JAFFERABAD & NASEERABAD FLOOD DISASTER VULNERABILITY AND POLICY OPTIONS FOR ADAPTATION JAFFERABAD & NASEERABAD FLOOD DISASTER VULNERABILITY AND POLICY OPTIONS FOR ADAPTATION JAFFERABAD & NASEERABAD FLOOD DISASTER VULNERABILITY AND POLICY OPTIONS FOR ADAPTATION Acronyms and Abbreviations Preface
CIDA Canadian International Development Agency Pakistan is vulnerable to disasters; the country in Quetta in which high government of icials, has been experiencing repeated disasters with local administration, civil society DCO District coordination Of icer greater frequency ever since the new representatives and local NGO actively millennium has begun. These repeated participated. The analysis, especially policy DDMA District Disaster Management Authority disasters were the loods in 2010, 2011, 2012 recommendations at the end of Volume‐1 have and 2013, a large area and a huge population been put together with valuable inputs from the DFATD Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development has borne the brunt of these disasters. participants of this stakeholders' workshop. Balochistan has had a considerable share of the Volume‐2 is a carefully put together Atlas that DG Director General negative effects of these disasters. UN‐Habitat highlights vulnerability including identi ication during the devastating loods of 2010 and of possible safe areas during repeated loods. DRM Disaster Risk Management afterwards was involved in establishing disaster‐resistant shelters for the effected poor We are grateful to the Canadian Department for DRR Disaster Risk Reduction part of the population in Jafferabad and Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Naseerabad Districts. Since that time and (DFATD) for providing valuable support to FC Field Coordinator during subsequent disasters UN‐Habitat has undertake this useful exercise. We are also FGD Focussed Group Discussion been exploring an opportunity to analyse the grateful to the Pakistan Disaster Management impact of the lood disasters. Authority, local administration and especially GPS Global Positioning System the communities for having participated in In 2013 the Canadian DFATD in response to the collecting ield information. UN‐Habitat staff IMMAP Information Management and Mine Action Programme request of UN‐Habitat provided support for worked very hard to ensure quality collection of conducting vulnerability assessment in these primary data, collation and inal documented PDM Pakistan Meteorological Department two districts with policy recommendations analysis. during repeated disasters. The Balochistan PDMA Provincial Disaster Management Authority Provincial Disaster Management Authority This work by no means is a inal work on lood (PDMA) provided excellent facilitation support disasters in these two districts and many new NGO Non‐governmental organization due to which the present document came into dimensions can be further explored by being. With the extended support of the local interested researchers, practitioners, and NOC No Objection Certi icate administration UN‐Habitat conducted ield readers. We would certainly hope that survey and the analysis. There are two volumes practitioners, of icials and planners would RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete to this work. Volume‐1 is the narrative report in review these two volumes with interest and use UC Union Council which the background, methodology, main policy recommendations to adapt or mitigate indings and policy recommendations are the future effects of disasters for the larger USAID United States Agency for International Development presented. A stakeholders' workshop was held bene it of the people of Balochistan.
Bella Evidente Country Programme Manager, a.i. UN‐Habitat, Pakistan Acronyms and Abbreviations Preface
CIDA Canadian International Development Agency Pakistan is vulnerable to disasters; the country in Quetta in which high government of icials, has been experiencing repeated disasters with local administration, civil society DCO District coordination Of icer greater frequency ever since the new representatives and local NGO actively millennium has begun. These repeated participated. The analysis, especially policy DDMA District Disaster Management Authority disasters were the loods in 2010, 2011, 2012 recommendations at the end of Volume‐1 have and 2013, a large area and a huge population been put together with valuable inputs from the DFATD Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development has borne the brunt of these disasters. participants of this stakeholders' workshop. Balochistan has had a considerable share of the Volume‐2 is a carefully put together Atlas that DG Director General negative effects of these disasters. UN‐Habitat highlights vulnerability including identi ication during the devastating loods of 2010 and of possible safe areas during repeated loods. DRM Disaster Risk Management afterwards was involved in establishing disaster‐resistant shelters for the effected poor We are grateful to the Canadian Department for DRR Disaster Risk Reduction part of the population in Jafferabad and Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Naseerabad Districts. Since that time and (DFATD) for providing valuable support to FC Field Coordinator during subsequent disasters UN‐Habitat has undertake this useful exercise. We are also FGD Focussed Group Discussion been exploring an opportunity to analyse the grateful to the Pakistan Disaster Management impact of the lood disasters. Authority, local administration and especially GPS Global Positioning System the communities for having participated in In 2013 the Canadian DFATD in response to the collecting ield information. UN‐Habitat staff IMMAP Information Management and Mine Action Programme request of UN‐Habitat provided support for worked very hard to ensure quality collection of conducting vulnerability assessment in these primary data, collation and inal documented PDM Pakistan Meteorological Department two districts with policy recommendations analysis. during repeated disasters. The Balochistan PDMA Provincial Disaster Management Authority Provincial Disaster Management Authority This work by no means is a inal work on lood (PDMA) provided excellent facilitation support disasters in these two districts and many new NGO Non‐governmental organization due to which the present document came into dimensions can be further explored by being. With the extended support of the local interested researchers, practitioners, and NOC No Objection Certi icate administration UN‐Habitat conducted ield readers. We would certainly hope that survey and the analysis. There are two volumes practitioners, of icials and planners would RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete to this work. Volume‐1 is the narrative report in review these two volumes with interest and use UC Union Council which the background, methodology, main policy recommendations to adapt or mitigate indings and policy recommendations are the future effects of disasters for the larger USAID United States Agency for International Development presented. A stakeholders' workshop was held bene it of the people of Balochistan.
Bella Evidente Country Programme Manager, a.i. UN‐Habitat, Pakistan Executive Summary Pakistan is vulnerable to disasters and the resulting in exposure to several water borne repeated loods of 2010, 2011 and 2012 have diseases. Lack of education and health related left lasting impact on the people. The vulnerable facilities, where available are not functional. communities of Jafferabad and Naseerabad Poor economic conditions and low living Districts in Baluchistan have also suffered standards of the household make them more adversely during these disasters. There is vulnerable. clearly an outstanding need felt to provide long‐ term solutions for adaptation and mitigation to UN‐Habitat implemented the “Geospatial recurring disasters. This requires vulnerability Mapping of Critical Government Buildings in assessments in disaster prone areas not only of Most Vulnerable Districts of Pakistan”, project currently emerging new dynamics but its whole in 19 districts across Pakistan. As part of the impact on urban growth and preparedness. UN‐ study both Jafferabad and Nasirabad districts' Habitat with funding support of DFATD and administrative buildings were also surveyed. collaborative partnership with the Provincial The surveyed buildings only a few buildings Disaster Management Authority (PDMA) of were found disaster resilient while the rest of Balochistan conducted a disaster vulnerability the buildings were found either vulnerable or assessment in these two districts with the highly vulnerable to loods and earthquakes. purpose of in luencing policy for adaptation. A Stakeholders' workshop represented by the The indings of this study indicate that the most government of icials, local level at two districts, common sources of lood disasters in the area proactive community members and repres‐ were either heavy rains or lash loods. Main entatives of the local civil society that had rich indings of the vulnerability assessment for experience in managing lood relief and both districts are nearly the same ‐ keeping in rehabilitation work was held on 7th November view the seasonal and exceptional height of 2014 in Quetta. The indings of the assessment lood levels these two districts are found to be as well as the relevant indings by the Irrigation very vulnerable and need special attention such Department were discussed and adaptation as as vernacular lood resistant technical constr‐ well as mitigation measures were effectively uction. Challenges include weaker housing debated. The outcome of the stakeholders' structures, paucity of safer potable water, workshop are clearly re lected in the policy trends of water accumulating in ponds after recommendation in Volume‐1, while Volume‐2 rains, absence of properly designed toilet is an Atlas that presents pictorially various facilities, practising of open defecation common dimensions of loods in these two districts in both genders and non‐availability of basic including identi ication of safer areas in case of physical and social services. No waste disposal repeated lood disasters. facilities/systems are available. The living conditions are generally found to be unhygienic, Executive Summary Pakistan is vulnerable to disasters and the resulting in exposure to several water borne repeated loods of 2010, 2011 and 2012 have diseases. Lack of education and health related left lasting impact on the people. The vulnerable facilities, where available are not functional. communities of Jafferabad and Naseerabad Poor economic conditions and low living Districts in Baluchistan have also suffered standards of the household make them more adversely during these disasters. There is vulnerable. clearly an outstanding need felt to provide long‐ term solutions for adaptation and mitigation to UN‐Habitat implemented the “Geospatial recurring disasters. This requires vulnerability Mapping of Critical Government Buildings in assessments in disaster prone areas not only of Most Vulnerable Districts of Pakistan”, project currently emerging new dynamics but its whole in 19 districts across Pakistan. As part of the impact on urban growth and preparedness. UN‐ study both Jafferabad and Nasirabad districts' Habitat with funding support of DFATD and administrative buildings were also surveyed. collaborative partnership with the Provincial The surveyed buildings only a few buildings Disaster Management Authority (PDMA) of were found disaster resilient while the rest of Balochistan conducted a disaster vulnerability the buildings were found either vulnerable or assessment in these two districts with the highly vulnerable to loods and earthquakes. purpose of in luencing policy for adaptation. A Stakeholders' workshop represented by the The indings of this study indicate that the most government of icials, local level at two districts, common sources of lood disasters in the area proactive community members and repres‐ were either heavy rains or lash loods. Main entatives of the local civil society that had rich indings of the vulnerability assessment for experience in managing lood relief and both districts are nearly the same ‐ keeping in rehabilitation work was held on 7th November view the seasonal and exceptional height of 2014 in Quetta. The indings of the assessment lood levels these two districts are found to be as well as the relevant indings by the Irrigation very vulnerable and need special attention such Department were discussed and adaptation as as vernacular lood resistant technical constr‐ well as mitigation measures were effectively uction. Challenges include weaker housing debated. The outcome of the stakeholders' structures, paucity of safer potable water, workshop are clearly re lected in the policy trends of water accumulating in ponds after recommendation in Volume‐1, while Volume‐2 rains, absence of properly designed toilet is an Atlas that presents pictorially various facilities, practising of open defecation common dimensions of loods in these two districts in both genders and non‐availability of basic including identi ication of safer areas in case of physical and social services. No waste disposal repeated lood disasters. facilities/systems are available. The living conditions are generally found to be unhygienic, Contents Introduction ...... 1 History of Flood ...... 5 Table Limitation of the study ...... 7 Table 1: History of Disasters in Jafferabad ...... 7 Table 2: History of Disasters in Naseerabad...... 7 Methodology...... 8 Table 3: Sample Frame for Jafferabad and Naseerabad ...... 8 Quantitative Survey ...... 9 Table 4: Demographic pattern ...... 11 Qualitative Survey ...... 9 Table 5: House ownership in sample households ...... 12 Table 6: Family vulnerability in sample households...... 13 Major Findings ...... 11 Table 7: Households income status ...... 14 Demographic pattern of sample households...... 11 Table 8: Types of construction and condition of houses...... 15 House ownership in sample households...... 11 Table 9: House Structure...... 16 Family vulnerability in sample households ...... 11 Table 10: Type of Plaster for Walls in Sample Households ...... 17 Sources of income, average income and education in sample households ...... 13 Table 11: Water proo ing plaster of roofs in sample households ...... 18 Level of Flood in Jafferabad and Naseerabad ...... 14 Table 12: Type of Plaster for Roofs in Sample Households ...... 18 Types of construction and condition of houses ...... 14 Table 13: Government Buildings Vulnerabilities ...... 19 Pro ile of households in terms of DRR Elements in Housing ...... 16 Table 14: Source of Drinking Water for Sample Households ...... 20 Geospatial Mapping of Critical Government Buildings ...... 18 Table 15: Water Suf iciency in Sample Households...... 21 Drinking Water Sources of Sample Households...... 19 Table 16: Status of Sanitation Facilities in Sample Households...... 22 Water Storage Capacity in Sample Households ...... 19 Table 17: Functionality of Latrines in Sample Households ...... 22 Sanitation facilities in sample households ...... 21 Table 18: Use of Latrines in Sample Households ...... 22 Personal Health & Hygiene ...... 24 Table 19: Reasons for Not Having a Latrine in Sample Households...... 22 Table 20: Place for Defecation used by Sample Households ...... 23 Stakeholders' Recommendations ...... 25 Table 21: Status of Diseases in Sample Households ...... 23 Table 22: Personal Health & Hygiene in Sample Households ...... 24 Conclusions of Field Survey...... 27
Policy Recommendations ...... 28 1.Effective Institutional Response ...... 28 Graphs 2. Planning Preparedness ...... 28 Graph 1: Past Flood History ...... 7 3. Planning for mitigation ...... 29 Graph 2: Demographic pattern...... 11 Graph 3: House ownership...... 12 Annex I: List of Participants of stakeholders Workshop ...... 31 Graph 4: Family vulnerability ...... 12 Graph 5: Households income status...... 13 Graph 6: Education in the sample area...... 14 Maps Graph 7: Level of seasonal and exceptional loods ...... 15 Map 1: Population distribution in Jafferabad and Naseerabad Districts ...... 2 Graph 8: Type of construction and condition of houses ...... 15 Map 2: Past Flood Occurrence ...... 3 Graph 9: Housing structure and occupancy per room ...... 16 Map 3: Earthquake occurrence (1966‐2013) ...... 4 Graph 10: Potential Vulnerabilities to Housing Structure ...... 16 Map 4: Irrigation department Government of Pakistan ...... 6 Graph 11: Government buildings vulnerability...... 18 Map 5: Sample Frame of Jafferabad and Naseerabad Districts ...... 10 Graph 12: Drinking Water Sources of Sample Households...... 20 Map 6: Possible safe areas durring loods ...... 30 Graph 13: Sanitation Facilities in Sample Household ...... 21 Graph 14: Place for Defecation used by Sample Households ...... 23 Graph 15: Status of Diseases in Sample Households ...... 23 Contents Introduction ...... 1 History of Flood ...... 5 Table Limitation of the study ...... 7 Table 1: History of Disasters in Jafferabad ...... 7 Table 2: History of Disasters in Naseerabad...... 7 Methodology...... 8 Table 3: Sample Frame for Jafferabad and Naseerabad ...... 8 Quantitative Survey ...... 9 Table 4: Demographic pattern ...... 11 Qualitative Survey ...... 9 Table 5: House ownership in sample households ...... 12 Table 6: Family vulnerability in sample households...... 13 Major Findings ...... 11 Table 7: Households income status ...... 14 Demographic pattern of sample households...... 11 Table 8: Types of construction and condition of houses...... 15 House ownership in sample households...... 11 Table 9: House Structure...... 16 Family vulnerability in sample households ...... 11 Table 10: Type of Plaster for Walls in Sample Households ...... 17 Sources of income, average income and education in sample households ...... 13 Table 11: Water proo ing plaster of roofs in sample households ...... 18 Level of Flood in Jafferabad and Naseerabad ...... 14 Table 12: Type of Plaster for Roofs in Sample Households ...... 18 Types of construction and condition of houses ...... 14 Table 13: Government Buildings Vulnerabilities ...... 19 Pro ile of households in terms of DRR Elements in Housing ...... 16 Table 14: Source of Drinking Water for Sample Households ...... 20 Geospatial Mapping of Critical Government Buildings ...... 18 Table 15: Water Suf iciency in Sample Households...... 21 Drinking Water Sources of Sample Households...... 19 Table 16: Status of Sanitation Facilities in Sample Households...... 22 Water Storage Capacity in Sample Households ...... 19 Table 17: Functionality of Latrines in Sample Households ...... 22 Sanitation facilities in sample households ...... 21 Table 18: Use of Latrines in Sample Households ...... 22 Personal Health & Hygiene ...... 24 Table 19: Reasons for Not Having a Latrine in Sample Households...... 22 Table 20: Place for Defecation used by Sample Households ...... 23 Stakeholders' Recommendations ...... 25 Table 21: Status of Diseases in Sample Households ...... 23 Table 22: Personal Health & Hygiene in Sample Households ...... 24 Conclusions of Field Survey...... 27
Policy Recommendations ...... 28 1.Effective Institutional Response ...... 28 Graphs 2. Planning Preparedness ...... 28 Graph 1: Past Flood History ...... 7 3. Planning for mitigation ...... 29 Graph 2: Demographic pattern...... 11 Graph 3: House ownership...... 12 Annex I: List of Participants of stakeholders Workshop ...... 31 Graph 4: Family vulnerability ...... 12 Graph 5: Households income status...... 13 Graph 6: Education in the sample area...... 14 Maps Graph 7: Level of seasonal and exceptional loods ...... 15 Map 1: Population distribution in Jafferabad and Naseerabad Districts ...... 2 Graph 8: Type of construction and condition of houses ...... 15 Map 2: Past Flood Occurrence ...... 3 Graph 9: Housing structure and occupancy per room ...... 16 Map 3: Earthquake occurrence (1966‐2013) ...... 4 Graph 10: Potential Vulnerabilities to Housing Structure ...... 16 Map 4: Irrigation department Government of Pakistan ...... 6 Graph 11: Government buildings vulnerability...... 18 Map 5: Sample Frame of Jafferabad and Naseerabad Districts ...... 10 Graph 12: Drinking Water Sources of Sample Households...... 20 Map 6: Possible safe areas durring loods ...... 30 Graph 13: Sanitation Facilities in Sample Household ...... 21 Graph 14: Place for Defecation used by Sample Households ...... 23 Graph 15: Status of Diseases in Sample Households ...... 23 Jafferabad & Naseerabad Jafferabad & Naseerabad 1 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation 2
Map: 1 Popula on distribu on in Jafferabad and INTRODUCTION Naseerabad districts Pakistan is vulnerable to repeated disasters. In solutions for adaptation and perhaps mitigation the last 75 year period (1929‐2005) 25% of the to combat the recurring disasters. Apart from total disasters in the area have increased in the obvious destruction from the disasters, frequency from 56 years between 1929 to there may be other dynamics in play within the 1982, to every 5 years between 2001 and 2005 affected communities which should be alarming 25% of the total disasters in the area The situation seems to have got grimmer as the enough to rethink their life styles . The repeated have increased the country got hit by repeated loods in 2010, disasters may warrant more migration, frequency from56 2011 and 2012. These loods have left a lasting especially of the vulnerable, to cities and the years between 1929 impact on the people, especially the vulnerable. case of expanding slums may become a more to 1982, to every 5 years between 2001 Emergency response, during these repeated serious issue for policy makers to manage. This and 2005 disasters, addressed just the immediate needs requires an assessment of the disaster prone of the people; hence there is clearly an areas to help gauge the impact on urban growth outstanding need to provide long‐term and preparedness.
Jafferabad District Naseerabad District Area 2,445 Sq.kms Area 3387 Sq.kms Popula on 1998 432,817 persons Popula on 1998 245894 persons Male 225,028 (51.99 %) Male 129412 (52.63 %) Female 207,789 (48.01 %) Female 116482 (47.37 %) Sex Ra o (males per 100 females) 108.3 Sex Ra o (males per 100 females) 111.1 Popula on Density 177.0 per Sq. Km Popula on Density 72.6 per Sq. km Urban Popula on 85,523 (19.76 %) Urban Popula on 38,431 (15.63 %) Rural Popula on 347,294 (80.24 %) Rural Popula on 207,463 (84.37 %) Average Household Size 7.1 Average Household Size 6.4 Literacy Ra o (10 +) 18.50% Literacy Ra o (10 +) 12.70% Male 27.50% Male 12.30% Female 8.64% Female 3.30% Popula on ‐ 1981 265,342 Popula on 1981 129,112 Average Annual Growth Rate 2.92% Average Annual Growth Rate 3.86% (1981 ‐ 98) (1981 ‐ 98)
Total Housing Units 60,864 Total Housing Units 38,605 Housing Units having Electricity 39,384 (64.71 %) Housing Units having Electricity 23402 (60.62 %) Housing Units having Piped Water 10,395 (17.08 %) Housing Units having Piped Water 5873 (15.21 %) Housing Units using Gas for Cooking 4,144 (6.81 %) Housing Units using Gas for Cooking 2101 (5.44 %) Administra ve Units Administra ve Units Talukas 02 Talukas 02 Union Councils 33 Union Councils 18 Source Mauzas 229 Mauzas 160 iMMAP (2012), Pakistan emergency situa onal Municipal Commi ee 02 Municipal Commi ee 1 analysis Town Commi ees 01 Town Commi ees ‐ Registered Voters 256,068 Registered Voters1 142,520 Male 134,770 Male 79,641 Female 121,298 Female 62,879 Jafferabad & Naseerabad Jafferabad & Naseerabad 1 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation 2
Map: 1 Popula on distribu on in Jafferabad and INTRODUCTION Naseerabad districts Pakistan is vulnerable to repeated disasters. In solutions for adaptation and perhaps mitigation the last 75 year period (1929‐2005) 25% of the to combat the recurring disasters. Apart from total disasters in the area have increased in the obvious destruction from the disasters, frequency from 56 years between 1929 to there may be other dynamics in play within the 1982, to every 5 years between 2001 and 2005 affected communities which should be alarming 25% of the total disasters in the area The situation seems to have got grimmer as the enough to rethink their life styles . The repeated have increased the country got hit by repeated loods in 2010, disasters may warrant more migration, frequency from56 2011 and 2012. These loods have left a lasting especially of the vulnerable, to cities and the years between 1929 impact on the people, especially the vulnerable. case of expanding slums may become a more to 1982, to every 5 years between 2001 Emergency response, during these repeated serious issue for policy makers to manage. This and 2005 disasters, addressed just the immediate needs requires an assessment of the disaster prone of the people; hence there is clearly an areas to help gauge the impact on urban growth outstanding need to provide long‐term and preparedness.
Jafferabad District Naseerabad District Area 2,445 Sq.kms Area 3387 Sq.kms Popula on 1998 432,817 persons Popula on 1998 245894 persons Male 225,028 (51.99 %) Male 129412 (52.63 %) Female 207,789 (48.01 %) Female 116482 (47.37 %) Sex Ra o (males per 100 females) 108.3 Sex Ra o (males per 100 females) 111.1 Popula on Density 177.0 per Sq. Km Popula on Density 72.6 per Sq. km Urban Popula on 85,523 (19.76 %) Urban Popula on 38,431 (15.63 %) Rural Popula on 347,294 (80.24 %) Rural Popula on 207,463 (84.37 %) Average Household Size 7.1 Average Household Size 6.4 Literacy Ra o (10 +) 18.50% Literacy Ra o (10 +) 12.70% Male 27.50% Male 12.30% Female 8.64% Female 3.30% Popula on ‐ 1981 265,342 Popula on 1981 129,112 Average Annual Growth Rate 2.92% Average Annual Growth Rate 3.86% (1981 ‐ 98) (1981 ‐ 98)
Total Housing Units 60,864 Total Housing Units 38,605 Housing Units having Electricity 39,384 (64.71 %) Housing Units having Electricity 23402 (60.62 %) Housing Units having Piped Water 10,395 (17.08 %) Housing Units having Piped Water 5873 (15.21 %) Housing Units using Gas for Cooking 4,144 (6.81 %) Housing Units using Gas for Cooking 2101 (5.44 %) Administra ve Units Administra ve Units Talukas 02 Talukas 02 Union Councils 33 Union Councils 18 Source Mauzas 229 Mauzas 160 iMMAP (2012), Pakistan emergency situa onal Municipal Commi ee 02 Municipal Commi ee 1 analysis Town Commi ees 01 Town Commi ees ‐ Registered Voters 256,068 Registered Voters1 142,520 Male 134,770 Male 79,641 Female 121,298 Female 62,879 Jafferabad & Naseerabad Jafferabad & Naseerabad 3 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation 4
Map: 2 Map: 3 Past flood occurrence Earthquake occurrence (1966‐2013) Jafferabad & Naseerabad Jafferabad & Naseerabad 3 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation 4
Map: 2 Map: 3 Past flood occurrence Earthquake occurrence (1966‐2013) Jafferabad & Naseerabad Jafferabad & Naseerabad 5 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation 6
UN‐Habitat, during the devastating loods of droughts. Heavy monsoon rains torrential The Chronology of the 2010 Floods in 2010, provided early recovery support to the loods and epidemics have remained a seasonal Jafferabad and Naseerabad Studies done by PMD provincial Government of Balochistan and phenomenon in these districts. Many factors for next 100 years show substantial Sindh. In Balochistan early recovery work was have increased vulnerabilities of the comm‐ Map: 4 increase in concentrated in Jafferabad and Naseerabd. unities against disasters. The occurrence of Irriga on department temperature. These two districts come under the hot and arid disasters in the recent past and related impacts Government of Pakistan Dated : 6-7 August climatic region of the Pakistan. As per the in both districts are given below. The floods of 2010 studies done by Pakistan Meteorological 2010 effected a large proportion of Jafferabad Overflow/breach of Map: 4‐a Sem canal and Uch Department (PMD) for the next 100 years as compared to Naseerabad as seen in the canal Dated : 6‐7 August 2010 Overflow/breach of Sem projection of climate change, it is interesting to graphs. canal and Uch canal note that the region will have an average of 50 C increase in its temperature. The precipitation in The 2010 loods were devastating for these two Map: 4‐b the next 50 years is going to be at an average districts due to a deadly combination of Dated : 12 August 2010 ‐ Breach of Thori bund range of 150‐250 mm, whereas it is likely to unprecedented rain and lash loods. Initially on (Indus) a ‐ Overflow/breach of shahi decrease to an average of ~50 mm till 2090. This 6th & 7th of August, 2010, Uch Canal & Sem b canal and begari canal largest change in mean temperature and Drain in Sohbatpur Sub Tehsil over lowed and 2010 loods devastated Jaffarabad extreme heat wave in the region is expected inundated the surroundings of Sohbatpur Town Map: 4‐c & Naseerabad due to during 2060‐2090. (www.pmd.gov.pk). In the and also the main Dera Allah Yar – Sohbatpur Dated : 14 August 2010 deadly combination recent past, this area was repeatedly hit by road and a number of other link roads. Later on ‐ Emergency decleared in of rain & lash loods. Dera Allah Yar loods and the intensity has been rising with 12th of August, a breach occurred in the Thori ‐ People asked to evacuate ‐ Water surrounded Dera every proceeding lood since 2010 (Map‐2). Band of Indus River due to which Shahi and Allah yar Flood is a potential hazard in Jafferabad and Begari canals emerging from the Indus River Naseerabad Districts. Map 3 shows that over lowed, initially inundating the surro‐ Map: 4‐d earthquakes remain at low intensity (5.0 ‐ 5.7 on unding of Jaffarabad district water lowed Dated : 14 August 2010‐Night ‐ Dera Allah Yar Completely the richter scale) with least occurrence further from high contour area of 185 degree Inundated observed in these districts or adjoining areas. towards low contour area of 175 degree i.e. towards Dera Allah Yar. On the 14th August an c d Map: 4‐e emergency was declared in Dera Allah Yar and Dated : 15‐16 August 2010 ‐ Rojhan Jamali completely History of oods people were asked to evacuate. Flood water inundated Historically, both Jafferabad and Naseerabad inundated old Jaffarabad – Jacobabad road and ‐ Water headed towards Usta Muhammad are prone to disasters like lash loods, heavy on the night between 14th and 15th August, monsoon rains, torrential rains, epidemics and Dera Allah Yar was completely inundated. Map: 4‐f Dated : 17 August 2010 ‐ Water skirted away from Usta Mohammad in the south west direc on ‐ Ghari Khairu & Gandakha Snap inundated ‐ Bachao bund; water headed Post floods assessment towards Baroon ; Usta by UN‐Habitat team in Muhammad was saved Balochistan e f UN-Habitat, PCO/OCHA On the 15th and 16th of August, lood water than 80% area of Jaffarabad District,
further headed south‐west towards Rojhan particularly, the areas of Sohbatpur, Dera Allah The 2010 loods Jamali and the town of Rojhan Jamali was Yar, Rojhan Jamali, Khanpur, Faizabad and effected inundated, it moved onwards to Usta Gandakha. In District Naseerabad 35% area 2,498 Villages Mohammad, however, it out‐skirted Usta including areas of Tehsil Tamboo and Babakot 1,848 houses 172,819 acres of Mohammad from North‐West towards were submerged and in case of Jhall Magsi and cropped area Gandakha Sub Tehsil. On the 19th of August, the Kachhi Districts, 20% area was hit where the 10,000 livestock lost Qaboola protection bund was breached to make damages were caused due to torrential lash 413 education the water low towards Beroon area, thus saving water lowing from upstream areas. buildings damaged. Usta Mohammad. By 20th August, Beroon area of Khirthar Canal, as well as, the surrounding of During the loods of 2007 some 3,551 houses Gandakha Town was completely swamped in were damaged. Losses to the agricultural sector the lood water. The lood water inundated more were noted at an approx. spread of 55,000 acres Jafferabad & Naseerabad Jafferabad & Naseerabad 5 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation 6
UN‐Habitat, during the devastating loods of droughts. Heavy monsoon rains torrential The Chronology of the 2010 Floods in 2010, provided early recovery support to the loods and epidemics have remained a seasonal Jafferabad and Naseerabad Studies done by PMD provincial Government of Balochistan and phenomenon in these districts. Many factors for next 100 years show substantial Sindh. In Balochistan early recovery work was have increased vulnerabilities of the comm‐ Map: 4 increase in concentrated in Jafferabad and Naseerabd. unities against disasters. The occurrence of Irriga on department temperature. These two districts come under the hot and arid disasters in the recent past and related impacts Government of Pakistan Dated : 6-7 August climatic region of the Pakistan. As per the in both districts are given below. The floods of 2010 studies done by Pakistan Meteorological 2010 effected a large proportion of Jafferabad Overflow/breach of Map: 4‐a Sem canal and Uch Department (PMD) for the next 100 years as compared to Naseerabad as seen in the canal Dated : 6‐7 August 2010 Overflow/breach of Sem projection of climate change, it is interesting to graphs. canal and Uch canal note that the region will have an average of 50 C increase in its temperature. The precipitation in The 2010 loods were devastating for these two Map: 4‐b the next 50 years is going to be at an average districts due to a deadly combination of Dated : 12 August 2010 ‐ Breach of Thori bund range of 150‐250 mm, whereas it is likely to unprecedented rain and lash loods. Initially on (Indus) a ‐ Overflow/breach of shahi decrease to an average of ~50 mm till 2090. This 6th & 7th of August, 2010, Uch Canal & Sem b canal and begari canal largest change in mean temperature and Drain in Sohbatpur Sub Tehsil over lowed and 2010 loods devastated Jaffarabad extreme heat wave in the region is expected inundated the surroundings of Sohbatpur Town Map: 4‐c & Naseerabad due to during 2060‐2090. (www.pmd.gov.pk). In the and also the main Dera Allah Yar – Sohbatpur Dated : 14 August 2010 deadly combination recent past, this area was repeatedly hit by road and a number of other link roads. Later on ‐ Emergency decleared in of rain & lash loods. Dera Allah Yar loods and the intensity has been rising with 12th of August, a breach occurred in the Thori ‐ People asked to evacuate ‐ Water surrounded Dera every proceeding lood since 2010 (Map‐2). Band of Indus River due to which Shahi and Allah yar Flood is a potential hazard in Jafferabad and Begari canals emerging from the Indus River Naseerabad Districts. Map 3 shows that over lowed, initially inundating the surro‐ Map: 4‐d earthquakes remain at low intensity (5.0 ‐ 5.7 on unding of Jaffarabad district water lowed Dated : 14 August 2010‐Night ‐ Dera Allah Yar Completely the richter scale) with least occurrence further from high contour area of 185 degree Inundated observed in these districts or adjoining areas. towards low contour area of 175 degree i.e. towards Dera Allah Yar. On the 14th August an c d Map: 4‐e emergency was declared in Dera Allah Yar and Dated : 15‐16 August 2010 ‐ Rojhan Jamali completely History of oods people were asked to evacuate. Flood water inundated Historically, both Jafferabad and Naseerabad inundated old Jaffarabad – Jacobabad road and ‐ Water headed towards Usta Muhammad are prone to disasters like lash loods, heavy on the night between 14th and 15th August, monsoon rains, torrential rains, epidemics and Dera Allah Yar was completely inundated. Map: 4‐f Dated : 17 August 2010 ‐ Water skirted away from Usta Mohammad in the south west direc on ‐ Ghari Khairu & Gandakha Snap inundated ‐ Bachao bund; water headed Post floods assessment towards Baroon ; Usta by UN‐Habitat team in Muhammad was saved Balochistan e f UN-Habitat, PCO/OCHA On the 15th and 16th of August, lood water than 80% area of Jaffarabad District,
further headed south‐west towards Rojhan particularly, the areas of Sohbatpur, Dera Allah The 2010 loods Jamali and the town of Rojhan Jamali was Yar, Rojhan Jamali, Khanpur, Faizabad and effected inundated, it moved onwards to Usta Gandakha. In District Naseerabad 35% area 2,498 Villages Mohammad, however, it out‐skirted Usta including areas of Tehsil Tamboo and Babakot 1,848 houses 172,819 acres of Mohammad from North‐West towards were submerged and in case of Jhall Magsi and cropped area Gandakha Sub Tehsil. On the 19th of August, the Kachhi Districts, 20% area was hit where the 10,000 livestock lost Qaboola protection bund was breached to make damages were caused due to torrential lash 413 education the water low towards Beroon area, thus saving water lowing from upstream areas. buildings damaged. Usta Mohammad. By 20th August, Beroon area of Khirthar Canal, as well as, the surrounding of During the loods of 2007 some 3,551 houses Gandakha Town was completely swamped in were damaged. Losses to the agricultural sector the lood water. The lood water inundated more were noted at an approx. spread of 55,000 acres Jafferabad & Naseerabad Jafferabad & Naseerabad 7 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation 8
and livestock losses was estimated at 1100. In Provincial Government of Balochistan Methodology was conducted by ield teams composed of July 2010 both of the districts were again hit by particularly PDMA are grateful to CIDA‐DAFTD enumerators who were hired through a even greater rain induced lood disaster causing providing funding of this important initiative. The project area has been selected through a competitive selection process. Two of the damage to 57,142 houses, loss of 323,595 acres review of the secondary data on previous enumerators were female (one with each team) of agricultural land and loss of 22,000 livestock . The document presents an assessment disasters in both districts. A multi staged cluster in order to allow and facilitate the collection of In terms of looding types lash loods had high methodology, key indings and policy sampling was deployed to identify the target data from a relevant sample of female groups of intensity in 2010, 2011 and 2012. recommendations for consideration by vulnerable villages. There are three tehsils in the communities. Quality of data collection was provincial/ local government, policy and ensured through ield coordinator and a each of the districts and in each tehsil one Union Flood in 2010,2011 In the loods of July 2010 2,498 villages were decisions makers. The policy recommendations Council(UC) and ive villages in each of the UC continuous guidance and backstopping was and 2012 affected, 1,848 houses were affected, an were deliberated upon by a wide range of were selected. Considering the resources and provided from country of ice. The survey forms demonstrated high estimated 172,819 cropped area affected, 45 stakeholders; these stakeholders have provided time it was decided to cover 30 villages in six UCs were counter checked by the ield coordinator intensity kms of road was damaged, loss of 10,000 extremely valuable inputs. The provincial of both the districts. The criterion for the on a daily basis where after they were sent to the livestock and an average of 413 educational government is now the custodian of this selection of the village was predetermined country of ice. At the country of ice data was buildings were damaged. document, its analysis and policy options for focusing on those villages which were severely sequentially uploaded on a database for actions effected by repeated loods. Seismic vulner‐ analysis. 300 household level survey forms and UN‐Habitat while implementing early recovery ability was also considered during the selection 30 FGDs were successfully uploaded on the work in these districts was convinced that Limitations of the Study of tehsils. Sampling design was randomly database and its analyses of the date was made adaptation measures could be undertaken in Due to limited time and resources, the study is selected and therefore analysis is representative on the data collected data. The Study is based on order to build resilience at all levels. For this restricted to inding the extent of vulnerability for the entire affected areas of these two primary data as well as discussions with purpose a detailed analysis of the effects of and is not intended to investigating the causes of districts. In each of the selected villages one FGD stakeholders. Both quantitative and qualitative loods on people and government capacity to the two disasters. The preference is more to was conducted and 10 randomly selected collection of primary data was undertaken respond was needed to be effectively addressed. highlight areas of vulnerability as a result of houses were surveyed to record the subjective Sample Frame for Jafferabad and Naseerabad is As a part of the on going support to the repeated lood and policy implications for responses and physical condition of the house presented in Table‐3 below and in map 5. Provincial Government of Balochistan and adaptation or even mitigation. The affects of and other features related to the social, keeping in view UN‐Habitat's own experience loods in the rest of Balochistan may be different economic and environ‐mental vulnerability. Details of the methodology for quantitative and by working in these areas, this document is from the sample area of this study and therefore Data collection tools were developed by a team qualitative collection of primary data are expected to elaborate dimensions of analysis and its policy implications provided in of experts at country of ice with inputs from described further below. vulnerability and suggestions for building this document for planning purposes should be regional experts at the UN‐Habitat country resilience at both community and the used very carefully for other parts of of ice and were ield tested in the survey; Support from Provincial and District government level. UN‐Habitat and the Balochistan.. necessary changes were made as per the ield Governments: At the very beginning of the testing. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), project UN‐Habitat approached DG PDMA household questionnaire and ield observations Balochistan; was briefed on the project's Graph: 1 were used as main tools for the study. expected outcomes, and the project NOC was Past flood history issued well in time by the Provincial Disaster Upon inalization of the data collection tools, Management Authority in Balochistan for both ield coordinator and enumerators were the districts. DG PDMA in appreciation of this provided a detailed orientation and training initiative promised to provide operational and before ield deployment. A survey plan was administrative support for the successful prepared in advance and all the UCs and villages implementation of the survey activities. were identi ied in this survey plan. The survey
District/ Union Council No. of randomly Selected Households for the Survey No. of FGDs held
Hazard Frequency Intensity Year No. of Villages No. of HHs Surveyed No. of villages No. of par cipants Flash floods Monsoon High 2007, 2010, 2011 and 2012 Table: 1 District Jafferabad Torren al rains Monsoon Medium 2010, 2011 and 2012 History of disasters in 1‐Gandakha 5 50 5 117 Jafferabad Epidemics Seasonal Medium Every year Table: 3 2‐Khanpur 5 50 5 127 Drought Rare Low ‐ Sample frame for 3‐Sohra 5 50 5 132 Jafferabad and Naseerabad Hazard Frequency Intensity Year District Naseerabad Table: 2 Flash floods Monsoon High 2010, 2011 and 2012 1‐Aeri 5 50 5 156 History of disasters in Torren al rains Monsoon Medium 2010, 2011 and 2012 2‐Baba Kot 5 50 5 104 Naseerabad Epidemics Seasonal Medium Every year 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 5 50 5 96 Drought Rare Low ‐ Total 6 Union Councils 30 300 30 732 Jafferabad & Naseerabad Jafferabad & Naseerabad 7 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation 8 and livestock losses was estimated at 1100. In Provincial Government of Balochistan Methodology was conducted by ield teams composed of July 2010 both of the districts were again hit by particularly PDMA are grateful to CIDA‐DAFTD enumerators who were hired through a even greater rain induced lood disaster causing providing funding of this important initiative. The project area has been selected through a competitive selection process. Two of the damage to 57,142 houses, loss of 323,595 acres review of the secondary data on previous enumerators were female (one with each team) of agricultural land and loss of 22,000 livestock . The document presents an assessment disasters in both districts. A multi staged cluster in order to allow and facilitate the collection of In terms of looding types lash loods had high methodology, key indings and policy sampling was deployed to identify the target data from a relevant sample of female groups of intensity in 2010, 2011 and 2012. recommendations for consideration by vulnerable villages. There are three tehsils in the communities. Quality of data collection was provincial/ local government, policy and ensured through ield coordinator and a each of the districts and in each tehsil one Union Flood in 2010,2011 In the loods of July 2010 2,498 villages were decisions makers. The policy recommendations Council(UC) and ive villages in each of the UC continuous guidance and backstopping was and 2012 affected, 1,848 houses were affected, an were deliberated upon by a wide range of were selected. Considering the resources and provided from country of ice. The survey forms demonstrated high estimated 172,819 cropped area affected, 45 stakeholders; these stakeholders have provided time it was decided to cover 30 villages in six UCs were counter checked by the ield coordinator intensity kms of road was damaged, loss of 10,000 extremely valuable inputs. The provincial of both the districts. The criterion for the on a daily basis where after they were sent to the livestock and an average of 413 educational government is now the custodian of this selection of the village was predetermined country of ice. At the country of ice data was buildings were damaged. document, its analysis and policy options for focusing on those villages which were severely sequentially uploaded on a database for actions effected by repeated loods. Seismic vulner‐ analysis. 300 household level survey forms and UN‐Habitat while implementing early recovery ability was also considered during the selection 30 FGDs were successfully uploaded on the work in these districts was convinced that Limitations of the Study of tehsils. Sampling design was randomly database and its analyses of the date was made adaptation measures could be undertaken in Due to limited time and resources, the study is selected and therefore analysis is representative on the data collected data. The Study is based on order to build resilience at all levels. For this restricted to inding the extent of vulnerability for the entire affected areas of these two primary data as well as discussions with purpose a detailed analysis of the effects of and is not intended to investigating the causes of districts. In each of the selected villages one FGD stakeholders. Both quantitative and qualitative loods on people and government capacity to the two disasters. The preference is more to was conducted and 10 randomly selected collection of primary data was undertaken respond was needed to be effectively addressed. highlight areas of vulnerability as a result of houses were surveyed to record the subjective Sample Frame for Jafferabad and Naseerabad is As a part of the on going support to the repeated lood and policy implications for responses and physical condition of the house presented in Table‐3 below and in map 5. Provincial Government of Balochistan and adaptation or even mitigation. The affects of and other features related to the social, keeping in view UN‐Habitat's own experience loods in the rest of Balochistan may be different economic and environ‐mental vulnerability. Details of the methodology for quantitative and by working in these areas, this document is from the sample area of this study and therefore Data collection tools were developed by a team qualitative collection of primary data are expected to elaborate dimensions of analysis and its policy implications provided in of experts at country of ice with inputs from described further below. vulnerability and suggestions for building this document for planning purposes should be regional experts at the UN‐Habitat country resilience at both community and the used very carefully for other parts of of ice and were ield tested in the survey; Support from Provincial and District government level. UN‐Habitat and the Balochistan.. necessary changes were made as per the ield Governments: At the very beginning of the testing. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), project UN‐Habitat approached DG PDMA household questionnaire and ield observations Balochistan; was briefed on the project's Graph: 1 were used as main tools for the study. expected outcomes, and the project NOC was Past flood history issued well in time by the Provincial Disaster Upon inalization of the data collection tools, Management Authority in Balochistan for both ield coordinator and enumerators were the districts. DG PDMA in appreciation of this provided a detailed orientation and training initiative promised to provide operational and before ield deployment. A survey plan was administrative support for the successful prepared in advance and all the UCs and villages implementation of the survey activities. were identi ied in this survey plan. The survey
District/ Union Council No. of randomly Selected Households for the Survey No. of FGDs held
Hazard Frequency Intensity Year No. of Villages No. of HHs Surveyed No. of villages No. of par cipants Flash floods Monsoon High 2007, 2010, 2011 and 2012 Table: 1 District Jafferabad Torren al rains Monsoon Medium 2010, 2011 and 2012 History of disasters in 1‐Gandakha 5 50 5 117 Jafferabad Epidemics Seasonal Medium Every year Table: 3 2‐Khanpur 5 50 5 127 Drought Rare Low ‐ Sample frame for 3‐Sohra 5 50 5 132 Jafferabad and Naseerabad Hazard Frequency Intensity Year District Naseerabad Table: 2 Flash floods Monsoon High 2010, 2011 and 2012 1‐Aeri 5 50 5 156 History of disasters in Torren al rains Monsoon Medium 2010, 2011 and 2012 2‐Baba Kot 5 50 5 104 Naseerabad Epidemics Seasonal Medium Every year 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 5 50 5 96 Drought Rare Low ‐ Total 6 Union Councils 30 300 30 732 Jafferabad & Naseerabad Jafferabad & Naseerabad 9 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation 10
The project Field Coordinator (FC) remained in a locally recruited staff member or a local school close contact with the local authorities, teacher. This focal person was briefed about the including DCOs for continuous coordination objectives of the survey, With the help of this Randomly selected 300 samples and sharing progress of the project activities. person, 15 to 20 people of the village were households in 6 UC’s The authorities were cooperative in sharing gathered in a community place, i.e. Utak; masjid; of Jaffarabad information along with all kinds of schools or even open areas and discussion was &Naseerabad were administrative support in the ield. In addition initiated using the structured questionnaire. In Map: 5 revived for this study of icial damages data of past loods and other some places more than 20 people were Sample frame of reference data with regards to assessment and gathered. The size of the gathering was kept Jafferabad and Naseerabad districts to develop the Atlas have been provided by limited to not more than 20 people. Just the district governments. closed ended questions were illed and notes were taken for the additional information, In order to derive a sample, the size of the lood perceptions, practices and opinions besides the hit area was reviewed by using both secondary open ended questions. Tape recorders were data and maps showing the impact of loods. used to record the discussion with prior The map of both these districts shows a de ined permission of the participants. After the pattern of looding in an area in the sample UCs. discussion, further facilitation for the house Given the availability of time and resources to hold survey was requested to the group and a complete this vulnerability assessment, the list of total houses in the villages was made with Heavy loods most lood effected 6 union councils, with three the help of drawing village maps and a devastated 19% area of Jaffarabad & each falling in the two districts of Jafferabad and vulnerability screening was also done. Naseerabad Naseerabad, were identi ied (see map 5). Heavy loods devastated about 19 percent of Qualitative Survey Jafferabad and Naseerabad districts in During this FGD a list of houses were made and Balochistan in the 2012 loods. The irrigation random sampling technique was applied to system had been badly damaged in the districts identify the households to be surveyed. After because two main canals and their tributaries the randomization, few other villagers irrigating millions of acres of land were accompanied the survey team and approached damaged. Breaches in the canals at various the selected household. The purpose of the points also caused heavy loods in many areas. survey was briefed to the house owners and questions were asked from them by a social Quantitative Survey mobilizer. Sub engineer took the structural To collect the quantitative data, household information of the houses and documented the questionnaires were administered in sample observation regarding different elements of the villages. The Field coordinator facilitated houses including, basic services, facilities, DRR, discussions and a team member was assigned to hygiene practices, environmental aspects and take notes of the discussion. An activist was documented these aspects to determine its identi ied in each village with the help of either typology and capacity/ vulnerability.
Snap
Focussed groups discussion in progress Jafferabad & Naseerabad Jafferabad & Naseerabad 9 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation 10
The project Field Coordinator (FC) remained in a locally recruited staff member or a local school close contact with the local authorities, teacher. This focal person was briefed about the including DCOs for continuous coordination objectives of the survey, With the help of this Randomly selected 300 samples and sharing progress of the project activities. person, 15 to 20 people of the village were households in 6 UC’s The authorities were cooperative in sharing gathered in a community place, i.e. Utak; masjid; of Jaffarabad information along with all kinds of schools or even open areas and discussion was &Naseerabad were administrative support in the ield. In addition initiated using the structured questionnaire. In Map: 5 revived for this study of icial damages data of past loods and other some places more than 20 people were Sample frame of reference data with regards to assessment and gathered. The size of the gathering was kept Jafferabad and Naseerabad districts to develop the Atlas have been provided by limited to not more than 20 people. Just the district governments. closed ended questions were illed and notes were taken for the additional information, In order to derive a sample, the size of the lood perceptions, practices and opinions besides the hit area was reviewed by using both secondary open ended questions. Tape recorders were data and maps showing the impact of loods. used to record the discussion with prior The map of both these districts shows a de ined permission of the participants. After the pattern of looding in an area in the sample UCs. discussion, further facilitation for the house Given the availability of time and resources to hold survey was requested to the group and a complete this vulnerability assessment, the list of total houses in the villages was made with Heavy loods most lood effected 6 union councils, with three the help of drawing village maps and a devastated 19% area of Jaffarabad & each falling in the two districts of Jafferabad and vulnerability screening was also done. Naseerabad Naseerabad, were identi ied (see map 5). Heavy loods devastated about 19 percent of Qualitative Survey Jafferabad and Naseerabad districts in During this FGD a list of houses were made and Balochistan in the 2012 loods. The irrigation random sampling technique was applied to system had been badly damaged in the districts identify the households to be surveyed. After because two main canals and their tributaries the randomization, few other villagers irrigating millions of acres of land were accompanied the survey team and approached damaged. Breaches in the canals at various the selected household. The purpose of the points also caused heavy loods in many areas. survey was briefed to the house owners and questions were asked from them by a social Quantitative Survey mobilizer. Sub engineer took the structural To collect the quantitative data, household information of the houses and documented the questionnaires were administered in sample observation regarding different elements of the villages. The Field coordinator facilitated houses including, basic services, facilities, DRR, discussions and a team member was assigned to hygiene practices, environmental aspects and take notes of the discussion. An activist was documented these aspects to determine its identi ied in each village with the help of either typology and capacity/ vulnerability.
Snap
Focussed groups discussion in progress Jafferabad & Naseerabad Jafferabad & Naseerabad 11 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation 12
Jafferabad Naseerabad
Graph: 3 Major Findings House ownership As mentioned in Table 1 and 2, the most 16% and 21% respectively. District‐wise dis‐ Lack of lood resistant common sources of loods exhibited in the aggregation shows a higher 69% composition of elements and poor history of the area were either heavy rains or children in Jafferabad while a lower 57% are Jafferabad construction lash loods. The adverse impact of these loods noted in Naseerabad, a similar trend is noted by standards of houses are due to the lack of lood resistant elements USAID‐iMMAP (2012) for both these districts. and occupation on low lying areas. in the construction of the houses at household level and insuf icient measures for resilience at House ownership in sample community level i.e., embankments occupations households District/ Union Council Status of House Ownership on low lying areas, etc. There is a dearth of Predominant proportion (74%) of families own government resources dedicated to disaster the houses they live in , just 23% of the families Owner Tenant Rent free Living Other Total Average household management at local level. Whereas, funds from are residing as tenants. The proportion of District Jafferabad 117 30 1 2 150 size is 6.7 with 68% the provincial government also have not been owners is slightly higher in Jafferabad as of children up to 15 1‐Gandakha 35 14 1 ‐ 50 years of age. allocated for these two lood‐vulnerable compared to Naseerabad while the opposite is Table: 5 2‐Khanpur 46 4 ‐ ‐ 50 districts. true in the case of tenants. House ownership in 3‐Sohra 36 12 ‐ 2 50 sample households Demographic pattern of Family vulnerability in District Naseerabad 106 39 3 2 150 sample households sample households 1‐Aeri 22 28 ‐ ‐ 50 74% famalies own the Table‐4 below presents the demographic Family vulnerability is de ined (for purposes of houses they live in. pattern of sample households. Average this assessment) as a female, child, elderly, 2‐Baba Kot 36 11 3 ‐ 50 household family size is 6.7 members in each of chronic disease sufferer and special person‐ 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 48 ‐ ‐ 2 50 the 300 sample households and bifurcation headed household. According to this de inition shows a high percentage of 68% children of up almost all sample households indicate family sample households, 294 or 98% sample Union Councils families most vulnerable are to 15 years of age. Adult males and females are vulnerability. Out of the total number of 300 households are vulnerable. 13% of sample located in all the three sample areas. Female households in Jafferabad consist of persons vulnerability in Pakistan and especially in the 98% of sample households, based on with special needs (physical disability). Within case of Balochistan, is fairly noticeable in both female‐headed the union councils family vulnerability districts. Such a high proportion of households elderly, child and associated with special needs is higher in with family vulnerability indicate a high physically challenged Graph: 2 Gandakha and Khanpur Union Councils of proportion of vulnerability towards the are vulnerable. Demographic pa ern Jafferabad. District Naseerabad shows 45% recurring disasters. households headed by the elderly. In terms of
District/ Union Council Popula on Total Male Female Children Nos % Nos % Nos % Nos % Table: 4 District Jafferabad 981 120 12% 189 19% 672 69% Graph: 4 1‐Gandakha 323 33% 41 4% 63 6% 219 22% Demographic pa ern Family vulnerability 2‐Khanpur 334 34% 37 4% 55 6% 242 25% 3‐Sohra 324 33% 42 4% 71 7% 211 22% District Naseerabad 1034 211 20% 229 22% 594 57% 1‐Aeri 349 34% 74 7% 80 8% 195 19% 2‐Baba Kot 374 36% 88 9% 80 8% 206 20% 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 311 30% 49 5% 69 7% 193 19% *- Children are below the age of 15 years. Jafferabad & Naseerabad Jafferabad & Naseerabad 11 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation 12
Jafferabad Naseerabad
Graph: 3 Major Findings House ownership As mentioned in Table 1 and 2, the most 16% and 21% respectively. District‐wise dis‐ Lack of lood resistant common sources of loods exhibited in the aggregation shows a higher 69% composition of elements and poor history of the area were either heavy rains or children in Jafferabad while a lower 57% are Jafferabad construction lash loods. The adverse impact of these loods noted in Naseerabad, a similar trend is noted by standards of houses are due to the lack of lood resistant elements USAID‐iMMAP (2012) for both these districts. and occupation on low lying areas. in the construction of the houses at household level and insuf icient measures for resilience at House ownership in sample community level i.e., embankments occupations households District/ Union Council Status of House Ownership on low lying areas, etc. There is a dearth of Predominant proportion (74%) of families own government resources dedicated to disaster the houses they live in , just 23% of the families Owner Tenant Rent free Living Other Total Average household management at local level. Whereas, funds from are residing as tenants. The proportion of District Jafferabad 117 30 1 2 150 size is 6.7 with 68% the provincial government also have not been owners is slightly higher in Jafferabad as of children up to 15 1‐Gandakha 35 14 1 ‐ 50 years of age. allocated for these two lood‐vulnerable compared to Naseerabad while the opposite is Table: 5 2‐Khanpur 46 4 ‐ ‐ 50 districts. true in the case of tenants. House ownership in 3‐Sohra 36 12 ‐ 2 50 sample households Demographic pattern of Family vulnerability in District Naseerabad 106 39 3 2 150 sample households sample households 1‐Aeri 22 28 ‐ ‐ 50 74% famalies own the Table‐4 below presents the demographic Family vulnerability is de ined (for purposes of houses they live in. pattern of sample households. Average this assessment) as a female, child, elderly, 2‐Baba Kot 36 11 3 ‐ 50 household family size is 6.7 members in each of chronic disease sufferer and special person‐ 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 48 ‐ ‐ 2 50 the 300 sample households and bifurcation headed household. According to this de inition shows a high percentage of 68% children of up almost all sample households indicate family sample households, 294 or 98% sample Union Councils families most vulnerable are to 15 years of age. Adult males and females are vulnerability. Out of the total number of 300 households are vulnerable. 13% of sample located in all the three sample areas. Female households in Jafferabad consist of persons vulnerability in Pakistan and especially in the 98% of sample households, based on with special needs (physical disability). Within case of Balochistan, is fairly noticeable in both female‐headed the union councils family vulnerability districts. Such a high proportion of households elderly, child and associated with special needs is higher in with family vulnerability indicate a high physically challenged Graph: 2 Gandakha and Khanpur Union Councils of proportion of vulnerability towards the are vulnerable. Demographic pa ern Jafferabad. District Naseerabad shows 45% recurring disasters. households headed by the elderly. In terms of
District/ Union Council Popula on Total Male Female Children Nos % Nos % Nos % Nos % Table: 4 District Jafferabad 981 120 12% 189 19% 672 69% Graph: 4 1‐Gandakha 323 33% 41 4% 63 6% 219 22% Demographic pa ern Family vulnerability 2‐Khanpur 334 34% 37 4% 55 6% 242 25% 3‐Sohra 324 33% 42 4% 71 7% 211 22% District Naseerabad 1034 211 20% 229 22% 594 57% 1‐Aeri 349 34% 74 7% 80 8% 195 19% 2‐Baba Kot 374 36% 88 9% 80 8% 206 20% 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 311 30% 49 5% 69 7% 193 19% *- Children are below the age of 15 years. Jafferabad & Naseerabad Jafferabad & Naseerabad 13 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation 14
District/ Union Vulnerability in Family District/ Union Status of Household Income Council Council Agriculture Livestock Trade Cra s Manufacture Ar san labour Others Total Female Headed Child Headed Elderly Person Head with Person with Others No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. Chronic disease Special Need District Jafferabad 88 59% 1 1% 49 33% 12 8% 150 No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % 1‐Gandakha 21 42% 23 46% 6 12% 50 Table: 7 District Jafferabad 32 21% 2 1% 40 27% 5 3% 19 13% 52 35% 2‐Khanpur 27 54% 22 44% 1 2% 50 Table: 6 Households source of 1‐Gandakha 6 12% 2 4% 12 24% ‐ 0% 9 18% 21 42% 3‐Sohra 40 80% 1 2% 4 8% 5 10% 50 Income status Family vulnerability in 2‐Khanpur 13 26% ‐ 0% 6 12% 2 4% 6 12% 23 46% sample households District Naseerabad 92 61% 1 1% 5 3% 4 3% 0 0 31 21% 17 11% 150 3‐Sohra 13 26% ‐ 0% 22 44% 3 6% 4 8% 8 16% 1‐Aeri 50 100% 50 District Naseerabad 35 23% 4 3% 68 45% 2 1% 16 11% 25 17% 2‐Baba Kot 33 66% 1 13 26% 3 6% 50 1‐Aeri 14 28% ‐ 0% 28 56% ‐ 0% 6 12% 2 4% 3‐MC Dera Murad 9 18% 5 4 8% 18 36% 14 28% 50 2‐Baba Kot 12 24% 4 8% 22 44% 1 2% 4 8% 7 14% Jamali 3‐MC Dera Murad 9 18% ‐ 0% 18 36% 1 2% 6 12% 16 32% Jamali
60% damages households draw Sources of income, average income (Table 7). This implies that 91% of the income from sample households are below the poverty line. agriculture Graph: 6 income and education in Most surprisingly 10 sample households have 27% labour and the Educa on in the remaining from sample households indicated negligible or no income at all and are sample area trading craft and Majority (60%) of sample households surviving only on charity from family or friends. others. predominantly are drawing their income from The level of education (identi ied with having agriculture, while the next highest proportion passed primary levels or above) also (27%) is in the labour sector. The remaining low demonstrates a dismal picture. Only a small proportion of households is drawing their proportion of 16% of sample households have income by engaging themselves in trading, reported having attained primary or above level crafts and others. Surprisingly sample of education. USAID‐iMMAP 2012 shows an (mud) roof, pacca walls and katcha walls. 91% of samples Sample households were asked to further households drawn households being agrarian have negligible average literacy rate of 24% for the two Level of Flood in Jafferabad less than 1 USD per proportion of less than 1% livestock owners districts. The lood effected areas of these two qualify their house condition by indicating and Naseerabad The level of day (both rearing and/or production). In districts shows even lower literacy levels. 'good', 'fair' and 'bad'. exceptional looding Keeping in view the seasonal and exceptional Naseerabad strikingly 100% of the households Comparison among union councils shows in the sample union in Aeri Union Council are involved in highest proportion of attained education in height of lood level these two districts are very Majority of sample households are extremely councils has agriculture. In Aeri Union Council a very high sample households of 14% is in Dera Murad vulnerable and need special attention such as vulnerable to repeated disasters because touched a high level percentage (56%) of households are identi ied Jamali of District Naseerabad. Not surprising vernacular lood resistant technical majority have 'bad' conditions of katcha roofs of over 7 ft. Average literacy is with elderly headed families (Table 6 above). result of lowest level of education in females is construction. The duration of looding doubles and walls. Majority of the sample households 24% for Jaffarabad & Despite the high percentage of sample noted in Khanpur, Sohra and Aeri Union this vulnerability because building condition is are most vulnerable in terms of the quality of Naseerabad. households being involved in agriculture, Councils. Aeri Union Council also exhibits a also extremely vulnerable. The level of their house construction. A total of 188 out of majority of sample households (274 or 91%) completely unimaginable zero level of exceptional looding in the sample union 245 houses or 76% have 'bad' condition of are drawing less than $ 1 per capita per day education for males. councils has touched a high level of over 7 ft. katcha roofs. In the survey none of the houses Majority of sample This high level of average looding is observed could be classi ied as 'good' condition with households are during 2010, 2011 and 2012 loods. The Union pacca roof. In terms of the walls, majority have extremely vulnerable Jafferabad Naseerabad to repeated disasters Councils of Gandakha (District Jafferabad) and katcha wall types and 188 out of 242 such because majority Aeri (District Naseerabad) are worst hit with 10 houses or 78% are indicated to be in a 'bad' have 'bad' conditions ft and 9 ft level of loods, respectively. The condition. As compared to this majority of the of katcha roofs and Graph: 5 vulnerabilities of people due to housing households of pacca roofs have indicated their walls. Households income status condition are described further below. roofs in 'fair' condition. Majority of the household vulnerability in terms of house Types of construction and construction and condition reside in condition of houses Naseerabad District. The proportion of vulnerable households in the house Table‐8 below provides insight into the type and vulnerability category is equally present in all its condition of the houses that have been three union councils of Naseerabad. categorised in to pacca (solid) roof, katcha Jafferabad & Naseerabad Jafferabad & Naseerabad 13 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation 14
District/ Union Vulnerability in Family District/ Union Status of Household Income Council Council Agriculture Livestock Trade Cra s Manufacture Ar san labour Others Total Female Headed Child Headed Elderly Person Head with Person with Others No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. Chronic disease Special Need District Jafferabad 88 59% 1 1% 49 33% 12 8% 150 No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % 1‐Gandakha 21 42% 23 46% 6 12% 50 Table: 7 District Jafferabad 32 21% 2 1% 40 27% 5 3% 19 13% 52 35% 2‐Khanpur 27 54% 22 44% 1 2% 50 Table: 6 Households source of 1‐Gandakha 6 12% 2 4% 12 24% ‐ 0% 9 18% 21 42% 3‐Sohra 40 80% 1 2% 4 8% 5 10% 50 Income status Family vulnerability in 2‐Khanpur 13 26% ‐ 0% 6 12% 2 4% 6 12% 23 46% sample households District Naseerabad 92 61% 1 1% 5 3% 4 3% 0 0 31 21% 17 11% 150 3‐Sohra 13 26% ‐ 0% 22 44% 3 6% 4 8% 8 16% 1‐Aeri 50 100% 50 District Naseerabad 35 23% 4 3% 68 45% 2 1% 16 11% 25 17% 2‐Baba Kot 33 66% 1 13 26% 3 6% 50 1‐Aeri 14 28% ‐ 0% 28 56% ‐ 0% 6 12% 2 4% 3‐MC Dera Murad 9 18% 5 4 8% 18 36% 14 28% 50 2‐Baba Kot 12 24% 4 8% 22 44% 1 2% 4 8% 7 14% Jamali 3‐MC Dera Murad 9 18% ‐ 0% 18 36% 1 2% 6 12% 16 32% Jamali
60% damages households draw Sources of income, average income (Table 7). This implies that 91% of the income from sample households are below the poverty line. agriculture Graph: 6 income and education in Most surprisingly 10 sample households have 27% labour and the Educa on in the remaining from sample households indicated negligible or no income at all and are sample area trading craft and Majority (60%) of sample households surviving only on charity from family or friends. others. predominantly are drawing their income from The level of education (identi ied with having agriculture, while the next highest proportion passed primary levels or above) also (27%) is in the labour sector. The remaining low demonstrates a dismal picture. Only a small proportion of households is drawing their proportion of 16% of sample households have income by engaging themselves in trading, reported having attained primary or above level crafts and others. Surprisingly sample of education. USAID‐iMMAP 2012 shows an (mud) roof, pacca walls and katcha walls. 91% of samples Sample households were asked to further households drawn households being agrarian have negligible average literacy rate of 24% for the two Level of Flood in Jafferabad less than 1 USD per proportion of less than 1% livestock owners districts. The lood effected areas of these two qualify their house condition by indicating and Naseerabad The level of day (both rearing and/or production). In districts shows even lower literacy levels. 'good', 'fair' and 'bad'. exceptional looding Keeping in view the seasonal and exceptional Naseerabad strikingly 100% of the households Comparison among union councils shows in the sample union in Aeri Union Council are involved in highest proportion of attained education in height of lood level these two districts are very Majority of sample households are extremely councils has agriculture. In Aeri Union Council a very high sample households of 14% is in Dera Murad vulnerable and need special attention such as vulnerable to repeated disasters because touched a high level percentage (56%) of households are identi ied Jamali of District Naseerabad. Not surprising vernacular lood resistant technical majority have 'bad' conditions of katcha roofs of over 7 ft. Average literacy is with elderly headed families (Table 6 above). result of lowest level of education in females is construction. The duration of looding doubles and walls. Majority of the sample households 24% for Jaffarabad & Despite the high percentage of sample noted in Khanpur, Sohra and Aeri Union this vulnerability because building condition is are most vulnerable in terms of the quality of Naseerabad. households being involved in agriculture, Councils. Aeri Union Council also exhibits a also extremely vulnerable. The level of their house construction. A total of 188 out of majority of sample households (274 or 91%) completely unimaginable zero level of exceptional looding in the sample union 245 houses or 76% have 'bad' condition of are drawing less than $ 1 per capita per day education for males. councils has touched a high level of over 7 ft. katcha roofs. In the survey none of the houses Majority of sample This high level of average looding is observed could be classi ied as 'good' condition with households are during 2010, 2011 and 2012 loods. The Union pacca roof. In terms of the walls, majority have extremely vulnerable Jafferabad Naseerabad to repeated disasters Councils of Gandakha (District Jafferabad) and katcha wall types and 188 out of 242 such because majority Aeri (District Naseerabad) are worst hit with 10 houses or 78% are indicated to be in a 'bad' have 'bad' conditions ft and 9 ft level of loods, respectively. The condition. As compared to this majority of the of katcha roofs and Graph: 5 vulnerabilities of people due to housing households of pacca roofs have indicated their walls. Households income status condition are described further below. roofs in 'fair' condition. Majority of the household vulnerability in terms of house Types of construction and construction and condition reside in condition of houses Naseerabad District. The proportion of vulnerable households in the house Table‐8 below provides insight into the type and vulnerability category is equally present in all its condition of the houses that have been three union councils of Naseerabad. categorised in to pacca (solid) roof, katcha Jafferabad & Naseerabad Jafferabad & Naseerabad 15 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation 16
Graph: 7 Graph: 9 Level of seasonal and Housing structure and excep onal floods occupancy per room
District/ Union Council No. of Rooms per House House with No. of Floors 1 2 3 Ground Floor 1st Floor 2nd Floor District Jafferabad 130 20 150 1‐Gandakha 46 4 50 Each households with House accommodation given in Table 9 further due to 'bad' katcha roofs and walls and Table: 9 2‐Khanpur 43 7 50 6.7 members are below also further shows majority of inadequate spacing/ overcrowding adds to the 3‐Sohra 41 9 50 House structure residing in a single households (276 out of 300 or 92%) reside in situation. Compared with international room, against and District Naseerabad 146 4 150 one room houses. This situation is equally bad standard of 2 persons per room is way out of international 1‐Aeri 49 1 50 standard of 2 person both in District Jafferabad and Naseerabad. This proportion with the situation of majority of 2‐Baba Kot 48 2 50 room. implies that each household with an average households residing in these two sample 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 49 1 50 size of 6.7 members is residing in a single room districts. Total 276 24 300 house and majority are vulnerable to disasters Profile of households in terms The above mentioned major components of the of DRR Elements in Housing house construction in Jafferabad and Naseerabad provides a pictures of low to high Non of the DRR The pro ile of households with disaster risk structural vulnerability of houses in case of elements are noted in lood effected houses. Graph: 8 reduction elements is presented below. Five looding. The houses with high plinths level Type of construc on main DRR elements providing protection to than HFL(High Flood Level)and plastered with and condi on of houses against lood are level of plinth, raised cement sand mortar on both sides for water houses foundation, water proo ing of walls and water proo ing purposes gives a low vulnerability of proo ing of roofs. Table‐9 below indicates the damages due to lood. Vulnerability of these required standards of placing DRR components houses depends not only on the building and the situation on‐ground of sample materials but also on standing water depth, households given the highest level of lood level duration, velocity and other factors. For the Most of the houses are in high risk.. experienced in the sample areas. Given these vulnerability analysis, it is important to know lood levels the required and actual levels of the material of the building along with the
District/ Union Council Status of House Condi ons ‐ Numbers raised plinth, plinth protection, raised height of the ground floor or plinth height of a foundation, raised plinth level of pillars, water house. Even though raised plinths and plastered Pacca Roof Type Kacha Roof Type Pacca Waals Type Kaccha Walls Type proo ing plaster of roofs and water proo ing walls in the above mentioned parameters plaster of walls are indicated Table‐9 below. provides a low vulnerability picture but there is Table: 8 G* F* B* G* F* B* G* F* B* G* F* B* None of the standards are followed in the no indication of using a damp proof coarse in Types of construc on District Jafferabad 12 32 4 42 60 3 37 11 38 61 housing construction of sample households. plinth which clearly increases vulnerability of and condi on of 1‐Gandakha 1 14 1 14 20 1 17 1 14 17 The high risk construction in plinth and wall seeping water through capillary action in walls houses 2‐Khanpur 7 14 3 4 22 14 10 3 23 makes houses dangerously vulnerable to loods. and walls are extremely susceptible to collapse. 3‐Sohra 4 4 24 18 2 6 21 21 District Naseerabad 2 2 3 16 127 2 4 1 1 15 127 1‐Aeri 50 2 48 Graph: 10 2‐Baba Kot 6 44 6 44 Poten al vulnerabili es 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 2 2 3 10 33 2 4 1 1 7 35 to housing structure Total 14 34 7 58 187 5 41 12 1 53 188
*- Good: A structure that can withstand ood water with negligible cracks; Fair: A structure that can withstand with minor cracks not more than 30%; and Bad: A structure with no ood resistant elements in it. Jafferabad & Naseerabad Jafferabad & Naseerabad 15 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation 16
Graph: 7 Graph: 9 Level of seasonal and Housing structure and excep onal floods occupancy per room
District/ Union Council No. of Rooms per House House with No. of Floors 1 2 3 Ground Floor 1st Floor 2nd Floor District Jafferabad 130 20 150 1‐Gandakha 46 4 50 Each households with House accommodation given in Table 9 further due to 'bad' katcha roofs and walls and Table: 9 2‐Khanpur 43 7 50 6.7 members are below also further shows majority of inadequate spacing/ overcrowding adds to the 3‐Sohra 41 9 50 House structure residing in a single households (276 out of 300 or 92%) reside in situation. Compared with international room, against and District Naseerabad 146 4 150 one room houses. This situation is equally bad standard of 2 persons per room is way out of international 1‐Aeri 49 1 50 standard of 2 person both in District Jafferabad and Naseerabad. This proportion with the situation of majority of 2‐Baba Kot 48 2 50 room. implies that each household with an average households residing in these two sample 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 49 1 50 size of 6.7 members is residing in a single room districts. Total 276 24 300 house and majority are vulnerable to disasters Profile of households in terms The above mentioned major components of the of DRR Elements in Housing house construction in Jafferabad and Naseerabad provides a pictures of low to high Non of the DRR The pro ile of households with disaster risk structural vulnerability of houses in case of elements are noted in lood effected houses. Graph: 8 reduction elements is presented below. Five looding. The houses with high plinths level Type of construc on main DRR elements providing protection to than HFL(High Flood Level)and plastered with and condi on of houses against lood are level of plinth, raised cement sand mortar on both sides for water houses foundation, water proo ing of walls and water proo ing purposes gives a low vulnerability of proo ing of roofs. Table‐9 below indicates the damages due to lood. Vulnerability of these required standards of placing DRR components houses depends not only on the building and the situation on‐ground of sample materials but also on standing water depth, households given the highest level of lood level duration, velocity and other factors. For the Most of the houses are in high risk.. experienced in the sample areas. Given these vulnerability analysis, it is important to know lood levels the required and actual levels of the material of the building along with the
District/ Union Council Status of House Condi ons ‐ Numbers raised plinth, plinth protection, raised height of the ground floor or plinth height of a foundation, raised plinth level of pillars, water house. Even though raised plinths and plastered Pacca Roof Type Kacha Roof Type Pacca Waals Type Kaccha Walls Type proo ing plaster of roofs and water proo ing walls in the above mentioned parameters plaster of walls are indicated Table‐9 below. provides a low vulnerability picture but there is Table: 8 G* F* B* G* F* B* G* F* B* G* F* B* None of the standards are followed in the no indication of using a damp proof coarse in Types of construc on District Jafferabad 12 32 4 42 60 3 37 11 38 61 housing construction of sample households. plinth which clearly increases vulnerability of and condi on of 1‐Gandakha 1 14 1 14 20 1 17 1 14 17 The high risk construction in plinth and wall seeping water through capillary action in walls houses 2‐Khanpur 7 14 3 4 22 14 10 3 23 makes houses dangerously vulnerable to loods. and walls are extremely susceptible to collapse. 3‐Sohra 4 4 24 18 2 6 21 21 District Naseerabad 2 2 3 16 127 2 4 1 1 15 127 1‐Aeri 50 2 48 Graph: 10 2‐Baba Kot 6 44 6 44 Poten al vulnerabili es 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 2 2 3 10 33 2 4 1 1 7 35 to housing structure Total 14 34 7 58 187 5 41 12 1 53 188
*- Good: A structure that can withstand ood water with negligible cracks; Fair: A structure that can withstand with minor cracks not more than 30%; and Bad: A structure with no ood resistant elements in it. Jafferabad & Naseerabad Jafferabad & Naseerabad 17 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation 18
District/ Union Council Waterproofing plaster of roofs Rain Drainage Pipe Total Snap Yes No Yes No Types of typical One District Jafferabad 119 31 91 59 300 Room Houses 1‐Gandakha 35 15 24 26 100 Table: 11 2‐Khanpur 42 8 31 19 100 Water proofing 3‐Sohra 42 8 36 14 100 plaster of roofs in sample households District Naseerabad 117 33 100 50 300 1‐Aeri 32 18 27 23 100 2‐Baba Kot 46 4 38 12 100 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 39 11 35 15 100 Total 236 64 191 109 600
District/ Union Council Status of Plaster for Roof ‐ Numbers Lime Cement Mud Mud Plus Total District Jafferabad 2 117 119 1‐Gandakha 35 35 Table: 12 2‐Khanpur 2 40 42 Type of plaster for 3‐Sohra 42 42 roofs in sample households District Naseerabad 117 117 1‐Aeri 32 32 District/ Union Council Status of Plaster for Walls ‐ Numbers 2‐Baba Kot 46 46 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 39 39 Lime Cement Mud Mud Plus Total Total 2 234 236 District Jafferabad 24 83 107 Geospatial Mapping of Critical As part of the study both Jafferabad and 1‐Gandakha 3 21 24 Naseerabad districts' administrative buildings UN‐Habitat Table: 10 2‐Khanpur 17 20 37 Government Buildings were surveyed at Jhat Pat and Usta Muhammad implemented a Type of plaster for project “Geospatial walls in sample 3‐Sohra 4 42 46 UN‐Habitat implemented a project “Geospatial Tehsils and in Naseerabad Dera Murad Jamali Mapping of Critical households Mapping of Critical Government Buildings in and Tambo tehsils. The graphs below show the District Naseerabad 3 132 135 Government Most Vulnerable Districts of Pakistan”, in 19 vulnerability status of administrative buildings Buildings in Most 1‐Aeri 46 46 districts across Pakistan. The ield survey was in both districts. In comparison to Naseerabad Vulnerable Districts 2‐Baba Kot 47 47 carried out to assess vulnerability in selected more buildings were found vulnerable in of Pakistan”, in 19 government buildings data was gathered with Jafferabad district. Out of 38 surveyed buildings districts across 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 3 39 42 Pakistan. the help of GPS coordinates and by collecting only 4 buildings were found disaster resilient in Total 27 216 242 key information on structured questionnaires. Jafferabad district; rest of the buildings were The information was cleaned for inconsistency, found either vulnerable or highly vulnerable to Plastering of walls with cement sand mortar Naseerabad is very low as compared to other geo‐referenced and inally presented as loods and earthquake. On the other hand in In comparison to Naseerabad more provides more stability and damp regions of the country therefore vulnerability of digitized geospatial maps and in the shape of Naseerabad district, 8 out of 23 buildings were buildings were found proo ing/water proo ing but this also depends roof in case of rains is minimum. graphically highlighted different dimensions of assessed as lesser vulnerable. Table‐13 shows vulnerable in upon the duration of lood water low. If the vulnerability. The geospatial maps present the overall status of building in both the Jafferabad district. lood water gets stagnant for longer periods The reason for using mud plastered roofs in vulnerability of key government buildings districts. these walls may also get damaged. On the other Jafferabad and Naseerabad is mainly because of against different disasters. Construction material used in house hand mud plasters do not have signi icant high temperature in these areas during summer. construction are not resistance to water during loods and thus Mud plastered roof provides more comfort to lood resistant. increases the overall vulnerability of the incumbents during summer than cement structure. In terms of house stability and plastered and reinforced cement concrete (RCC) damp/water proo ing (Table 10) a small roofs. In case of heavy rains and during looding Graph: 11 proportion of only 9% of houses have plastered mud roof increases load on supporting walls Government buildings walls, while overwhelming number of houses which destabilises the structural safety and vulnerabili es (72%) have walls that are vulnerable to lood increase overall vulnerability of structure. The and dampness. There are 58 houses that are walls in majority of the houses are of poor using construction material which is extremely quality and are therefore very likely to collapse vulnerable construction material. The in loods. precipitation (rainfall) in Jafferabad and Jafferabad & Naseerabad Jafferabad & Naseerabad 17 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation 18
District/ Union Council Waterproofing plaster of roofs Rain Drainage Pipe Total Snap Yes No Yes No Types of typical One District Jafferabad 119 31 91 59 300 Room Houses 1‐Gandakha 35 15 24 26 100 Table: 11 2‐Khanpur 42 8 31 19 100 Water proofing 3‐Sohra 42 8 36 14 100 plaster of roofs in sample households District Naseerabad 117 33 100 50 300 1‐Aeri 32 18 27 23 100 2‐Baba Kot 46 4 38 12 100 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 39 11 35 15 100 Total 236 64 191 109 600
District/ Union Council Status of Plaster for Roof ‐ Numbers Lime Cement Mud Mud Plus Total District Jafferabad 2 117 119 1‐Gandakha 35 35 Table: 12 2‐Khanpur 2 40 42 Type of plaster for 3‐Sohra 42 42 roofs in sample households District Naseerabad 117 117 1‐Aeri 32 32 District/ Union Council Status of Plaster for Walls ‐ Numbers 2‐Baba Kot 46 46 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 39 39 Lime Cement Mud Mud Plus Total Total 2 234 236 District Jafferabad 24 83 107 Geospatial Mapping of Critical As part of the study both Jafferabad and 1‐Gandakha 3 21 24 Naseerabad districts' administrative buildings UN‐Habitat Table: 10 2‐Khanpur 17 20 37 Government Buildings were surveyed at Jhat Pat and Usta Muhammad implemented a Type of plaster for project “Geospatial walls in sample 3‐Sohra 4 42 46 UN‐Habitat implemented a project “Geospatial Tehsils and in Naseerabad Dera Murad Jamali Mapping of Critical households Mapping of Critical Government Buildings in and Tambo tehsils. The graphs below show the District Naseerabad 3 132 135 Government Most Vulnerable Districts of Pakistan”, in 19 vulnerability status of administrative buildings Buildings in Most 1‐Aeri 46 46 districts across Pakistan. The ield survey was in both districts. In comparison to Naseerabad Vulnerable Districts 2‐Baba Kot 47 47 carried out to assess vulnerability in selected more buildings were found vulnerable in of Pakistan”, in 19 government buildings data was gathered with Jafferabad district. Out of 38 surveyed buildings districts across 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 3 39 42 Pakistan. the help of GPS coordinates and by collecting only 4 buildings were found disaster resilient in Total 27 216 242 key information on structured questionnaires. Jafferabad district; rest of the buildings were The information was cleaned for inconsistency, found either vulnerable or highly vulnerable to Plastering of walls with cement sand mortar Naseerabad is very low as compared to other geo‐referenced and inally presented as loods and earthquake. On the other hand in In comparison to Naseerabad more provides more stability and damp regions of the country therefore vulnerability of digitized geospatial maps and in the shape of Naseerabad district, 8 out of 23 buildings were buildings were found proo ing/water proo ing but this also depends roof in case of rains is minimum. graphically highlighted different dimensions of assessed as lesser vulnerable. Table‐13 shows vulnerable in upon the duration of lood water low. If the vulnerability. The geospatial maps present the overall status of building in both the Jafferabad district. lood water gets stagnant for longer periods The reason for using mud plastered roofs in vulnerability of key government buildings districts. these walls may also get damaged. On the other Jafferabad and Naseerabad is mainly because of against different disasters. Construction material used in house hand mud plasters do not have signi icant high temperature in these areas during summer. construction are not resistance to water during loods and thus Mud plastered roof provides more comfort to lood resistant. increases the overall vulnerability of the incumbents during summer than cement structure. In terms of house stability and plastered and reinforced cement concrete (RCC) damp/water proo ing (Table 10) a small roofs. In case of heavy rains and during looding Graph: 11 proportion of only 9% of houses have plastered mud roof increases load on supporting walls Government buildings walls, while overwhelming number of houses which destabilises the structural safety and vulnerabili es (72%) have walls that are vulnerable to lood increase overall vulnerability of structure. The and dampness. There are 58 houses that are walls in majority of the houses are of poor using construction material which is extremely quality and are therefore very likely to collapse vulnerable construction material. The in loods. precipitation (rainfall) in Jafferabad and Jafferabad & Naseerabad Jafferabad & Naseerabad 19 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation 20
Naseerabad Jafferabad Vulnerabili es Jafferabad Naseerabad
No. of Buildings Surveyed 38 23 Graph: 12 Table: 13 Highly Vulnerable to Floods 11 2 Drinking water sources of Government buildings Vulnerable to Floods 22 11 vulnerabili es sample households Highly Vulnerable to Earthquake 10 3 Vulnerable to Earthquake 14 8 Non‐Vulnerable 4 8 Surprisingly, sample households have suf icient access to Drinking Water Sources of districts shows that Naseerabad is more water (Table 14) vulnerable than Jafferabad as 19% of however, majority of Sample Households people living in households in the latter use comparatively safer Jafferbabad and Surprisingly, sample households have suf icient sources of water. Naseerabad use access to water (Table 14) however, majority of Snap surface water as their major source of people living in Jafferbabad and Naseerabad use Water Storage Capacity in Water storage and source drinking and other surface water as their major source of drinking Sample Households purposes therefore and other purposes therefore this presents a this presents a health Majority of people use open sources for health hazard (Table 14). This is because open hazard drinking water and other domestic purpose as water sources are generally polluted especially they do not have proper storages to save water. after looding. Table 15 clearly shows 75% of They fetch water usually at least two times twice sample households use surface water/ canal/ a day to ful il their daily needs. Some people also pond resources of water. have hand pumps installed in their houses which serve as drinking water source. During The analysis of Union Councils shows that loods the water level rises and pollutes hand people of Sohra, Aeri and Baba Kot union pump water as well. The people store water in councils are 100% vulnerable to water borne During loods the small pots/ponds and sometimes in drums health hazards. A comparison between the two water level rises and which also washes away in loods. pollutes hand pump water as well.
District/ Union Council Source of Water – Numbers & Percentage
Well Well with Hand Bore with Shallow Transport Communit Surface Others Total pump hand Pump Dug with ed Water y Wss Water Bucket Canal /pond
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Snap District Jafferabad 3 1 51 34 1 1 1 1 94 63 150
Surface water pound 1‐Gandakha 5 10 1 2 44 88 50 Source of drinking Table: 14 2‐Khanpur 3 6 46 92 1 2 50 water for sample households 3‐Sohra 50 100 50 District Naseerabad 20 13 130 87 150 1‐Aeri 50 100 50 2‐Baba Kot 50 100 50 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 20 40 30 60 50 Grand Total 3 1 51 17 1 ‐ 1 ‐ 20 7 224 75 300 Jafferabad & Naseerabad Jafferabad & Naseerabad 19 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation 20
Naseerabad Jafferabad Vulnerabili es Jafferabad Naseerabad
No. of Buildings Surveyed 38 23 Graph: 12 Table: 13 Highly Vulnerable to Floods 11 2 Drinking water sources of Government buildings Vulnerable to Floods 22 11 vulnerabili es sample households Highly Vulnerable to Earthquake 10 3 Vulnerable to Earthquake 14 8 Non‐Vulnerable 4 8 Surprisingly, sample households have suf icient access to Drinking Water Sources of districts shows that Naseerabad is more water (Table 14) vulnerable than Jafferabad as 19% of however, majority of Sample Households people living in households in the latter use comparatively safer Jafferbabad and Surprisingly, sample households have suf icient sources of water. Naseerabad use access to water (Table 14) however, majority of Snap surface water as their major source of people living in Jafferbabad and Naseerabad use Water Storage Capacity in Water storage and source drinking and other surface water as their major source of drinking Sample Households purposes therefore and other purposes therefore this presents a this presents a health Majority of people use open sources for health hazard (Table 14). This is because open hazard drinking water and other domestic purpose as water sources are generally polluted especially they do not have proper storages to save water. after looding. Table 15 clearly shows 75% of They fetch water usually at least two times twice sample households use surface water/ canal/ a day to ful il their daily needs. Some people also pond resources of water. have hand pumps installed in their houses which serve as drinking water source. During The analysis of Union Councils shows that loods the water level rises and pollutes hand people of Sohra, Aeri and Baba Kot union pump water as well. The people store water in councils are 100% vulnerable to water borne During loods the small pots/ponds and sometimes in drums health hazards. A comparison between the two water level rises and which also washes away in loods. pollutes hand pump water as well.
District/ Union Council Source of Water – Numbers & Percentage
Well Well with Hand Bore with Shallow Transport Communit Surface Others Total pump hand Pump Dug with ed Water y Wss Water Bucket Canal /pond
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Snap District Jafferabad 3 1 51 34 1 1 1 1 94 63 150
Surface water pound 1‐Gandakha 5 10 1 2 44 88 50 Source of drinking Table: 14 2‐Khanpur 3 6 46 92 1 2 50 water for sample households 3‐Sohra 50 100 50 District Naseerabad 20 13 130 87 150 1‐Aeri 50 100 50 2‐Baba Kot 50 100 50 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 20 40 30 60 50 Grand Total 3 1 51 17 1 ‐ 1 ‐ 20 7 224 75 300 Jafferabad & Naseerabad Jafferabad & Naseerabad 21 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation 22
District/ Union Council Household level Water Sufficiency – Numbers & Percentage District/ Union Council Households with Latrines (Type of latrine)
For Drinking Purposes For Other Purposes Water Quality Not Available Dry pit Pour flush Pour flush sep c tank Other Total
No. of water % of water No. water % of water No. of Clean % Not Clean % # % # % # % # % # % # % sources sufficiency sources sufficiency sources District Jafferabad 97 65% 12 8% 41 27% 53 35% District Jafferabad Table: 15 1‐Gandakha 34 68% 4 8% 12 24% 16 32% Table: 16 1‐Gandakha 50 100% 50 100% 40 80 10 20 Water sufficiency/water 2‐Khanpur 29 58% 4 8% 17 34% 21 42% Status of sanita on quality issues. 2‐Khanpur 50 100% 50 100% 40 80 10 20 3‐Sohra 34 68% 4 8% 12 24% 16 32% facili es in sample 3‐Sohra 50 100% 50 100% 50 100 households District Naseerabad 96 64% 12 8% 9 6% 6 4% 33 22% 54 36% District Naseerabad 1‐Aeri 50 100% 50 100% 50 100 1‐Aeri 50 100% 0% 2‐Baba Kot 50 100% 50 100% 50 100 2‐Baba Kot 40 80% 6 10 20% 10 20% 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 50 100% 50 100% 50 100 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 6 12% 6 12% 9 18% 6 12% 23 46% 44 88% Total 300 300 27% 73% District/ Union Council Not Fully Par ally Needs Par ally Fully Total Sanitation facilities in addressed. During disasters especially during Available Func onal Func onal Cleaning Damaged Damaged looding open defecation make people more sample households No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % vulnerable towards diseases. Further to that, District Jafferabad 97 65% 31 21% 14 9% 2 1% 6 4% 53 35% the condition of available latrines is also A Small proportion of sample households use Table: 17 alarming as a huge percentage of latrines are 1‐Gandakha 34 68% 8 16% 6 12% 1 2% 1 2% 16 32% Lack of availability of latrine and an overwhelming majority defecate Func onality of adequate latrines at either not functioning fully or partially however, latrines in sample in open. This practice leads to the unhygienic 2‐Khanpur 29 58% 17 34% 4 8% 0% 0% 21 42% households which most of the latrines were found clean which households makes the community disposal of human excreta and makes it more 3‐Sohra 34 68% 6 12% 4 8% 1 2% 5 10% 16 32% re lected a positive behaviour of community more vulnerable to vulnerable with regards to human contact District Naseerabad 96 64% 12 8% 15 10% 1 1% 26 17% 54 36% towards hygiene. Table‐18 indicates that the various diseases which results in spread of diseases. Open which need to be community is regularly using latrine facilities 1‐Aeri 50 100% addressed. defecation has a direct bearing to other cross wherever available which indeed is a very 2‐Baba Kot 40 80% 8 16% 1 2% 1 2% 10 20% cutting aspects and has potential to jeopardize a positive sign indicating the awareness of hygienic and healthy environment. The Tables‐ 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 6 12% 4 8% 14 28% 1 2% 25 50% 44 88% community regarding importance of use of 16 to 18 below clearly indicate a lack of latrine. Table‐19 highlights non‐affordability as availability of adequate latrines at households District/ Union Council Men Women Boys Girls Elders to be the major reason that hinders the which makes the community more vulnerable community using latrines. Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No to various diseases which need to be District Jafferabad 31 4 51 1 48 2 46 2 41 3 1‐Gandakha 7 1 15 15 15 8 Table: 18 Jafferabad Naseerabad 2‐Khanpur 14 1 21 20 1 19 1 14 2 Use of latrines in 3‐Sohra 10 2 15 1 13 1 12 1 19 1 sample households Graph: 13 District Naseerabad 28 51 40 51 2 31 Sanita on facili es in 1‐Aeri sample household 2‐Baba Kot 10 10 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 28 42 40 41 31 Total 59 4 102 1 88 2 97 2 72 3
District/ Union Council HH having HH not having Reason for not having latrine latrine latrine
Cannot Afford No Space Not Enough Water Not Needed
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % District Jafferabad 53 35 97 65% 97 100% Table: 19 Snap 1‐Gandakha 16 11 34 68% 34 100% Reasons for not Temporary latrine 2‐Khanpur 21 14 29 58% 29 100% having a latrine in 3‐Sohra 16 11 34 68% 34 100% sample households District Naseerabad 54 36 96 64% 96 100% 1‐Aeri 0 0 50 100% 50 100% 2‐Baba Kot 10 7 40 80% 40 100% 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 24 16 6 12% 6 100% Jafferabad & Naseerabad Jafferabad & Naseerabad 21 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation 22
District/ Union Council Household level Water Sufficiency – Numbers & Percentage District/ Union Council Households with Latrines (Type of latrine)
For Drinking Purposes For Other Purposes Water Quality Not Available Dry pit Pour flush Pour flush sep c tank Other Total
No. of water % of water No. water % of water No. of Clean % Not Clean % # % # % # % # % # % # % sources sufficiency sources sufficiency sources District Jafferabad 97 65% 12 8% 41 27% 53 35% District Jafferabad Table: 15 1‐Gandakha 34 68% 4 8% 12 24% 16 32% Table: 16 1‐Gandakha 50 100% 50 100% 40 80 10 20 Water sufficiency/water 2‐Khanpur 29 58% 4 8% 17 34% 21 42% Status of sanita on quality issues. 2‐Khanpur 50 100% 50 100% 40 80 10 20 3‐Sohra 34 68% 4 8% 12 24% 16 32% facili es in sample 3‐Sohra 50 100% 50 100% 50 100 households District Naseerabad 96 64% 12 8% 9 6% 6 4% 33 22% 54 36% District Naseerabad 1‐Aeri 50 100% 50 100% 50 100 1‐Aeri 50 100% 0% 2‐Baba Kot 50 100% 50 100% 50 100 2‐Baba Kot 40 80% 6 10 20% 10 20% 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 50 100% 50 100% 50 100 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 6 12% 6 12% 9 18% 6 12% 23 46% 44 88% Total 300 300 27% 73% District/ Union Council Not Fully Par ally Needs Par ally Fully Total Sanitation facilities in addressed. During disasters especially during Available Func onal Func onal Cleaning Damaged Damaged looding open defecation make people more sample households No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % vulnerable towards diseases. Further to that, District Jafferabad 97 65% 31 21% 14 9% 2 1% 6 4% 53 35% the condition of available latrines is also A Small proportion of sample households use Table: 17 alarming as a huge percentage of latrines are 1‐Gandakha 34 68% 8 16% 6 12% 1 2% 1 2% 16 32% Lack of availability of latrine and an overwhelming majority defecate Func onality of adequate latrines at either not functioning fully or partially however, latrines in sample in open. This practice leads to the unhygienic 2‐Khanpur 29 58% 17 34% 4 8% 0% 0% 21 42% households which most of the latrines were found clean which households makes the community disposal of human excreta and makes it more 3‐Sohra 34 68% 6 12% 4 8% 1 2% 5 10% 16 32% re lected a positive behaviour of community more vulnerable to vulnerable with regards to human contact District Naseerabad 96 64% 12 8% 15 10% 1 1% 26 17% 54 36% towards hygiene. Table‐18 indicates that the various diseases which results in spread of diseases. Open which need to be community is regularly using latrine facilities 1‐Aeri 50 100% addressed. defecation has a direct bearing to other cross wherever available which indeed is a very 2‐Baba Kot 40 80% 8 16% 1 2% 1 2% 10 20% cutting aspects and has potential to jeopardize a positive sign indicating the awareness of hygienic and healthy environment. The Tables‐ 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 6 12% 4 8% 14 28% 1 2% 25 50% 44 88% community regarding importance of use of 16 to 18 below clearly indicate a lack of latrine. Table‐19 highlights non‐affordability as availability of adequate latrines at households District/ Union Council Men Women Boys Girls Elders to be the major reason that hinders the which makes the community more vulnerable community using latrines. Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No to various diseases which need to be District Jafferabad 31 4 51 1 48 2 46 2 41 3 1‐Gandakha 7 1 15 15 15 8 Table: 18 Jafferabad Naseerabad 2‐Khanpur 14 1 21 20 1 19 1 14 2 Use of latrines in 3‐Sohra 10 2 15 1 13 1 12 1 19 1 sample households Graph: 13 District Naseerabad 28 51 40 51 2 31 Sanita on facili es in 1‐Aeri sample household 2‐Baba Kot 10 10 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 28 42 40 41 31 Total 59 4 102 1 88 2 97 2 72 3
District/ Union Council HH having HH not having Reason for not having latrine latrine latrine
Cannot Afford No Space Not Enough Water Not Needed
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % District Jafferabad 53 35 97 65% 97 100% Table: 19 Snap 1‐Gandakha 16 11 34 68% 34 100% Reasons for not Temporary latrine 2‐Khanpur 21 14 29 58% 29 100% having a latrine in 3‐Sohra 16 11 34 68% 34 100% sample households District Naseerabad 54 36 96 64% 96 100% 1‐Aeri 0 0 50 100% 50 100% 2‐Baba Kot 10 7 40 80% 40 100% 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 24 16 6 12% 6 100% Jafferabad & Naseerabad Jafferabad & Naseerabad 23 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation 24
Personal Health & Hygiene passed from person to person. Hand washing with soap is very important particularly during 90% sample Graph: 14 Washing hands with soap at critical time is one critical timings, i.e. before eating, before food households do not Place for defeca on used of the most important things that helps to preparation, after defecation and after cleaning wash their hands by sample households prevent and control the spread of many diseases children defecation. Table‐22 below indicates with soap at critical especially in children under ive years of age. that more than 90% sample households do not timings that makes the community more Proper hand washing practices of women, wash their hands with soap at critical timings vulnerable to children and men will really help to reduce the that makes the community more vulnerable to diseases. risk of dihedral diseases like lu, food poisoning diseases. and healthcare associated infections being
District/ Union Council Open Field Shared Open Court Total District/ Union Council Washing Hands with Soap ‐ Percentage (neighbour/ mosque/ Hujra) Before Ea ng Before Food Prepara on A er Defeca on A er Cleaning Children Defeca on
Men Men Men Men Woman Woman Woman Woman Children Children Children Children Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Table: 20 District Jafferabad 15 135 13 137 37 113 10 140 District Jafferabad Place for defeca on used Table: 22 1‐Gandakha 24 25 36 24 25 36 1‐Gandakha 7 43 5 45 14 36 1 49 by sample households 2‐Khanpur 1 49 50 11 39 1 49 Personal health & 2‐Khanpur 23 29 29 23 29 29 hygiene in sample 3‐Sohra 28 33 32 1 1 28 34 33 3‐Sohra 7 43 8 42 12 38 8 42 households District Naseerabad District Naseerabad 2 148 2 148 2 148 1 149 1‐Aeri 37 50 46 5 42 50 46 1‐Aeri 50 50 50 50 2‐Baba Kot 45 40 36 1 14 45 41 50 2‐Baba Kot 1 49 1 49 1 49 50 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 11 7 8 11 7 8 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 1 49 1 49 1 49 1 49 Total 17 283 14 286 39 261 11 289
Jafferabad Naseerabad
Graph: 15 Status of diseases in sample households
Parameters Jafferabad Naseerabad Total No. % No. % No. % Diarrhea 98 65% 135 90% 233 78% Asthma 2 1% 12 8% 14 5% Table: 21 Dengue 0% 3 2% 3 1% Status of diseases in sample households Malaria 60 40% 83 55% 143 48% Dysentery 12 8% 4 3% 16 5% Typhoid 1 1% 22 15% 23 8% Worms Infec on 1 1% 38 25% 39 13% Jaundice 3 2% 35 23% 38 13% Skin Diseases (Scabies) 98 65% 119 79% 217 72% Jafferabad & Naseerabad Jafferabad & Naseerabad 23 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation 24
Personal Health & Hygiene passed from person to person. Hand washing with soap is very important particularly during 90% sample Graph: 14 Washing hands with soap at critical time is one critical timings, i.e. before eating, before food households do not Place for defeca on used of the most important things that helps to preparation, after defecation and after cleaning wash their hands by sample households prevent and control the spread of many diseases children defecation. Table‐22 below indicates with soap at critical especially in children under ive years of age. that more than 90% sample households do not timings that makes the community more Proper hand washing practices of women, wash their hands with soap at critical timings vulnerable to children and men will really help to reduce the that makes the community more vulnerable to diseases. risk of dihedral diseases like lu, food poisoning diseases. and healthcare associated infections being
District/ Union Council Open Field Shared Open Court Total District/ Union Council Washing Hands with Soap ‐ Percentage (neighbour/ mosque/ Hujra) Before Ea ng Before Food Prepara on A er Defeca on A er Cleaning Children Defeca on
Men Men Men Men Woman Woman Woman Woman Children Children Children Children Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Table: 20 District Jafferabad 15 135 13 137 37 113 10 140 District Jafferabad Place for defeca on used Table: 22 1‐Gandakha 24 25 36 24 25 36 1‐Gandakha 7 43 5 45 14 36 1 49 by sample households 2‐Khanpur 1 49 50 11 39 1 49 Personal health & 2‐Khanpur 23 29 29 23 29 29 hygiene in sample 3‐Sohra 28 33 32 1 1 28 34 33 3‐Sohra 7 43 8 42 12 38 8 42 households District Naseerabad District Naseerabad 2 148 2 148 2 148 1 149 1‐Aeri 37 50 46 5 42 50 46 1‐Aeri 50 50 50 50 2‐Baba Kot 45 40 36 1 14 45 41 50 2‐Baba Kot 1 49 1 49 1 49 50 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 11 7 8 11 7 8 3‐MC Dera Murad Jamali 1 49 1 49 1 49 1 49 Total 17 283 14 286 39 261 11 289
Jafferabad Naseerabad
Graph: 15 Status of diseases in sample households
Parameters Jafferabad Naseerabad Total No. % No. % No. % Diarrhea 98 65% 135 90% 233 78% Asthma 2 1% 12 8% 14 5% Table: 21 Dengue 0% 3 2% 3 1% Status of diseases in sample households Malaria 60 40% 83 55% 143 48% Dysentery 12 8% 4 3% 16 5% Typhoid 1 1% 22 15% 23 8% Worms Infec on 1 1% 38 25% 39 13% Jaundice 3 2% 35 23% 38 13% Skin Diseases (Scabies) 98 65% 119 79% 217 72% Jafferabad & Naseerabad Jafferabad & Naseerabad 25 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation 26
authorities (DDMA) in all districts of the province these two districts to each district context. Apart Stakeholders' Recommendations including Jafferabad and Naseerabad. However from that technical abilities at the local level to Government, given their limited human and there is no dedicated staff of DDMAs in these two prepare quality by laws are extremely limited A Stakeholders’ workshop was held on 7th financial resources, must lood‐effected districts and an additional task has was another important factor of un‐regulation u lise women and men November 2014 at Quetta in which the above communi es, especially been assigned to the existing administration staff. of by‐laws was pointed out. Lack of implem‐ youth, as their outreach indings and also the indings of the Irrigation In addition to that the local district administration entation can be enforced given the authority of mechanisms for effec ve Disaster is foremost a Department were presented, discussed and preparedness, response, human issue and of icials have not been given any rescue training. regulation of such enforcement is effectively relief and during post adaptation as well as mitigation measures were should be treated with Deliberations concluded in this respect that a cost‐ delegated to DDMAs/ local administration. disaster rehabilita on... utmost care and due effectively debated in the light of the indings. diligence. effective rescue system must be immediately Ms Shamim Bug , Social The stakeholders were representing the placed at the local level with a system of regular Enforcement of building bylaws and other Worker, stated this during government of icials of the highest level in the the Stakeholders' disaster drills. The government of icials especially regulations was another problem identi ied Workshop held in Que a province, local level at Districts of Jafferabad and Opening remarks of Mr. Qamar Masud, Senior Member, felt the need of boats that could help the with the planning process of the government. on 7th November 2014 Naseerabad, community members and Board of Revenue (SMBR), Government of Balochistan stated this during the Stakeholders' Workshop held in administration in rescuing affected communities For instance it was pointed out that the ring road representatives of the local civil society that had Que a on 7th November 2014 without threatening the lives of rescuers. The around Jafferabad was raised to avoid lood rich experience in managing lood relief and communities felt that they could be a very good water lowing over it. As a consequence rehabilitation work in these two effected human resource as trained rescue workers and can elevation of settlements around this ring road districts. List of participants is at Annex‐I. In this act as cost‐effective human resources action fell below this raised ring road and communities section the recommendations of the outreach for the government before, during and in being largely poor were not able to effectively participants are presented below, while policy post disaster rehabilitation. The participants, raise their plinth levels. As stated earlier in this Disasters recommendations, based on the whole exercise, preparedness and especially the government of icials, also expressed report between 7‐9 feet of lood water had planning should be are given after the Conclusions section further locally managed with lack of awareness of possible safe areas for inundated these settlements in these two local knowledge and below. community outreach. temporarily placing evacuated people in these two districts. The high level of lood and stagnant Immediate Response districts. water as a result of raised ring road around the Early warning: The lood water that requires adjacent settlements not only inundated houses travel time from one administrative boundary to Rehabilitation and Preparedness and assets of the people rather weak housing the next one with due warning gives lead time to Lack of preparedness: The lood areas are structures due to prolonged inundation the latter for effectively carrying out emergency perennially known and in some of its areas new Mr Noor Muhammad Jogezai, Director General, Provincial collapsed. The participants suggested that this evacuations. Absence of early warning systems Disaster Management Authority (PDMA), Government of settlements with most kactha houses have matter of consistently rising levels of the ring during repeated disasters was a key missing Balochistan stated this during the Stakeholders' emerged. This creation and possible expansion of road around lood‐prone settlements should be element. Lack of early warning about possible Workshop held in Que a on 7th November 2014 settlements in the perennial lood prone areas has reviewed irst and then resolved on permanent loods between of icials of Sindh Province and remained unregulated and repeated disasters basis. Balochistan Province lead to larger number of have created more devastation. The participants Lack of effective rescue deaths and destruction. There is a strong need system proved felt that these unregulated settlements emerging Lac of technical capacity of local emotionally felt by the stakeholders for a cost‐effective early in the perennial lood water areas should be administration/ DDMAs: Due to limited devastating for us as many precious lives warning system to be placed with a dedicated regulated. There is a serious need to conduct land inancial resources, the local administrations in that could have been staff trained to counter the unlikley use planning exercise in these two districts so that Balochistan including the Districts of saved were lost in- front of our very consequences of the lood. existing and any future expansion of settlements Naseerabad and Jafferabad are also assigned helpless eyes. can be addressed and effectively enforced in order additional task of DDMA. The local The government of icials at the local level of to minimise the adverse effects of disasters. administration for building codes requires Jafferabad and Naseerabad felt that more cost‐ services of technical departments at the local effective early warning systems rather than Government, given their limited human and level. Technical department of icials at the local investment on sophisticated equipment, for inancial resources, must utilise women and men level may not be trained in Disaster risk which perhaps resources can never be made communities, especially youth, as their outreach reduction (DRR) elements in any infrastructure available. The communities messengers desired mechanisms for effective preparedness, response, designs. The participants felt that DDMA must that the government should create and ustilise relief and during post disaster rehabilitation... have added dedicated technical capacity to services of dedicated teams of community undertake DRR inclusive technical designs and Mr. Jabbar Baloch, Addi onal Deputy Commissioner of District workers as message outreach mechanism Jafferabad stated this during the Stakeholders’ Workshop held in Lack of Regulations: The participants strongly made part of the building bylaws. In the given should be develop to reach the communities at Que a on 7th November 2014 felt that building by‐laws for the province need to scenario of limited inancial resources, however, large. be reviewed and made district‐based, given the provincial government must devise a cost‐ varying soil conditions and vulnerabilities due to effective method of this technical support to Rescue: Immediate rescue efforts were varying types of disasters. Districts of Jafferabad DDMAs. expressed to be missing during the repeated and Naseerabad are more lood prone areas and disasters in these two districts. The PDMA has the existing building by‐laws need to be revised for established district disaster management Jafferabad & Naseerabad Jafferabad & Naseerabad 25 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation 26
authorities (DDMA) in all districts of the province these two districts to each district context. Apart Stakeholders' Recommendations including Jafferabad and Naseerabad. However from that technical abilities at the local level to Government, given their limited human and there is no dedicated staff of DDMAs in these two prepare quality by laws are extremely limited A Stakeholders’ workshop was held on 7th financial resources, must lood‐effected districts and an additional task has was another important factor of un‐regulation u lise women and men November 2014 at Quetta in which the above communi es, especially been assigned to the existing administration staff. of by‐laws was pointed out. Lack of implem‐ youth, as their outreach indings and also the indings of the Irrigation In addition to that the local district administration entation can be enforced given the authority of mechanisms for effec ve Disaster is foremost a Department were presented, discussed and preparedness, response, human issue and of icials have not been given any rescue training. regulation of such enforcement is effectively relief and during post adaptation as well as mitigation measures were should be treated with Deliberations concluded in this respect that a cost‐ delegated to DDMAs/ local administration. disaster rehabilita on... utmost care and due effectively debated in the light of the indings. diligence. effective rescue system must be immediately Ms Shamim Bug , Social The stakeholders were representing the placed at the local level with a system of regular Enforcement of building bylaws and other Worker, stated this during government of icials of the highest level in the the Stakeholders' disaster drills. The government of icials especially regulations was another problem identi ied Workshop held in Que a province, local level at Districts of Jafferabad and Opening remarks of Mr. Qamar Masud, Senior Member, felt the need of boats that could help the with the planning process of the government. on 7th November 2014 Naseerabad, community members and Board of Revenue (SMBR), Government of Balochistan stated this during the Stakeholders' Workshop held in administration in rescuing affected communities For instance it was pointed out that the ring road representatives of the local civil society that had Que a on 7th November 2014 without threatening the lives of rescuers. The around Jafferabad was raised to avoid lood rich experience in managing lood relief and communities felt that they could be a very good water lowing over it. As a consequence rehabilitation work in these two effected human resource as trained rescue workers and can elevation of settlements around this ring road districts. List of participants is at Annex‐I. In this act as cost‐effective human resources action fell below this raised ring road and communities section the recommendations of the outreach for the government before, during and in being largely poor were not able to effectively participants are presented below, while policy post disaster rehabilitation. The participants, raise their plinth levels. As stated earlier in this Disasters recommendations, based on the whole exercise, preparedness and especially the government of icials, also expressed report between 7‐9 feet of lood water had planning should be are given after the Conclusions section further locally managed with lack of awareness of possible safe areas for inundated these settlements in these two local knowledge and below. community outreach. temporarily placing evacuated people in these two districts. The high level of lood and stagnant Immediate Response districts. water as a result of raised ring road around the Early warning: The lood water that requires adjacent settlements not only inundated houses travel time from one administrative boundary to Rehabilitation and Preparedness and assets of the people rather weak housing the next one with due warning gives lead time to Lack of preparedness: The lood areas are structures due to prolonged inundation the latter for effectively carrying out emergency perennially known and in some of its areas new Mr Noor Muhammad Jogezai, Director General, Provincial collapsed. The participants suggested that this evacuations. Absence of early warning systems Disaster Management Authority (PDMA), Government of settlements with most kactha houses have matter of consistently rising levels of the ring during repeated disasters was a key missing Balochistan stated this during the Stakeholders' emerged. This creation and possible expansion of road around lood‐prone settlements should be element. Lack of early warning about possible Workshop held in Que a on 7th November 2014 settlements in the perennial lood prone areas has reviewed irst and then resolved on permanent loods between of icials of Sindh Province and remained unregulated and repeated disasters basis. Balochistan Province lead to larger number of have created more devastation. The participants Lack of effective rescue deaths and destruction. There is a strong need system proved felt that these unregulated settlements emerging Lac of technical capacity of local emotionally felt by the stakeholders for a cost‐effective early in the perennial lood water areas should be administration/ DDMAs: Due to limited devastating for us as many precious lives warning system to be placed with a dedicated regulated. There is a serious need to conduct land inancial resources, the local administrations in that could have been staff trained to counter the unlikley use planning exercise in these two districts so that Balochistan including the Districts of saved were lost in- front of our very consequences of the lood. existing and any future expansion of settlements Naseerabad and Jafferabad are also assigned helpless eyes. can be addressed and effectively enforced in order additional task of DDMA. The local The government of icials at the local level of to minimise the adverse effects of disasters. administration for building codes requires Jafferabad and Naseerabad felt that more cost‐ services of technical departments at the local effective early warning systems rather than Government, given their limited human and level. Technical department of icials at the local investment on sophisticated equipment, for inancial resources, must utilise women and men level may not be trained in Disaster risk which perhaps resources can never be made communities, especially youth, as their outreach reduction (DRR) elements in any infrastructure available. The communities messengers desired mechanisms for effective preparedness, response, designs. The participants felt that DDMA must that the government should create and ustilise relief and during post disaster rehabilitation... have added dedicated technical capacity to services of dedicated teams of community undertake DRR inclusive technical designs and Mr. Jabbar Baloch, Addi onal Deputy Commissioner of District workers as message outreach mechanism Jafferabad stated this during the Stakeholders’ Workshop held in Lack of Regulations: The participants strongly made part of the building bylaws. In the given should be develop to reach the communities at Que a on 7th November 2014 felt that building by‐laws for the province need to scenario of limited inancial resources, however, large. be reviewed and made district‐based, given the provincial government must devise a cost‐ varying soil conditions and vulnerabilities due to effective method of this technical support to Rescue: Immediate rescue efforts were varying types of disasters. Districts of Jafferabad DDMAs. expressed to be missing during the repeated and Naseerabad are more lood prone areas and disasters in these two districts. The PDMA has the existing building by‐laws need to be revised for established district disaster management Jafferabad & Naseerabad Jafferabad & Naseerabad 27 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation 28
Majority of the sample households predom‐ mobilised. The local administration and Conclusions of inantly are drawing their income from Policy communities should conduct joint drills so that agriculture, while the next highest number the communities and government remains Field Survey found to be the labourer. Surprisingly sample Recommendations response ready. Main indings of the vulnerability assessment households being agrarian have negligible The following key policy recommendations are for both the district are nearly the same ‐ weaker proportion of less than 1% livestock owners provided based on the ield assessment and Cost-Effective early warning and rescue housing structures, paucity of safer potable (both rearing and/ or production). Despite the deliberations of the stakeholders' presented in equipment: For effective institutional water, trends of water accumulating in ponds high percentage of sample households being this document. response, the PDMA should help establish after rains, absence of properly designed toilet involved in agriculture, ,most of the sample simple but effective early warning system facilities, open defecation common in both households are drawing less than $ 1 per capita between Sindh and Balochistan Provinces which genders and non‐availability of basic physical per day income. This implies that 91% of the 1.Effective Institutional should be locally managed between local and social services. No waste disposal facilities/ sample households are below the poverty line. Response administrations. The local administration at systems available and no knowledge to address Local administration: The local administration Naseerabad and Jafferabad must be provided such issues. The living conditions generally As per the indings of the study on seasonal and of icials at Districts of Naseerabad and basic rescue equipment like boats, life jackets found unhygienic, exposure to several water exceptional looding received in both the Jafferabad are also assigned the additional task and simple communication equipment. PDMA borne diseases. Lack of education and health districts it is evident that the communities living of disaster management. Managing disasters can play a pivotal role in ascertaining local related facilities, where available are not in the area are very vulnerable and need special requires dedicated teams with proper training equipment need and secure provincial functional. Poor economic conditions and low attention such as vernacular construction equipment and skills to manage these disasters. resources for providing this equipment living standards of the household make them techniques need lood resistant elements in Given the limited inancial resources of the including provision of training to use the even vulnerable to address the above housing construction. The prolonged standing provincial government dedicated teams of equipment. mentioned dif iculties. of lood water makes it extremely vulnerable DDMAs at each district level are presently not because building condition is already possible. Likewise due to the same reasons, 2. Planning Preparedness The assessment was carried out in two districts vulnerable. dedicated human resource from within the pool Baseline Information: The local adminis‐ of Balochistan. The sample frame was selected of government of icials is also not possible. tration/ DDMA should be supported by PDMA through review of the secondary data on Although sample households have suf icient Therefore from the given pool of government by providing digitised maps showing exact previous disasters in both districts. A multi access to water, however, majority of people of icials, dedicated team for disaster locations of settlements so that disaster prone staged cluster sampling was deployed to living in both districts use surface water as their management should be identi ied and trained. settlements are clearly known to the local identify the target vulnerable villages that are major resource for drinking and other purposes In order to keep them response effective this administration. The PDMA is currently most vulnerable in terms of recurrent loods in therefore this presents health hazard as open pool must conduct disaster‐related drills preparing digitised maps and as soon as these the past. Due to limited time and the resources, water sources are generally polluted especially regularly. Disaster management is a collective are ready should be provided to every district. the study was focused to ind the extent of after looding. Majority of people uses open responsibility of local administration and the The PDMA should also hold orientation sessions vulnerability amongst the communities due to sources for drinking water and other domestic communities concerned. repeated disasters. The indings related to these purpose as they do not have proper storages to of these digitised maps including safer areas where effected people can be placed after two district form the other recent studies done save water. Local communities: The pool of government evacuation. Group of community activists must on government buildings in Pakistan are also of icials even though identi ied and trained will also participate in these trainings so that both included to bring forward the need to address Small proportion of sample households use have limitations of outreach to communities. the local government of icials and the the related issues. latrine and overwhelming majority defecates Therefore, the communities must also be community is on one page. As an initial step, UN‐ outside their houses. This practice leads to the mobilised for identifying a pool of gender‐based Habitat has prepared a map that shows safe Average household size was found to be 6.7 in unhygienic disposal of human excreta and activists who could be trained in basic DRM and areas in these two‐ lood effected districts. There each of the 300 sample households and makes it more vulnerable with regard to human can act as action outreach for the local is a need, however, to geo‐reference these maps bifurcation shows a high percentage of 68% contact. Washing hands with soap at critical administration. This would be an extremely so that more precise safe locations can be children of up to 15 years of age. On the house time is one of the most important things that cost‐effective outreach mechanism for the identi ied, government of icials and ownership a predominant proportion of help to prevent the spread of many dihedral government to communicateearly warning, communities are well oriented during DRM households own the houses and a low diseases especially in children. The sample conduct rescue and provide sustained help training. proportion of the people are tenants. Family households do not wash their hands with soap during long‐term rehabilitation. The community vulnerability is de ined for the purposes of this at critical timings that makes the community outreach can be established at each settlement Land use planning: The PDMA by engaging assessment as a female, child, elderly, chronic more vulnerable to diseases. level. The PDMA and the local administration technical agencies like UN‐Habitat must carry disease and special person‐headed household. should train initially one group of activists from out land use planning for the two districts. Land According to this de inition almost all sample Access to electricity and other facilities like one settlement and then this trained group use planning would help in identifying areas households indicate family vulnerability. piped gas were found to be rare. Major social should group of activists of the next settlement where settlements are lying on the course of issues identi ied are administrative, security and so on. In a very limited time and through an perennial lash loods and can be moved to safer related and environmental. extremely cost‐effective cascading of trainings places. Land use planning must also help of the entire community of the district can be Jafferabad & Naseerabad Jafferabad & Naseerabad 27 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation 28
Majority of the sample households predom‐ mobilised. The local administration and Conclusions of inantly are drawing their income from Policy communities should conduct joint drills so that agriculture, while the next highest number the communities and government remains Field Survey found to be the labourer. Surprisingly sample Recommendations response ready. Main indings of the vulnerability assessment households being agrarian have negligible The following key policy recommendations are for both the district are nearly the same ‐ weaker proportion of less than 1% livestock owners provided based on the ield assessment and Cost-Effective early warning and rescue housing structures, paucity of safer potable (both rearing and/ or production). Despite the deliberations of the stakeholders' presented in equipment: For effective institutional water, trends of water accumulating in ponds high percentage of sample households being this document. response, the PDMA should help establish after rains, absence of properly designed toilet involved in agriculture, ,most of the sample simple but effective early warning system facilities, open defecation common in both households are drawing less than $ 1 per capita between Sindh and Balochistan Provinces which genders and non‐availability of basic physical per day income. This implies that 91% of the 1.Effective Institutional should be locally managed between local and social services. No waste disposal facilities/ sample households are below the poverty line. Response administrations. The local administration at systems available and no knowledge to address Local administration: The local administration Naseerabad and Jafferabad must be provided such issues. The living conditions generally As per the indings of the study on seasonal and of icials at Districts of Naseerabad and basic rescue equipment like boats, life jackets found unhygienic, exposure to several water exceptional looding received in both the Jafferabad are also assigned the additional task and simple communication equipment. PDMA borne diseases. Lack of education and health districts it is evident that the communities living of disaster management. Managing disasters can play a pivotal role in ascertaining local related facilities, where available are not in the area are very vulnerable and need special requires dedicated teams with proper training equipment need and secure provincial functional. Poor economic conditions and low attention such as vernacular construction equipment and skills to manage these disasters. resources for providing this equipment living standards of the household make them techniques need lood resistant elements in Given the limited inancial resources of the including provision of training to use the even vulnerable to address the above housing construction. The prolonged standing provincial government dedicated teams of equipment. mentioned dif iculties. of lood water makes it extremely vulnerable DDMAs at each district level are presently not because building condition is already possible. Likewise due to the same reasons, 2. Planning Preparedness The assessment was carried out in two districts vulnerable. dedicated human resource from within the pool Baseline Information: The local adminis‐ of Balochistan. The sample frame was selected of government of icials is also not possible. tration/ DDMA should be supported by PDMA through review of the secondary data on Although sample households have suf icient Therefore from the given pool of government by providing digitised maps showing exact previous disasters in both districts. A multi access to water, however, majority of people of icials, dedicated team for disaster locations of settlements so that disaster prone staged cluster sampling was deployed to living in both districts use surface water as their management should be identi ied and trained. settlements are clearly known to the local identify the target vulnerable villages that are major resource for drinking and other purposes In order to keep them response effective this administration. The PDMA is currently most vulnerable in terms of recurrent loods in therefore this presents health hazard as open pool must conduct disaster‐related drills preparing digitised maps and as soon as these the past. Due to limited time and the resources, water sources are generally polluted especially regularly. Disaster management is a collective are ready should be provided to every district. the study was focused to ind the extent of after looding. Majority of people uses open responsibility of local administration and the The PDMA should also hold orientation sessions vulnerability amongst the communities due to sources for drinking water and other domestic communities concerned. repeated disasters. The indings related to these purpose as they do not have proper storages to of these digitised maps including safer areas where effected people can be placed after two district form the other recent studies done save water. Local communities: The pool of government evacuation. Group of community activists must on government buildings in Pakistan are also of icials even though identi ied and trained will also participate in these trainings so that both included to bring forward the need to address Small proportion of sample households use have limitations of outreach to communities. the local government of icials and the the related issues. latrine and overwhelming majority defecates Therefore, the communities must also be community is on one page. As an initial step, UN‐ outside their houses. This practice leads to the mobilised for identifying a pool of gender‐based Habitat has prepared a map that shows safe Average household size was found to be 6.7 in unhygienic disposal of human excreta and activists who could be trained in basic DRM and areas in these two‐ lood effected districts. There each of the 300 sample households and makes it more vulnerable with regard to human can act as action outreach for the local is a need, however, to geo‐reference these maps bifurcation shows a high percentage of 68% contact. Washing hands with soap at critical administration. This would be an extremely so that more precise safe locations can be children of up to 15 years of age. On the house time is one of the most important things that cost‐effective outreach mechanism for the identi ied, government of icials and ownership a predominant proportion of help to prevent the spread of many dihedral government to communicateearly warning, communities are well oriented during DRM households own the houses and a low diseases especially in children. The sample conduct rescue and provide sustained help training. proportion of the people are tenants. Family households do not wash their hands with soap during long‐term rehabilitation. The community vulnerability is de ined for the purposes of this at critical timings that makes the community outreach can be established at each settlement Land use planning: The PDMA by engaging assessment as a female, child, elderly, chronic more vulnerable to diseases. level. The PDMA and the local administration technical agencies like UN‐Habitat must carry disease and special person‐headed household. should train initially one group of activists from out land use planning for the two districts. Land According to this de inition almost all sample Access to electricity and other facilities like one settlement and then this trained group use planning would help in identifying areas households indicate family vulnerability. piped gas were found to be rare. Major social should group of activists of the next settlement where settlements are lying on the course of issues identi ied are administrative, security and so on. In a very limited time and through an perennial lash loods and can be moved to safer related and environmental. extremely cost‐effective cascading of trainings places. Land use planning must also help of the entire community of the district can be Jafferabad & Naseerabad Jafferabad & Naseerabad 29 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation 30
identify safe places during temporary placing of breaches in canals . The representative from the lood‐evacuated population. This would also Irrigation Department of the Provincial require policy decision to allocate alternate Government of Balochistan reported a damage lands and funds, especially for the poor, to build of 80% and in its distribution system. The lood‐resistant affordable housing structures. provincial Irrigation department reported that Long‐term solutions through land use planning 80% and 35% percent areas respectively of to issues of building higher and higher roads Jafferabad and Naseerabad were inundated Map: 6 that cause looding problems for the adjacent during the 2010 loods. Details of serious Possible safe areas settlements can be avoided by placing road breaches in the canal system are given in table durring floods infrastructure in proper locations. Land use below. Serious damages occurred to both canal planning would also safeguard the important and drainage system. The breaches have been agriculture area of these districts and disallow safely illed but the canal requires long‐term gradual impinging of settlements on productive investment for fool proof lood structure. lands and curtail urban sprawl. Together with effective delegation of enforcing authority to local administration/ DDMA would help Canal / Drainage System No. of Breaches effectively control over this currently Main Pat Feeder Canal 7 unregulated activity at the local level. Rabi Canal 35
Main Khirther Canal & allied Planning DRM Elements in Infrastructure: : 133 Lack of technical capacity to build DRM Distributaries elements at local level is extremely limited. The Source: Irrigation Department, Government of Balochistan. PDMA should either build this capacity at the local level or provide backstopping support in The Irrigation Department long‐term overseeing DRR elements in all infrastructure mitigation measure proposes the following designs. Under this support building codes must investments so that the lives and property of the be reviewed in the context of local conditions. people of Jafferabad and Naseerabad can be The building codes for housing structures must secured. be prepared and enforced. In this respect owing to huge proportion of people living below the . Since all the water supplies are based on poverty line ($ 1 per capita per day), affordable canal irrigation system, early restoration of housing structure design must be ensured. In kirthar canal needs to be given top priority this respect government inancial support to ensure supply of water for drinking allowing people to rebuild their damaged and domestic as well as large scale houses must be targeted for the poor. For strict agricultural activities. compliance to agreed building codes delegation of authority to enforce the agreed by laws must . The coordination meeting amongst the be effectively delegated to local administration/ different departments of the provincial DDMA. In this respect services of technical government, donor agencies and their agencies such as UN‐Habitat can be secured to implementing partners needs to be held at ensure good practices are part of the the provincial as well as divisional government planning and design. headquarter of Naseerabad division on alternate basis so that the situation can be 3. Planning for mitigation more closely assessed. Rehabilitation of lood-resistant structures: Pat feeder canal and other canals running . The divisional and ditrict administration are through these two districts are currently in poor facing acute shortage of resources, state and serious breaches during the lash therefore, adequate resources may be loods and all along the course of the canals had placed at the disposal of Naseerabad inundated settlements. The lash loods administration to attend the expenditures resulted in an huge enormous death toll and on miscellaneous accounts of relief and IDP damage to infrastructure as a result of these affairs.
Jafferabad & Naseerabad Jafferabad & Naseerabad 29 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation 30
identify safe places during temporary placing of breaches in canals . The representative from the lood‐evacuated population. This would also Irrigation Department of the Provincial require policy decision to allocate alternate Government of Balochistan reported a damage lands and funds, especially for the poor, to build of 80% and in its distribution system. The lood‐resistant affordable housing structures. provincial Irrigation department reported that Long‐term solutions through land use planning 80% and 35% percent areas respectively of to issues of building higher and higher roads Jafferabad and Naseerabad were inundated Map: 6 that cause looding problems for the adjacent during the 2010 loods. Details of serious Possible safe areas settlements can be avoided by placing road breaches in the canal system are given in table durring floods infrastructure in proper locations. Land use below. Serious damages occurred to both canal planning would also safeguard the important and drainage system. The breaches have been agriculture area of these districts and disallow safely illed but the canal requires long‐term gradual impinging of settlements on productive investment for fool proof lood structure. lands and curtail urban sprawl. Together with effective delegation of enforcing authority to local administration/ DDMA would help Canal / Drainage System No. of Breaches effectively control over this currently Main Pat Feeder Canal 7 unregulated activity at the local level. Rabi Canal 35
Main Khirther Canal & allied Planning DRM Elements in Infrastructure: : 133 Lack of technical capacity to build DRM Distributaries elements at local level is extremely limited. The Source: Irrigation Department, Government of Balochistan. PDMA should either build this capacity at the local level or provide backstopping support in The Irrigation Department long‐term overseeing DRR elements in all infrastructure mitigation measure proposes the following designs. Under this support building codes must investments so that the lives and property of the be reviewed in the context of local conditions. people of Jafferabad and Naseerabad can be The building codes for housing structures must secured. be prepared and enforced. In this respect owing to huge proportion of people living below the . Since all the water supplies are based on poverty line ($ 1 per capita per day), affordable canal irrigation system, early restoration of housing structure design must be ensured. In kirthar canal needs to be given top priority this respect government inancial support to ensure supply of water for drinking allowing people to rebuild their damaged and domestic as well as large scale houses must be targeted for the poor. For strict agricultural activities. compliance to agreed building codes delegation of authority to enforce the agreed by laws must . The coordination meeting amongst the be effectively delegated to local administration/ different departments of the provincial DDMA. In this respect services of technical government, donor agencies and their agencies such as UN‐Habitat can be secured to implementing partners needs to be held at ensure good practices are part of the the provincial as well as divisional government planning and design. headquarter of Naseerabad division on alternate basis so that the situation can be 3. Planning for mitigation more closely assessed. Rehabilitation of lood-resistant structures: Pat feeder canal and other canals running . The divisional and ditrict administration are through these two districts are currently in poor facing acute shortage of resources, state and serious breaches during the lash therefore, adequate resources may be loods and all along the course of the canals had placed at the disposal of Naseerabad inundated settlements. The lash loods administration to attend the expenditures resulted in an huge enormous death toll and on miscellaneous accounts of relief and IDP damage to infrastructure as a result of these affairs.
Jafferabad & Naseerabad 31 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation
Annex I: List of Participants of stakeholders Workshop
No. Name Designa on Organiza on
1 Qamar Masud SMBR Government of Balochistan
2 Naseebullah Khan Bazai Secretory Irriga on Department Government of Balochistan
3 Noor Mohammad Jogezi DG PDMA PDMA
4 Khan M. Abro Assistant Director Local Government
5 Sardar Khan Community member Jaffarabad
6 Raza Ali Community member Nasirabad
7 Mukhtar Ahmed Director Met Department
8 Ghulam Yaseen Jamali Programme Assistant Local Government
9 Abdul Haleem Programme Assistant Municipal Commi ee
10 Muhammad Ashgar Director Planning PDMA
11 Abid Hussain S.W.O S.W Department
12 Shafi Akhtar AD NDMA
13 Alam Khan Programme Manager WDO Baluchistan
14 Shakeel Ahmed Senior Officer SWO Dept. Baluchistan
15 Naseer Shah WASH Cordinator Baluchistan Rural support programme
16 Shah Nawaz Community member Nasirabad
17 Rustam Khan Community member Nasirabad
18 Abdul Razzaque XEN PHED Nasirabad
19 Sadiq Ali Chief Engineer. Irriga on Department
20 Shah Nawaz Community member Community
21 Mohammad Amin Community member Community
22 Sh. Abdul Razaq FDI FDI Pakistan
23 Sarfraz Ahmed E.D Green Naseerabad
24 Abdul sa er Community member Jafarabad
25 Khan Mohammad Community member Jaffarabad
26 Ahmed Nawaz Chief. Officer Naseerbad
27 Mobeen Khokher MIS/GIS Expert PDMA
28 Jhangeer Khan SB
29 Mohammad Suleman Sub. Engineer Queeta
30 Shamim Bug Social Ac vist Queeta
31 Jabbar Baloch Addi onal Deputy Commissioner
32 Sher Zaman Khan Chief Engineer Irriga on Department
33 Hassan Ali Community member Jaffarabad
34 Asad ur rehman GIS Associate UN‐Habitat
35 Ghulam Abbas Sr. Programme Associate UN‐Habitat
36 Sarmad Khan Urban Planner UN‐Habitat Jafferabad & Naseerabad 31 Flood Disaster Vulnerability And Policy Options For Adaptation
Annex I: List of Participants of stakeholders Workshop
No. Name Designa on Organiza on
1 Qamar Masud SMBR Government of Balochistan
2 Naseebullah Khan Bazai Secretory Irriga on Department Government of Balochistan
3 Noor Mohammad Jogezi DG PDMA PDMA
4 Khan M. Abro Assistant Director Local Government
5 Sardar Khan Community member Jaffarabad
6 Raza Ali Community member Nasirabad
7 Mukhtar Ahmed Director Met Department
8 Ghulam Yaseen Jamali Programme Assistant Local Government
9 Abdul Haleem Programme Assistant Municipal Commi ee
10 Muhammad Ashgar Director Planning PDMA
11 Abid Hussain S.W.O S.W Department
12 Shafi Akhtar AD NDMA
13 Alam Khan Programme Manager WDO Baluchistan
14 Shakeel Ahmed Senior Officer SWO Dept. Baluchistan
15 Naseer Shah WASH Cordinator Baluchistan Rural support programme
16 Shah Nawaz Community member Nasirabad
17 Rustam Khan Community member Nasirabad
18 Abdul Razzaque XEN PHED Nasirabad
19 Sadiq Ali Chief Engineer. Irriga on Department
20 Shah Nawaz Community member Community
21 Mohammad Amin Community member Community
22 Sh. Abdul Razaq FDI FDI Pakistan
23 Sarfraz Ahmed E.D Green Naseerabad
24 Abdul sa er Community member Jafarabad
25 Khan Mohammad Community member Jaffarabad
26 Ahmed Nawaz Chief. Officer Naseerbad
27 Mobeen Khokher MIS/GIS Expert PDMA
28 Jhangeer Khan SB
29 Mohammad Suleman Sub. Engineer Queeta
30 Shamim Bug Social Ac vist Queeta
31 Jabbar Baloch Addi onal Deputy Commissioner
32 Sher Zaman Khan Chief Engineer Irriga on Department
33 Hassan Ali Community member Jaffarabad
34 Asad ur rehman GIS Associate UN‐Habitat
35 Ghulam Abbas Sr. Programme Associate UN‐Habitat
36 Sarmad Khan Urban Planner UN‐Habitat Tel: (+92) (51) 8357358-8357363-64 | Fax: (+92)(51) 8357359 5th Floor, Serena Business Complex, Khayaban-e-Suhrawardy, Islamabad, Pakistan Web: http://www.unhabitat.org.pk