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Proposed Recovery Plan for the Puget Sound Steelhead Distinct Population Segment

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Proposed Recovery Plan for the Puget Sound Steelhead Distinct Population Segment PROPOSED RECOVERY PLAN FOR THE PUGET SOUND STEELHEAD DISTINCT POPULATION SEGMENT (Oncorhynchus mykiss) West Coast Regional Office National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Cover photo of first natural-origin steelhead radio tagged in the Elwha River after dam removal, by John McMillan of NOAA Fisheries. 1 PROPOSED RECOVERY PLAN FOR THE PUGET SOUND STEELHEAD DISTINCT POPULATION SEGMENT (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Prepared by: Office of Protected Resources and West Coast Region National Marine Fisheries Service Approved: ___________________________ Chris W. Oliver Assistant Administrator for Fisheries National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Date: _____________________________ 2 Disclaimer Endangered Species Act (ESA) recovery plans delineate reasonable actions that the best available information indicates are necessary for the conservation and survival of listed species. Plans are published by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), usually with the assistance of recovery teams, state agencies, local governments, salmon recovery boards, non- governmental organizations, interested citizens of the affected area, contractors, and others. ESA recovery plans do not necessarily represent the views, official positions or approval of any individuals or agencies involved in the plan formulation, other than NMFS. They represent the official position of NMFS only after they have been signed by the West Coast Regional Administrator. Recovery plans are guidance and planning documents only; identification of an action to be implemented by any public or private party does not create a legal obligation beyond existing legal requirements. Nothing in this plan should be construed as a commitment or requirement that any federal agency obligate or pay funds in any one fiscal year in excess of appropriations made by Congress for that fiscal year in contravention of the Anti-Deficiency Act, 31 U.S.C 1341, or any other law or regulation. Approved recovery plans are subject to modification as dictated by new information, changes in species status, and the completion of recovery actions. Although an ESA recovery plan is not a regulatory document with the force of law, it provides important context for NMFS decisions under ESA section 7(a). The procedures for the section 7 consultation process are described in 50 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 402 and are applicable regardless of whether or not the actions are described in a recovery plan. LITERATURE CITATION SHOULD READ AS FOLLOWS: NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service). 2018. Proposed Recovery Plan for the Puget Sound Steelhead Distinct Population Segment (Oncorhynchus mykiss). National Marine Fisheries Service. Seattle, WA. ADDITIONAL COPIES MAY BE OBTAINED FROM: National Marine Fisheries Service West Coast Regional Office, Oregon Washington Coastal Area Office 7600 Sand Point Way NE Seattle, WA 98115 Recovery plans can be downloaded from the NMFS website: http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/protected_species/salmon_steelhead/recovery_planning _and_implementation/puget_sound/puget_sound_salmon_recovery_domain.html 3 Acknowledgments The Recovery Plan for the Puget Sound Steelhead DPS builds on the significant body of published work and expert knowledge regarding Puget Sound steelhead. The National Marine Fisheries Service gratefully acknowledges the contributions and dedicated efforts of numerous people and organizations over many years, and would like to thank the individuals, organizations, and agencies listed below (alphabetically) for their contributions to the Plan. NMFS Puget Sound Steelhead Recovery Lead Elizabeth Babcock, NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region, Oregon Washington Coastal Office Principal Authors David Price, NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region, Oregon Washington Coastal Office Rob Walton, NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region, Oregon Washington Coastal Office (retired) Contributing Authors Joseph Anderson Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Ed Connor Seattle City Light Ken Currens Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission Jeff Hard NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center Neala Kendall Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Susan O’Neil Long Live the Kings Barbara Taylor NOAA Fisheries Contractor NMFS Contributors and Reviewers Alison Agness NOAA Pacific Salmon Commission Laurie Beale NOAA Office of the General Counsel Barry Berejikian NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center Craig Busack NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region Therese Conant NOAA Fisheries, Office of Protected Resources James Dixon NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region Jeff Hard NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center Damon Holzer NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center Christina Iverson NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region Kim Kratz, NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region Steve Leider NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region Richard Morse NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region Jim Myers NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center George Pess NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center Puget Sound Steelhead Recovery Team Joseph Anderson Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Elizabeth Babcock NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region Ed Connor Seattle City Light Ned Currence Nooksack Indian Tribe 4 Ken Currens Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission Jeanette Dorner Puget Sound Partnership Jeff Hard NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center Neala Kendall Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Susan O’Neil Long Live the Kings Tristan Peter-Contesse Puget Sound Partnership Scott Powell Seattle City Light David Price Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife and NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region Stacy Vynne Puget Sound Partnership Rob Walton NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region Consultant Support Claire Chase Triangle Associates Robert Wheeler Triangle Associates Barbara Taylor Contract Scientist, Writer, Editor Other Contributors and Reviewers Recovery Implementation Technical Team State and Tribal Co-Managers Puget Sound Partnership Governor’s Salmon Recovery Office Puget Sound Salmon Recovery Council Local Governments and Organizations Other Contributors and Reviewers 5 Contents Disclaimer ..........................................................................................................................................3 Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................................4 List of Figures .....................................................................................................................................8 List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................9 Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................................ 10 Preface ............................................................................................................................................12 Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................... 13 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 22 1.1 Purpose of the Plan ............................................................................................................. 22 1.2 Why Puget Sound Steelhead are Listed as Threatened ....................................................... 26 1.2.1 Ecosystem/Habitat Requirements of Steelhead ........................................................... 27 1.2.2 Population Status and Listing Decisions...................................................................... 29 1.2.3 Pressures and Factors Affecting the Decline of Steelhead .......................................... 31 1.3 Planning Approach.............................................................................................................. 35 1.3.1 Plan Development ─ Collaboration with Recovery Planning Partners ....................... 35 1.3.2 Recovery at Multiple Scales ─ DPS to Watersheds .................................................... 38 1.3.3 Relationship to Other Recovery Efforts ....................................................................... 38 1.4 Tribal Trust and Treaty Responsibilities............................................................................. 41 1.5 How NMFS Intends to Use the Plan ................................................................................... 43 2. Recovery Goals and Overarching Strategic Approach ..................................................................... 45 2.1 ESA Recovery Goals .......................................................................................................... 45 2.2 Overarching Strategic Approach......................................................................................... 46 2.3 Integrating Management ..................................................................................................... 47 3. Recovery Strategies and Actions ................................................................................................... 50 3.1 Recovery Strategy and Adaptive Management Framework ............................................... 52 3.2 Pressure: Fish Passage Barriers at Road Crossings ............................................................ 55 3.3 Pressure: Dams, including Fish Passage and Flood Control............................................... 58 3.4 Pressure:
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