Changing Realities: Social Trends Among Ukrainian Canadians edited by WR Petryshyn Changing Realities: Social Trends Among Ukrainian Canadians CHANGING REALITIES: Social Trends Among Ukrainian Canadians Edited by W. Roman Petryshyn The Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Edmonton 1980 THE ALBERTA LIBRARY IN UKRAINIAN-CANADIAN STUDIES A series of original works and reprints relating to Ukrainians in Canada, issued under the editorial supervision of the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta, Edmonton. Editorial Board: Bohdan Bociurkiw, Carleton University (Social Sciences) George S. N. Luckyj, University of Toronto (Humanities) Manoly R. Lupul, University of Alberta (Ukrainians in Canada) Ivan L. Rudnytsky, University of Alberta (History) Copyright © 1980 The Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. The University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Canadian Shared Cataloguing in Publication Data Petryshyn, Walter Roman, 1946- Main entry under title: Ukrainian Canadians. ISBN 0-920862-06-3 1. Ukrainians in Canada. 2. Ukrainians in Canada— Social conditions. 3. Canada— Population. FC106.U5 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be produced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Cover design: Larisa Sembaliuk Cover photographs (left to right): Service for V. Moroz, Legislative Grounds, Edmonton, Alberta, 1974 (Roman Petriw); Threshing Crew (Provincial Archives of Manitoba); Vancouver’s Annual Ukrainian Festival Concert, 1979 (Roman Petriw); Women Gathering Cabbage, East Kildonan, Manitoba, 1916 (Provincial Archives of Manitoba); Edmonton’s Dnipro Ensemble at Expo ’74, Spokane, Washington, 1974 (Roman Petriw); “Tin Can” Cathedral, Winnipeg, Manitoba, c. 1905 (Provincial Archives of Manitoba); Vera Drobot at Elk Island National Park, Alberta, 1972 (Roman Petriw); Prosvita, Trans- cona, Manitoba, 1917 (Provincial Archives of Manitoba). Printed by Hignell Printing Limited, Winnipeg, Manitoba. Distributed by the University of Toronto Press. CONTENTS Preface / vii Introduction / ix W. Roman Petryshyn PART I ETHNICITY AND THE CENSUS 1 The “Statistical Compendium”: An Overview of Trends / 3 William Darcovich 62 Ethnic Origin in the Canadian Census, 1871-1981 / 18 John Kralt PART II ECONOMIC STATUS 3 Trends in the Socio-economic Status of Ukrainians in Canada, 1921-1971 / 53 Oleh Wolowyna 4 Differential Effects of Ethno-religious Structures on Linguistic Trends and Economic Achievements of Ukrainian Canadians / 78 Warren Kalbach and Madeline A. Richard 5 Participation of Ukrainians in Business Occupations in Canada / 97 Wsevolod W. Isajiw PART III SOCIAL TRENDS Urbanization of Ukrainians in Canada: Consequences for Ethnic Identity / 107 Leo Driedger 1 Language Retention Patterns Among Ukrainian Canadians / 134 Olga M. Kuplowska VI 8 Trends in Marital Status and Fertility of Ukrainians in Canada / 161 Jean E. Wolowyna 9 The Changing Status of Ukrainian Women in Canada, 1921-1971 / 189 Marusia K. Petryshyn PART IV POLITICAL PARTICIPATION 10 Political Mobility of Ukrainians in Canada / 213 Roman March 12 11 Postwar Social Trends Among Ukrainians in Quebec / 225 Ivan Myhul and Michael Isaacs SUMMARY Comments on the Conference / 241 Charles Keely CONTRIBUTORS / 247 PREFACE Since its creation in July 1976 the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies has sponsored annual academic conferences to examine the Ukrainian experience in Canada. This volume consists of selected papers from the second conference entitled “Social Trends Among Ukrainian Canadians,” held at the University of Ottawa, 15-16 September 1978. The national conference, sponsored jointly by the Institute, the Multiculturalism Directorate of the Secretary of State and the Ukrainian Canadian University Students’ Union (SUSK), was attended by over one hundred participants. The Institute’s conference series is interdisciplinary in nature and is open to the public. Conference organizers believe an interdisciplinary approach is necessary for successful scholarly analyses of the Ukrainian- Canadian experience, while public participation helps to ensure that research reports are relevant. To this end, travel grants were made available for regional representatives of the Ukrainian Canadian Uni- versity Students’ Union to attend both the conference and the SUSK workshop on “Social Development Projects in the Ukrainian-Canadian Community: An Assessment,” which followed. The central focus for discussion of social trends at the conference was the recently completed “Statistical Compendium on the Ukrainians in Canada, 1 89 1 1976” (hereafter the Compendium). This manuscript was compiled by an Ottawa-based research team and edited by Drs. William Darcovich and Paul Yuzyk. The research team included Boris Myhal and Drs. Ivan Tesla, Zenon Yankowsky and John Woychyshyn. The Compedium is a comprehensive source of historical census data on Ukrainian Canadians. Its appearance provided the opportunity for the Institute to assemble over one dozen academics, who identified and interpreted social trends with the help of statistics made available by the Compendium. It has therefore shown itself to be an important and useful source of information for researchers in both Ukrainian- Canadian and Canadian ethnic studies. Although statistical trends were the focus of the conference dis- cussions, many conference speakers prefaced their remarks by identi- fying the limitation of statistics in social analysis. Data created through a structured census question have at least two serious limitations. First, no single question can be devised to gauge all attitudes and behaviour. For example, since the census question defines ethnicity through viii patrilineage, it cannot provide data on ethnic self-identity. Second, a degree of error is inevitable in designing and conducting surveys, especially with relatively small populations. For these and other reasons, statistical analyses must be evaluated critically, despite their usefulness in presenting quantified data longitudinally. Work in organizing this second conference was facilitated by the resourceful and reliable co-operation of Mr. Ivan Jaworsky and Ms. Assya Berezowsky of the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, who handled all arrangements. I also wish to thank Drs. William Darcovich and Paul Yuzyk for allowing the Compendium manuscript to act as a basis for conference research papers and Dr. Manoly Lupul for his advice on organizing the conference and preparing its pro- ceedings for publication. The editorial work of Mr. George Melnyk is also gratefully acknowledged. WRP CHANGING REALITIES: INTRODUCTION W. Roman Petryshyn Ethnic relations are a phenomena integral to Canada’s economic, political, legal, status and cultural systems. The patterns of ethnic relations in Canada have been shaped by the historical development of Canadian society. Consequently, Canada’s patterns of ethnic inter- action exhibit a strong regional character. The uniculturalism of Atlantic Canada and the biculturalism of New Brunswick stand in contrast to the varieties of multiculturalism in Ontario, Quebec and the Prairies, which in turn differ from the multilingualism and multi- 1 culturalism of northern Canada . The ethnic pluralism of the Canadian population has been one of the factors contributing to the formation of local identities that have mitigated against the emergence of a unicultural, centralist Canadian nationalism. Historically, central Canada has used foreign capital to create a dependent, staples producing industrial economy that has given Ontarians a dominant position in the financial, political and cultural hierarchies that collectively make up Canadian society. Geographic realities such as the availability of resources, proximity to American markets and the location of energy and transportation facilities have favoured the economic growth of central Canada’s metropolitan areas in comparison to that of the peripheral regions. The result is a set of unevenly stratified regional economies in Canada among which con- flicts, exacerbated by ethnic, linguistic, religious and cultural differ- ences, are inevitable. Within this pyramid of regional and economic stratification, the Anglo-Celtic values of the ruling classes of industrial central Canada have dominated the nation and its self-image for over a century. Recently, however, the stability of these economic and political hierarchies and their accompanying cultural norms have been chal- lenged by an autonomist political current in the wealthy province of Alberta, and more fundamentally, by the national independence move- ment in Quebec. The pivotal structure of Canadian Confederation—the alliance between Ontario and Quebec that created centralist tariff, transporta- tion and banking policies to the detriment of other regions — is dis- integrating. Following the emergence of new resources in the western provinces, a parallel growth in the United States and the availability of improved transportation, the axis of the Canadian economy has been — shifting west in recent years. A relative slow-down of development in eastern and central Canada has caused a scarcity of opportunity; in Quebec this has made the internal cultural divisions between the anglo- phones and francophones politically salient. Quebec’s nationalists are arguing that their economy must be led by a sovereign government, that an independent Quebec must reclaim