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A Print Version of All the Papers of September, 2011 Issue in Book Format LANGUAGE IN INDIA Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow Volume 11 : 9 September 2011 ISSN 1930-2940 Managing Editor: M. S. Thirumalai, Ph.D. Editors: B. Mallikarjun, Ph.D. Sam Mohanlal, Ph.D. B. A. Sharada, Ph.D. A. R. Fatihi, Ph.D. Lakhan Gusain, Ph.D. Jennifer Marie Bayer, Ph.D. S. M. Ravichandran, Ph.D. G. Baskaran, Ph.D. L. Ramamoorthy, Ph.D. Contents 1. Negative Priming in Aging Population ... Manjunath. N., M.Sc. (Speech and Hearing) 1-12 2. Intertextual Semiosis: An Analysis of Implications of The White Man’s Burden on Speeches of Albert J. Beveridge and President George W. Bush ... Shahzad-ul-Hassan Farooqi 13-33 3. Enhancing Communication Using Commutainment among Higher Order Learners With Reference to a Skill ‘Role-Play’ - An Empirical Study.html ... J. Samuel Kirubahar, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., B.Ed., V. Jeya Santhi, M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., DCA. and A. Subashini, M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed. 34-56 4. Effects of School Systems on Locus of Control ... Aamna Saleem Khan, Ph. D. 57-68 5. A Perspective on English as a Language of International Communication: a Study of University Learners ... Rajakumar Guduru, Ph.D. ELT Scholar 69-95 6. Corpora: The Future of ELT in Pakistan ... Rashid Mahmood, M.Phil. and Asim Mahmood, M.Phil. 96-102 7. Third Life - Alice Walker’s Exposé of the Tragic World of the Sharecroppers ... Gulab Chillar, Ph.D. 103-111 Language in India www.languageinindia.com 11 : 9 September 2011 Contents i 8. Effects of Direct Teaching Method in the Academic Achievement of Students in English at the Elementary Level ... Ishtiaq Hussain, Ph.D., Rehmat Ali Farooq, Ph.D. and Iqbal Majoka, Ph.D. 112-117 9. Role of Virtual Technology in Teaching English ... V. Rajesh M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. Candidate and J. Jaya Parveen M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. Candidate 118-130 10. The Exploring Nature of Definitions and Classifications of Language Learning Strategies (LLSs) in the Current Studies of Second/Foreign Language Learning ... Seyed Hossein Fazeli, M.A. 131-147 11. Marginalised Psyche - A Study of Doris Lessing’s The Grass Is Singing ... Dhanalakshmi A., M.A., M.Phil. 148-155 12. Emergence of the Urdu Discourses in Kashmir ... M. Ashraf Bhat, Ph.D. 156-168 13. Technical Usage of English Syntax ... P. Malathy, MA., Ph.D. 169-174 14. Students’ Learning Styles at the University Level ... Tiaba Jamil, M.A. Education and Shazia Naureen, Ph.D. Education 175-183 15. The Role of Language Resource Centre in ESL Classrooms ... J. Mangayarkarasi, M.A., M.Phil., PGCTE., Ph.D. Scholar in ELT and R. Preethi, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. Scholar in ELT 184-188 16. The Prospect of Reading ... Naseem Achakzai, Ph.D. Scholar 189-197 17. Target Language: Proficiency & Intelligibility ... Nagen Bhusan Patnaik, M.A., PGCTE, M.B.A., Ph.D. Scholar 198-205 18. A Study on Sources and Management of High School Principals and Their Views About Anxiety ... Maqsood Ahmed, M.Phil. (Education), R.A. Farooq, Ph.D., Ishtiaq Hussain, Ph.D. and Sarfraz Ahmed, M.Phil. (Education) Scholar 206-211 19. Treatment of Female Oppression - An Insight into Selected Stories of Chitra Divakaruni ... Rajesh Bojan, M.A., M.Phil. 212-218 20. Role of Private Schools’ Teachers in the Enhancement of Quality Education at the Primary Level in District Kohat, Pakistan ... Ishtiaq Hussain, Ph.D., Maqsood Ahmed M.Phil. (Education) Scholar, Sarfraz Ahmad, M.Phil. (Education) Scholar and Farzana Sadar, M.Phil. (Education) Scholar 219-226 21. An Investigation of Speaking Strategies used by University Learners to Cope with English Language Anxiety ... Rabiah Rustam, M.Phil. 227-239 Language in India www.languageinindia.com 11 : 9 September 2011 Contents ii 22. Language Proficiency in Second Language Learners of Urdu Speaker, reference to Persian Phonology ... Md.Rizwan, Ph.D. 240-253 23. Readability: A Major Issue in Language Learning A Case Study ... Muhammad Asim Mahmood, M.Phil. and Rashid Mahmood, M.Phil. 254-263 24. From Retreat to Revelation - A Prismatic Study of Edith Wharton’s Ethan Frome and Summer ... Seetha Balakrishnan, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. Candidate 264-270 25. Computer Assisted Language Learning – Some Aspects ... Taher Bahrani, Ph.D. Candidate 271-278 26. Women Characters in Arun Joshi’s Novels - An Embodiment of Human Values ... Shivani Vashist, Ph.D. 279-284 27. Stress Coping Strategies Adopted by School Administrators at Elementary Level ... Amna Iqbal Awan, M.S. Education (ongoing), M.A. Education, M.A. Political Science 285- 309 28. Vikram Seth’s A Suitable Boy - An Approach to the Society ... A. Vijayalakshmi M.A., M.Phil., (Ph.D.) and R. Padmavathi, Ph.D. 310-316 29. A Hybrid POS Tagger for Indian Languages ... M. Mohamed Yoonus M.Sc., M.Phil., PGDNLP and Samar Sinha, M.A., M.Phil. 317-330 30. Some Linguistic Aspects of Proofreading in Indian Languages ... M. S. Thirumalai, Ph.D. 331-334 31. Cueing Hierarchy as an Effective Treatment Approach in the Treatment of Anomic Aphasia ... Sudhin Karuppali, M.Sc. (SLP), Buddhima Samaraweera, M.Sc. (SLP), and B. S. Premalatha, MASLP, Ph.D. 335-345 32. Weekly Notes: Practical Ideas for Research & Better Writing ... 33. Creative Works ... Various Authors - Vijaya, K.R., Raji Narasimhan; Bala Devi; Selvi Bunce; Tanu Kashyap A PRINT VERSION OF ALL THE PAPERS OF SEPTEMBER, 2011 ISSUE IN BOOK FORMAT. This document is better viewed if you open it online and then save it in your computer. After saving it in your computer, you can easily read all the pages from the saved document. 1-345 Language in India www.languageinindia.com 11 : 9 September 2011 Contents iii LANGUAGE IN INDIA Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow Volume 11 : 9 September 2011 ISSN 1930-2940 Managing Editor: M. S. Thirumalai, Ph.D. Editors: B. Mallikarjun, Ph.D. Sam Mohanlal, Ph.D. B. A. Sharada, Ph.D. A. R. Fatihi, Ph.D. Lakhan Gusain, Ph.D. Jennifer Marie Bayer, Ph.D. S. M. Ravichandran, Ph.D. G. Baskaran, Ph.D. L. Ramamoorthy, Ph.D. Negative Priming in Aging Population Manjunath. N., M.Sc. (Speech and Hearing) ============================================================== Abstract A total of 40 subjects participated in the study, divided into two groups. Group I consisted of elderly population (mean age 60.3 years) and Group II consisted of young adults (mean age 22.1years). Superimposed line drawing pictures were presented in semantically ignored and control negative priming conditions. Reaction time was measured for verbal responses in each condition by using DmDx software. The results showed no significant negative priming effect in older individuals. Results are discussed with reference to ‘spreading inhibition’ in semantic memory networks, analogous to that of ‘spreading activation’ (Collins & Loftus, 1975). The reason behind the absence of negative priming in older adults may be attributed to the deficit in the spreading inhibition system and reduced information processing efficiency. Key Words: Inhibition, Language Processing, Reaction time. Introduction Normal aging often refers to the most common or usually encountered functional state of the nervous system in a population of older individuals (Civil & Whitehouse, 1991). It is associated with special physical, emotional and social burdens imposed by mental decay in later life and a general wear and tear at anatomical and functional levels. Language in India www.languageinindia.com 11 : 9 September 2011 Manjunath. N., M.Sc. (Speech and Hearing) Negative Priming in Aging Population 1 Normal aging is accompanied by changes in the ability to process, understand and use language. There is no global decline in linguistic functions. However, decline in certain cognitive functions like attention, memory and reaction time has been documented. These cognitive changes impinge on linguistic abilities leading to difficulties in word retrieval process (Kempler, 1992; Maxim, 1999) decline in complex discourse processes (Ulatowastia, 1985), slight diminution in language performance in terms of use of semantic information, structures and error of reference. Attention is the core cognitive processes involved in language production and comprehension (James, 1980). If there is finite attentional capacity which reduces with increasing age, then larger attentional demands will lead to larger age related deficits (Hasher & Zacks, 1988). Aging persons have been shown increased difficulty with selective attention and may attend to more irrelevant details than younger persons (Hamm & Hasher, 1990; Hartman & Hasher, 1990; McDowd, Oseas-Kreger, & Filion, 1995). Selective attention refers to the ability to both focus on information of relevance to the organism and exclude or ignore information that is task irrelevant. This can be accomplished by facilitating the processing of specific objects and/or inhibiting other task-irrelevant objects (Armstrong, 1997). Houghton & Tipper (1994) stated that selective attention is necessary in daily life as there are an infinite number of stimuli in the environment that must be either attended to or ignored. Initially, all stimuli are attended to and facilitated, but then irrelevant stimuli are quickly suppressed so that further processing of the attended stimuli is proceeded. One such task which is employed in understanding the efficient selective attention is negative priming task. The negative priming paradigm has served as a test tool by which age related differences in selective inhibition are measured. In the negative priming task, subjects are asked to respond to targets and ignore simultaneously presented distractor stimuli. The critical comparison is between the semantically ignored condition and the control condition experiments. In general, longer reaction times are obtained in ignored repetition condition than in control condition, defining negative priming effect. This negative priming effect is theorized to be the result of intact inhibitory mechanisms (May, Kane & Hasher, 1995; Neill & Valdes, 1996). If inhibitory mechanisms are disrupted or slowed relatedness of the prime distractors and probe presentation should not have a significant effect on reaction time to judge the probe target.
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