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U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3406 Pamphlet

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U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3406 Pamphlet Prepared in cooperation with Whatcom County and the Washington State Department of Natural Resources Geomorphic Map of Western Whatcom County, Washington By Dori J. Kovanen, Ralph A. Haugerud, and Don J. Easterbrook Pamphlet to accompany Scientific Investigations Map 3406 View to northeast across western Whatcom County. Lummi peninsula in foreground, Bellingham to right. Map image from Google, TerraMetrics, Landsat/Copernicus 2019. 2020 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DAVID BERNHARDT, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey James F. Reilly II, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2020 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit https://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Suggested citation: Kovanen, D.J., Haugerud, R.A., and Easterbrook, D.J., 2020, Geomorphic map of western Whatcom County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3406, pamphlet 42 p., scale 1:50,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3406. ISSN 2329–132X (online) Contents Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................1 The Map Area ................................................................................................................................................1 Previous Work ................................................................................................................................................2 Late Cenozoic Plate-Boundary Deformation ...................................................................................2 Pleistocene Glaciation ........................................................................................................................2 Fraser Glaciation and its Subdivisions ....................................................................................2 Glaciation, Glacial-Isostatic Adjustment, and Relative Sea Level .....................................5 Everson Stratigraphy .................................................................................................................6 Sumas Stratigraphy ....................................................................................................................7 Hazards-Focused Investigations of Holocene Features ...............................................................7 Methods....................................................................................................................................................................8 Geomorphic Mapping ...................................................................................................................................8 Lidar Digital Elevation Model .............................................................................................................8 Mapping from Topography .................................................................................................................8 Relative and Numerical Ages ......................................................................................................................8 Elevation ..........................................................................................................................................................9 Tilt Estimated from Fossil Shorelines and Correlation Between Uplands ...........................................9 Landscape Evolution During the Past 16,000 Years...........................................................................................9 Late Pleistocene Fraser Glaciation ............................................................................................................9 Terrestrial Surfaces Formed Prior to the Sumas Stade ...............................................................12 Phase 1, Vashon .......................................................................................................................12 Phase 2, Monument 10 ............................................................................................................12 Marine-Modified Surfaces ...............................................................................................................12 Terrestrial Surfaces Formed During the Sumas Stade ................................................................20 Phase 3, Holman Hill ................................................................................................................21 Phase 4, Grandview .................................................................................................................22 Phase 5, Van Wyck ...................................................................................................................24 South of Nooksack River ...............................................................................................24 North of Nooksack River ................................................................................................25 Extent of Phase 5 Ice ......................................................................................................26 Phase 6, Tenmile Creek ...........................................................................................................26 Phase 7, Wiser Lake .................................................................................................................26 Surfaces of the Lynden-Abbotsford Plain ............................................................................28 Phase 8, Clearbrook .................................................................................................................29 Phase 9, Post-Clearbrook ........................................................................................................30 Evolution of the Wiser Lake Outwash Plain .........................................................................30 Latest Pleistocene and (or) Holocene Events ........................................................................................33 Holocene Changes to the Landscape of Whatcom County .................................................................33 Landslides and Fans ..........................................................................................................................33 Changing Course of the Nooksack River .......................................................................................33 Present Morphology ................................................................................................................33 Stratigraphic Evidence ............................................................................................................35 Inferred History .........................................................................................................................35 Growth of the Nooksack Delta ...............................................................................................35 Shoreline Development.....................................................................................................................36 Possible Tectonic Deformation ........................................................................................................36 Anthropogenic Changes to the Landscape of Whatcom County ..............................................36 Geomorphic Evidence Regarding the Yo-Yo Hypothesis ................................................................................37 Potential Changes to Stratigraphic Nomenclature .........................................................................................37 References Cited...................................................................................................................................................38 iii Figures 1. Location and topography of western Whatcom County ................................. on map sheet 2. Shaded-relief map showing the distribution of end moraines in western Whatcom County. Also shown are Lynden-Abbotsford plain and Wiser Lake outwash plain, formed by glacial meltwater approximately 13,000 years ago, the modern flood plain of the Nooksack River (in pale yellow) and communities mentioned in the pamphlet text ................................................... on map sheet 3. Geologic map of western Whatcom County, Washington .....................................................3 4. Stratigraphic nomenclature used by Armstrong and others (1965), Easterbrook (1963, 1976a), and in this report. Thick gray lines show correlations ..................................4 5. Map of western Washington showing the limits of the Puget Lobe, the southwesternmost extension of the Cordilleran ice sheet at its maximum extent during Fraser glaciation ...............................................................................................................5 6. Relative sea-level curves for parts of the Salish Lowland ....................................................6
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