U.O.No. 14530/2019/Admn Dated, Calicut University.P.O, 15.10.2019
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RETURN to VAIDYGRAMA, Ayurveda Healing Village 2016-2017 It Was a Thankfully Uneventful Journey from Delhi Where I Awoke on Dec
RETURN TO VAIDYGRAMA, Ayurveda Healing Village 2016-2017 It was a thankfully uneventful journey from Delhi where I awoke on Dec. 14, the day long planned for me to arrive at Vaidyagrama for the second time of my life. Touching down at Coimbatore airport just before sunset felt indeed like a type of coming home, though I’ve only been here once before – last year when I accompanied a small group of patients from the US & Canada for an experimental experience of ‘authentic panchakarma’. For years, I had searched for a suitable place to give westerners confidence in traveling all the way to India, effectiveness of treatments and a learning experience for all levels of commitment to Ayurveda. The investment is perhaps a third that in north America, so the 41-day classical program was out of reach for me and others who wanted/needed a longer rejuvenation program. Here, however, it’s feasible and moreover compelling, I feel. Right away on stepping off the aircraft, the air was warm and tropically humid, certainly compared to the cold of Delhi and more so to the cold of Surrey, presently under snow! My taxi driver remembered me and my family details, the doctor was present to greet me at the splendid entrance to the hospital campus and the walk to my same room was like returning to my childhood bedroom. This time, though, pink hibiscus flowers were laid out for my welcome – oh, the sweetness! Last year it was all new to me – how does the shower function? (then I’d learned the water heating system is entirely solar powered here, as a model of green, sustainable development). -
Tai Lü / ᦺᦑᦟᦹᧉ Tai Lùe Romanization: KNAB 2012
Institute of the Estonian Language KNAB: Place Names Database 2012-10-11 Tai Lü / ᦺᦑᦟᦹᧉ Tai Lùe romanization: KNAB 2012 I. Consonant characters 1 ᦀ ’a 13 ᦌ sa 25 ᦘ pha 37 ᦤ da A 2 ᦁ a 14 ᦍ ya 26 ᦙ ma 38 ᦥ ba A 3 ᦂ k’a 15 ᦎ t’a 27 ᦚ f’a 39 ᦦ kw’a 4 ᦃ kh’a 16 ᦏ th’a 28 ᦛ v’a 40 ᦧ khw’a 5 ᦄ ng’a 17 ᦐ n’a 29 ᦜ l’a 41 ᦨ kwa 6 ᦅ ka 18 ᦑ ta 30 ᦝ fa 42 ᦩ khwa A 7 ᦆ kha 19 ᦒ tha 31 ᦞ va 43 ᦪ sw’a A A 8 ᦇ nga 20 ᦓ na 32 ᦟ la 44 ᦫ swa 9 ᦈ ts’a 21 ᦔ p’a 33 ᦠ h’a 45 ᧞ lae A 10 ᦉ s’a 22 ᦕ ph’a 34 ᦡ d’a 46 ᧟ laew A 11 ᦊ y’a 23 ᦖ m’a 35 ᦢ b’a 12 ᦋ tsa 24 ᦗ pa 36 ᦣ ha A Syllable-final forms of these characters: ᧅ -k, ᧂ -ng, ᧃ -n, ᧄ -m, ᧁ -u, ᧆ -d, ᧇ -b. See also Note D to Table II. II. Vowel characters (ᦀ stands for any consonant character) C 1 ᦀ a 6 ᦀᦴ u 11 ᦀᦹ ue 16 ᦀᦽ oi A 2 ᦰ ( ) 7 ᦵᦀ e 12 ᦵᦀᦲ oe 17 ᦀᦾ awy 3 ᦀᦱ aa 8 ᦶᦀ ae 13 ᦺᦀ ai 18 ᦀᦿ uei 4 ᦀᦲ i 9 ᦷᦀ o 14 ᦀᦻ aai 19 ᦀᧀ oei B D 5 ᦀᦳ ŭ,u 10 ᦀᦸ aw 15 ᦀᦼ ui A Indicates vowel shortness in the following cases: ᦀᦲᦰ ĭ [i], ᦵᦀᦰ ĕ [e], ᦶᦀᦰ ăe [ ∎ ], ᦷᦀᦰ ŏ [o], ᦀᦸᦰ ăw [ ], ᦀᦹᦰ ŭe [ ɯ ], ᦵᦀᦲᦰ ŏe [ ]. -
Narayaniyam Von Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri
Narayaniyam von Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri Aus dem Englischen mit freundlicher Genehmigung von P. R. Ramachander www.krishnadarshana.de EINLEITENDES Dieses Werk ist durchzogen von Begriffen der Mythologie. Ich empfehle deshalb, beim Lesen mein Nachschlagewerk www.indische-mythologie.de zur Seite zu haben, das die Begriffe erläutert und auf den jeweiligen Mythos verweist. Wo nötig habe ich den Begriff, so wie er zu finden ist, in Klammer geschrieben. Erläuterungen allgemeiner Natur finden Sie beim Vers. Nachfolgend, um es leichter zu machen, einige Begriffe, die das gesamte Werk durchziehen, im Überblick. DASHAKA 1 Die Gunas, drei Grundeigenschaften nach der Sankhya Philosophie. Sattva – Klarheit, Rajas – Aktivität, Tamas – Trägheit DASHAKA 2 Vishnus Insignien und Seine Avatare/Inkarnationen durchziehen das gesamte Werk. Padma – Lotus Sudarshana Chakra – Diskus Panchajanya Shankha – Muschel Kaumodaki Gada – Keule Nandaka Khanga – Schwert Sharanga Dhanusha – Bogen Garuda Dhvaja – Banner Shrivatsa – Locke auf der Brust Kaustubha Mani – Juwel, das Vishnu an einer Kette um den Hals trägt. Vanamala – Blütengirlande Als Pitambara ist Vishnu stets in Gelb gekleidet. Fisch (Matsya), Schildkröte (Kurma), Eber (Varaha), Mannlöwe (Narasimha), Zwerg (Vamana), Rama mit der Axt (Parashurama), Rama, Krishna, Buddha. Der letzte Avatar, Kalki, der weiße Reiter, wird erwartet. DASHAKA 4 Der achtfache Yogaweg, Ashtanga Yoga, besteht aus Fünf Yamas und fünf Niyamas – Ethisches Leben nach außen (Yamas) und nach innen (Niyamas). Asana – fester, gerader Sitz. Padmasana – Lotussitz, Sukhasana - Schneidersitz. Pranayama – Atemkontrolle. Pratyahara – Zurückziehen der Sinne. Dharana – Einpünktigkeit des Geistes. Dhyana – Meditation. Samadhi – Einswerdung, Unio Mystica. www.krishnadarshana.de Sushumna – feinstofflicher Kanal, auf dem die Zentren feinstofflicher Energie, die Chakren, liegen. Die sieben Schranken – Erde, Wasser, Feuer, Luft, Äther, kosmische Intelligenz, Urnatur. -
Devan¯Agar¯I for TEX Version 2.17.1
Devanagar¯ ¯ı for TEX Version 2.17.1 Anshuman Pandey 6 March 2019 Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Project Information 3 3 Producing Devan¯agar¯ıText with TEX 3 3.1 Macros and Font Definition Files . 3 3.2 Text Delimiters . 4 3.3 Example Input Files . 4 4 Input Encoding 4 4.1 Supplemental Notes . 4 5 The Preprocessor 5 5.1 Preprocessor Directives . 7 5.2 Protecting Text from Conversion . 9 5.3 Embedding Roman Text within Devan¯agar¯ıText . 9 5.4 Breaking Pre-Defined Conjuncts . 9 5.5 Supported LATEX Commands . 9 5.6 Using Custom LATEX Commands . 10 6 Devan¯agar¯ıFonts 10 6.1 Bombay-Style Fonts . 11 6.2 Calcutta-Style Fonts . 11 6.3 Nepali-Style Fonts . 11 6.4 Devan¯agar¯ıPen Fonts . 11 6.5 Default Devan¯agar¯ıFont (LATEX Only) . 12 6.6 PostScript Type 1 . 12 7 Special Topics 12 7.1 Delimiter Scope . 12 7.2 Line Spacing . 13 7.3 Hyphenation . 13 7.4 Captions and Date Formats (LATEX only) . 13 7.5 Customizing the date and captions (LATEX only) . 14 7.6 Using dvnAgrF in Sections and References (LATEX only) . 15 7.7 Devan¯agar¯ıand Arabic Numerals . 15 7.8 Devan¯agar¯ıPage Numbers and Other Counters (LATEX only) . 15 1 7.9 Category Codes . 16 8 Using Devan¯agar¯ıin X E LATEXand luaLATEX 16 8.1 Using Hindi with Polyglossia . 17 9 Using Hindi with babel 18 9.1 Installation . 18 9.2 Usage . 18 9.3 Language attributes . 19 9.3.1 Attribute modernhindi . -
An Introduction to Indic Scripts
An Introduction to Indic Scripts Richard Ishida W3C [email protected] HTML version: http://www.w3.org/2002/Talks/09-ri-indic/indic-paper.html PDF version: http://www.w3.org/2002/Talks/09-ri-indic/indic-paper.pdf Introduction This paper provides an introduction to the major Indic scripts used on the Indian mainland. Those addressed in this paper include specifically Bengali, Devanagari, Gujarati, Gurmukhi, Kannada, Malayalam, Oriya, Tamil, and Telugu. I have used XHTML encoded in UTF-8 for the base version of this paper. Most of the XHTML file can be viewed if you are running Windows XP with all associated Indic font and rendering support, and the Arial Unicode MS font. For examples that require complex rendering in scripts not yet supported by this configuration, such as Bengali, Oriya, and Malayalam, I have used non- Unicode fonts supplied with Gamma's Unitype. To view all fonts as intended without the above you can view the PDF file whose URL is given above. Although the Indic scripts are often described as similar, there is a large amount of variation at the detailed implementation level. To provide a detailed account of how each Indic script implements particular features on a letter by letter basis would require too much time and space for the task at hand. Nevertheless, despite the detail variations, the basic mechanisms are to a large extent the same, and at the general level there is a great deal of similarity between these scripts. It is certainly possible to structure a discussion of the relevant features along the same lines for each of the scripts in the set. -
Brahminet-ITRANS Transliteration Scheme
BrahmiNet-ITRANS Transliteration Scheme Anoop Kunchukuttan August 2020 The BrahmiNet-ITRANS notation (Kunchukuttan et al., 2015) provides a scheme for transcription of major Indian scripts in Roman, using ASCII characters. It extends the ITRANS1 transliteration scheme to cover characters not covered in the original scheme. Tables 1a shows the ITRANS mappings for vowels and diacritics (matras). Table 1b shows the ITRANS mappings for consonants. These tables also show the Unicode offset for each character. By Unicode offset, we mean the offset of the character in the Unicode range assigned to the script. For Indic scripts, logically equivalent characters are assigned the same offset in their respective Unicode codepoint ranges. For illustration, we also show the Devanagari characters corresponding to the transliteration. ka kha ga gha ∼Na, N^a ITRANS Unicode Offset Devanagari 15 16 17 18 19 a 05 अ क ख ग घ ङ aa, A 06, 3E आ, ◌ा cha Cha ja jha ∼na, JNa i 07, 3F इ, ि◌ 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E ii, I 08, 40 ई, ◌ी च छ ज झ ञ u 09, 41 उ, ◌ु Ta Tha Da Dha Na uu, U 0A, 42 ऊ, ◌ू 1F 20 21 22 23 RRi, R^i 0B, 43 ऋ, ◌ृ ट ठ ड ढ ण RRI, R^I 60, 44 ॠ, ◌ॄ ta tha da dha na LLi, L^i 0C, 62 ऌ, ◌ॢ 24 25 26 27 28 LLI, L^I 61, 63 ॡ, ◌ॣ त थ द ध न pa pha ba bha ma .e 0E, 46 ऎ, ◌ॆ 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E e 0F, 47 ए, ◌े प फ ब भ म ai 10,48 ऐ, ◌ै ya ra la va, wa .o 12, 4A ऒ, ◌ॊ 2F 30 32 35 o 13, 4B ओ, ◌ो य र ल व au 14, 4C औ, ◌ौ sha Sha sa ha aM 05 02, 02 अं 36 37 38 39 aH 05 03, 03 अः श ष स ह .m 02 ◌ं Ra lda, La zha .h 03 ◌ः 31 33 34 (a) Vowels ऱ ळ ऴ (b) Consonants Version: v1.0 (9 August 2020) NOTES: 1. -
Prof. P. Bhaskar Reddy Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati
Component-I (A) – Personal details: Prof. P. Bhaskar Reddy Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati. Prof. P. Bhaskar Reddy Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati. & Dr. K. Muniratnam Director i/c, Epigraphy, ASI, Mysore Dr. Sayantani Pal Dept. of AIHC, University of Calcutta. Prof. P. Bhaskar Reddy Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati. Component-I (B) – Description of module: Subject Name Indian Culture Paper Name Indian Epigraphy Module Name/Title Kharosthi Script Module Id IC / IEP / 15 Pre requisites Kharosthi Script – Characteristics – Origin – Objectives Different Theories – Distribution and its End Keywords E-text (Quadrant-I) : 1. Introduction Kharosthi was one of the major scripts of the Indian subcontinent in the early period. In the list of 64 scripts occurring in the Lalitavistara (3rd century CE), a text in Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit, Kharosthi comes second after Brahmi. Thus both of them were considered to be two major scripts of the Indian subcontinent. Both Kharosthi and Brahmi are first encountered in the edicts of Asoka in the 3rd century BCE. 2. Discovery of the script and its Decipherment The script was first discovered on one side of a large number of coins bearing Greek legends on the other side from the north western part of the Indian subcontinent in the first quarter of the 19th century. Later in 1830 to 1834 two full inscriptions of the time of Kanishka bearing the same script were found at Manikiyala in Pakistan. After this discovery James Prinsep named the script as ‘Bactrian Pehelevi’ since it occurred on a number of so called ‘Bactrian’ coins. To James Prinsep the characters first looked similar to Pahlavi (Semitic) characters. -
Simplified Abugidas
Simplified Abugidas Chenchen Ding, Masao Utiyama, and Eiichiro Sumita Advanced Translation Technology Laboratory, Advanced Speech Translation Research and Development Promotion Center, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology 3-5 Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, 619-0289, Japan fchenchen.ding, mutiyama, [email protected] phonogram segmental abjad Abstract writing alphabet system An abugida is a writing system where the logogram syllabic abugida consonant letters represent syllables with Figure 1: Hierarchy of writing systems. a default vowel and other vowels are de- noted by diacritics. We investigate the fea- ណូ ន ណណន នួន ននន …ជិតណណន… sibility of recovering the original text writ- /noon/ /naen/ /nuən/ /nein/ vowel machine ten in an abugida after omitting subordi- diacritic omission learning ណន នន methods nate diacritics and merging consonant let- consonant character ters with similar phonetic values. This is merging N N … J T N N … crucial for developing more efficient in- (a) ABUGIDA SIMPLIFICATION (b) RECOVERY put methods by reducing the complexity in abugidas. Four abugidas in the south- Figure 2: Overview of the approach in this study. ern Brahmic family, i.e., Thai, Burmese, ters equally. In contrast, abjads (e.g., the Arabic Khmer, and Lao, were studied using a and Hebrew scripts) do not write most vowels ex- newswire 20; 000-sentence dataset. We plicitly. The third type, abugidas, also called al- compared the recovery performance of a phasyllabary, includes features from both segmen- support vector machine and an LSTM- tal and syllabic systems. In abugidas, consonant based recurrent neural network, finding letters represent syllables with a default vowel, that the abugida graphemes could be re- and other vowels are denoted by diacritics. -
Designing Devanagari Type
Designing Devanagari type The effect of technological restrictions on current practice Kinnat Sóley Lydon BA degree final project Iceland Academy of the Arts Department of Design and Architecture Designing Devanagari type: The effect of technological restrictions on current practice Kinnat Sóley Lydon Final project for a BA degree in graphic design Advisor: Gunnar Vilhjálmsson Graphic design Department of Design and Architecture December 2015 This thesis is a 6 ECTS final project for a Bachelor of Arts degree in graphic design. No part of this thesis may be reproduced in any form without the express consent of the author. Abstract This thesis explores the current process of designing typefaces for Devanagari, a script used to write several languages in India and Nepal. The typographical needs of the script have been insufficiently met through history and many Devanagari typefaces are poorly designed. As the various printing technologies available through the centuries have had drastic effects on the design of Devanagari, the thesis begins with an exploration of the printing history of the script. Through this exploration it is possible to understand which design elements constitute the script, and which ones are simply legacies of older technologies. Following the historic overview, the character set and unique behavior of the script is introduced. The typographical anatomy is analyzed, while pointing out specific design elements of the script. Although recent years has seen a rise of interest on the subject of Devanagari type design, literature on the topic remains sparse. This thesis references books and articles from a wide scope, relying heavily on the works of Fiona Ross and her extensive research on non-Latin typography. -
Töwkhön, the Retreat of Öndör Gegeen Zanabazar As a Pilgrimage Site Zsuzsa Majer Budapest
Töwkhön, The ReTReaT of öndöR GeGeen ZanabaZaR as a PilGRimaGe siTe Zsuzsa Majer Budapest he present article describes one of the revived up to the site is not always passable even by jeep, T Mongolian monasteries, having special especially in winter or after rain. Visitors can reach the significance because it was once the retreat and site on horseback or on foot even when it is not possible workshop of Öndör Gegeen Zanabazar, the main to drive up to the monastery. In 2004 Töwkhön was figure and first monastic head of Mongolian included on the list of the World’s Cultural Heritage Buddhism. Situated in an enchanted place, it is one Sites thanks to its cultural importance and the natural of the most frequented pilgrimage sites in Mongolia beauties of the Orkhon River Valley area. today. During the purges in 1937–38, there were mass Information on the monastery is to be found mainly executions of lamas, the 1000 Mongolian monasteries in books on Mongolian architecture and historical which then existed were closed and most of them sites, although there are also some scattered data totally destroyed. Religion was revived only after on the history of its foundation in publications on 1990, with the very few remaining temple buildings Öndör Gegeen’s life. In his atlas which shows 941 restored and new temples erected at the former sites monasteries and temples that existed in the past in of the ruined monasteries or at the new province and Mongolia, Rinchen marked the site on his map of the subprovince centers. Öwörkhangai monasteries as Töwkhön khiid (No. -
Prideless Austerity Hare Krishna Prabhujis and Matajis, Please
Prideless Austerity Date: 2007-06-26 Author: Kalacakra Krsna das Hare Krishna Prabhujis and Matajis, Please accept our humble pranams. All glories to Srila Prabhupada and Srila Gurudev. Today is the auspicious occasion of Pandav-Nirjal ekadasi.-a day when we can realise the Supremacy of Merciful Lord and how insignificant we are. Lord Krishna declares in Bhagavad Gita (7.9) "I am the penance of all the ascetics". Inspite of the fact that whatever austerities that are defined for Kali-yuga are in no way comparable to people of other yugas, we would definitely able to realise that it is only by His causeless mercy we are able to even fast. But sometimes foolishly we forget Krishna's grace and pride creeps into our heart even when we fast. Fasting observed in such a mood is definitely worthless as such attitude never pleases the Lord. In Srimad Bhagavatam verse 3.23.56, Mother Devahuti very nicely expresses the futility of such mechanical devotional performances as follows. neha yat karma dharmāya na virāgāya kalpate na tīrtha-pada-sevāyai jīvann api mṛto hi saḥ Anyone whose work is not meant to elevate him to religious life, anyone whose religious ritualistic performances do not raise him to renunciation, and anyone situated in renunciation that does not lead him to devotional service to the Supreme Personality of Godhead, must be considered dead, although he is breathing. Even in His pastimes in Guruvayoor temple at Kerala, Lord Krishna chastised the proud, brahmin sanskrit scholar Bhatta Hari who composed the famous book Narayaniyam, when he offended a humble farmer Poonthanam who had written a book in Malayalam language, glorifying the Lord. -
General Historical and Analytical / Writing Systems: Recent Script
9 Writing systems Edited by Elena Bashir 9,1. Introduction By Elena Bashir The relations between spoken language and the visual symbols (graphemes) used to represent it are complex. Orthographies can be thought of as situated on a con- tinuum from “deep” — systems in which there is not a one-to-one correspondence between the sounds of the language and its graphemes — to “shallow” — systems in which the relationship between sounds and graphemes is regular and trans- parent (see Roberts & Joyce 2012 for a recent discussion). In orthographies for Indo-Aryan and Iranian languages based on the Arabic script and writing system, the retention of historical spellings for words of Arabic or Persian origin increases the orthographic depth of these systems. Decisions on how to write a language always carry historical, cultural, and political meaning. Debates about orthography usually focus on such issues rather than on linguistic analysis; this can be seen in Pakistan, for example, in discussions regarding orthography for Kalasha, Wakhi, or Balti, and in Afghanistan regarding Wakhi or Pashai. Questions of orthography are intertwined with language ideology, language planning activities, and goals like literacy or standardization. Woolard 1998, Brandt 2014, and Sebba 2007 are valuable treatments of such issues. In Section 9.2, Stefan Baums discusses the historical development and general characteristics of the (non Perso-Arabic) writing systems used for South Asian languages, and his Section 9.3 deals with recent research on alphasyllabic writing systems, script-related literacy and language-learning studies, representation of South Asian languages in Unicode, and recent debates about the Indus Valley inscriptions.