DOCSLIB.ORG

Everyday Life in the Puppet State: a Study of Ordinary People's

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Everyday Life in the Puppet State: a Study of Ordinary People's Everyday life in the puppet state: A study of ordinary people’s experiences in Manchukuo by Qiunan Li School of East Asian Studies The University of Sheffield A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2018 1 Abstract This thesis explores the experiences of ordinary people living under Japanese occupation in Manchukuo from 1932 to 1945. By examining the harsh nature of colonial rule and the impact on the people, this dissertation shows the multiple ways in which the everyday life of ordinary people was influenced by the various upheavals and hardships. This research mainly uses newspapers, primary published materials, documents, compilations, dictations and other Chinese language sources. This thesis thus establishes a detailed account of the sufferings that colonial subjects encountered in their daily lives and the coping methods that they employed to circumvent them. The experiences of the people were highlighted through the role of education, access to and rationing of goods, the sense of homelessness in the midst of ongoing housing crises, as well as sanitation and hygienic issues, which constituted altogether the core aspects of the everyday life of the people. In essence, ordinary people of Manchukuo lived a life overwhelmed by shortages, misfortunes and difficulties. Focusing on both rural and urban areas, this thesis argues how the people of Manchukuo were passive in face of the various policies implemented by the regime, but yet active in face of the hardships that followed. This sense of passivity, or the general lack of initiative, demonstrates in fact how motives of self-protection and survival beneath the acts of superficial compliance directed the people’s everyday life in Manchukuo. With the current literature’s emphasis on the economic and social structures of the puppet state, this thesis seeks to fill the gap by recognizing the importance of the everyday experiences of the colonial subjects. 2 Acknowledgements This thesis has been a long and wonderful journey for which I owe a great deal of thanks to many individuals who helped me along the way. To begin with, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Dr Kim Seung-Young for his continuous support and guidance throughout my research, even after his departure from Sheffield. It was his encouragement that led me to take on this project upon the completion of my Masters’ degree in the first place, and it would have all been impossible without his patience, motivation and knowledge. My sincere thanks also go to Dr Marjorie Dryburgh for supervising my thesis during its final stages. Not only have her insightful comments and immense knowledge helped me in shaping my thesis, but also allowed me to hone my skills as a historian, for which I am deeply grateful. Over the four years of writing, I was also privileged to receive help on my research from many within my department. I would particularly like to express my thanks to Professor Tim Wright, Professor Glenn Hook and Dr Mark Pendleton for their comments and encouragements that helped me formulate my ideas and also incented me to see my research from different perspectives. A word of thanks goes to my fellow PhD colleagues Misha, Nicolas and Euysuk for their advice and help. Most of all, I want to especially thank Nathalie Mingboupha. This thesis was only made possible with her patient support, help, encouragement and sacrifices on all levels, for which I will always be extremely grateful and indebted. Thank you for taking the time to read multiple drafts of my thesis and providing me with invaluable suggestions despite being busy with your own PhD. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family, who gave me unwavering support both emotionally and financially since the very beginning. If not for their faith in me I never would have succeeded. 3 Explanatory Note For the usage of Chinese, this thesis uses the standardized Pinyin system to transliterate Chinese names and places in most cases, with the few exceptions of well-known terms such as Hsinking instead of Xinjing, Dairen instead of Dalian, Kwantung instead of Guandong, and Manchukuo instead of Manzhouguo. Japanese names and locations are transliterated through the standardized Hepburn system, for which diacritical marks on the spelling of words were omitted to facilitate reading. 4 Table of Contents Chapter One – Introduction ....................................................................................... 7 1.1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 7 1.2. Chinese Literature ..................................................................................... 14 1.3. English Literature ...................................................................................... 20 1.4. Imperialism and Colonialism as a Dual Conceptual Framework ............... 29 1.4.1. Background ....................................................................................... 29 1.4.2. An Overview of Imperialism and Colonialism in China ..................... 31 1.4.3. The Unique Japanese Way ................................................................ 34 1.5. Sources ...................................................................................................... 40 1.5.1. Primary datasets ............................................................................... 40 1.5.2. Interviews ......................................................................................... 42 1.6. Structure of the thesis .............................................................................. 50 Chapter Two – Suffering Youths ............................................................................... 53 2.1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 53 2.2. Long “lived” the Empire of Japan .............................................................. 58 2.3. Acclimatizing the Bushido spirit ................................................................ 80 2.4. Conclusion ............................................................................................... 100 Chapter Three – The Fulfilment of Basic Needs .................................................... 102 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 102 3.2. Times of Hardship ........................................................................................ 105 3.3. Empty Showcases and Personal Connections .............................................. 129 3.4. Holiday Rationing and the Year 1940 ........................................................... 143 3.5. The Downward Spiral ................................................................................... 152 3.6. The Compulsory Grain Sale Policy and Rural Society ................................... 158 3.7. Conclusion .................................................................................................... 173 Chapter Four – “Homelessness” ............................................................................ 176 4.1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 176 4.2. Displacements of Peoples and Forced Migrations ....................................... 178 4.3. The Rise of Urban “Image Projects” ............................................................. 198 5 4.4. Landlords, Tenants, and the Escalation of Housing Shortages ..................... 208 4.5. Conclusion ................................................................................................... 218 Chapter Five – Health and Hygiene ....................................................................... 221 5.1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 221 5.2. The Outbreak of the Manchurian Plague ............................................... 223 5.3. Sanitation and Disease Control ............................................................... 228 5.4. Doctors, Charlatans and Treatments ...................................................... 247 5.5. Opium ..................................................................................................... 264 5.6. Conclusion .............................................................................................. 274 Chapter Six – Conclusion ....................................................................................... 277 Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 292 Primary – Periodicals .......................................................................................... 292 Primary – Published ............................................................................................ 293 Secondary – English Language ............................................................................ 304 Secondary – Non-English Languages .................................................................. 316 Appendix ................................................................................................................ 321 Appendix 1: List of interviewees ......................................................................... 321 Appendix 2: Qing qiushu (Request Letter) .......................................................... 322 6 Chapter One – Introduction
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Educated Youth Should Go to the Rural Areas: a Tale of Education, Employment and Social Values*
    Educated Youth Should Go to the Rural Areas: A Tale of Education, Employment and Social Values* Yang You† Harvard University This draft: July 2018 Abstract I use a quasi-random urban-dweller allocation in rural areas during Mao’s Mass Rustication Movement to identify human capital externalities in education, employment, and social values. First, rural residents acquired an additional 0.1-0.2 years of education from a 1% increase in the density of sent-down youth measured by the number of sent-down youth in 1969 over the population size in 1982. Second, as economic outcomes, people educated during the rustication period suffered from less non-agricultural employment in 1990. Conversely, in 2000, they enjoyed increased hiring in all non-agricultural occupations and lower unemployment. Third, sent-down youth changed the social values of rural residents who reported higher levels of trust, enhanced subjective well-being, altered trust from traditional Chinese medicine to Western medicine, and shifted job attitudes from objective cognitive assessments to affective job satisfaction. To explore the mechanism, I document that sent-down youth served as rural teachers with two new county-level datasets. Keywords: Human Capital Externality, Sent-down Youth, Rural Educational Development, Employment Dynamics, Social Values, Culture JEL: A13, N95, O15, I31, I25, I26 * This paper was previously titled and circulated, “Does living near urban dwellers make you smarter” in 2017 and “The golden era of Chinese rural education: evidence from Mao’s Mass Rustication Movement 1968-1980” in 2015. I am grateful to Richard Freeman, Edward Glaeser, Claudia Goldin, Wei Huang, Lawrence Katz, Lingsheng Meng, Nathan Nunn, Min Ouyang, Andrei Shleifer, and participants at the Harvard Economic History Lunch Seminar, Harvard Development Economics Lunch Seminar, and Harvard China Economy Seminar, for their helpful comments.
    [Show full text]
  • Program Book(EN)
    TRANSPORTATION IN CHINA 2025: CONNECTING THE WORLD 中国交通 2025：联通世界 Transportation in China 2025: Connecting the World 1 CONTENTS The 19th COTA International Conference of Transportation Professionals Transportation in China 2025: Connecting the World Welcome Remarks ······································ 4 Organization Council ································· 8 Organizers ······················································ 13 Sponsors ·························································· 17 Instructions for Presenters ························ 19 Instructions for Session Chairs ················ 19 Program at a Glance ··································· 20 Program ··························································· 22 Poster Sessions ············································· 56 General Information ··································· 86 Conference Speakers & Organizers ······· 95 Pre- and Post-CICTP2019 Events ············ 196 • Welcome Remarks It is our great pleasure to welcome you all to the 19th COTA International Conference Welcome of Transportation Professionals (CICTP 2019) in Nanjing, China. The CICTP2019 is jointly Remarks organized by Chinese Overseas Transportation Association (COTA), Southeast University, and Jiaotong International Cooperation Service Center of Ministry of Transport. The CICTP annual conference series was established by COTA back in 2001 and in the past two decades benefited from support from the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), Transportation Research Board (TRB), and many other
    [Show full text]
  • Changchun–Harbin Expressway Project
    Performance Evaluation Report Project Number: PPE : PRC 30389 Loan Numbers: 1641/1642 December 2006 People’s Republic of China: Changchun–Harbin Expressway Project Operations Evaluation Department CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Currency Unit – yuan (CNY) At Appraisal At Project Completion At Operations Evaluation (July 1998) (August 2004) (December 2006) CNY1.00 = $0.1208 $0.1232 $0.1277 $1.00 = CNY8.28 CNY8.12 CNY7.83 ABBREVIATIONS AADT – annual average daily traffic ADB – Asian Development Bank CDB – China Development Bank DMF – design and monitoring framework EIA – environmental impact assessment EIRR – economic internal rate of return FIRR – financial internal rate of return GDP – gross domestic product ha – hectare HHEC – Heilongjiang Hashuang Expressway Corporation HPCD – Heilongjiang Provincial Communications Department ICB – international competitive bidding JPCD – Jilin Provincial Communications Department JPEC – Jilin Provincial Expressway Corporation MOC – Ministry of Communications NTHS – national trunk highway system O&M – operations and maintenance OEM – Operations Evaluation Mission PCD – provincial communication department PCR – project completion report PPTA – project preparatory technical assistance PRC – People’s Republic of China RRP – report and recommendation of the President TA – technical assistance VOC – vehicle operating cost NOTE In this report, “$” refers to US dollars. Keywords asian development bank, development effectiveness, expressways, people’s republic of china, performance evaluation, heilongjiang province, jilin province, transport Director Ramesh Adhikari, Operations Evaluation Division 2, OED Team leader Marco Gatti, Senior Evaluation Specialist, OED Team members Vivien Buhat-Ramos, Evaluation Officer, OED Anna Silverio, Operations Evaluation Assistant, OED Irene Garganta, Operations Evaluation Assistant, OED Operations Evaluation Department, PE-696 CONTENTS Page BASIC DATA v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vii MAPS xi I. INTRODUCTION 1 A.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on Land Use/Cover Change and Ecosystem Services in Harbin, China
    sustainability Article Study on Land Use/Cover Change and Ecosystem Services in Harbin, China Dao Riao 1,2,3, Xiaomeng Zhu 1,4, Zhijun Tong 1,2,3,*, Jiquan Zhang 1,2,3,* and Aoyang Wang 1,2,3 1 School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; [email protected] (D.R.); [email protected] (X.Z.); [email protected] (A.W.) 2 State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China 3 Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China 4 Shanghai an Shan Experimental Junior High School, Shanghai 200433, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (Z.T.); [email protected] (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-1350-470-6797 (Z.T.); +86-135-9608-6467 (J.Z.) Received: 18 June 2020; Accepted: 25 July 2020; Published: 28 July 2020 Abstract: Land use/cover change (LUCC) and ecosystem service functions are current hot topics in global research on environmental change. A comprehensive analysis and understanding of the land use changes and ecosystem services, and the equilibrium state of the interaction between the natural environment and the social economy is crucial for the sustainable utilization of land resources. We used remote sensing image to research the LUCC, ecosystem service value (ESV), and ecological economic harmony (EEH) in eight main urban areas of Harbin in China from 1990 to 2015. The results show that, in the past 25 years, arable land—which is a part of ecological land—is the main source of construction land for urbanization, whereas the other ecological land is the main source of conversion to arable land.
    [Show full text]
  • Honolulu Advertiser & Star-Bulletin Obituaries January 1
    Honolulu Advertiser & Star-Bulletin Obituaries January 1 - December 31, 1995 M Paul Lawrence Madison Jr. , a jazz tenor saxophonist who played with such greats as Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie, died Jan. 22, 1995 at his Wahiawa home. He was 64. Madison was born Nov. 11, 1930 in Hutchinson, KA. His father was a musician and he received his first saxophone – a toy one – at age 3. Two years later he got a real one. By the time he was 15, Madison was heading up his own band. Among his musical associates were some of the greatest names in jazz. They included bassist Charles Mingus, Nat King Cole, guitarist Joe Comfort and pianist Art Tatum. “And of course Charlie Parker was his mentor,” said Madison’s wife, Classie. “He sort of sat at his knee and learned from him.” “From Gillespie, she said, Madison learned more than just blow.” He had a feel for quality and that’s what he tried to do in his music.Madison came to Hawaii in 1963 with a band, Classie said, and “stayed because he met me.” She was living in Haleiwa she said and was introduced to Madison by a close friend. They married on Jan. 19, 1965 and celebrated their 30th wedding anniversary a few days before Madison’s death. In Hawaii, Madison started a roofing business, but he condinued playing as often as possible. He played with the Doug McDonald Trio at the Ilikai Hotel and various other hotels, clubs and restaurants, including the Sheraton Waikiki’s Hanohano room. He once recorded a cassette with McDonald.
    [Show full text]
  • Prevalence of Hypertension and Associated Risk Factors in Dehui City of Jilin Province in China
    Journal of Human Hypertension (2015) 29,64–68 & 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0950-9240/15 www.nature.com/jhh ORIGINAL ARTICLE Prevalence of hypertension and associated risk factors in Dehui City of Jilin Province in China QWei1,7, J Sun2,7, J Huang3, H-Y Zhou2, Y-M Ding4, Y-C Tao5, S-M He2, Y-L Liu2 and J-Q Niu6 To evaluate the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension and its risk factors in Dehui City of Jilin Province in China. The study was performed among 3778 subjects (male ¼ 1787) in Dehui city, Jilin Province of China. The subjects completed a standard questionnaire, biochemical tests and physical examinations. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors for hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension was 41.00% in this area. The awareness, treatment and the control of hypertension were 21.82, 15.56 and 1.10%, respectively, with city areas being significantly higher than rural areas. Significant risk factors for hypertension included age, sex, central obesity, alcohol consumption, family history of hypertension, dyslipidemia, education level and type of work. Further analysis showed that diabetes for urban participants and cigarette smoking for rural participants were risk factors but were not statistically significant at the multi-variate level. The prevalence of hypertension in Dehui Ctiy of Jilin Province is higher than in other areas of China. In addition, rates of awareness and treatment of the condition are much lower than in other populations, with the control rate only 1.10%. Journal of Human Hypertension (2015) 29, 64–68; doi:10.1038/jhh.2014.32; published online 3 July 2014 INTRODUCTION other areas in Jilin Province.
    [Show full text]
  • Resettlement Action Plan Report Appendix
    Public Disclosure Authorized Resettlement Action Plan Report Appendix Public Disclosure Authorized Newly- built Harbin- Jiamusi Railway Public Disclosure Authorized China Railway Third Survey and Design Institute Company December 2012 Public Disclosure Authorized Statement of Compilation The appendix to the Resettlment Action Plan Report for the newly-built Harbin-Jiamusi Raiwlay is an important part of the Resettlment Action Plan (RAP). This appendix displays data and work achievements that have been gained during field investigation for the RAP and also data information analysis and processing during report compilation. Reference to this attachement has been indicated in the RAP. 1 Appendix of Resettlement Action Plan Report of Newly-built Harbin-Jiamusi Railway STATEMENT OF COMPILATION .......................................... 1 APPENDIX1 RESETTLEMENT POLICY FRAMEWORK ......................... 2 APPENDIX 2 HARBIN –JIAMUSI RAILWAY LINE DIAGRAM ................. 17 APPENDIX 3 PERMANENT LAND REQUISITION STATISTICS BY VILLAGE OF HA-JIA LINE ............................................................. 19 APPENDIX 4 LAND REQUISITION AREA TO CULTIVATED LAND AREA RATIO STATISTICS OF THE AFECTED VILLAGE ........................................... 24 APPENDIX 5 TEMPORARY LAND USING STATISTICS BY VILLAGE OF HA-JIA LINE ................................................................. 31 APPENDIX 6 DEMOLITION STATISTICS BY VILLAGE(STREET) OF HA-JIA LINE 35 SOURCE：BASED ON RESEARCH AND FIELD SURVEY DATA APPENDIX 7 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY FOR HAJIA
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptive Fuzzy Pid Controller's Application in Constant Pressure Water Supply System
    2010 2nd International Conference on Information Science and Engineering (ICISE 2010) Hangzhou, China 4-6 December 2010 Pages 1-774 IEEE Catalog Number: CFP1076H-PRT ISBN: 978-1-4244-7616-9 1 / 10 TABLE OF CONTENTS ADAPTIVE FUZZY PID CONTROLLER'S APPLICATION IN CONSTANT PRESSURE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM..............................................................................................................................................................................................................1 Xiao Zhi-Huai, Cao Yu ZengBing APPLICATION OF OPC INTERFACE TECHNOLOGY IN SHEARER REMOTE MONITORING SYSTEM ...............................5 Ke Niu, Zhongbin Wang, Jun Liu, Wenchuan Zhu PASSIVITY-BASED CONTROL STRATEGIES OF DOUBLY FED INDUCTION WIND POWER GENERATOR SYSTEMS.................................................................................................................................................................................9 Qian Ping, Xu Bing EXECUTIVE CONTROL OF MULTI-CHANNEL OPERATION IN SEISMIC DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM..........................14 Li Tao, Hu Guangmin, Zhao Taiyin, Li Lei URBAN VEGETATION COVERAGE INFORMATION EXTRACTION BASED ON IMPROVED LINEAR SPECTRAL MIXTURE MODE.....................................................................................................................................................................18 GUO Zhi-qiang, PENG Dao-li, WU Jian, GUO Zhi-qiang ECOLOGICAL RISKS ASSESSMENTS OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATIONS IN THE YANCHENG RED-CROWN CRANE NATIONAL NATURE RESERVE BY SUPPORT
    [Show full text]
  • The Pacific War As Total War
    [Chairman’s Summary] The Pacific War as Total War Junichiro Shoji The Forum of this fiscal year is the fifth project on the Pacific War starting from FY2007 and its theme was set as the “Pacific War as Total War”. In this year, the word called “post disaster” was born instead of “postwar” because of the Great East Japan Earthquake that occurred on March 11, 2011. This shows that the great earthquake had a considerable impact on the Japanese society and it is still in our mind. On the other hand, this year is the 70th anniversary of the outbreak of the Pacific War and the 150th anniversary of the U.S. Civil War that occurred in the U.S. mainland and caused a total of about 600,000 deaths from the two armies. This war is said to be a precedent of total war. Nowadays the word “total war” is used vaguely without careful consideration in many cases, and it is occasionally used as a pronoun that means “put all efforts”. For example, a commentator described the championship game between Japanese team and the U.S. team in the FIFAWomen’s World Cup as the “total war”. A person who introduced the concept of “total war” for the first time in the history is French politician Leon Daudet. He published La guerre totale (The Total War) in 1918 based on the lessons learnt from the battle with Germany in the First World War. In the background, there was recognition that World War I was a totally different type of war from traditional wars in which only armies participated.
    [Show full text]
  • A Concise Dictionary of Middle English
    A Concise Dictionary of Middle English A. L. Mayhew and Walter W. Skeat A Concise Dictionary of Middle English Table of Contents A Concise Dictionary of Middle English...........................................................................................................1 A. L. Mayhew and Walter W. Skeat........................................................................................................1 PREFACE................................................................................................................................................3 NOTE ON THE PHONOLOGY OF MIDDLE−ENGLISH...................................................................5 ABBREVIATIONS (LANGUAGES),..................................................................................................11 A CONCISE DICTIONARY OF MIDDLE−ENGLISH....................................................................................12 A.............................................................................................................................................................12 B.............................................................................................................................................................48 C.............................................................................................................................................................82 D...........................................................................................................................................................122
    [Show full text]
  • P020110307527551165137.Pdf
    CONTENT 1.MESSAGE FROM DIRECTOR …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 03 2.ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 05 3.HIGHLIGHTS OF ACHIEVEMENTS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 06 Coexistence of Conserve and Research----“The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species ” services biodiversity protection and socio-economic development ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 06 The Structure, Activity and New Drug Pre-Clinical Research of Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids ………………………………………… 09 Anti-Cancer Constituents in the Herb Medicine-Shengma (Cimicifuga L) ……………………………………………………………………………… 10 Floristic Study on the Seed Plants of Yaoshan Mountain in Northeast Yunnan …………………………………………………………………… 11 Higher Fungi Resources and Chemical Composition in Alpine and Sub-alpine Regions in Southwest China ……………………… 12 Research Progress on Natural Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) Inhibitors…………………………………………………………………………………… 13 Predicting Global Change through Reconstruction Research of Paleoclimate………………………………………………………………………… 14 Chemical Composition of a traditional Chinese medicine-Swertia mileensis……………………………………………………………………………… 15 Mountain Ecosystem Research has Made New Progress ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16 Plant Cyclic Peptide has Made Important Progress ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17 Progresses in Computational Chemistry Research ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18 New Progress in the Total Synthesis of Natural Products ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
    [Show full text]
  • Thomas David Dubois
    East Asian History NUMBER 36 . DECEMBER 2008 Institute of Advanced Studies The Australian National University ii Editor Benjamin Penny Editorial Assistants Lindy Shultz and Dane Alston Editorial Board B0rge Bakken John Clark Helen Dunstan Louise Edwards Mark Elvin Colin Jeffcott Li Tana Kam Louie Lewis Mayo Gavan McCormack David Marr Tessa Morris-Suzuki Kenneth Wells Design and Production Oanh Collins and Lindy Shultz Printed by Goanna Print, Fyshwick, ACT This is the thilty-sixth issue of East Asian History, printed in July 2010. It continues the series previously entitled Papers on Far Eastern History. This externally refereed journal is published twice per year. Contributions to The Editor, East Asian Hist01Y College of Asia and the Pacific The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Phone +61 2 6125 2346 Fax +61 2 6125 5525 Email [email protected] Website http://rspas.anu.edu.au/eah/ ISSN 1036-D008 iii CONTENTS 1 Editor's note Benjamin Penny 3 Manchukuo's Filial Sons: States, Sects and the Adaptation of Graveside Piety Thomas David DuBois 29 New Symbolism and Retail Therapy: Advertising Novelties in Korea's Colonial Period Roald Maliangkay 55 Landscape's Mediation Between History and Memory: A Revisualization of Japan's (War-Time) Past julia Adeney Thomas 73 The Big Red Dragon and Indigenizations of Christianity in China Emily Dunn Cover calligraphy Yan Zhenqing ��g�p, Tang calligrapher and statesman Cover image 0 Chi-ho ?ZmJ, South-Facing House (Minamimuki no ie F¥iIoJO)�O, 1939. Oil on canvas, 79 x 64 cm. Collection of the National Museum of Modern Art, Korea MANCHUKUO'S FILIAL SONS: STATES, SECTS AND THE ADAPTATION OF GRAVESIDE PIETY � ThomasDavid DuBois On October 23, 1938, Li Zhongsan *9='=, known better as Filial Son Li This paper was presented at the Research (Li Xiaozi *$':r), emerged from the hut in which he had lived fo r three Seminar Series at Hong Kong University, 4 October, 2007 and again at the <'Religious years while keeping watch over his mother's grave.
    [Show full text]