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Progress Monitoring Online

For: Self-test with vocabulary practice

Web Code: nba-1851

6

6

Quick Study Guide

■ Have students use the Quick Study Guide to prepare for this chapter’s test. Students may wish to refer to the following pages as they review:

■ Causes and Effects of the French
■ What Inspired the French Revolution?

Revolution

• Social: Enlightenment ideas such as equality and justice • Political: Ideas from the American Revolution • Economic: Inequalities among classes; unrest due to extravagant monarchy

Cause and Effect

Long-Term Causes

• Corrupt and inconsistent • Huge government debt

Immediate Causes

What Inspired the French Revolution?

Section 1, pp. 210–213

leadership
• Poor harvests and rising

price of bread

■ Reforms of the National Assembly

• Prosperous members of Third Estate resent privileges of First and Second Estates.
• Failure of Louis XVI to accept financial reforms

Causes and Effects of the French Revolution

Section 1, pp. 210–215; Section 2, pp. 217–222; Section 3, pp. 223–227; Section 4, pp. 230–238

Political

• Proclaimed all male citizens equal before the law. • Limited the power of the monarchy.
• Formation of National Assembly
• Spread of Enlightenment ideas
• Storming of Bastille
• Established the Legislative Assembly to make laws.

• Granted all tax-paying male citizens the right to elect members of the Legislative Assembly.

Reforms of the National Assembly

Section 2, pp. 217–220

The French Revolution

Social and Economic

• Abolished special privileges of the nobility. • Announced an end to feudalism.

  • Immediate Effects
  • Long-Term Effects

Key Events from 1789–1815

Section 1, pp. 215; Section 3, pp. 224– 225; Section 4, pp. 231, 234–238

• Declaration of the Rights • Napoleon gains power.
• Called for taxes to be levied according to ability to pay.

• Abolished guilds and forbade labor unions. • Compensated nobles for lands seized by peasants. of Man and the Citizen
• Napoleonic Code

adopted. established.

• France adopts its first written constitution.
• French public schools set up.

Religious

• French conquests spread nationalism.

■ For additional review, remind students to refer to the

L3

• Revolutionary France
• Declared freedom of religion. fights coalition of
• Congress of Vienna
European powers.
• Took over and sold Church lands. convenes to restore stability to Europe.
• Placed the French Catholic Church under control of the state.
• Monarchy abolished;

execution of king and
• Revolutions occur elsewhere queen.

Reading and Note Taking Study Guide

• Provided that bishops and priests be elected and receive government salaries. in Europe and in Latin

America.
• Reign of Terror

Note Taking Study Guide, pp. 80, 82–83,
85, 87

Connections to Today

Section Summaries, pp. 81, 84, 86, 88

• French law reflects Napoleonic Code. • France eventually became a democratic republic.

■ Have students access Web Code nbp-
1801 for this chapter’s

timeline, which includes expanded entries and additional events.

■ Key Events From 1789–1815

  • 1789
  • 1793
  • 1799

Parisians storm the Bastille on July 14, starting the French Revolution.
Radicals execute the king and queen, which leads to the Reign of Terror.
Napoleon overthrows the Directory.

■ If students need more instruction on analyzing timelines, have them read

the Skills Handbook, p. SH32.

Chapter Events

Global Events

■ When students have completed their study of the chapter, distribute Chapter Tests A and B.

1790

1789

The United States Constitution is ratified.

  • 1795
  • 1800

1793

China rejects British trade offer.

Teaching Resources, Unit 2,

pp. 35–40

Solutions for All Learners

  • L1 Special Needs L2 Less Proficient Readers
  • L2 English Language Learners

  • For students acquiring basic skills:
  • For Spanish-speaking students:

Adapted Reading and Note Taking Study Guide

Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, pp. 80, 82–83,
85, 87

Spanish Reading and Note Taking Study Guide

Spanish Note Taking Study Guide, pp. 80, 82–83,
85, 87

For Progress Monitoring Online,

refer students to the Self-test with

vocabulary practice at Web Code nba-1851.

  • Adapted Section Summaries, pp. 81, 84, 86, 88
  • Spanish Section Summaries, pp. 81, 84, 86, 88

240

Tell students that the main concepts for this chapter are Cooperation, Democracy, Nationalism, Geography’s Impact, and Revolution, and then ask them to answer the Cumulative Review questions on this page. Discuss the Connections to Today topics and ask students to answer the questions that follow.

  • ■ Cumulative Review
  • ■ Connections To Today

1. Geography’s Impact: Wars in the Middle East

Geography played an important role in Napoleon’s defeat in Russia. Napoleon’s Grand Army, once nearly 500,000 soldiers strong, shrank to about 20,000 due to the brutal Russian winter. Research newspaper and magazine articles to find how geography has impacted wars in the Middle East. Compile your research and write a script for your local newscast. Consider the following:

Record the answers to the questions below on your Con- cept Connector worksheets. In addition, record information from this chapter about the following concepts:

• Cooperation: Coalitions against Napoleon 1. Democracy The American and French Revolutions were both inspired by a desire for democracy, yet each occurred under different historical circumstances. Compare and contrast the causes and events of these two revolutions and their consequences for the growth of liberty, equality, and democracy. Consider how the two revolutions were similar or different in the following areas:
•••location landforms climate

•••••the circumstances that led to each revolution the goals of the revolutionaries to what extent each revolution advanced liberty to what extent each revolution advanced equality short-term and longer-term consequences of each

Burning oil pipeline, September 14, 2004, caused by sabotage in the Middle East

Cumulative Review

1. Responses should show an awareness of historical similarities and differences between the two revolutions, including the challenge to the class structure in France and the absence of such a challenge in the United States. Students should also note the restrictions on liberty that resulted from the French Revolution and discuss the historical effects of each revolution.

2. Nationalism The French Revolution brought about waves of nationalism that spread throughout France. Under Napoleon, nationalism spurred French armies to success. The tricolor flag, the song La Marseillaise, and the words Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity all helped unite the French people in a cause to defend their nation. What spurred nationalism in the American Revolution? Think about the following: ••symbols common goals

2. Cooperation: United Nations Diplomats and heads of

states from the powers that defeated Napoleon—Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain—gathered at the Congress of Vienna in 1814. Their main goal was to restore peace after the French Revolution and Napoleonic era. Today, U.N. peacekeeping operations take place around the globe with the same goal of keeping or restoring peace. Research to find more information on the Congress of Vienna and U.N. peacekeeping operations. Draw a table to write facts about each in individual columns. Think about the following:
3. Revolution In the French Revolution, the Third Estate revolted to topple the Old Regime. The Protestant Reformation caused a similar upheaval when peasants revolted for an end to serfdom. Research the Peasants’ Revolt that erupted in Germany in 1524. How does it compare to the French Revolution? Think about the following:

2. Responses should include examples of symbols, such as the new American flag, events, such as the Boston Massacre, and the goal of freedom and selfgovernment.

•••causes effects goals

3. Responses should accurately compare both revolutions and include causes such as harsh living conditions; effects such as increasing violence; and goals such as the end of serfdom for Germany and fair taxes and free press in France.

••history and purpose of the organizations definitions of “peacekeeping”

  • 1804
  • 1812

Napoleon invades Russia.

1814

Congress of Vienna meets.

1815

Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France.
Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo.

Connections to Today

1. Newscast scripts should depict how location and desert conditions impact war in the Middle East.

  • 1805
  • 1810
  • 1815

2. Tables should include accurate facts about the Congress of Vienna and UN peacekeeping operations.

  • 1804
  • 1812

The United States declares war on Britain. For: Interactive timeline
Haiti declares independence from France.

Web Code: nbp-1801

For additional review of this chapter’s core concepts, remind students to refer to the

L3

Solutions for All Learners

Reading and Note Taking Study Guide

  • L1 Special Needs L2 Less Proficient Readers
  • L2 English Language Learners

Concept Connector, pp. 241, 250, 270, 277, 287

Use the following study guide resources to help students acquiring basic skills:
Use the following study guide resources to help Spanish-speaking students:

Adapted Reading and Note Taking Study Guide

Adapted Concept Connector, pp. 244, 255, 282,
291, 304

Spanish Reading and Note Taking Study Guide

Spanish Concept Connector, pp. 244, 255, 282,
291, 304

241

Chapter Assessment

Chapter Assessment

of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, (b) the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, (c) the Constitution of 1791.

Terms, People, and Places

Terms, People, and Places

Match the following terms with the definitions below.

  • 6. Maximilien
  • 1. Estates-

Section 3 (pp. 221–227)

14. What was the Reign of Terror?

  • Robespierre
  • General

sans-culotte bourgeoisie
Olympe de Gouges plebiscite

Section 4 (pp. 228–237)

7. plebiscite
2. deficit spending 3. nationalism 4. bourgeoisie

Napoleonic Code abdicate Estates-General deficit spending Maximilien Robespierre nationalism
15. List the reforms that Napoleon made as leader of France. 16. How did the Congress of Vienna try to restore the balance of power in Europe?

8. sans-culotte 9. Napoleonic

Chapter Focus Question

17. What were the causes and effects of the French Revolution, and how did the revolution lead to the Napoleonic era?

Code

1. a meeting of the representatives of the three estates 2. situation in which a government spends more money than it takes in

5. Olympe de
10. abdicate

Gouges

3. strong feeling of devotion to one’s country

4. the middle class

Main Ideas

Critical Thinking

18. Draw Conclusions What impact did Enlightenment ideas

have on the French Revolution?

19. Recognize Cause and Effect Explain the events that led

to the end of the monarchy.

20. Geography and History How did the geography of the

Russian empire work against Napoleon’s Grand Army?

21. Analyzing Cartoons In the cartoon shown here, the figure

on the left represents the British, and the other figure represents Napoleon. What are the figures carving, and why?

11. Nobles got the best government positions; urban workers earned poor wages; peasants’ taxes were high; nobles did not pay their fair share.

5. journalist who demanded equal rights for women 6. leader of the Committee of Public Safety 7. ballot in which voters have a direct say on an issue 8. working-class men and women in France; means “without breeches”
9. law code that embodied Enlightenment principles such as equality

10. step down from power

12. They declared themselves the
National Assembly and took the Tennis Court Oath stating that they would meet until they established a constitution. They took this action because the other two estates rejected their idea to meet as a single body with votes to be counted by head, rather than by estate.

Main Ideas

Section 1 (pp. 208–213)

11. What caused discontent in the old French regime? 12. When the Estates-General convened in May 1789, what actions did members of the Third Estate take and why?

Section 2 (pp. 214–220)

13. Describe one reform that the National Assembly enacted through each of the following documents: (a) the Declaration

13. Sample: (a) declared that all men were equal and had natural rights (b) made bishops and priests elected and salaried officials (c) set up a limited monarchy and a new Legislative Assembly

● Writing About History

Expository Essay: Cause and

• Take time to research facts, descriptions, and examples, to clearly illustrate the causes and effects in your essay.

14. a ruthless campaign against people suspected of being enemies of the revolution

Effect There were many key

events in the French Revolution and Napoleonic era that affected France and the rest of the world. Write an essay that explains the causes of one of the following

Drafting

• Choose one of the following to organize the causes and effects in your essay: show the chronological order of events, or order the events from the least important to the most important.
• As you draft your essay, illustrate each cause and effect with supporting facts and details.

15. controlled prices, encouraged new industry, promoted public schools and public works, instituted new law code

events and discuss what resulted:
Parisians storming the Bastille; Women marching on Versailles; Napoleon crowning himself emperor of the French. Consult page SH10 of the Writing Handbook for additional help.

16. redrew national boundaries, surrounded France with strong countries, created Quadruple Alliance

Revising

• Review your entire draft to ensure you show a clear relationship between the causes and effects.
• Analyze each paragraph to check that you have provided a thorough set of facts and details.

Chapter Focus Question

Prewriting

• Consider what you know about these events and choose one that you think best shows cause and effect.

17. Some causes of the French Revolution were social inequalities between the three estates, the spread of Enlightenment ideas, and economic problems such as huge government debt, rising bread prices, and the failure of Louis XVI to make financial reforms. The effects were the formation of the National Assembly, the storming of the Bastille, the adoption of the Declaration of Man and the Citizen, the abolishment of the monarchy, and, eventually, the Reign of Terror. The chaos that ensued from the first ten years of the Revolution led the people to support Napoleon, who stood for order, security, and efficiency.
19. War losses and radicals taking over the
Assembly led to the end of the monarchy.

20. Sample: Distance and a cold climate took

Critical Thinking

a huge toll on Napoleon’s forces.
18. They influenced people to believe that their natural rights and equality should be protected under the law; Enlightenment ideas were reflected in many of the laws created during the Revolution.
21. They are carving up the world because
France and Britain want to divide the world between their empires.

242

Document-Based Assessment

Document-Based Assessment

Document C

Storming the Bastille

■ To help students understand the documents on this page, give them the fol-

lowing TIP: Study each document to assess its context and purpose. Look at the attribution line to help determine who created it, when, and why.

“The mob came closer and the governor declared his willingness
One of the most famous and dramatic moments of the French

Revolution was the storming of the Bastille. This prison fortress with 90-foot-high walls symbolized the injustices of absolute monarchy. The following documents describe the event from different viewpoints. to capitulate [give up]. . . The streets and houses, even the roofs were filled with people abusing and cursing me. Daggers, bayonets, pistols were constantly pointed at me. I did not know how I would be killed but was sure my last hour had come. Those who had no arms were throwing stones at me, the women wrenched their teeth and threatened me with their fists. Two soldiers behind me had already been killed by the furious mob and I am convinced I could not have reached City Hall had not one officer . . . escorted me.“

Document A

“Shouts of ‘Give us the Bastille’ were heard, and nine hundred had pressed into the undefended outer courtyard, becoming angrier by the minute. . . . At about half past three in the afternoon the crowd was reinforced by companies of gardes françaises [French guards] and by defecting soldiers, including a number who were veterans of the American campaign. Two in particular, Second-Lieutenant Jacob Elie, the standard-bearer of the Infantry of the Queen, and Pierre-Augustin Hulin, the director of the Queen’s laundry, were crucial in turning the incoherent assault into an organized siege.“

■ To provide students with further practice in answering DocumentBased Assessment Questions, go to

Document-Based Assessment,

pp. 54–66

—“Reports of the Taking of the Bastille, July 14, 1789, by One

of Its Defenders” (1834) by Ludwig von der Fluhe (Swiss officer)

Document D ୑ Demolition of the Bastille, 1789

■ If students need more instruction on comparing viewpoints, have them

read the Skills Handbook, p. SH34.

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  • The Fall of the Bastille: the Voice and Power of Paris

    The Fall of the Bastille: the Voice and Power of Paris

    Parkland College A with Honors Projects Honors Program 2014 The alF l of the Bastille: The oiceV and Power of Paris Harold Lowery Parkland College Recommended Citation Lowery, Harold, "The alF l of the Bastille: The oV ice and Power of Paris" (2014). A with Honors Projects. 119. http://spark.parkland.edu/ah/119 Open access to this Article is brought to you by Parkland College's institutional repository, SPARK: Scholarship at Parkland. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Fall of the Bastille: The Voice and Power of Paris Harold Lowery History 102: Western Civilization II May 13th, 2014 The Fall of the Bastille: The Voice and Power of Paris When the research began into the fall of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, which has been called the beginning of the French Revolution that led to the fall of Louis XVI, the events that culminated in the storming of the Bastille was the combination of massive failures in agriculture, the use of military force in Paris, and the nobility’s efforts to undermine the commoners. The goal of this paper is to show the lengths humanity will go to bring about change and explain how the combinations of these events led to the storming of the Bastille. Prior to the fall of the Bastille, life within France was not one of commonality, "For all the patriots' talk about 'the nation,' there was little in the social and economic life of that nation that bound it together. Life experience was quite limited."[1] The statement shows the immensity of the events of July 14, which unified classes of people who had little in common before.
  • Contested Symbols: Vichy France and the Legacy of the French Revolution

    Contested Symbols: Vichy France and the Legacy of the French Revolution

    5 CONTESTED SYMBOLS Lear Prize Winner Contested Symbols: Vichy France and the Legacy of the French Revolution This paper examines how Vichy, the authoritarian government in France throughout most of the Second World War, reckoned with the legacy of the French Revolution. I investigate this relationship through the regime’s treatment of four revolutionary symbols: the figure Marianne, the anthem “La Marseillaise,” the national holiday of Bastille Day, and the slogan of Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité. Because these symbols were deeply embedded in French social and political life, I argue that Vichy could neither fully reject nor embrace them; instead, it pursued a middle ground by twisting the symbols’ meanings and introducing alternatives in line with the traditionalism and ethnocentrism of its National Revolution. In doing so, Vichy attempted to replace the French Republic and the revolutionary values that it stood for with its own vision of the French past, present, and future. Emma Satterfield Written for History 457: Modern Revolutions 1776, 1789, 1917, 1989, 2011 Dr. Peter C. Caldwell SPRING 2019 EMMA SATTERFIELD 6 Since 1789, the themes and struggles at the heart of the French Revolution have been invoked and re-invoked at times of political crisis and change, from the empire of Napoleon to the brief Paris Commune of 1870. At the onset of the twentieth century, even as the Revolution grew more distant with the passing of time, its legacy remained central to the identity of both the French Republic and its citizens. This crystallization of French identity was made possible by the government’s use of a repertoire of revolutionary symbols embodying the ideals of liberty, equality, and brotherhood.
  • Vichy France and the Legacy of the French Revolution

    Vichy France and the Legacy of the French Revolution

    5 CONTESTED SYMBOLS Lear Prize Winner Contested Symbols: Vichy France and the Legacy of the French Revolution This paper examines how Vichy, the authoritarian government in France throughout most of the Second World War, reckoned with the legacy of the French Revolution. I investigate this relationship through the regime’s treatment of four revolutionary symbols: the figure Marianne, the anthem “La Marseillaise,” the national holiday of Bastille Day, and the slogan of Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité. Because these symbols were deeply embedded in French social and political life, I argue that Vichy could neither fully reject nor embrace them; instead, it pursued a middle ground by twisting the symbols’ meanings and introducing alternatives in line with the traditionalism and ethnocentrism of its National Revolution. In doing so, Vichy attempted to replace the French Republic and the revolutionary values that it stood for with its own vision of the French past, present, and future. Emma Satterfield Written for History 457: Modern Revolutions 1776, 1789, 1917, 1989, 2011 Dr. Peter C. Caldwell SPRING 2019 EMMA SATTERFIELD 6 Since 1789, the themes and struggles at the heart of the French Revolution have been invoked and re-invoked at times of political crisis and change, from the empire of Napoleon to the brief Paris Commune of 1870. At the onset of the twentieth century, even as the Revolution grew more distant with the passing of time, its legacy remained central to the identity of both the French Republic and its citizens. This crystallization of French identity was made possible by the government’s use of a repertoire of revolutionary symbols embodying the ideals of liberty, equality, and brotherhood.