JEWSAND UKRAINIANS IN CANADA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIASPORA-HOMELAND RELATIONS
Morton Weinfeld and Harold Troper
A relatively neglected area of inquiry in the field of ethnic relations he impnct of homeland events and relafions on diaspora communities, indeed, on interminority relations in those diasporns. This essay rep- nts a case study of diaspora homeland relations as these have affected nininns and Jews in Canada. The nature of these relations in Canada to- is n product of socio-demographic charactetisfics of the two communi- the real and perceived legacy of historical relations which existed in aine, and contemporary euents in both Israel and Ukraine.
his paper is rooted in a lengthy study of Ukrainian-Jewish rela- in Canada, in the context of the govenunent commission of inquiry azi war criminals, established in 1985, and which reported in The Ukrainian and Jewish polities in Canada we high profile, differences and similarities in the character of rela- and Israel, respectively. In addition, homeland events relations of interacting diaspora communities. ns, the homeland is Ukraine, and it remains operative ealized form, given Ukraine's status as a captive nation, which ever enjoyed true political independence. (The short-lived repub- 1917-1920 was never fully stabilized.) ws in Canada enjoy two homelands - their country of ancestral and, primarily, Israel. Israel is the adopted homeland of all di- Jews - and is a real homeland, enjoying political independence.
0th the Ukrainian and Jewish communities in Canada have been successive waves of immigration, arriving for the most ime periods. Within both groups, internal divisions rences in the demographic and cultural backgrounds of the us waves. Events and ideological nvrents in the homeland shaped waves, and thus the diaspora communities which emerged.
Jemish Politicnl Studies Keoieu, 7.2-2 (Spring 1990) Morton Weinfeld and Harold Troper Jms and Uhinians in Canada: A Comparative Sfudy 123
~h~ first wave of Ukrainian migration to Canada took place be- tween 1896 and 1914. The reasons were simple enough. Canada had a vast expanse of land in the west crying out for settlers for development These Jewish immigrants were largely skilled or semi-skilled and as a bulwark against possible American encroachment. Ukrainians, working-dass people. Few had been farmers or farm laborers; most had then primarily a fanning people, thirsted for land. This thirst could worked in urban factories or as artisans, petty traders and merchanb in not be satisfied in ~kraine,with its still semi-feudal conditions, small towns in rural Eastern Europe. Almost all the men, if not the population and general impoverishment. Class oppression, Poverty, women, were literate in Yiddish and some in Hebrew. ~~~t spoke and foreign domination and compulsory military service added to the push not a few were literate in one or more of Polish, G~~~~,~~~~i~~or towards Canada. bout 170,000 Ukrainians emigrated to Canada from Likminian. Many were strongly committed to political ideologies. TJ,~ 1896 to 1914, settling mainly in the prairie west.' first two decades of the twentieth century were turbulent years of ideo- while the terrain and climate of the prairies r logical debate as Europe's Jews struggled to discover answers to the &ainian immigrants of the wheat-producing areas of Ukraine Perplexing "Jewish question." Nor was this debate reserved for the not home, not yet. Ukrainian homesteaders and laborers encountered a elite. It involved Jews of all classes and backgrounds. ~h~~ zionists of full measme of discrimination and snobbish hostility St$, Bundists, Yiddishists, territoria]ists, most, of the immigrants were illiterate. In 1908 Galida, over odox Jews, assimilationists and others could be found half million of the seven and a half million residents were illiterate.' among Canadian Jewish immigrants. world War I brought unexpected hardship to Canada's Ukrainian Here we find a subtle difference between the Canadian and ~~~~i- immigrants, adding to the normal problems of economic adjustment and can ''world of Our fathers." The Eastern European migration to ~~~ri~~ slow acculturation. During the war, thousands of Ukrainian immigrants was weighted more to the 1880-1900 period, compared to ~~~~d~,~ from areas of Ukraine now controlled by the Austro 1900-1920. Those coming to Canada had experienced more fully the were suddenly suspect. Those who had not been st sentiment, the disappointments of the pogroms of fifteen years earlier were disenfranchised. Approximately ed revolution of 1905. Thus the Eastem European Jew- ripped away from their families and interned in large ca n Canada was far more culturally nationalist, tradi- mountains, E~~~ those who dutifully registered suffere t in nature than the American, where an earlier as- hardship and, suspected as possible subversives, remained st ethic was more pronounced. surveillance.3 For myCanadians of Ukrainian descent, this episod The Jewish masses brought with them, and to a certain extent found in the Canadian Jewish Community, a deep tradition of elaborate corn- remains a historic wrong similar in kind to the forced evacuation 0 Japanese Canadians during World War 11. organization, voluntarism, philanthropy, and self-help. ~h~ first-wave immigrants were concerned wit Ukrainian immigrank, of largely peasant background, had to struggle soul together, mrainian churches provided an oasis anizations and structures. Many of these functions and so&$ and communal organization. They also encoura church, but not without difficulty. Key mainian sense of Ukrainian identity and cultural education. Tied to the e their Jewish counterparts, were reluctant to unfamiliar with the language and customs of Canada, the first gene1 the old country, and Ukrainian lay leadership in rural canada tion lived an insular, simple, hardwork'mg life. jewish immigration to Canada likewise occurred in Waves.* ve of Ukrainian migration to Canada arrived first major wave of Jewish mass migration from Eas he interwar period, 1918-1939. Of an estimated 68-70,000 ukraini. tivated by crippling poverty brought about by overpopul nearly 56,000 arrived between 1926 and 1930.5 Many of these creased in certain economic sectors from recently enf grants came to Canada like the very first wave, seeking economic =hised serfs and other Eastern Europeans. But w 1 baggage was different. A fair number nomic migration into a population upheaval was the ome had fought for Ukrainian independence pogroms, beginning in 1881, and again in the 1890s and 1903. 1 consciousness through the battle for the Unlike the Ukrainians who went west, the ort-lived Ukrainian National Republic which emerged from world immigrants joined existing Jews in major Cities of Queb Ily aware,attuned to ideological con- tario. A small number moved to the west, primarily to urban Winni~e in Ukraine and Eastern E~~~~~.~h~~~ pe& years of this immigration were 1905 to 1915. By 1?01 there were grants who included adherents of nationalism and socialism in 124 Morton Weinfeld and Harold Trope7 Jews and Ukrainians in Canada: A Comparative Study 125 their shadings were more urbanized and more educated than those arriving before World War I, and were less likely to work the rise of Ukrainian nationalism had been imprisoned in labor or con- land. tration -Ps, or carted off to farms or factories in manpower-short TO many of this second wave, the first-wave Ukrainims and mar Y. Unlike earlier Ukrainian immigrant waves, largely from particularly their chienmay have seemed too CanaC=n, or simp1 and Bukovina, the third wave was drawn from all areas of too assimilated. ~utall would soon be swept up in the political debates e, both previously Polish western and Soviet eastern ~kraine.7 which in the community. The ideological and organizational in the case of the interwar Ukrainian migration, the third wave foundations of left-wing Ukrainian life were laid before Wo rought an ideofogical fewor and nationalist commitment far BU~the years of the 1920s and especially the Depression of er than that which awaited them in Canada. They had fought were an era of keen rivalry between pro and anti-soviet fadlons, bled for Ukraine. Their national and ideological passions were elled by the new immigration. The proper attitude towards Ukra' in the Dp camps of Germany, Italy and Austria. Once in Canada and the new Soviet experiment became a defining issue of cultura invigorated the ccm~~unaltie to and concern for Ukraine. ~0~ social life dividing not just the community but ftIdles as well. aloriq of these immigrants there was a strong and singular idea- there were strong similarities between the second wave of Ukrainia mission, militant anti-Communism combined with a strong mass immigration and the pre-World War I Jewish wave. Each bent to Ukrainian nationalism and the survival of ukrainian marked by tensions with those who had arrived earlier and re. Some dreamed of a liberated, independent Ukraine, but the seemed more assimilated. Both groups were predominantly non-a ented themselves to maximizing the rights of ukrainians cultural, with a strong working-class and urban element. Bat Soviet rule, supporting dissidents and religious lead- awash in internal debate on questions of political, national a vacating a generally hardline anti-Communist foreign DO]- tural importance. -. ~0ththe Ukrainian and Jewish communities in ~a~daabsor substantial numbers of immigrants in the post-world War period estimated 44,000 Jews arrived in Canada from 1945 to 1954, the Communities Today majority of these survivors of the Holocaust from many European co tries, but in the main from Poland and the Soviet Union, includ 1 Presents 1981 census data on the two communities. ~h~~~ Ukraine. 030 Canadians who identified themselves as ~~~ishonly, and The survivors slowly became established and be who identified themselves as partly lewish. F~~ the community. When they had arrived they had been ns, the comparable figures were 530,WO and 216,000. on the existing Jewish community. With the passage of time e considered "old" groups, in that the of new importance accorded the Holocaust in Jewish self-unders dian born. In 1981 Ukrainians were almost 90 the survivors emerged from the shadows and ass nadian horn, the highest for any non-French or non-~ng]ish science of the Jewish community on matters relating to Ori@ group in Canada. or Jews, the figure was only 66 per- and anti-Semitism. And the experience of the Holocaust ecting more recent waves of immigration from ~~~th&ica, from mind. They formed assodations of SU~V~VOISof S Poland, the Soviet Union and Israel. tion camps, as well as general organizations of H0 These associations are noted for their militant opposition to Vow more rapidly because of their higher fer- Semitism, and for their unwavering support for Zionism and Israel. ~h~ Ukrainian third wave, which arrived after 1945, shares an Canadians are likely to claim Ukrainian as both similarities with the Jewish survivor immigratio Ongue/ which is the language first learned and still under- group might appreciate the comparison. From 194 as language of home use. But many Ukrainians and Jews may closeto 33,000 Ukrainians arrived in Canada. This postwar or howledge of the language, or some words, phrases wave was primarily drawn from among the ranks of DPs. A substa used at festivals, religiousoc~asions number of them had higher education and had worked in profe ge may well be far short of fluency or Many had proudly played military or paramilitary roles duri t it is important. It bonds people to the language war, fighting the Soviets, the Nazis, or both. Some e cO--ty. This howledge. on come from community 126 Morton Weinfeld and Harold Troper Jews and Ukrainians in Canada: A Comparative Study 127
Table 1
JEWISH AND UKRAINIAN GROUPS IN GU'JADA, 19X1
4.7 4.8 6.5 Jewish Ukrainian Cana 6.9 n.a. 8.7
10
% 0-14 15 - 24 25 - 44 45 - 64 65 - 26.4 17.1 16.9
Languages ensus of Gnada, 1981, as compiled in Socio-economic Profiles of Sekded Ethnic % with ethnic mother tongue nority Group. 1981 Census, Multicultwalism Canada, March 1986, and Statis- of % with ethnic home l~~guages nada, 1981. Census Canada, Population, Ethnic origin. Catalogue 92-911. % able to speak English French Neither
Geographic Distribution Morton Weinfeld and Harold Trope? I Jews and Ukrainians in Canada: A Cornparafive Study 129 survival of group culture and political concern for the welfare of a Added to this uneasy sense of the Ukrainian as heir to a pogromist tra- homeland - Israel and Ukraine respectively. dition is a cultural prejudice which pictures the Ukrainian as simple peasant - both in the old country and in Canada.Io Moreover. the cre- I ation of the State of Israel in 1948 and the 1967 Arab-Israeli war fin- j Homeland, Identity, and Polity / ished the process of separating the notions of old country and home- e are now two distinct entities. The old countr; is the place ~h~ majority of canadian J~~~ and Ukrainian Canadian similar ancestral place of origin: Eastern Europe. Common Jewish parents Or grandparents emigrated or fled - a the Slavic experience and environment can be found in Eastern European d of poverty, oppression and finally mass murder. By the third Jewish culture and vice versa. The shtetl, the cradle of so much Eastern ration, many Canadian Jews would be hard pressed to recall, or to European Jewish folklore, was nestled within a Sla the precise to- or even province of their ancestors. Ukrainian environment. Ashkenazi Jewish and Israeli music After the trauma of the Holocaust, most of which took place on remain to this day strongly influenced by the folk culture of Christi em European soil, interest in the old country is usually expressed by Eastern Emope - there is nothing intrinsically Jewish or Israeli abo s only when it comes to the "rescue" of those few Jews who remain the hora danced at every Jewish celebration. Foods such as blintzes Jews wallow in nostalgia for the Ukraine of the non-Jews. nalyshnyky, stuffed cabbage or holubtsi are common in bo irs were two different worlds. Even towns or cities were pronounced Slavic/Ukrainian and Jewish cuisine. erently: Lviv for the Ukrainians, Lvov or Lemberg for the Jews, Both Jews and Ukrainians are also peoples with deep hiitori influenced by Yiddish or PoIish forms. memory, and one of the on-going characteristics of Jewish-Ukrain For Ukrainians, of course, the old country and the homeland are Ukraine was -is -their ancestral home, waiting to be freed from dialogue is that both Jews and Ukrainians perceive them . tims and the other as a dominant or superior entity. Thu n. The care and concern which Jews lavish understand their history as a centuries long effort to achieve ' militant Ukrainian nationalists similarly lavish on dence and freedom in Ukraine, struggling gallantly but unsuc or rather, on Ukrainian dissidents, religious leaders and against Czarist Russian, Austro-Hungarian, Polish, Na citizens chafing under the Soviet regime. Third or fourth- domination, and they see the continuing oppression of Ukrainian Canadians - like their Jewish counterparts - clerics by the Soviet regime today. er recall the names and location of ancestral villages; few, Ukrainian agony is epitomized by the famine Ukrainians feel that this greatest of their modem phes has tended to be ignored in the subsequent history and hist raphy. It has not touched the consciousness of nations as have twentieth century tragedies, such as the Holocaust th some irony, the rebirth of a Jewish state in Israel serves as a for Ukrainian nationalists. They preserve the hope that the the Armenian massacres of 1915 or the auto-g bodia. For some Ukrainian Canadians, Jews appear in the h Empire will yet collapse, and a free and truly independent e emerge from the rubble. legacy as alien, subversive and corrupting elem and this comes as a shock to most Jews, Ukra Canada today, history and homeland continue to play major descxibe Jews as having blood on their hands. Ukrainians in Ca they - or speafically their leaders and major certainly recognize and sympathize with the horrors of rvival. They provide exterminations engineered by the Nazis on thei ns the members of each one advantage which soothes the historical trauma of the Holo The Jews now have a homeland, Israel, an independent Jewish ities are among the most while Ukraine is still unfree. The Ukrainian diaspora rem ey boast a myriad of ethnic tions of different types and objectives. An in- dispossessed. For many Canadian Jews, on the other hand, Ukrainians still ic community can parallel the state, offer- pear as a collective representation of evil. Thus when confronted group members. Ethnic beit infrequently, by Ukrainian sorrows these Jews find it hard to community festivals can punctuate life's sympathy for those whom they feel have been their persecu n live out their final years in special old- Jews and Ukrainians in Canada: A Comparative Study 130 Morton Weinjeld and Harold Trope? 131 Overall, as seen in Table 2, the survivalist imperative seems ongest for Jewish respondents. The pattern holds for a host of mea- comfortable. s. BU~institutional completeness does not mean communal unifo Indeed, according to an ethnic identity scale devised by ~~~~~t~ ologist Wsevolod Isajiw, in the second generation - those with ~~th have been marked with intra-communaf.te ,,fict. Some of this has been ideological. The Jewish polity rant parents - 55 percent of the Jews and 28 percent of the score "high." But in the third generation, Jews are up to 60 on standard left-right social issues, on Zionism and the degree Ukrdnhs down to 4 percent. port for Israeli policy, and on religious issues. ere These ideological disputes are also mirrored in the a dramatic gulf between the fervently nationalistic and as Y identified postwar immigrant Ukrainians and their children - polity. ~~ft-rightrivalries are now somewhat muted the II comm-ty, like the Jewish, has become overwhelmingly antic deeply affected by the events of World War and the immediate war period and third or fourth generation Ukrainian Canadians. ht.pro-soviet factions are a tiny and increasingly aged min - latter are a more western Canadian, more assimilated, more inter- even the nationalists have bickered among themselves about group. They have less knowledge of current community politics tactics and to be adopted vis-a-vis the Soviet regime struggle for human rights and cultural freedom in Ukraine. tY in the Ukrainian language. What are the tools available to nuan Canadians to strengthen Ukrainian consdousness and iden- differ about how much energy to focus on Ukraine versus What, if anything, can be learned from the Jewish diaspora Canadian issues. or many Ukrainians, particularly in western 1 of intergenerational survival in ~01thAmerica? and among third and fourth generatio?, a constant focus on the dreaming about a liberated Ukraine, seems peratives of Jewish charity and communal involvement are land, and ced by the unfolding drama of Jewish history. rected. ~t deflects from the real task of building Ukrainian lew- canada and of contributing to Canadian sodety. Simifal~,at have argued that the two decisive events shaping Jewish ss in the twentieth century are the Holocaust and the me- canad& wish Congress triennial plenary Session, outgoing ~~bbiGunther Plaut called for greater external involvement Israel. Indeed, Israel and the Holocaust continue to nant roles in Jewish self-definition. Many Canadian J~~~ part of Canadian Jews in the affairs and needs of other groups. Or receive visits from Israeli friends or relatives. time, he awed, to move beyond an almost exclusive focus on J rael is more than a place to visit. As a svmbol, it is inter- concern and Jewish victimization. To what degree are members of a group awar with the ~
~ ~~ 132 Morton Weinfeld and Harold Trope7 Jews and Ukrainians in Canada: A Comparative Study 133
Table 2 contemporary Ukrainian identity in Canada. The importance of 1 bols, whether in material artifacts, rituals or ideas, has been ral to this effort. And the symbolic role of Ukraine as ravaged nd may have an important part to play in that effort. But UKRAINIANS ans are not just victims of a local tyranny. Their history of External Identity Generation Generation ization must, like the Holocaust's, be incorporated into the laree Variables ical narrative of western society. Robert ^Conquest's scholar?y - of the famine, and recent film depicting its devastation, are 1. Knowledge of mother tongue 335 25.9 0 ples of that attem~t?~Certainly the Ukrainian leeacv of sorrow 2. Knowledge of ethnic language v, when English is mother tongue 74.9 88.0 572 a long and profound one. But, as one Ukrainian observer noted, 3. Read ethnic language 59.9 41.5 572 inians, lie others, may perceive and resent a Jewish monopoly on 4. Write ethnic language 46.3 26.3 232 5. Use ethnic language 42.6 15.7 8.5 ring. 6. 1-3 close friends of own ethnic 98.4 90.1 90.0 inian dancers for the Queen are fine, but millions churned into group 7. Participate in ethnic functions 54.2 49.8 41.8 for fertilizer following an artificially induced and orches- 8. Use ethnic facilities 21.1 27.4 34.0 d Famine do not dance for the Queen; they are silent. Until 39.6 28.9 30.1 ~9. ~ Hearlwatch ethnic radio/TV recently they had no place in language. Images of perogies are 10. Read ethnic newspapers 65.7 60.5 51.6 11. Eat ethnic food on holidays 91.2 96.9 81.8 cceptable, images of pysanky and colorful costumes are magnifi- 12. Eat ethnic food more nt but thousands, hands tied behind their backs with chicken often than holidays 93.4 92.8 , shot in the nape of the neck with .22 calibre pistols are too 13. Padice ethnic customs 90.3 920 14. Possess ethnic artides 91.6 85.4 8 y to contemplate. Vinnytsia, Mordovia, Kolyma - these are 15. Speak or spoke ethnic language, t history and not of this social formation. And what of children or English and ethnic language t to freeze and starve on the Canadian prairies because some im- 54.0 14.5 0 to parents gration official feared the possibility of contagious diseases 16. Parents speak or spoke ethnic language, or English and ethnic at did not exist? What of internment camps for the bohunks? The language to children 69.5 50.6 3. estion is not of one oppressed and suffering people, but of the gen- Average 64.1 55.4 46 ized oppression and torment of people. We are shown chwitz; we are shown Buchenwald. We are not shown Kolyma; UKRAINIANS JEWS e are not shown Mordovia; we do not hear millions of Armenians; e do not see the smallpox imported 02 trade-blankets for native Internal Identity Generation Generation ndians. We are not told the whole~ - truthJ5 Variables 123 Jews and Ukrainians are increasingly turning to ceremony and Ethnic idotiity index mark their respective tragedies; statues, commemorative I. High 69.3 28.3 4.0 64.9 55.2 ,books and films abound. But Jews have a head start. The past 2. Medium 18.1 39.2 53.5 26.1 37.1 have seen an outpouring of books both scholarly and popular, Group oblipations atments of all types, university courses, seminars and discus- 3. ~vave~ohthat benefits self nd Presidential Commissionsfocused on the Holocaust. Elie and @up its chronicler, has won the Nobel Peace Prize. 4. Hiregroup members for job 5. Help gmup members find job hat they see as a cruel irony, when it comes to the Holocaust, 6. Many in-group ans have been cast, through war crimes media coverage and in- 7. support gmup auses tions, as persecutors rather than as the victims they often were 8. Teach children ethnic language ly perceive themselves to be.,.Homelands offer to ethnic Average attachment to history and source of identity. But people may ,.T ,.T - re the same vision of history. Historic events in ukr& duri4 ar 11, and current events like the Demjanjuk trial in Israel, Source: Isajiw, 1983, pp. 213-214,219. Morton Weinfeld and Harold Troper Jews and Ukrainians in Canada: A Cornparafive Study 135 have cast a long shadow over contacts between Ukrainians and Jews For a review of Jewish immigration to Canada, see Joseph Kage, With Canada, making institutional relations difficult. Undoubtedly, co Faith and Thanksgiving (Montreal: Eagle Publishing, 1962).
tacts...... between- - individual Ukrainians and Jews will increase as b0 Marunchak, The Ukrainians, p. 372. communities share the same urban landscape, middle dass profession Apart from the Holocaust Committee of the Canadian Jewish values and aspirations in an ever more open Canadian society. But Congress, there are organizations such as the Association of Survivors this bridge the distance between the Corporate Ukrainian polity of Nazi Oppression, and the Canadian Holocaust Remembrance Asso- ciation, as well as the Toronto branch of the Los Angeles-based Simon its Jewish counterpart in Canada? This is hard to know. Each COm Wiesenthal Institute. Indeed, the Congress Holocaust Committee, nity wears its own strait-jacket of moral self-righteousness. Quebec Region, lists 31 organizations (including 6 branches of the tains a deeply pained conviction of having been maligned, vi Workmen's Circle) as comprising the complete list of "survivor and repressed partly at the hands of the other. rganizations" in Montreal. Rosenfeld to Weinfeld, June 18, 1986, Some might argue this is all in the past and thousands of mil ersonal communication. from Canada's shores; it should be set aside, forgotten. These antag Marunchak, The Ukrainians, p. 579. Lubomyr Luciuk, Searching for nism were exacerbated by the creation of the Deschenes Commission Place: Ukrainian Refugee Migration to Canada Affer World War 11, Inquiry in Canada and the Ukrainian response to the Demjanjuk tri unpublished Ph.D., University of Alberta, 1984. Thus past and current events in Ukaine and Israel shape not only the For Jewish enrollment estimates, see Y. Glickman, "Jewish Education: respective communities, but intercommunal relation5 as well. uccess or Failure:' in M. Weinfeld, W. Shaffir, and J. Cotler, eds., Indeed, events in the Gorbachev era may have ~nusualeffects e Canadian Jewish Mosaic (Rexdale, Ontario: John Wiley of Ukrainian-Jewish relations. Reports from the Soviet Union have nada, 19811, pp. 113-128; and M. Weinfeld, The System of Jewish gested that in Ukraine, the Ukrainian nationalist organization ucafion in Montreal (Montreal: Jewish Education Council of has been actively opposing anti-Semitic tendencies among Ukra' ontreal, November 1985). and in the Soviet Union generally. At the same time, the rise 0 , "Ukrainian Language Education in Canada: summaryof xenophobic and anti-Semitic strain of Russian nationalism, exem Data 1980-81," in J. Rozumnyj, ed., New Soil, old ~~~f~: fied by Pamyat, might serve to strengthen Ukrainian-Jewish ties in inian Experience in Canada (Winnipeg: Ukrainian ~~~d~~~ Soviet Union. By 1990 the direction and pace of political change s and Sciences, 1983). Eastern Europe, including the USSR, has become unpredictable. illustrated by a 1958 passage from Canada Made Me by Noman a Canadian writer living in England. ''The hockey player was a ian, twenty-eight, blond straight hair, well built, a flat in e ligent face. He has been playing hockey since he left high chool..." in Michael Czuboka, Ukrainian Canadian: The Ukrainians of Notes nada and Elsewhere as Perceived by Themselves and Others innipeg: Communigraphics, 1983), p. 66. Such passages provide the * portions of this article are adapted from Harold Trope1 and Mo reotype of "the dumb Ukrainian jock," according to Czuboka. weinfeld, old Wounds: Jews, Ukrainians, and the Hunt for Nazi cGill historian John Thompson, reminiscing about fraternity life on criminals in Canada (Durham: University of North Carolina P nitoba campuses in the early 1960% recalls the prevailing 1989). reotypes with which both groups had to contend: "The Ukrainians e the jocks, the Jews were the brains." Interview with John 1. major sources on Ukrainian Canadian history are Wi mpson, March 13, 1986, Montreal. ~~~covi~hand Pad Yuzyk, eds., A Sfatistical Compendium on Ukrainians in Canada, 1891-1976 (Ottawa: University of Ot e idea of "institutional completeness" was first outlined in press, 1980); and M.H. Mamnchak, The Ukrainians in Canada: A aymond Breton, "Institutional Completeness of Ethnic Communities tory (Winnipeg: Uhainian Free Academy of Sciences, 1970). d the Personal Relations of Immigrants," American Iournal of ciolo~y(September 1964): 193-205. 2. Marunchak, The Ukrninians, p. 161. pond Breton, "The Ethnic Community as a Resource in Relation to 3. F~~ a review of the Ukrainian internment of World War 1, ommunity Problems: Perceptions and Attitudes" (Toronto: Centre for swyripa and J.H. Thompson, eds., Loyalties in Conflict: Ukrainia an and Community Studies, University of Toronto, May, 1981). This conflict duting the Great War (Edmonton: Canadian Institat er is an important empirical contribution to our understanding of Ukrainian Studies, 1983). nic polities in Canada.