u stained hunting) can ge n e r a te substantial reve n u e s th rough the Env i ro n m e n tal Protection Age n c y, f rom foreign and local hunte rs. The government of Balochistan. Unfortunately, groups in Balochistan have B a l o ch i stan will put its share into the FSD. The fund not used this opportunity to its potential. could be part i a l ly ploughed back for development of the area in which the hunting is being carried out, and Accessing the National Heritage Fund p a rt i a l ly used for the management of wildlife The Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism has estab- re s o u rces elsew h e re in the province. It needs to be lished this fund, which can be accessed by relevant gov- a p p ro p r i a te ly designed and managed for conserv i n g ernment organizations and NGOs. Again, this fund has and susta i n a b ly using natural re s o u rces, ge n e r a t i n g not been accessed for Balochistan so far. e mp l oyment opportunities for the local poor and
302 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Resource Mobilization for the BCS 22
building awa reness and ow n e rship of common re s o u rc e s . The project and activities relating to all BCS pro- grammes would be eligible for receiving funds from th e FSD. The key considerations in managing the fund should be objectivity, transparency and accounta b i l i t y. A part of the pollution cha r ge to be rec e i v ed from polluting industries for non-compliance with Nat i o n a l Env i ro n m e n t al Quality Stan d a r ds will go into the FSD. It might prefe r a b l y be used for raising awar eness and build- ing capacity of industrial management for cleaner tec h- nologies and the reg eneration and reh a b i l i t ation of nat- ural res o u r ces that are affec t ed advers e l y by industr i e s . Communities would be moti va t ed and mobilized th rough dialogue, part n e rship arrangements and incen- t i ves to pool their contributions for local initiatives and to develop, implement and monitor such initiative s . The priva te sector in general and indust ry in part i c- ular are ve ry imp o rtant acto rs in deve l o p m e n t . A l though industrial development is still in its nascent sta ges in Baloch i stan, and the potential for esta b l i s h i n g big industries is limited, new small, medium-sized and cot ta g e industries are like ly to be established. The pro - a c t i ve planning is imp o rtant to maximize the benefi t s and minimize the adve rse impacts of such grow th. The f o l l owing measures will be ta ken to mobilize re s o u rc e s for imp roving the protection of the env i ro n m e n t: n An incentive - o r i e n ted tax base will be designed so that tax re b a tes and concessions are available to i n d u stries that are clean and/or are vo l u n ta r i ly con- Documenting the informal economy is an economic necessity. tributing to the FSD for other sustainable deve l o p- ment initiatives, irre s p e c t i ve of, or in addition to pollution ch a rges. The credibility of the fund and p roducts and production and marketing of local l evel of contributions would increase if it is man- a rts and craft s . a ged transpare n t ly and objective ly. A local Ste e r i n g n Ba l o ch i s tan ’s informal economy is larger than its for- G roup that includes re p re s e n ta t i ves of EPA, mal economy, and all of it is outside the tax net. The I n d u stries, Trade, Minerals and Labour and pr ocess of bringing it into the tax net will star t M a np ower Department, local industries, NGOs and thr ough a documentation survey for increasing fed e r - other contributo rs will manage the fund. Anoth e r al, provincial and district revenues. Here again, an o ption is to give tax concessions to industries th a t in c e n t i v e-based tax ation system needs to be designed. will be using a certain perce n ta g e of their annual income towa rds sustainable development initiative s , Broadening the Tax Base as agreed upon bet ween them and the re p re s e n ta- This is an economic necessity. For too long, Pa k i stan and t i ves of local government and local communities in B a l o ch i stan have defe r red a difficult decision that has a joint forum. had the single most nega t i ve impact on development. A n The part n e rship bet ween the priva te sector and d o c u m e n tation survey will sta rt soon to come to a fa i r NGOs will be useful for specific initiatives that are and transparent system of levying ta xes on th e a greed to bet ween them. These initiatives could p rov i n c e’s rich people. r a n ge from a mix of income generation schemes to The long-term vision of Baloch i stan should be self- the re generation and sustainable use of natural reliance, especially in an env i ronment of donor funds re s o u rces, such as the pro p a gation and market i n g d rying up. Inve sting in creating an enabling env i ro n m e n t of medicinal plants, breeding and marketing of fi s h for the priva te sector and civil society institutions is like-
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 303 22 Resource Mobilization for the BCS
NGOs, ge n e r a l ly in rural areas. The approval pro c e s s is simple. The LIFE pro gramme focuses on urban- re l a ted projects of NGOs. These grants are man- a ged by UNDP th rough two separate Selection C o m m i t tees of ex p e rts, which approve the NG O p rojects. The maximum size of a grant for a pro j e c t is US$50,000. Curre n t ly, th ree initiatives are being funded in Baloch i stan: Biodive rsity Conserva t i o n and Sustainable Use in To rghar (Qila Saifullah D i strict); Conservation of the Black Bear; and St re n g thening of an NGO (TA R AQEE), for low- c o st s a n i tation in the suburbs of Quet ta . n Medium-Size Grant (MSG). A ‘fast track’ approval pro- cedure was introduced in 1998 for access to grants larger than US$50,000 and up to US$1 million. There is a simpler procedure for applying for grants up to US$750,000. The mechanism also assists in develop- ing project proposals through PDF Block A up to US$25,000 and PDF Block B up to US$300,000. The criteria for approval of the grant include the global significance of intervention and relevance of the project to one or more of GEF’s programme priority areas. NGOs, private-sector institutions and govern- ment organizations are eligible to apply for the grant. However, the GEF focal point in the Ministry of Env i ronment, Local Government, and Ru r a l Development must endorse the application. The government will help NGOs and others in identifying and developing proposals for an MSG and in the expeditious processing of requests by the GEF focal Children at play. point for the submission to the implementation agency. The implementing agencies for this grant as ly to be more beneficial. The impacts of projects could well as large grant are UNDP, the World Bank and the be enhanced by decentralizing development planning UNEnvironment Programme. and imp l e m e n tation and by creating transparent sys- n GEF Large Grant. This is ge n e r a l ly meant for gov- tems of monitoring and eva l u a t i o n . ernment organizations, but NGOs can also have The government will allocate a specific amount of access if the federal gove r n m e n t’s Economic annual funds for BCS imp l e m e n tation, as is done for A ffa i rs Division endorses an application on the re c- some of the other pro grammes ,such as SAP and th e ommendation of the re l evant provincial gove r n- Pove rty Alleviation Pro gr a m m e . ment and GEF focal point in the Minist ry of E nv i ronment, Local Government and Ru r a l Donor Funding D evelopment.The pro c e d u re for accessing th e I mp o rtant donor funding windows that may be grant is qu i te cumbers o m e . accessed for imp l e m e n tation of the BCS are discussed The European Union is an imp o rtant multilate r a l in this section. donor and its priorities incre a s i n gly are initiatives th a t The Global Env i ronment Facility (GEF) funds initia- a re jointly imp l e m e n ted by the government and inde- t i ves relating to conserving biodive rs i t y, combating cli- pendent institutions in education, health and natural m a te ch a n ge, protecting international wate r s and con- re s o u rce secto rs, including the coastal zone and live- t rolling depletion of the ozone laye r. GEF has the fol- sto ck. The government will seek EU assistance to deve l- l owing mech a n i s m s : op an Inte gr a ted Coastal Zone Management Plan and n Small Grant Pro gramme for NGOs. This is for small for development inte rventions in live sto ck and range- and short - term initiatives to be imp l e m e n ted by lands secto rs .
304 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Resource Mobilization for the BCS 22
The Royal Netherlands Embassy has been a long- term partner in the development of Baloch i stan. Dutch - funded projects include Imp roving the Systems for D evelopment Planning in Baloch i stan, the BCS, th e B a l o ch i stan Community Irrigation and Agr i c u l t u re P roject, Primary Education Quality Imp rove m e n t P roject, Baloch i stan Rural Wa ter and Sanitation, Quet ta Wa ter and Sanitation, the Wa ter Re s e a rch Bure a u , Q u et ta Ka chi Abadis Env i ro n m e n tal Manage m e n t P roject, the Re p ro d u c t i ve Health Project and Support to St re n g thening Pa rt i c i p a to ry Organization. The Dutch funding is also available to SAP and to the Quet ta H e a l thy City Project th rough the World Bank and th e World Health Organization re s p e c t i ve ly. The criteria for D u t ch funding to Pa k i stan is linked to the sta te of p ove rt y, governance and human rights. Pa k i stan is last on the list of 19 Dutch aid-recipient countries, but has been dropped re c e n t ly. The RNE, having supported th e formulation of the BCS, should have a major sta ke in its i mp l e m e n ta t i o n . UNDP has been activel y supporting Balochi s tan ’s de velopment needs. Curren t l y, UNDP is supporting the A rea Development Pro gramme, Baloch i stan in eight upland districts, the Trial District Management Project in Loralai and Jhal Magsi Districts, and the Sustai n a b l e De velopment Netw orking Prog ramme. UNDP is ver y active in sustainable development initiatives and should be inter - es ted in initiatives in the core prog rammes of the BCS. The main interest of the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) in Pakistan is in environ- ment, water and energy sectors. In Balochistan, CIDA’s support has catalyzed action on controlling air pollution in Quetta. Currently, CIDA is supporting the installation of a compressed natural gas (CNG) supply station and the The BCS: benefitting the people. conversion of rickshaws to CNG in Quetta city. After focussing on the national level in the environment sec- ed assistance in studying the various aspects of water tor, CIDA now has as opportunity to assist at provincial supply and sanitation in Quetta and for developing an level through supporting BCS implementation. investment proposal. ADB has also assisted in the Pat The German development age n c y, Deutsch e Feeder Command Area Development Project and G e s s e l s ch a ft für Te ch n i s che Zusammenarbeit (GT Z ) , National Drainage Programme. w h i ch has helped in organizing and mobilizing local com- The World Bank has funded the Balochistan Natural munities in the past, is no longer supporting th e Resource Management Project, which has components B a l o ch i stan Rural Support Pro gramme. GTZ is, howeve r, relating to the institutional st re n g thening of th e p roviding assistance for te chnical training in Planning and Development Department of the EPA, B a l o ch i sta n . Balochistan, and of the Forest Department, as well as Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has natural resource management. The Hingol National Park been assisting the fishermen in coastal areas and has Project is to be funded by GEF through the Bank. provided vehicles and equipment to the Quetta Municipal National Drainage Pro gramme and the Rural Wate r Corporation for solid waste disposal. JICA is also inter- Supply Project are also being funded by the Bank. ested in supporting the construction of delay action All major bilateral donors, including CIDA, NORAD, dams to augment the supply of water to Quetta. RNE, JICA, DFID, GTZ and AusAID have windows for fund- Asian Development Bank (ADB) has recently provid- ing NGO projects.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 305 Chapter 23 Mo n i t o Im p l e m e n t a and Asse Su s t a i n a b ealizing the BCS goal will require continuous mo n i to r ing of the impl e m e n t ation prog ress of Rthe strate g y , as well as periodic assessment of the prog ress that Balochi s t an is making towards sus- tainable devel o p m e n t . Ef fec t i v e monitor ing and assessment syste m s will need to be in place so that the province is able to gau g e its own perfor mance and prog ress regularly and make necessary adjustments to maximize bene- fits from the use of its scarce resources for the wel l - being of the people and ecosyst ems. It would requi r e an over all monitor ing and assessment fram e wor k, an institutional set-up and strengthened institutional ni t o r i n g ca p a c i t i e s . A MONITORING AND AS S E S S M E N T FR A M E W O R K en t a t i o n As the gover nment, priva t e sector , local communi- ties, non-govern m e n t al organizations (NGOs), acade- mia and the media will be active partn e r s in impl e - menting the BCS, a fle xible, parti c i p a to r y and simpl e mo n i to r ing and assessment fram e wor k will be adopt- ed that will monitor , assess and provide fee d b a c k at var ious levels to enable the implementing agencies to se s s i n g tak e action, or correct their course. The salient fea - tures of the monitor ing fram e wor k are: n As a legal obligation, the province will monitor an n u a l l y the impl e m e n t ation of the BCS, including making approp ri a t e institutional arran ge m e n t s , and will assess its prog ress towards sustai n a b i l i t y ever y three to fiv e yea rs . n The BCS monitor ing reports and sustai n a b i l i t y na b i l i t y assessment reports will be widely circu l a t ed and used for course corre c t i o n . n A pre-tes t ed assessment model will be used to Monitoring assess prog ress towards sustai n a b i l i t y . n The objectives of the BCS will be revi e wed and re f ined if need be, by fol l o wing the proc e d u ra l st eps sugges t ed by the model. Implementation n An info rmation management sys tem will be de veloped, keeping in view the requirements of in fo r mation to ver ify indicator s for assessing and Assessing pro g ress towards BCS impl e m e n t ation, as well as human and ecosyst em wel l - b e i n g . n De c e n t r alization of decision-making to distric t and local levels and increased participation of civil Sustainability so c i et y , including local communities, civil society institutions and the media, will be an impo r tan t co m ponent for monitor ing and assessment. 23 Monitoring Implementation and Assessing Sustainability
Monitoring and evaluation at all level is important.
n Pro g ress to address gender concerns, especially the i n stitutional arrangements, reform and st re n g th e n i n g ; role of women in realizing the goal of sustai n a b l e policy and legal ch a n ges; use of economic tools; env i- de velopment in Balochi s tan, will be monitor ed and ro n m e n tal communication and education; and re s o u rc e assessed caref u l l y. allocation and use. There f o re, in view of the BCS objec- n Tim e l y fee d b a c k at each level will be ensured so tha t t i ves, the imp l e m e n tation framework will include an co r re c t i v e measures and actions are tak en by tho s e overall monitoring, as well as regular monitoring of sec- res p o n s i b l e . tor- s p e c i f ic results (outputs, outcomes and imp a c t s ) n In te re s t groups and rou n d t ables set up under the and indicato rs . BCS will be encouraged and supported to assist in mo n i t oring BCS impl e m e n t ation in the rel e vant sec- tor s and thematic area s . Defining Results and n Par ticipation of all stake h o l d e r s in monitoring and In d i c a t o r s assessment will be encouraged . Alongside the Five - Year Plans, the results and indicator s for BCS impl e m e n t ation will be defined and monitore d MONITORING BCS an n u a l l y and during the five - y ear plan exer cise at the pr ovincial level. It will also be useful if this exer cise is IM P L E M E N T ATI O N un d e r tak en at district and local levels, as well as for each stak eholder insti t u t i o n . The Baloch i stan Conservation St r a te g y, when imp l e- A parti c i p a to r y approa c h will be used to define the m e n ted, will be the main instrument for the prov i n c e BCS results and indicator s. All stake h o l d e r s will be invol ved to attain susta i n a b i l i t y, and th e re will be a need to to the ext ent possible. The mechanism of intere s t grou p s e ffe c t i ve ly monitor and rev i ew pro gress and perf o r- and rou n d t ables will be used in order to do this exerc i s e mance in implementing the BCS. This will re qu i re , in an organized way. Each institution at the provi n c i a l among other items, a regular monitoring and rev i ew of le vel, and if possible, at district and local levels, will defin e i mp l e m e n tation mechanisms and processes, including its own results and indicators .
308 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Monitoring Implementation and Assessing Sustainability 23
Operationalizing the BCS n the objectives, results, milestones and indicator s of Monitoring System the BCS have been achi e ved ; n the financial and human res o u r ces, and policy and le g al support requ i r ed to implement the BCS have The Government been provi d e d ; The provincial Planning and Development (P&D) n the desired institutional arrangements have been De p a r tment will have overall responsibility for monitor i n g made, and institutional reform and stre n g th e n i n g im plementing the BCS, and setting up and operationaliz- ha ve been undertake n ; ing monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems at the n ap p ro p r i a t e economic tools have been used; pr ovincial level and in key rel e vant government agen c i e s n env i ro n m e n t al awa reness and commitment have and other stake h o l d e r s. The P&D Department will provi d e i n c reased and env i ro n m e n tal education has guidance and render support to stake h o l d e r s in defin i n g imp r oved; and results, milestones and indicator s, and in building capaci- n the learning and experiences of BCS impl e m e n ta t i o n ty in monitoring and assessment. The str u c t u r e in the ha ve been used to retro f it BCS impl e m e n ta t i o n . P&D Department that deals with M&E and the envi ro n - The objectives and priorities set out in the BCS ment, as well as the Bureau of Stat i s tics (BoS), will have a document need to be rev i ewed eve ry th ree to fi ve key role in monitoring BCS impl e m e n t ation and assessing ye a rs, especially in connection with the fi ve - year plan- su s tai n a b i l i t y . This str u c t u r e will have adequa t e res o u rc e s ning exe rcise. The ch a n ges in the political, social, eco- and its capacities will be enhanced to enable it to play its nomic and env i ro n m e n tal scenario in Baloch i stan and role effec t i ve l y. ex ternal fa c to rs will be ke pt in view. The BCS rev i ew will Ea c h government institution playing an active role in help the province to reva l i d a te or adapt the BCS dire c- BCS impl e m e n t ation, monitoring and assessment of sus- tion, priorities and imp l e m e n tation. It will be useful if tainability will have in-house capacity built in gra d u a l l y to the fi rst rev i ew of the BCS is linked with the rev i ew of mo n i t or its performance and prog ress, and to provi d e the Ninth Fi ve -Year Plan of Baloch i stan, and if an exte r - fe e d b a ck to its senior management, the P&D nal independent assessment is supported by a donor De p a r tment, res p e c t i v e intere s t groups or rou n d ta b l e s a ge n c y. and other stake h o l d e rs . ME A S U R I N G The Private Sector and Civil Society In s t i t u t i o n s PR O G R E S S As in the public sector , private - s e c t or institutions and entities and active NGOs will define results, mileston e s In order to assess whether by implementing the BCS, the and indicator s that the y want to achi e ve in specific time- pr ovince is making prog ress towar d the goal of sustai n - frames. Each of them will crea t e an internal M&E capaci- able development, it will be impo r tant to periodically ty , will monitor performance and prog ress reg u l a r l y and assess the status of people and ecosystems and how pr ovide fee d b a c k to its senior management, the P&D the y are affecting each othe r . A regular assessment will De p a r tment, intere s t groups or rou n d t ables and othe r enable the stake h o l d e r s, including the government of stake h o l d e rs . Ba l o ch i s tan, to know whether effo r ts are being cha n - Nomination of one NGO, such as IUCN, for over a l l nelled in the right direction and if the desired results are co o r dination of and support to civil society insti t u t i o n s being achi e ved . will be ver y useful. Its mandate may also include the ca p a c i t y -building of NGOs, community-based organ i z a - tions and so on, in order to coordi n a t e monitoring and Approach to Sustainability assessment. The lead NGO and the P&D Department will work closely and support each other reg u l a r l y. IU C N , in collaboration with the International Devel o p m e n t Res e a r ch Centre of Canada, has developed a user-f r i e n d - ly, parti c i p a to r y, systematic approa c h to assess and mea- Review of the BCS su r e sustai n a b i l i t y . The method, based on IUCN’s work in Colombia, India and Zimbabwe, has evol ved over the yea r s A periodic revi e w of BCS impl e m e n t ation will be impo r - and has been tes ted in the field by teams working in Asia, tant to assess the ext ent to which: Africa and Latin America.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 309 23 Monitoring Implementation and Assessing Sustainability
The Well-being Assessment Method is based on n collection of necessary information and data measuring the sustainable well-being of people and requ i r ed for the assessment; e c o s ystems, giving equal imp o rtance to both n or ganization of an assessment exerc i s e ; (Appendix 7). If either of the two is unsatisfac to r y or n collection of additional information and data rel a t i n g getting wo rse, then both the syste m ’s and the societ y ’s to the results (outputs, outcomes and impacts) and well-being will be unsustainable. Sustainable deve l o p- in d i c a to r s to be identified in the assessment exerc i s e ; ment th e re f o re, entails imp roving and maintaining th e an d well-being of both . n co mp l e tion of the assessment exer cise and commu- If people continue to live in poverty, facing malnu- nication of the results to all stake h o l d e r s, including trition, oppression, powerlessness or violence, the good the BCS Steering Committee, policy-m a ke r s, decision- health of ecosystems, if it exists at all, is no compensa- ma ke r s, NGOs, line departments, the privat e sector , tion, and well-being will be unsustainable. Similarly, academia and the media, as well as publication of the ecosystems support life and are vital to attain desirable rep o r t for wider circu l a t i o n . standards of life. In the final analysis, the usefulness of 5. Exploring the possibility of using the method at the trade-offs between the needs of people and of ecosys- di s trict and local levels, so that the issues affec t i n g tems would only be short-lived. A sustainable society su s tainable development could be identified and needs to achieve both simultaneously. ad d r essed at those levels as a priority. 6. In t eracting reg u l a r l y with the government of NWFP, wh i c h is pioneering in setting up the system of Setting Up an Assessment assessing prog ress towar ds sustai n a b i l i t y , in order to Sy s t e m tak e advan ta g e of the learning and experiences of that provi n c e . Ba l o ch i s tan will use the Well-being Assessment Method to look at its people and ecosystems periodically. This will be a six-stag e proc e s s . GO V E R N A N C E 1. S etting up an institutional home for assess- ing Baloch i sta n’s pro gress towa rds sustainable The Steering Committee ove rseeing the imp l e m e n ta- de vel o p m e n t . tion of the BCS will ove rsee BCS monitoring and assess- 2. Es tablishing a system of information gat hering and ment of sustainability and will provide high-level guid- rep o r ting. The following cycles of assessment will ance and advice. The Steering Committee will decide on requ i r e validation of information and data to be col- the specific time-frame of the BCS rev i ew, as well as le c t ed, to gau g e the cha n g es in human and ecosys- assessment of Baloch i sta n’s pro gress towa rds susta i n- tem well-being. Keeping in view information gaps and able development. The Steering Committee will consist quality issues, partn e r s and institutions will be identi- of opinion leaders from civil societ y, including the re p- fied, who will provide quality information and data re s e n ta t i ves of political parties, intere s t groups or reg u l a r l y. ro u n d tables and NGOs, senior bure a u c r a c y, the priva te 3 Ca p a c i t y -building of key stake h o l d e r s using the Wel l - se c to r , academia and the media. It will be ch a i red by th e being Assessment Method. IUCN’s Inte r n a t i o n a l Chief Secreta ry. The Steering Committee will meet at Sy stem Assessment Team can help in capacity-b u i l d - l e a st twice a year to assess pro gress and provide guid- ing and setting up an assessment system for the ance, advice and support. The group will establish a pr ovi n c e . S u b - c o m m i t tee in the P&D Department to ta ke re s p o n- 4. Und e r taking an assessment of the well- being of peo- sibility of these functions. The Sub-committee will ple and ecosystems of the province at the star t of h ave re p re s e n tation from and will be supported by th e BCS impl e m e n t ation to define the benchm a r k , and i n stitutional st r u c t u re dealing with M&E, env i ro n m e n t su b s e qu e n t l y ever y thr ee to fiv e yea r s in connection and BoS. wi t h the exer cise of five - y ear plans. All impo r tan t The Steering Committee and its sub-committee will stake h o l d e r s, including government agencies, privat e ha ve the legal cover and mandate to assess Balochi s tan ’s se c to r , communities, civil society institutions, acade- pro g ress towar ds sustainable development and to moni- mia and the media will be invol ved. The assessment tor and revi e w BCS impl e m e n t ation. Ever y six months, at will requ i re : the least, the sub-committee will bring to the notice of n id e n t i f ication of specific stake h o l d e r s to be invol ved the Steering Committee the main findings, observat i o n s in the assessment proc e s s ; and sugges tions rega r ding BCS monitoring, to enable the
310 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Monitoring Implementation and Assessing Sustainability 23
The future of Balochistan lies in its people. la t t er to catal yze action and provide support and direc - it oring agencies at the institutional, district and local tion as needed. le vel s ; Si m i l a r l y, the findings and recommendations of BCS n de velop and institutionalize monitoring and assess- revi e ws and sustainability assessment exer cises will be ment systems for its own need and for the use of all pre s e n t ed to the Committee for consideration and fur- other stake h o l d e rs ; ther action. n enhance partn e r s’ capacity in self-monitoring and The Sub-committee will be mandated to: assessment, to enable them to monitor their own n in t eract with the rel e vant intere s t groups and rou n d - pro g ress and performance, and share the same with tables and invol ve them in the BCS monitoring and their consti t u e n c i e s ; su s tainability assessment; n co o rd i n a t e and interact with the rel e vant BCS stak e- n identify stake h o l d e r s intere s ted in BCS impl e m e n t a- ho l d e r s for mutual learning, experience sharing, cat- tion and in monitoring and assessing prog ress toward s al yzing, supporting and monitor i n g ; su s tai n a b i l i t y , and encourage their parti c i p a t i o n ; n seek regular fee d b a ck / m o n i t oring rep o r t from the n build the monitoring and assessment capacities of P&D Departm e n t ’s sections, line departments and all key stak eholder insti t u t i o n s ; other BCS implementing agen c i e s ; n se t up a system, and proc e d u r es to collect and ana- n pr ovide fee d b a c k to the BCS Steering Committee for lyze information and data requ i r ed at various level s co u r se correction, advice and action; for monitoring and assessment system s ; n publish ye a r ly BCS monitoring re p o rts for wide n mo n i t or BCS impl e m e n t ation annually and assess c i rc u l a t i o n ; Ba l o ch i s tan ’s prog ress towar ds sustainability ever y n or ganize mid-term revi e w of the BCS, submit its fin d - thr ee to fiv e yea r s, and publish rep o r ts for pres e n t a- ings and recommendations to the Steering Committee tion to the Provincial Assembly and BCS Stee r i n g and share these with all other stake h o l d e rs ; Co m m i t t ee, as well as for wider circulation to policy- n use the rep o r t to ref ine the objectives and action m a ke rs, decision-make rs, public re p re s e n ta t i ve s , plans of the BCS and to develop policies, five - ye a r do n o r s, government departments, NGOs, academia plans, persp e c t i v e plans, thre e - y ear rolling and annual and the media; de velopment plans and sectoral prog rammes; and n de f ine BCS results, milestones and indicator s for spe- n exp l o r e possibility of monitoring BCSimp l e m e n ta t i o n ci f ic time-frames at the provincial level and provi d e and assessing prog ress towar d sustainability at dis- guidance and support to BCS implementing and mon- trict and local level s .
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 311
Ap p e n d i c e s Appendix 1 Premises, Objectives and Operating Principles of the NCS
Pr e m i s e s n Unsustainable use and growth is a function of increases in population and per capita consumption. n Cross-sectoral analysis, consisting of ecosystem evaluation and demand assessment, can find a place for every economic need and an economic use for every place. n Abody of multi-sectoral policies and programmes can steer a country towards sustainability more effectively than the current collection of single-sector policies do.
Ai m s n To introduce fundamental changes in work and in lifestyles and habits in order to protect the interests of present as well as future Pa k i s t a n i s . n To facilitate the integration of environmental considerations into the millions of daily economic, social and physical decisions of individuals, households, communities, corporations and government. n To facilitate the incorporation of environmental policy considerations into government’s economic, social, and physical development pr o c e s s e s . n To facilitate the environmental early warning and awareness building roles of NGOs and to obtain early proclamations in favour of environmental objectives, and for NGOs to promote the formulation of, and adherence to, environmental standards. n To harness the energy of the private corporate sector in support of environmentally sensitive processes and products. n To revitalize community-based management for the sustainable use of common resources and infrastructure.
Ob j e c t i v e s Conservation of natural resources: - to maintain essential ecological processes; - to preserve the diversity of natural resources; and - to restore degraded natural resources cost-effectively. Sustainable development: - to ensure the sustainable use of natural resources; - to extract exhaustible resources at rates that do not exceed the creation of substitute capital resources; and - to ensure balanced and diversified development that maintains, if it does not increase, the sum of options available to future generations. Improved efficiency in the use and management of resources: - to improve the efficiencies with which natural resources are used and managed, raising their yields towards their sustainable potential; - to improve the efficiencies with which associated resources and human-derived capital (e.g., community infrastructure) are used and managed; - to give priority to the conservation and improvement of best soils and sweet water; and - to give priority to preventing deterioration of fragile ecosystems with large downstream effects.
Operating Principles n Greater public participation in development and environmental management: - achieve better public awareness of environmental concerns; - encourage public participation and commitment to the amelioration of environmental problems; - create channels for communication of NGO concerns to government and systems for adequate response; and - promote permanence in public participation by enabling, facilitating, and strengthening grassroots institutions and participatory me c h a n i s m s . n Amerger of environment and economics in decision-making: - allocate environmental responsibility to economic decision-makers; and - install environmental monitoring systems. n Durable improvements in the quality of life: - balance natural resources and population numbers; - support durable improvement in the quality of human settlements; - control and prevent pollution; and - give preference to biological solutions.
314 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Appendix 2 Background Paper Authors
1. Water Dr. Abdul Majeed Mr. Jalal-ud-Din Qureshi
2. Agriculture Mr. Arif Masood Ansari Dr. Muhammad Ismail Mr. Mushtaq Ahmed Dr. Muhammad Saeed
3. Livestock and Rangelands Dr. Atiq-ur-Rehman Dr. Faqir Muhammad
4. Forestry and Wildlife Dr. Muhammad Saleem Mr. Ashiq Ahmed Khan
5. Fisheries and Coastal Development Dr. Shahid Amjad
6. Industry Dr. Mirza Arshad Ali Beg
7. Minerals and Mining Dr. Mahmood Siddiqui Shah S. Saad Husain Dr. Muhammad Ali Mirza
8. Energy Mr. Hamid Sarfraz Dr. Muhammad Ali Mirza
9. Urban Environment Prof. Dr. Shabih ul Hassan Zaidi
10. Non-Governmental Organizations Prof. Syed Maqsood-ul-Hassan Rizvi Ms. Nadia Loan
11. Environmental Education and Communication Mr. Ali Raza Rizvi
12. Population, Poverty and Environment Mr. Arif Pervaiz Mr. Shakeel Ahmed Mr. Ghyas-ud-Din Siddiqui
13. Cultural Heritage Dr. Fazal Dad Kakar
14. Environmental Health Dr. A. Q. Sikander Riaz
15. Governance Mr. Iqbal A. Kidwai
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 315 Appendix 3 Key Sectoral Legislation
Land n The Land Acquisition Act, 1894. n Government Grants Act (No. XV), 1895. n Soil Reclamation Act, (No. XXI), 1952. (Amended by Ordinance, 1964, 1965, and amended and extended by Ordinance (No. V), 1964). n West Pakistan Land Reform Regulation, 1959, M.L.R. No. 64. n West Pakistan Land Reform Rules, 1959. n Consolidation of Holdings Ordinance (No. VI), 1960. n West Pakistan Land Reforms (Ejectment of Tenants and to Provide for Buildings) Rules, 1961. n West Pakistan Hill Tract Improvement Ordinance, 1961. n Pat Feeder Canal (Control and Prevention of Alienation of Land) Ordinance (No. IX), 1967. n Land Revenue Act, 1967. n West Pakistan Land Revenue (Conferment of Rights of Ownership) Rules, 1969. n Land Reforms (Amendment) Acts (1973, 1974, 1975).
Forest and Vegetation n Cattle Tress Pass Act, 1871. n Balochistan Forest Regulation, 1890. n Forest Act, (No. XVI) 1927. (Several Notifications regarding protection, regulation of exploitation and designation of protected forests). n Forest Act, 1927 (Application to districts of Kalat, Mekran and Kharan). n The West Pakistan Goats (Restriction) Ordinance (XLII), 1959 and Rules, 1961. n Balochistan Forest Regulation (Amendment) Act, 1974. n The Firewood and Charcoal (Restriction) Act, 1974. n Cutting of Trees (Prohibition Act), 1992.
Wildlife and Protected Areas n Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1890. n Balochistan Wildlife Protection Act (No. XIX), 1974 and Rules. n Balochistan Wildlife Protection Ordinance, 1977. n Pakistan Animal Quarantine Ordinance, 1979. n Balochistan Wildlife Protection (Amendment) Ordinance, 1980.
Water n The Canal and Drainage Act (No. VIII) 1873 and (Amendment) Acts (1952, 1965, 1968, 1970). n The Inter-State Water Dispute Act, (No. 33) 1956. n The West Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority Act, 1958. (Similar Ordinance and Amendment Ordinances, 1958, 1964, 1967). n Determination of Land Revenue and Water Rate Ordinance, (No. IV), 1959 (amended in 1961). n Notification (No. 5174-68/155-CRI) National Calamities (Prevention and Relief) Rules, 1969. Extensive provisions especially in respect of flood control. n Balochistan Canal and Drainage Ordinance, 1980. n Balochistan Water Users Association Ordinance, 1981. n Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997. n The Balochistan Irrigation and Drainage Authority Act, 1997.
316 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Appendix 3
Fisheries and Coastal n West Pakistan Fisheries Ordinance, 1961 and Rules 1964. n Pakistan Coast Guard Ordinance, 1973. n Exclusive Fishery Zone (Regulation of Fishing) Act, 1975 (amended in 1983). n Territorial Waters and Maritime Zones Act, 1976. n Maritime Security Act, 1984. n Balochistan Sea Fisheries (Amendment) Act, 1994. n Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997. n The Balochistan Coastal Development Authority Act, 1998.
Pollution Control n Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 (Section 268 on ‘public nuisance’). n Criminal Procedure Code, 1898 (Section 133). n Factories Act, 1934 (as amended up to Dec. 1975). n Motor Vehicle Act, 1939 and Rules, 1940. n West Pakistan Hazardous Occupations Rules, 1963. n West Pakistan Motor Vehicle Ordinance, 1966. n Agricultural Pesticide Ordinance, 1971. n The West Pakistan Regulation and Control of Loudspeakers and Sound Amplifiers Ordinance (III), 1985. n Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997.
Agriculture n West Pakistan Agriculture Pest Control Ordinance, 1959. n The Agriculture Pesticides Ordinance, 1971. n The Balochistan Agricultural Produce Market Act, 1991. n The Balochistan Agricultural Produce Market Rules, 1995. n The Balochistan Agriculture Income Tax Act, 1996. n Seed Act, 1976.
Livestock n Cattle Tress Pass Act, 1871. n West Pakistan Animal Slaughter Act, 1953. n The West Pakistan Goats (Restriction) Ordinance, 1959 and Rules 1961.
Industry n Boiler Act, 1923. n Factories Act, 1934. n Development of Industries (Federal Control Act), 1949, 1972, 1979. n Pakistan Public Safety Ordinance, 1952. n Balochistan Safety Act. n West Pakistan Standing Order, 1968. n Industrial Relations Ordinance, 1969. n Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 317 Appendix 3
Mining n West Pakistan Regulation of Mines and Mineral Development Act, 1958. n West Pakistan Regulation of Mines and Mineral Development Act, (Repeal) Ordinance, 1969. n Balochistan Mining Concession Rules, 1970. n Balochistan Wildlife Protection Act, 1974. n Balochistan Marble and Coal Minerals Ordinance, 1978. n Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997.
Energy n The Electricity Act (IX), 1910. n Marketing of Petroleum Products (Federal Control Act), 1974. n Pakistan Atomic Energy Ordinance, 1975. n Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997
Urban Environment n Balochistan Water and Sanitation Authority Ordinance, 1988, 1989. n Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997.
Cultural Heritage n Pakistan Antiquities Act, 1975 and Rules.
Local Government n Local Government Ordinance, 1980.
Health n Epidemic Disease Act, 1879, 1958. n Vaccination Act, 1880. n Essential Commodities Act, 1957. n West Pakistan Pure Food Ordinance, 1960.
Information n Telecommunication Ordinance, 1995.
Development n Ziarat Valley Development Ordinance, 1991.
318 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Appendix 4 Key Federal and Provincial Institutions
Federal Institutions n Legislature – Parliament (National Assembly and Senate) and its committees e.g. Public Accounts Committee, Members Privileges Committee, and the various subject committees. n Federal Cabinet, ministries, divisions within ministries, attached departments, and subordinate offices. n Commissions e.g. Public Service Commission, Agriculture Commission (defunct), Agricultural Prices Commission, Privatisation Commission, and Land Reform Commission. n Supreme Court, Shariat Court, tribunals, special courts. n Planning Commission, Economic Co-ordination Committee, Executive Committee of the National Economic Council, Central Development Working Party, and Project Development Working Party in each of the ministries. n Council of Common Interests, National Financial Award, Inter-Provincial Co-ordination Committee, Pakistan Environmental Protection Council, Social Welfare Council, Central Zakat Council, and Council of Islamic Ideology. n Auditor General of Pakistan, Accountant General of Pakistan, Military Comptroller of Audit and Accounts. n Autonomous and semi-autonomous corporations, e.g., Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation, Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation; Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation, Pakistan Television Corporation, Pakistan International Airlines Corporation, Utility Stores Corporation. n Authorities, e.g., National Highway Authority, Corporate Law Authority, Capital Development Authority. n Military (Army, Navy, Air Force), Para-Military Forces, e.g., Frontier Constabulary, Coast Guards, Defence College, and military colleges and schools. n National Administrative Staff College and National Institute of Public Administration. n Pakistan Meteorological Department, Geological Survey of Pakistan, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Arid Zone Research Centre, Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. n Ehtesab Bureau, Prime Minister’s Inspection Team, Federal Investigation Agency. n 2010 Programme (including Good Governance Programme, Poverty Alleviation Programme, and Champions of Reform Programme) – defunct. n Federal Bureau of Statistics and Export Promotion Bureau. n Central Board of Revenue and its departments for taxation and collection of central revenues. n State Bank of Pakistan and development financial institutions, e.g., scheduled banks, Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan, Industrial Development Bank of Pakistan, Federal Bank of Co-operatives, Pakistan Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation (PICIC), Small and Medium Enterprise Development Authority (SMEDA), and Regional Development Finance Corporation (RDFC). n Co m m e r cial organizations, e.g., Wat er and Power Development Auth o r i t y , Sui Southern Gas Compa n y, Sui Nor thern Gas Compa n y, Pak i s tan Telecommunication Corporation Limited, Pak i s tan Rai l w ays, Pak i s tan Pos t Offic e .
Provincial Institutions n Planning and Development Department, Divisional Development Offic e r s, its sections, field agencies (e.g. Ba l o ch i s tan Development Aut hority), prog rammes (e.g. Area Development Prog ramme Balochi s tan, Social Act i o n Pro g ramme and Pover ty Alleviation Prog ramme), and projects (e.g. Balochi s tan Trial District Management Proj e c t ) .
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 319 Appendix 4
n Some of the line departments and their field agencies have planning cells or directorates, e.g., Agriculture Planning Directorate. n Irrigation and Power Department, its field agencies (including Irrigation Department and Water Research Bureau) and programmes or projects, e.g., National Drainage Programme, and Balochistan Community Irrigation and Agriculture Project. n Environment, Wildlife, Livestock, Forests and Tourism Department, its field agencies including Forest Department, Environmental Protection Agency and the Livestock Department. n Agriculture, Cooperative, Food and Fisheries Department and field agencies (e.g., in agriculture sector there are wings for extension, research, education, engineering, and horticulture), Agriculture Research Institute, Deciduous Fruit Development Centre, Agriculture College. Others include Coastal Development Authority (dor- mant), Agriculture and Fisheries Directorates. n Public Health Engineering Department and its field agency. n Health Department, its Directorate General, Bolan Medical College, Institute of Public Health, hospitals, rural health centres, civil dispensaries, and Basic Health Units. n Education, Culture, Sports and Youth Affairs Department, Curriculum Bureau, directorates (e.g. Directorate of Archaeological Museum) and projects including the education component of the Social Action Programme. n Industry, Trade, Minerals and Labour and Manpower Department and its Directorates of Industries, Mineral Development, technical training, and Lasbela Industrial Estate Development Authority. n Population Planning and Social Welfare Department, its directorates and committees. The department is responsible for supporting civil society organizations, managing gender and child labour issues besides popula- tion planning, social security and other social issues. n Services and General Administration and Information Department, its Directorate of Public Relations. n Law Department. n Finance Department. n Home and Tribal Affairs Department with responsibilities of maintaining and overseeing peace, human rights, and travel of foreigners in Balochistan. n Rural Development Academy. n Board of Revenue – custodian of state-owned land and of land rights. n Commissions e.g., Public Service Commission. n Provincial Chief Executive’s Inspection Team. n Haj and Auqaf, Zakat, Library and Archives Department. n University of Balochistan, Balochistan University of Engineering & Technology, professional colleges, e.g. Bolan Medical Collage, Balochistan Agriculture College, other colleges, technical training centres and schools.
320 Balochistan Conservation Strategy Appendix 5 List of Indicated Projects
Planning and Development n BCS Implementation Support Project. n Developing provincial sectoral policies and improving environmental legislation. n Continuous review of all policies, programmes and projects for incorporating poverty alleviation, equity, gender and environment. n Setting up a Land Use Planning Directorate in P&D Department, land use planning and development planning control in Balochistan. n Strengthening applied research (improving focus of and co-ordination in research , and funding of priority research). n Capacity building and institutional development of P&D Department and some key organisations. n Supporting institutional reform and strengthening in select natural resource sectors (Forests and Biodiversity; Livestock and Rangelands; Agriculture; Coastal Fisheries and Development; and Water). n Planning preventive mechanisms for avoiding disasters and emergencies, and developing protocols for manag- ing them in case of occurrence: such as drought, earthquake; bomb blast; industrial accident or accident in transporting, storing, and using toxic substances and inflammable materials; poisoning of water source; short- age of food; strikes of sweeping and cleaning personnel; oil slick in coastal waters; forest fire; choking of sewer and storm water drains; and nuclear radiation. n Developing electronic atlas of Balochistan.
Poverty Alleviation n Medium and long-term planning and implementation for drought management. n Poverty alleviation through good governance, sustainable development and primary environmental care in three pilot districts of Balochistan. n Pilot projects for organisation and empowerment of poor and marginalized groups, supporting them in income generation and equitable use of natural resources. n Water development, irrigation efficiency, watershed management, livestock and range management, health and education as listed under the relevant sectors.
Forests and Biodiversity n Implementation of the management plan of Hazarganji Chiltan National Park. n Planning and management of Dureji Game Reserve. n Recovery and conservation of threatened species of wild animals including Balochistan black bear, straight- horned markhor, Sindh ibex, chinkara, marsh crocodile, houbara bustard, falcons, goitored gazelle. n Designation, planning and management of Zangi Nawar as a ‘Wetland of International Importance’. n Conservation of chilghoza and blue pine forests in Zhob District. n Planning, management and nomination of juniper forests as a ‘World Heritage Site’. n Setting up and managing Protected Areas in Balochistan. n Creating models of collaborative management of state-owned forests and protected areas and replicating Torghar model of community-based management of wildlife. n Management of watersheds and active water recharge zones. n Management of watershed of all existing and potential dams (delay action, storage). n Management of watersheds of all settlements. n Non timber forest products project. n Restoration of mangroves in Miani Hor, Kalmat Bay and Gawatar Bay.
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n Designation, planning and management of Hab Dam, Miani Hor, Astola Island, and marine turtle nesting beaches at Ormara, Pishukan and Jiwani as Ramsar sites. n Planning and management of other key protected areas in Balochistan including Hingol National Park, Raskoh and Takatu. n Sand dune stabilisation to safeguard settlements and other infrastructure in Gwadar and Kharan districts. n Social and farm forestry in uplands, Lasbela District and Nasirabad Division. n Supporting farmers in raising forest nurseries. n External management and programme review of Forest Department. n Promoting sericulture in upland and canal irrigated districts for poverty alleviation.
Environmental Protection n Enhancing capacity of EPA Balochistan. n Raising environmental awareness of government agencies, media, educational institutions, civil society organisa- tions and the private sector. n Building capacity of the private and public sectors in NEQS, EIA, ISO 14000. n Controlling air and noise pollution in Quetta and other urban areas. n Monitoring and controlling air emissions, effluents and solid wastes of industries in Hab, Windar, Gadani and Quetta. n Institutionalising environmental audit of industries. n Compliance of NEQS by industries and local government institutions. n Technical support to EPA Balochistan in setting up and using the laboratory. n Safe incineration of hospital waste. n Use of CNG and lead-free fuel and tuning of vehicles.
Local Government and Rural Development n Raising environmental awareness. n Pro-active planning and up-gradation of existing and new urban areas in Balochistan. n Treatment and re-use of sewerage water in Quetta and other towns. n Solid waste disposal and landfill sites for Quetta and other towns. n Updating and implementing Master Plan of Quetta for making it a healthy and sustainable city. n Empowering and strengthening local government institutions. n Improving co-ordination, information and resources sharing and revenue generation for managing Quetta. n Village development planning and implementation. n Rural water supply and sanitation. n Rural roads; basic health units; primary and technical education; veterinary and breed improvement services; one window comprehensive extension and supply services; micro credit; skill development.
Water n Raising awareness of water issues. n A study on efficacy of existing delay action dams aiming at developing an appropriate site criteria, design options, essentials and monitoring mechanism. n Encouraging harvesting of runoff for sailaba and water conservation for khushkaba cultivation. n Treating and recycling sewage and drain water, especially in Quetta valley.
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n Integrated groundwater recharge and sustainable use demonstration projects. n Setting up a sovereign Water Board (initially for Pishin Lora Basin) for planning, promoting, supporting, and enforcing efficient use of water in Balochistan. n Building capacity for environmental impact assessment of water related projects. n Increasing irrigation efficiency of ground and canal water. n Rural water supply projects. n Arranging additional water supplies for Quetta from outside the valley. n Installing small to medium size desalination plants in coastal towns.
Health n Environmental health education in Balochistan. n Safe disposal of hospital waste. n Preventive health-care. n Establishing/strengthening Environment Health Section in the Institute of Public Health.
Water and Sanitation n Proper disposal and treatment of domestic sewerage and hospital and industrial effluents of Quetta and controlling pollution of groundwater in Quetta. n Planning and managing water supply and sanitation for Quetta. n Rural water supply and sanitation.
Social Welfare n Strengthening the Social Welfare Wing of the Population Planning and Social Welfare Department for promoting the role of civil society institutions by supporting consultative mechanisms such as roundtables, citizens’ fora, and the proposed district environment and development committees. n Community environmental awareness programme. n Strengthening and networking non-governmental and community-based organisations.
Population Planning n Female literacy and empowerment. n Raising awareness through ulema, tribal elders and TBAs and improving family planning services. n Containing Quetta through development planning control and proactively planning and developing another Quetta-like city as well as upgrading existing towns in Balochistan.
Education n Training of trainers in environmental education. n Orientation of teachers on environment. n Infusing and instituting environment in elementary, higher, technical and professional education. n Improving quality of education and making it needs-based.
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n Seasonal (during winter) educational facilities for nomadic/transhumant population in Kachhi plains. n Improving and expanding technical training and professional education.
Fisheries and Coastal Development Short Term n Preparation of an Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan. This should consider comprehensive/environ- ment-friendly development. n Feasibility studies for all potential developments along the coast including initial environmental examination/ environmental impact assessment (EIA). n Establishing and managing protected areas along the coast through community participation. - Mangroves along the coast – Miani Hor, Kalmat Bay Gawatar Bay. - Marine turtle nesting beaches – Astola Island, Ormara, Pishukan, Jiwani; and - Estuaries – Shadi Kaur, Dasht river. n Promoting environment-friendly ecotourism. n Environmental awareness and education targeting government organisations, the private sector, and communities. n Developing and implementing environment-friendly master plans of coastal towns (Gadani, Damb, Ormara, Pasni, Gwadar, and Jiwani). n Training of technicians and fisherfolk in the various aspects of sustainable fisheries. n Direct export of fish from Pasni and Gwadar. n Improving water and sanitation, education, and health coverage. n Income generation opportunities for coastal communities through alternative sources of income. n Coastal ferry service. n Construction of coastal highway, preceded by appropriate EIA and incorporation of the recommendations in project design and implementation.
Long Term n Establishing sustainable towns along the coastal highway, avoiding ribbon growth. n Desalination plants for supply of drinking water. n Establishing industrial estates along the coast for small to medium size industries. n Construction of a motorway to link the coastal areas with other parts of Pakistan, and Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asian Republics.
Agriculture n Developing and promoting cost-effective and feasible practices for efficiency in irrigation by groundwater and canal water. n Promoting rational and safe use of agricultural chemicals and arranging safe disposal of old pesticides. n Rehabilitating waterlogged and saline soils. n Strengthening of agricultural extension services and organising these through multi-disciplinary teams. n Sailaba agriculture development. n Strengthening of Balochistan Agricultural College for needs-based and quality education. n Strengthening of women-in-development support component in the agriculture sector. n Strengthening of agricultural research and information management. n Improving marketing of agricultural produces.
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Industry, Mining and Energy n Enhancing capacity of relevant government organisations and the private sector in PEPA, 1997, NEQS, EIA, workers’ safety, occupational health, ISO 14000 and environmental audit. n Promoting and monitoring workers’ safety, occupational heath, and other environmental considerations in industrial, mining, and energy sectors. n Environmental audit. n Public hearings of IEE/EIAs.
Culture and Tourism n Inventory and maps of cultural and natural resources of Balochistan. n Conservation of cultural resources (architectural, rock carvings/shelters, archaeological, arts, crafts, folklore, music, dance, indigenous knowledge and resource management traditions). n Promotion of tourism in Balochistan, especially in coastal areas. n Improvement of Quetta and Sibi museums. n Developing guided trails and training local guides n Strengthening of institutions related to culture and tourism. n Participation in 2001 Pakistan’s Year of Tourism.
Justice and Accountability n Setting up provincial ombudsman’s office. n Improvement in compliance/enforcement of law. n Improving performance of civil administrators and law enforcing agencies. n Enhancing capacity in statutory and customary law. n Review and updation of environmental legislation.
Services and General Administration/Finance n External management and programme review of key departments for restructuring, strengthening and improving performance. n Reviewing and updating the rules of business, secretariat instructions, and delegation of financial and administrative powers keeping in view the present socio-political conditions and requirements of information sharing, transparency, and accountability. n Improving working conditions in government organisations through improving co-ordination: creating objectivity; inducting responsibility, transparency and accountability; introducing information technology; improving information collection and management; and bringing behavioural change regarding public service.
Information n Promoting information technology and access to information, and raising environmental awareness.
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 325 Appendix 6 Donor-Funded Projects and Programmes in Balochistan, 1998-99 to 2000-2001
Project / Programme Donor NON–SAP RECENTLY COMPLETED First Provincial Highways (90 km) ADB Technical Assistance for Water and Sanitation for Quetta ADB On-Farm Water Management Project Japan Quetta Water Supply Kuwait Quetta Water Supply and Sanitation Project RNE Primary Education Quality Improvement Project (PEQUIP) RNE Balochistan Conservation Strategy (Development Phase) RNE Improving the Systems for Development Planning in Balochistan: IMPLAN RNE Conservation and Management of Juniper Forest (under BNRMP) WB Implementation of Hazarganji Chiltan National Park (under BNRMP) WB Mekran Coast Sand Dune Stabilisation (under BNRMP) WB Rangeland/Watershed Rehabilitation Pilot Programme (under BNRMP) WB Strengthening of Balochistan EPA/Environment Section (under BNRMP) WB Second Family Health Project WB ON-GOING Farm to Market Road (phase II) 202 km ADB Farm to Market Road (phase III) Rural Access Road ADB Second Provincial Highways ADB Second Science Education for Secondary Schools ADB Technical Education Project ADB Flood Protection Sector (phase II) ADB Children’s Hospital, Quetta Germany Advisory Assistance in Instructor Development Basic (Training and Examination) Germany Pat Feeder Command Area Development Project (Nasirabad and Jaffarabad) IFAD Basima Nag Road, Kharan Japan Water Resources Development with Construction of Delay Action Dams Japan (Phase I – Quetta, Mastung, Pishin) Support to Strengthening Participatory Organisation (SPO) RNE Balochistan Hydrometric Network Project RNE Quetta Kachi Abadies and Environmental Management Project (QKAEMP) RNE Reproductive Health Programme Balochistan RNE Sibi Rakhni Road (District Sibi, Kohlu, Barkhan) Saudi Arabia & Kuwait Trial District Management Project (Loralai & Jhal Magsi) UNDP Area Development Programme (ADP) Balochistan UNDP & WFP National Drainage Programme WB Balochistan Community Irrigation and Agriculture Project (Phase II) WB & RNE Hingol National Park - Planning and Management WB/GEF
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Project / Programme Donor Agriculture Research Project, BARB Building, Quetta Construction of Coastal Highway (by Federal Government) IN PIPELINE Provision of Equipment for Bolan Medical College Complex, Quetta Japan Establishment of Fish Processing Unit at Gwadar / Pasni Extension of Olive Plantation/Afforestation at Zhob, Loralai, and Khuzdar Reinvigoration of Inspectorate of Mines, Balochistan Quetta Strengthening of Coal Dust and Gas Testing Laboratory Construction of Kachhi Canal SOCIAL ACTION PROGRAMME RECENTLY COMPLETED Balochistan Primary Education Development Programme WB/RNE ON-GOING Girls Primary Education (Phase II) ADB Middle School Project ADB Teachers Training Project ADB Women Health Project in Balochistan ADB Consolidation and Improvement of Middle Level Education (OECF) Japan Promotion of Primary Education: Provision of Mobile Teacher Training Units and Teaching Kits Japan Programme Assistance to Social Action Programme RNE Low-cost Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Education Project UNICEF Balochistan Rural Water Supply and Sanitation WB/IDA/RNE Promotion of Girls Primary Project II WFP IN PIPELINE Improvement of RHCs, BHUs, by Providing Equipment Japan Water and Sanitation (phase II) UNICEF
Balochistan Conservation Strategy 327 Appendix 7 Well-being Assessment Method
This method argues that sustainable well-being is a combination of human and ecosystem well-being and places equal importance on people and ecosystems. "People are an integral part of the ecosystem. The well-being of one is bound up by the well-being of the other" (Alvi 1997). If either is unsatisfactory or worsening, the society is unsus- tainable. Sustainable development therefore entails improving and maintaining the well-being of both. Human well-being is defined as "a condition in which all members of society are able to determine and meet their needs and have a large range of choices to meet their potential" (Alvi 1999). Similarly, ecosystem well-being is taken as "a condition in which the ecosystem maintains its diversity and quality, and thus its capacity to support people and the rest of life, and its potential to adapt to change and provide a wide range of choices and opportuni- ties for the future" (Alvi 1999). The egg of sustainability (Figure 1) can be good and sustainable only if both the yolk (people’s well-being) and the white (ecosystem well-being) are good. If people continue to live under the Figure 1 Egg of Sustainability clutches of poverty, malnutrition, oppression, powerlessness, or vio- lence, a healthy ecosystem—even if it exists—is no compensation and will be unsustainable in the long run. Ecosystem
Similarly, ecosystems support life Flows (stresses and Flows (benefits and benefits) from people stresses) from and are vital to attain any standards to ecosystem ecosystem to people of life. In the final analysis, trade- offs between the needs of people People and those of ecosystems would only be short-lived, and ultimately a sus- tainable society needs to achieve both together.
Well-being Assessment Method
The WAM proposes a common framework of fiv e dimensions or sets of issues for both human and ecosystem wel l - being. Wit hin this framewor k , users select their own issues and indicators .
Human Well-being Dimensions n He a l t h and population: physical and mental health, disease, mortal i t y , fert i l i t y , and population growt h tren d s . n Wea l t h: the economy, income, pove rt y, material goods, infrastr u c t u r e, basic needs for food, wate r , clothing, and sh e l te r . n Kn o wle d g e and culture: education, stat e of knowle d g e about people and the ecosystem, communication, and sys- tems of beliefs and exp re s s i o n . n Co m m u n i t y : rights and freedom, governance, participation, peace, crime, civil orde r , and insti t u t i o n s . n Equ i t y : distribution of benefits and burdens betw een males and females and among households, ethnic grou p s , and other social divisions.
Ecosystem Well-being Dimensions n Land: the dive rsity and quality of land ecosystems, including their modifications and conve rsion and d e gr a d a t i o n . n Wate r : the diver sity and quality of inland wat er and marine ecosystems, modifications by dams, embankments, and pollution and wat er withd r a wal . n Ai r : local air quality and global atmosphere. n Species and populations: status of wild species and wild and domesti c a t ed (crop and lives toc k) populations.
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n Res o u r ce use: energy and materials, was te generation and disposal, rec y cling, res o u r ce sector s such as agri c u l ture, fisheries, timber, and mining and hunting.
Six-Stage Assessment Cycle A six-stage cycle is used to assess the system (Figure 2)
1. Define system and goals The system includes the people and ecosystem of the area to be assessed. The goal manifests the vision of sus- tainable development and serves as the foundation for determining what the assessment will measure.
Figure 2 Assessment Cycle
6. Map indices and review results
Ecosystem
1. Define system and goal
People
DIMENSIONS
2. Identify issues and ISSUES 5. Combine indicators objectives
{ SUB-ISSUES
3. Choose indicators and performance INDICATORS
4. Measure and map indicators
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2. Identify issues and objectives Issues are the key subjects and concerns of human society and ecosystem that must be analysed to draw a c o mp re h e n s i ve picture of the current situation. Objectives further clarify the goal and the imp roved conditions that should be ach i eve d .
3. Choose indicato rs and perfo rmance cri te ri a I n d i c a to rs are reliable, feasible, measurable, and re p re s e n ta t i ve dimensions of an issue/sub-issue. The key indi- c a to rs are selected for each identified issue. Pe rformance criteria translate the goal and objectives into mea- surable performance and act as sta n d a rds of ach i evement for each indicato r. They serve the basis for putting i n d i c a tor results on a performance scale, so th ey can be combined. The performance criteria will decide th e band (Bad, Po o r, Medium, OK, and Good) a given indicator will go into .
4 . Measure and map indicato rs I n d i c a tor results are re c o rded in their original measurements and given scores on the basis of the perf o r m a n c e c r i teria. The exact position of an indicator is determined in one of the two ways : n b e st performance is the maximum value and wo rst performance is the minimum value, such as life ex p e c tancy at birth; or n b e st performance is the minimum value and the wo rst performance is the maximum value, such as a th re a tened animal species as a perc e n ta ge of total animal species. I n d i c a tor scores are ente red in a database and linked to mapping soft wa re, so that maps showing the con- dition of people and ecosystem can be draw n .
5 . Combine indicato rs The scored indicato rs are combined up the hierarchy. Indicato rs are combined into a sub-issue / issue index , issues into a dimension index, and dimensions into a subsystem (people and ecosystem) index. Elements (indica- to rs, sub-issues, issues, or dimensions) are combined in one of the th ree ways : n Unwe i g h ted ave r a ge: the elements considered to be ro u g h ly equal in imp o rtance are we i g h ted and ave r a ge d . n We i g h ted ave r a ge: Based on their re l a t i ve imp o rtance, the elements are given diffe rent weights, and th e n added and ave r a ge d . n Veto: A lower score overrides a higher score
6. Map indices and rev i ew results Indices are mapped to give a visual reading of results and to reveal the big picture and patterns of perf o r m a n c e . The rev i ew links the assessment to action by analysing the indicato rs and indices; rev i ewing the pattern of p e rformance and the data behind them; determining the issues and areas where imp rovements are most needed; p roposing policies and actions to make the imp rovements; planning the priority actions; and rev i ewing and rev i s i n g p o l i c y, pro gramme, and project objectives and ta rget s .
Barometer of Sustainability The baro m eter of sustainability is a tool used to display the combined indicato rs and results. It is specially designed to show human and ecosystem well-being to gether without submerging one in the other (Fi g u re 3). Its key components are : n Two axes are used: the x-axis for ecosystem well-being and the y-axis for human well-being. This enables e a ch set of indicato rs to be rolled up separate ly and allows analysis of people-ecosystem inte r a c t i o n s . n The axis with the lower score overrides the other axis. For exa mple, a high score for ecosystem we l l - b e i n g c a n n ot offs et a low score for human we l l - b e i n g . n A fi ve-band scale – Bad, Po o r, Medium, OK, and Good – is used to define the health of people and ecosys- tem. Each sector offe rs enough fl exibility for users to place the combined scores pre c i s e ly.
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Figure 3 Barometer of Sustainability
100
Good Good Sustainable 80
OK OK Almost sustainable 60
Medium
Medium 40
Poor Poor Almost unsustainable 20
Bad Bad Unsustainable 0 Bad Poor Medium OK Good
0 20 40 60 80 100
ECOSYSTEM WELL-BEING
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