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Home , Destroyer, HMCS Prince David, Landing craft, Landing Craft Infantry, Landing Craft Utility, LCPL

Landing & Page 1 of 4 ______

Researched and Written by: Capt. (N) (Ret’d) Michael Braham

The emphasis on amphibious operations in steamers from Canadian National World War II required that new types of Steamships, and converted them for naval transport be built, especially transporting troops: HMCS Prince David designed for carrying troops and material and HMCS Prince Henry . They could carry on to a hostile shore. The Royal Canadian 550 infantrymen, as well as six Landing used these new vessels at different Craft, Assault (LCA) and two Landing landing operations, in Dieppe, , Craft, Mechanized (LCMs). Their role was Southern and Normandy. to get within a few kilometres from the landing beach and to launch the LCAs and The purpose of this Fact Sheet is to briefly LCMs from their davits. The LCAs and describe the Landing Ships, and Landing LCMs then acted as shuttles between the Craft used by the ships and the beach until all men were (RCN) during World War II. Some UK landed. On June 6, 1944, D-Day, Prince landing vessels were also crewed by RCN David and Prince Henry were used for personnel under a personnel loan landing Canadian and British troops on agreement. Notable among these was the . Landing (LST), which is Landing Ship, Tank (LST) : LST was the included for this reason. military designation for naval vessels created during World War II to support Landing Ships amphibious operations by carrying significant quantities of , other The original Landing Ships were developed , and cargo, and for landing troops from existing sea-going vessels, usually directly onto an unimproved shore. Three with a shallow draft, that were modified basic versions of the LST were developed for the primary purpose of delivering during the war and made use of troops and equipment from shore to the second and third versions. shore. However, over the course of the war, several variants were constructed for specific roles. After the war, the final variant was further refined to become the first commercial roll-on/roll-off that still operate today.

LST offloading a Sherman Tank on the beach in Sicily in 1943 HMCS Prince David

The original version consisted of modified, Landing Ship (LSI) : The Royal shallow draft tankers originally used in Canadian Navy (RCN) bought two pre-war South America. However, after some

Fact Sheet # 28 Published by: The Friends of the Canadian War Museum Written to commemorate the Centennial of the birth of the Canadian Navy on May 4, 1910

Landing Ships & Landing Craft Page 2 of 4 ______operating experience, it was decided to flat front, often with a ramp that could be design a purpose-built Mark 2 version, lowered, rather than a normal bow. This and after some initial consultation with the made them difficult to control and very , the US Navy’s Bureau of uncomfortable in rough seas. The control Ships was charged with the design and point was normally situated at the construction. extreme rear of the vessel, as were the engines. They tended to be known by an The Mark 2 vessels were over 300 feet in abbreviation derived from the official length, and 50 feet wide. They were name rather than by their full title. armed with 3-inch, 40mm and 20mm guns and in addition to their mechanized Landing Craft, Infantry (Large) LCI(L) : payload, they could each carry The LCI(L) was capable of making sea approximately 140 infantrymen. voyages under its own power (some were sailed directly from the to About 1,000 of these ships were built in take part in the Operation Torch landings the during the Second World in North Africa, and U.S. Navy LCIs island War for use by Allied . hopped across the Pacific). LCI (L)s were typically 158 feet long and 23 feet wide and carried around 200 troops. There A further refinement and improvement of were several sub-types of the craft, with the Mark 2 was carried out by the Royal the LCI(L) infantry carrier dominating; but Navy, resulting in a Mark 3 version. This LCIs also served as rocket (LCI(R)) and variant was approximately 350 feet in (M), and (G) platforms, as length with a beam of 55 feet. These ships well as a (FF). While had both bow doors for landing vehicles intended to run up on the beach, they on to a beach as well as sufficient lifting usually had a normal type of bow with capability to launch LCAs, LCTs and LCMs stepped ramps on each side for the troops from the deck. Canadian shipyards to disembark. On June 6, 1944, the RCN produced 26 of these vessels during the had three with ten LCI (L)’s in War. each. They landed 4,600 men on the Normandy beaches. Landing Craft

Landing craft were specially built vessels used to convey a landing force (infantry and vehicles) from the sea to the shore during an amphibious assault. Most renowned are those used to storm the beaches of Normandy and the Mediterranean, and the many Pacific LCI(L) carrying personnel of the 9th islands during WWII. This was the high Canadian Infantry Brigade to the point of the landing craft, with a Normandy beaches on D-Day. significant number of different designs produced in large quantities by the United Kingdom and the United States. Because of the need to run up onto a Landing Craft, Assault (LCA) : Of the suitable beach, WWII landing craft were landing craft proper, the smallest were the flat-bottomed, and many designs had a British LCAs (13 tons). These were small wooden craft designed to be transported

Fact Sheet # 28 Published by: The Friends of the Canadian War Museum Written to commemorate the Centennial of the birth of the Canadian Navy on May 4, 1910

Landing Ships & Landing Craft Page 3 of 4 ______around by larger vessels, such as the LSI, Personnel (LCVP) was very similar in and then lowered into the water off the design to the LCM and has been seen in target beach. Typically they could carry 36 countless movies. fully armed soldiers. The American variant of this craft was the slightly smaller Other Amphibious Craft Landing Craft, Personnel Large (LCPL) (10 tons) that lacked a bow ramp and was In addition to the vessels described eventually superseded by the LCM/LCVP above, other Allied forces used a large described below. number of specialized variations as amphibious operations evolved over time. A partial list of these included: Landing Craft Support (LCS) The Landing Craft Support was used to give some additional supporting firepower close in to the beach.

Landing Craft Gun (LCG) The Landing Craft Gun (LCG) was similar and was designed to give supporting fire to the landing. In addition to standard weaponry, they had two 4.7 inch guns.

Landing Craft Utility (LCU) The Landing LCA leaving side of HMCS Craft Utility was used to transport Prince David equipment and troops to the shore. They were capable of transporting tracked or Landing Craft, Mechanized (LCM) : wheeled vehicles and troops from LCMs were developed in several sizes and amphibious assault ships to beachheads configurations. The larger ones were up to or piers. 36 tons with a 15.2 m-long steel and a landing ramp at the bow. They were Landing Craft, Tank (LCT) Of a similar typically armed with machine guns. They size to the LCU was the Landing Craft could carry vehicles as well as up to 100 Tank, which could carry up to 4 Tanks or men, and were driven on to the beach and other vehicles. These had a ramp at the offloaded over the lowered ramp. The front that was dropped for the vehicles to American Landing Craft, , get ashore. Landing Craft Flak (LCF) The Landing Craft Flak was a conversion of the LCT to give anti-aircraft support to the landing. They were first used in the early in 1942. The ramp was welded shut, and a deck built on top of the Tank deck.

Landing Landing barges were adaptations of British Thames barges and American LCVP Disembarking lighters as landing craft. Some were fitted Troops with engines while others were towed to

Fact Sheet # 28 Published by: The Friends of the Canadian War Museum Written to commemorate the Centennial of the birth of the Canadian Navy on May 4, 1910

Landing Ships & Landing Craft Page 4 of 4 ______the beach. They were used for defence, transportation, supply (food, water and Internet References: oil) and repair (fitted out with workshops). A. europeanhistory.about.com/od/worldwar2/ Landing Craft, Navigation (LCN) Nine- a/Ddaygloss.htm ton Landing Craft Navigation were used by B. www.junobeach.org/e/4/can-tac-lca-e.htm British "Combined Operations Assault C. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_Landings Pilotage Parties" for surveying landing D. www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq109-4.htm sites E. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Ship,_Tank Landing Craft Rocket (LCR) The F. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_craft

Landing Craft Rocket, was also known as the Landing Craft Tank (Rocket) (LCT(R)) to denote that it was a modified LCT. This vessel had a large set of launchers for the British RP-3 60 lb (27 kg), 3 in (76 mm) rockets mounted on the covered-over tank deck.

Landing Craft, (LCA(HR)) The Landing Craft Hedgehog was a conversion of the British LCA which carried 24 spigot mortars - the Royal Navy's Hedgehog anti- weapon - instead of personnel. The mortars were fired to clear mines and other obstructions. Having discharged its mortars, the LCA(HR) would then leave the beach area. They were towed to the beach by larger craft such as the LCT.

Landing Craft, Control (LCC) The "Landing Craft Control" were 56-foot U.S. Navy vessels, carrying only the crew and newly-developed . Their main job was to find and follow the safe routes in to the beach - lanes which had been cleared of obstacles and mines. Landing Vehicle Tracked (LVT) The smallest landing craft were amphibians such as the U.S-designed Landing Vehicle Tracked and amphibious (and sometimes armoured) personnel carrier. These were operated by Army personnel, not naval crews. They had a capacity of about three tons. The British introduced their own amphibian, the Terrapin

Fact Sheet # 28 Published by: The Friends of the Canadian War Museum Written to commemorate the Centennial of the birth of the Canadian Navy on May 4, 1910