DULLES, ELEANOR LANSING: Papers, 1880-1984

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

DULLES, ELEANOR LANSING: Papers, 1880-1984 DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER LIBRARY ABILENE, KANSAS DULLES, ELEANOR LANSING: Papers, 1880-1984 Accessions 71-50, 72-19, 75-9, 75-9/1, 77-2, 85-8 Processed by: JAW, RWM, LKS, TB, HP Date Completed: August 1981, July 1997 The papers of Eleanor Lansing Dulles were deposited in the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library by Ms. Dulles between 1971 and 1985. Linear feet of shelf space occupied: 27.6 Approximate number of pages: 54,000 Approximate number of items: 20,000 An instrument of gift for these papers was signed by Ms. Dulles in November 1970. Literary property rights are retained by the donor until her death. At that time such rights pass to her children, David Dulles and Ann Dulles Joor. After their deaths the rights pass to the United States. Under terms of the instrument of gift the following classes of documents are withheld from research use: 1. Papers relating to the family and private business affairs of Ms. Dulles. 2. Papers relating to the family and private business affairs of other persons who have had correspondence with Ms. Dulles. 3. Papers relating to investigations of individuals or to appointments and personnel matters. 4. Papers containing statements made by or to Eleanor Lansing Dulles in confidence unless in the judgment of the Director of the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library the reason for confidentiality no longer exists. 5. All other papers which contain information or statements that might be used to injure, harass, or damage any living person. SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE Eleanor Lansing Dulles, author, teacher and government employee, was a member of a diplomatic dynasty which spanned three generations. Her grandfather, John Watson Foster, served as Secretary of State under President Benjamin Harrison. Her mother’s sister was the wife of Robert Lansing, Secretary of State under President Woodrow Wilson. Her oldest brother, John Foster Dulles, was Secretary of State under President Dwight D. Eisenhower, while another brother, Allen Welsh Dulles, served as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency during the Eisenhower Administration. Eleanor, herself, spent twenty-six years in government service. Although she never reached a Cabinet-level post, her background in economics and her familiarity with European affairs enabled her to fill many important positions. Eleanor was born in Watertown, New York, in 1895. After graduating from Byrn Mawr College in 1917 she went to France where she spent two years working for refugee relief organizations in Paris. When World War I ended she returned to the United States to continue her schooling and eventually received a Ph.D. degree in 1926. For the next ten years she taught economics at various colleges. As a student and college professor she made many trips to Europe to study and conduct research on European financial matters. In 1936 Eleanor entered government service. Her first position was at the Social Security Board where she studied the economic aspects of financing the social security program. In 1942 she transferred twice. Her first move was to the Board of Economic Warfare where she spent five months studying various types of international economic matters. Then, in September 1942, she went to the Department of State where she worked for almost twenty years. During her first three years at the State Department, Eleanor was involved in post-war economic planning. She helped determine the U.S. position on international financial cooperation, and participated in the Bretton Woods Conference of 1944 at which the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development were established. After the end of World War II, Eleanor went to Europe where she became involved in the reconstruction of the Austrian economy. In 1949 Eleanor transferred to the German Desk where she took an active interest in the affairs of Berlin. She made many trips to Berlin and was involved in planning the construction of the Berlin Congress Hall and the Berlin Medical Center. Her interest in Germany and Berlin continued even after she left the State Department in 1962. In 1967 she represented the United States at the funeral of Konrad Adenauer. She also wrote several books describing conditions in Germany. In 1959 Eleanor transferred from the German Desk to the Office of Intelligence and Research. At the latter post she became involved in a study of economic conditions in underdeveloped countries. As part of the study she traveled extensively in Africa, Latin America and South Asia. After leaving the State Department in 1962, Eleanor returned to teaching, first at Duke University and then at Georgetown University. She wrote several books on U.S. foreign policy and continued her trips abroad, frequently on her own but sometimes as a representative of the U.S. government. The papers of Eleanor Lansing Dulles reflect her official government activities, her college teaching, her writings on U.S. foreign policy, and the activities of many members of her family. The papers were received at the Eisenhower Library in four large shipments and two small accretions between 1971 and 1985. When they were received the papers were in no apparent order so the processing archivists arranged them into nine series. The first series, the Dulles-Foster-Lansing Papers, consists of diaries and letters written by the ancestors of Eleanor Lansing Dulles. Most of the material was originated by Eleanor’s grandmother, Mary Foster, her aunt Eleanor Lansing, and her parents Allen Macy and Edith Foster Dulles. The documents pertain primarily to the social life of the family and contain no information on the official government activities of John W. Foster. There is a notebook kept by Ms. Dulles’ uncle, Robert Lansing, while working for the State Department in 1892 on negotiations between the United States and Great Britain under a Treaty of Arbitration. At issue was the need to protect the seal herd in Alaska. The second series contains official reports and correspondence pertaining to Eleanor’s work for the U.S. government. The material is arranged chronologically and covers most aspects of her work. Especially well documented are her studies of financing the social security program, her studies of international economics for the Board of Economic Warfare, and her interest in post- World War II economic conditions in Europe. There is some information on her activities in Berlin but very little concerning her studies of economic aid to underdeveloped countries. This series does include some reports and notes on Berlin in the 1970s, reports on East and West Germany, and a report on Europe in the 1960s. More information on these subjects is located in the Trips Series. The third series consists of Eleanor’s personal correspondence and diaries, as well as printed material, memorabilia and some correspondence pertaining to her brothers John Foster Dulles and Allen Welsh Dulles and members of their families. Of particular interest in this series are Eleanor’s diaries and the letters she wrote to her family during her trips to Europe. These contain much information on her relief activities in France during World War I and her activities in Europe following World War I and World War II. The next two series contain information on the speeches and trips of Eleanor Lansing Dulles. Most of her speeches and trips were made as an official of the State Department and the speech files contain many State Department press releases giving the texts of her speeches. Many of Eleanor’s official trips took her to Germany so the Trips Series is a major source of information on her work in Berlin. The series also contains useful information on her trips to Latin America and Asia for her study of economic conditions in developing countries. The sixth series contains correspondence, research notes and drafts for many of Eleanor’s books and articles. It is divided into six subseries, five of which pertain to individual books. The first subseries concerns John Foster Dulles: The Final Year, and contains reports, clippings and other printed material on the activities of John Foster Dulles. Of particular interest are Eleanor’s notes of a 1962 interview with Dwight D. Eisenhower in which the former president discussed the work of John Foster Dulles. The second subseries contains detailed information on the U.S. intervention in the Dominican Republic in 1965. The third subseries contains information on the development of U.S. foreign policy, and how the U.S. acted in selected Cold War crises. The fourth subseries consists of drafts, notes, and correspondence relating to her memoirs, Eleanor Lansing Dulles--Chances of a Lifetime, and the fifth subseries has drafts and notes relating to Ms. Dulles’ book, The Wall: A Tragedy in Three Acts. The sixth subseries concerns many of the other books and articles which Eleanor wrote, most of which pertain to economic matters and events in Germany. The seventh series contains information on the college courses taught by Eleanor Lansing Dulles at Duke University and Georgetown University. The material includes lecture notes, class schedules, student papers, and some administrative papers relating to university matters. The eighth series contains articles, clippings and research notes on a wide range of foreign policy and economic matters. This material was collected by Eleanor Lansing Dulles for use in her writings and college lectures. The bulk of the material dates from the 1960s, although the series also contains a set of economic notebooks which Eleanor compiled between 1929 and 1936. The ninth series contains an assortment of materials, including interviews, notes and correspondence relating to Berlin, reviews of Eleanor Lansing Dulles’ books, and papers and articles by other individuals on such subjects as social security, the State Department, and the Berlin Wall. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE June 1, 1895 Born at Watertown, New York 1917 Graduated from Bryn Mawr College 1917-1919 Worked for refugee relief organizations in Paris, France 1924 Received M.A.
Recommended publications
  • Allen Dulles - Wikipedia
    8/6/2020 Allen Dulles - Wikipedia Allen Dulles Allen Welsh Dulles (/ˈdʌləs/; April 7, 1893 – January 29, 1969) was an American diplomat and lawyer who became the Allen Dulles first civilian Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), and its longest-serving director to date. As head of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) during the early Cold War, he oversaw the 1953 Iranian coup d'état, the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état, the Lockheed U-2 aircraft program, the Project MKUltra mind control program and the Bay of Pigs Invasion. He was dismissed by John F. Kennedy over the latter fiasco. Dulles was one of the members of the Warren Commission investigating the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Between his stints of government service, Dulles was a corporate lawyer and partner at Sullivan & Cromwell. His older brother, John Foster Dulles, was the Secretary of State during the Eisenhower Administration and is the namesake of Dulles Airport.[1] Director of Central Intelligence In office Contents February 26, 1953 – November 29, 1961 Early life and family President Dwight Eisenhower John F. Kennedy Early career OSS posting to Bern, Switzerland in World War II Deputy Charles P. Cabell Preceded by Walter B. Smith CIA career Coup in Iran Succeeded by John McCone Coup in Guatemala Deputy Director of Central Intelligence Bay of Pigs In office Dismissal August 23, 1951 – February 26, 1953 Later life President Harry S. Truman Dwight Eisenhower Fictional portrayals Preceded by William H. Jackson Publications Articles Succeeded by Charles P. Cabell Book reviews Deputy Director of Central Intelligence Books for Plans Books edited In office Book contributions January 4, 1951 – August 23, 1951 President Harry S.
    [Show full text]
  • The American Experience with Diplomacy and Military Restraint I
    PART I: THE AmERICAN EXPERIENCE WITH DIPLOMACY AND MILITARY RESTRAINT i. Orphaned Diplomats: The American Struggle to Match Diplomacy with Power Jeremi Suri E. Gordon Fox Professor of History and Director, European Union Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin, Madison Benjamin Franklin spent the American Revolution in Paris. He had helped to draft the Declaration of Independence in the summer of 1776, one of the most radical documents of the eighteenth century—sparking rebellion on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Serving as a representative for the Continental Congress in France during the next decade, Franklin became a celebrity. He was the enlightened idealist from the frontier, the man of principled action who enthralled onlookers in the rigid European class societies of the 1770s and ’80s. Franklin embodied the American critique of Old World society, economy, and diplomacy. He was one of many American revolutionaries to take aim at the degenerate world of powdered wigs, fancy uniforms, and silver-service dinners where the great men of Europe decided the fate of distant societies. Franklin was a representative of the enduring American urge to replace the diplomacy of aristocrats with the openness and freedom of democrats.1 Despite his radical criticisms of aristocracy, Franklin was also a prominent participant in Parisian salons. To the consternation of John Adams and John Jay, he dined most evenings with the most conservative elements of French high society. Unlike Adams, he did not refuse to dress the part. For all his frontiers- man claims, Franklin relished high-society silver-service meals, especially if generous portions of wine were available for the guests.
    [Show full text]
  • Me-TV Net Listings for 3-9-20
    Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday METV 3/9/20 3/10/20 3/11/20 3/12/20 3/13/20 3/14/20 3/15/20 06:00A Dragnet 30243 {CC} Dragnet 28205 {CC} Dragnet 28206 {CC} Dietrich Law Dietrich Law Dietrich Law Dietrich Law 06:30A Dietrich Law Dietrich Law Dietrich Law I Love Lucy 056 {CC} I Love Lucy 045 {CC} The Beverly Hillbillies 6705 {CC} ALF 4012 {CC} 07:00A Dietrich Law Dietrich Law Dietrich Law Dietrich Law Dietrich Law Bat Masterson 1055ASaved {CC} by the Bell (E/I) AFQ06 {CC} <E/I-13-16> 07:30A My Three Sons 0033 {CC} My Three Sons 0034 {CC} My Three Sons 0035 {CC} My Three Sons 0036 {CC} My Three Sons 0037 {CC} Dietrich LawSaved by the Bell (E/I) AFR10 {CC} <E/I-13-16> 08:00ALeave It to Beaver 0921A {CC}Leave It to Beaver 0923A {CC}Leave It to Beaver 0926A {CC} Todd Shatkin, DDS Leave It to Beaver 0929A {CC} Saved by the Bell (E/I) AFQ14 {CC} <E/I-13-16> 08:30A Todd Shatkin, DDS Todd Shatkin, DDS Todd Shatkin, DDS What's the Buzz in WNY Todd Shatkin, DDS Saved by the Bell (E/I) AFQ10 {CC} <E/I-13-16> 09:00A Saved by the Bell (E/I) AFP13 {CC} <E/I-13-16> Perry Mason 6412 {CC} Perry Mason 6413 {CC} Perry Mason 6414 {CC} Perry Mason 6415 {CC} Perry Mason 6417 {CC} Paid 09:30A Saved by the Bell (E/I) AFQ17 {CC} <E/I-13-16> 10:00A The Flintstones 006 {CC} Matlock 8801 {CC} Matlock 8804 {CC} Matlock 8805 {CC} Matlock 8806 {CC} Matlock 8807 {CC} 10:30A The Flintstones 007 {CC} 11:00A In the Heat of the Night In the Heat of the Night In the Heat of the Night In the Heat of the Night In the Heat of the Night What's the Buzz
    [Show full text]
  • The Foreign Service Journal, September 1980
    When you’re going overseas, you have enough to worry about without worrying about your insurance,too. Moving overseas can be a very traumatic time if you Moving overseas is simplified by the AFSA-sponsored don’t have the proper insurance. The fact is, the government insurance program for AFSA members. Our insurance will be responsible for only $15,000 worth of your belongings. program will take care of most of your worries. If any of your personal valuables such as cameras, jewelry, With our program, you can purchase as much property furs and fine arts are destroyed, damaged or stolen, you insurance as you feel you need at only 75tf per $100, and it would receive not the replacement cost of the goods, but only covers you for the replacement cost of household furniture a portion of what you’d have to pay to replace them. and personal effects that are destroyed, damaged or stolen, Claims processes are another headache you shouldn’t with no depreciation. You can also insure your valuable have to worry about. The government claims process is articles on an agreed amount basis, without any limitation. usually lengthy and requires investigation and AFSA coverage is worldwide, whether on business or documentation. pleasure. Should you have a problem, we provide simple, If you limit yourself to the protection provided under the fast, efficient claims service that begins with a simple phone Claims Act, you will not have worldwide comprehensive call or letter, and ends with payment in either U.S. dollars personal liability insurance, complete theft coverage or or local currency.
    [Show full text]
  • APPENDIX .A. Note on the Present Position of the Munich Agreement of 29 September 1938
    APPENDIX .A. Note on the Present Position of the Munich Agreement of 29 September 1938 THE Munich Agreement, concluded between Germany, the United Kingdom, France and Italy for the cession of the Sudeten German territory by Czecho­ slovakia, although officially dated 29 September 1938, was in reality signed in the small hours of the morning of 30 September. l To it was annexed a declaration by the British and French Governments guaranteeing the new boundaries of the Czechoslovak state against unprovoked aggression. Germany and Italy also agreed to give a similar guarantee to Czechoslovakia 'when the question of the Polish and Hungarian minorities in Czechoslovakia had been settled'. It was further declared that the problems of these minorities in Czechoslovakia, if not settled within three months by agreement between the respective Governments, 'shall form the subject of another meeting of the Heads of the Governments of the four Powers here present'. Because of its nature, the Munich Agreement was not subject to the usual forms of ratification, and no provision for such procedure was included in its text. Parliamentary approval was accorded to Mr Chamberlain and to M. Daladier, on 6 and 5 October respectively, by means of votes of confidence but by the time these had been given in the House of Commons and the Chamber of Deputies the terms of the Munich Agreement were already a fait accompli. On 2 November 1938 the German and Italian Foreign Ministers, Ribben­ trop and Ciano, handed down the First Vienna Award, which, without consultation with, or reference to, the British and French Governments, adjudicated the fate of the Polish and Hungarian minorities in Czechoslovakia, in violation of the annexe to the Munich Agreement.2 The structure set up by the Munich Agreement was destroyed on 15 March 1939 when Hitler proclaimed that 'Czechoslovakia has ceased to exist'.
    [Show full text]
  • The United States, Great Britain, the First World
    FROM ASSOCIATES TO ANTAGONISTS: THE UNITED STATES, GREAT BRITAIN, THE FIRST WORLD WAR, AND THE ORIGINS OF WAR PLAN RED, 1914-1919 Mark C. Gleason, B.S. Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS May 2012 APPROVED: Geoffrey Wawro, Major-Professor Robert Citino, Committee Member Michael Leggiere, Committee Member Richard McCaslin, Chair of the Department of History James D. Meernik, Acting Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School Gleason, Mark C. From Associates to Antagonists: The United States, Great Britain, the First World War, and the Origins of WAR PLAN RED, 1914-1919. Master of Arts (History), May 2012, 178 pp., bibliography, 144 titles. American military plans for a war with the British Empire, first discussed in 1919, have received varied treatment since their declassification. The most common theme among historians in their appraisals of WAR PLAN RED is that of an oddity. Lack of a detailed study of Anglo- American relations in the immediate post-First World War years makes a right understanding of the difficult relationship between the United States and Britain after the War problematic. As a result of divergent aims and policies, the United States and Great Britain did not find the diplomatic and social unity so many on both sides of the Atlantic aspired to during and immediately after the First World War. Instead, United States’ civil and military organizations came to see the British Empire as a fierce and potentially dangerous rival, worthy of suspicion, and planned accordingly. Less than a year after the end of the War, internal debates and notes discussed and circulated between the most influential members of the United States Government, coalesced around a premise that became the rationale for WAR PLAN RED.
    [Show full text]
  • Trekonderoga 2017 Program August 25,26,27Th Ticonderoga,NY
    Trekonderoga 2017 Program August 25,26,27 th Ticonderoga,NY Saturday Night Concert! This year we are again pleased to present our special Saturday Concert. On Saturday night, James Cawley, the man who created the Studios and the Trekonderoga event, will be doing his top-rated professional Elvis impersonation music review with his band, The American Longboards. This event is open to the public, and tickets may be purchased by clicking the button below. James Cawley has been ranked the Number 1 Elvis impersonator in the USA by a committee of Elvis fan club presidents out of 2500 contestants. His amazing resemblance to “The King” in appearance, mannerisms, and voice have also earned finalist status in the Worldwide Elvis impersonator contest. His show allows the audience the chance to relive the excitement of having seen “The King” in person. Over the past 22 years, James’ shows have ranged from full-blown Las Vegas style shows with 15 musicians, female dancers and The Jordanaires (Elvis’ original backup quartet) to mid-sized shows with the “TCB Band” tailor-made for small venues. He has appeared at sold out shows in theaters and casinos across the country at such places as: Tropicana Casino, Atlantic City; Claridge Casino, Atlantic City; Legends in Concert, Las Vegas; Gatlin Brother’s Theater, Myrtle Beach; and many, many, others. Click here to purchase tickets. Links Trekonderoga 2017 Home Page Area Info Schedule of Events Presenters Sessions Photo Gallery Sponsors and Vendors Discounts W hat's Special About Trekonderoga? FAQ's Barbara Luna “You’re the Captain’s Woman – until he says you’re not.” BarBara Luna is still the Captain’s Woman, Lieutenant Marlena Moreau, a character BarBara made famous on one of Star Trek’s most popular episodes, Mirror Mirror.
    [Show full text]
  • The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project
    The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project CHARLES K. JOHNSON Interviewed by: Jay P. Moffat Initial interview date: 2000 Copyright 2001 ADS TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Born in Illinois CLA and Stanford niversity .S. Army, World War II Entered Foreign Service - 1950 State Department - IN. .esearch Analyst 1950-1954 State Department - 0erman Affairs 1954-1955 Eleanor Lansing Dulles Berlin East 1one projects Cecil Lyon Berlin, 0ermany - .S. 2ission to Berlin - Economic Officer 1955-1931 2ission composition .S. Command Berlin 4ohn Foster Dulles visit 2onet Plan Berlin access Soviet tactics Berlin crisis Christian Herter 5hrushchev Camp David meeting 0ary Powers incident East 0erman developments Travel restrictions State Department - Staff Secretariat 1931-1933 Duties Cuban 2issile Crisis State Department - East 0erman Affairs - Officer in Charge 1933-1935 East 0erman flight Berlin Wall Berlin Task Force Trade President 5ennedy visit 9Ich bin ein Berliner: 5ennedy assassination 2ilan, Italy - Deputy Principal Officer 1935-1938 0overnment Political parties .eporting .S. Trade Center Students .ed Brigade State Department - Italy Country Director 1938-1973 Politics Prime 2inister Andreotti=s Washington visit Ambassador 4ohn Volpe Cyprus assignment aborted Cyprus Task Force 1973-1974 Ambassador .odger Davies killed Brussels, Belgium - .S. 2ission to European Community - 1974 Political Counselor Duties NATO Political cooperation State Department - Senior Officer Personnel 197?-197? Ambassadorial appointments 2ilan, Italy - Consul 0eneral 197?-198? Appointment difficulties Ambassadors Environment .ed Brigade 2afia 0eneral Dozier kidnapping INTERVIEW Q: A little background into your early life and how you wound up in the Department of State and Foreign Service. 4OHNSONA Well, the inspiration for getting into the Foreign Service came from one or two professors at Stanford niversity where I was an undergraduate.
    [Show full text]
  • Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan
    Nebraska History posts materials online for your personal use. Please remember that the contents of Nebraska History are copyrighted by the Nebraska State Historical Society (except for materials credited to other institutions). The NSHS retains its copyrights even to materials it posts on the web. For permission to re-use materials or for photo ordering information, please see: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/magazine/permission.htm Nebraska State Historical Society members receive four issues of Nebraska History and four issues of Nebraska History News annually. For membership information, see: http://nebraskahistory.org/admin/members/index.htm Article Title: Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan Full Citation: Kendrick A Clements, “Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan,” Nebraska History 77 (1996): 167-176 URL of article: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/publish/publicat/history/full-text/NH1996Bryan_SecState.pdf Date: 4/23/2013 Article Summary: Bryan’s foreign policy alternated between rash interventionism and timid isolationism. He proved to be too idealistic to serve successfully as secretary of state in a time of revolution and world war. Cataloging Information: Names: William Jennings Bryan, Woodrow Wilson, William McKinley, William Howard Taft, Edward M House, Roger Farnham Place Names: Philippines, Panama Canal, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Mexico, China, Japan Keywords: William Jennings Bryan, Woodrow Wilson, tariffs, income tax, Federal Reserve, Clayton Antitrust Act, Federal Trade Commission, Edward M House, treaties, German submarine warfare, League of Nations Photographs / Images: Bryan at his desk in the State Department, 1913; President Wilson and his cabinet, 1913; Bryan confirming ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment (direct election of US senators); paperweights that Bryan had had made out of old swords By Kendrick A.
    [Show full text]
  • Dos 230Th Anniversary Thos Jefferson First Secretary Of
    Thomas Jefferson (1790–1793) ✪ Edmund Jennings Randolph (1794–1795) ✪ Timothy Pickering (1795–1800) ✪ John Marshall (1800– 1801) ✪ James Madison (1801–1809) ✪ Robert Smith (1809–1811) ✪ James Monroe (1811–1817) ✪ John Quincy Adams (1817–1825) ✪ Henry Clay (1825–1829) ✪ Martin Van Buren (1829–1831) ✪ Edward Livingston (1831–1833) ✪ Louis McLane (1833–1834) ✪ John Forsyth (1834– 1841) DanielUnited Webster (1841–1843) Abel ✪ ✪ Parker Upshur (1843–1844) ✪ John Caldwell Calhoun (1844–1845)States ✪ James Buchanan (1845– 1849) ✪ John Middleton Clayton (1849–1850) ✪ Daniel Webster (1850–1852) ✪ Edward Everett (1852–1853)Department ✪ William Learned Marcy (1853– 1857) ✪ Lewis Cass (1857–1860) ✪ Jeremiah Sullivan Black (1860–1861) ✪ William Henry Seward (1861–1869)of ✪ Elihu Benjamin Washburne (1869–1869) ✪ Hamilton Fish (1869–1877) ✪ William Maxwell Evarts (1877–1881) ✪ James Gillespie BlaineState (1881–1881) Frederick ✪ Theodore Frelinghuysen (1881–1885) ✪ Thomas Francis Bayard (1885–1889) ✪ James Gillespie Blaine (1889–1892)1789 ✪ John Watson2019 Foster (1892– 1893) ✪ Walter Quintin• Gresham (1893–1895) ✪ Richard Olney (1895–1897) ✪ John Sherman (1897–1898) William Rufus Day (1898–1898) T✪ H E V O I C E ✪ John Milton Hay (1898–1905) ✪ Elihu Root (1905–1909) Robert Bacon (1909–1909) OF ✪AMERICA TO ✪ Philander Chase Knox (1909–1913) ✪ William Jennings Bryan (1913–1915) Robert Lansing THE WORLD ✪ (1915–1920) ✪ Bainbridge Colby (1920–1921) ✪ Charles Evans Hughes (1921–1925) Frank FOR 230 YEARS ✪ Billings Kellogg (1925–1929) ✪ Henry Lewis Stimson (1929–1933) Cordell Hull (1933–1944) AND BEYOND ✪ ✪ Edward Reilly Stettinius (1944–1945) ✪ James Francis Byrnes (1945–1947) ✪ George Catlett Marshall (1947–1949) ✪ Dean Gooderham Acheson (1949–1953) ✪ John Foster Dulles (1953– 1959) ✪ Christian Archibald Herter (1959–1961) ✪ David Dean Rusk (1961–1969) ✪ William Pierce Rogers (1969–1973) ✪ Henry A.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER 1 SPECIAL AGENTS, SPECIAL THREATS: Creating the Office of the Chief Special Agent, 1914-1933
    CHAPTER 1 SPECIAL AGENTS, SPECIAL THREATS: Creating the Office of the Chief Special Agent, 1914-1933 CHAPTER 1 8 SPECIAL AGENTS, SPECIAL THREATS Creating the Office of the Chief Special Agent, 1914-1933 World War I created a diplomatic security crisis for the United States. Under Secretary of State Joseph C. Grew afterwards would describe the era before the war as “diplomatic serenity – a fool’s paradise.” In retrospect, Grew’s observation indicates more the degree to which World War I altered how U.S. officials perceived diplomatic security than the actual state of pre-war security.1 During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Department had developed an effective set of security measures; however, those measures were developed during a long era of trans-Atlantic peace (there had been no major multi-national wars since Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo in 1814). Moreover, those measures were developed for a nation that was a regional power, not a world power exercising influence in multiple parts of the world. World War I fundamentally altered international politics, global economics, and diplomatic relations and thrust the United States onto the world stage as a key world power. Consequently, U.S. policymakers and diplomats developed a profound sense of insecurity regarding the content of U.S. Government information. The sharp contrast between the pre- and post-World War I eras led U.S. diplomats like Grew to cast the pre-war era in near-idyllic, carefree terms, when in fact the Department had developed several diplomatic security measures to counter acknowledged threats.
    [Show full text]
  • The Root Mission to Russia, 1917. Alton Earl Ingram Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1970 The Root Mission to Russia, 1917. Alton Earl Ingram Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Ingram, Alton Earl, "The Root Mission to Russia, 1917." (1970). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 1786. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/1786 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 71-3418 } INGRAM, Alton Earl, 1934- THE ROOT MISSION TO RUSSIA, 1917. [ [I' The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Ph.D., 1970 History, modern University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan !■ i I ■ 1 ■■ ■■ ■■ !■ ■■ !■■■■! ■' ....... THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED THE ROOT MISSION TO RUSSIA 1917 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by Alton Earl Ingram B.A., Northeast Louisiana State College, 1958 M.A., Louisiana State University, 1961 May, 1970 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to thank his faculty advisor, professor Burl Noggle, for his assistance during the preparation of this dissertation and his wife, Mimi, who has given unlimited assistance, encouragement, and under standing throughout the entire course of his graduate program. TABLE OP CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......................................
    [Show full text]