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The Diary of a Japanese Innkeeper's Daughter Introduction ' , / '' '/ ,,' ' '' '' , I' ' ', // \\ i' I ' 'i , I ' ' \' i' i' 'I 'I i. : i ' I !', !\ ' i' ', '\ (�<)l{Nl�I.I. UNIVlil{Sl'I'Y EAST ASIA PAJ> I:RS ,. ,, ,...,- - 'l'IIE DIARY OFA JAPANESE INNKEEPER'S DAUGHl'ER Translated Miwaby Kai Edited and Annotated Robertby J. Smith Kazuko Smith East Asia Program Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853 The Cornell EastAsia Series is publishedby the Cornell University East Asia Program (distinct from Cornell University Press). We publish affordablypriced books on a variety of scholarly topics relating to East Asia as a service to the academic community and the general public. Standing orders, which provide for automatic notificationand invoicing of each title in the series upon publication, are accepted. Ifafterreview by internaland externalreaders a manuscript is accepted for publication, it ispublished on the basisof camera-ready copy provided by the volume author. Each author isthus responsiblefor any necessarycopy-editing and for manuscript fo1·1natting. Address submission inquiries to CEAS Editorial Board, East Asia Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-7601. Number 36 in the Cornell East Asia Series Online edition copyright© 2007, print edition copyright© 1984 Robert J. Smith. All rights reserved ISSN 1050-2955 (formerly 8756-5293) ISBN-13 978-0-939657-36-o / ISBN-10 0-939657-36-8 CAUTION: Except for brief quotations in a review, no part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form without per1nissionin writingfrom the author. Please address inquiries to Robert J. Smith in care of the East Asia Program, Cornell University,140 Uris Hall, Ithaca, NY1485 3-7601 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgments • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ii L 1st of Maps • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • fi1 Illustrations • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • viii Introduction • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 A Note on Conventions • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 14 January 1 - 26 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 15 June 1 - 30 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 43 July 1 - 31 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 75 August 1 - 31 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 115 September 1 - 16 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 150 Epilogue • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 168 Persons Mentioned • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 175 Places Mentioned • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 179 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Man) people have been involved fn the long process of bringing Yamaji Yaeko's diary to publication. We should like to extend our special thanks to Ella Lury Wiswell (the Ella Embree of this book) for giving us the document and the late John F. Embree's introduction to it. She has provided invaluable conments and advice on our version of both. Miwa Kai, the original translator of the diary, graciously offered to read our version of the manuscript. Without her invaluable assistance many errors and ambiguities would have stood uncorrected and unresolved. We wish to thank her for her willingness to turn once again to a task so long delayed in its completion. Margery Wolf and Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney kindly read and conmented on the final draft of the manuscript. Where we have followed their suggestions the published version has been greatly improved. Carol Karrmen, local historian and authority on diaries, brought another perspective to her reading of the manuscript and helped us see places where our editorial efforts were insufficient. Finally, we wish to acknowledge the contribution of Barbara A. Donnell, who made of our jumbled copy an impeccably prepared manuscript. ii LIST OF MAPS Page JAPAN • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • iv KYOSHO • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • V KUMA COUNTY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • yf iii HOKKAIDO HONSHU -- TOKYO OoSHIMA SHIMONOSEKI I KANAGAWA-KEN SHIKOKU 2 KUMAMOTO-KEN 3 MIE·KEN -- KYUSHU JAPAN 0 !)0 100 150 -- ---- MILES iv FUKUOKA I \ I SAGA \,, \ I ",, ,­ OITA ..' ' a --" t. uM,UTA ', 1 ,-, .,- '< ' \ \ , ,_, \' . KUMAMOTO l KUMAMOTO l .,,, ....,_ ,. ,. �/ TAKACHIH0"-1. ' ', ,,, ,_,, ,.,I ' MIYAZAKI ) 1 HITOYOSHt., ,-,, ' • C \.. ' (' -,,__... __, KAGOSHIMA l, 'I ,, MIYAZAKI '\ I ''\. 1� -1 --,�-· BoundaryPrefecture • Cities KYUSHU 0 20 60 80 100 120 -- ..- -· - -40 � . -�- ·-- - -. -. ---� MILES V 16 9 17 20 8 19 HITOYOSHI- SHI (CITY) MIYAZAKI PREFECrURE KAGOSHIMA PREFECTURE KUMA COUNTY 0 5 10 15 . - 20 - . - -- -- ··- -· - -·---· + MILES vi EXPLANATION OF MAP OF KUMA COUNTY The map of Kuma county UI!!!!.) shows the twenty villages (mura) and towns (cho) located within its borders in 1936. Hitoyoshf city (shi) lies outside the county. In her diary Yaeko mentions the following places in Kuma-gun: Map Number Name 1 Menda-mura 2 Taragi-che - 3 Yunomae-cho 4 Nishf-mura 8 kume-mura 9 Mina kam1 -mura (now Mizukami) 10 Kurohijf -1111ra 11 Suye-mura 15 Youra-mura vii ILLUSTRATIONS Number Page 1 Taken in November 1935 at the rear of the inn just before the Embrees left to move into their house in Suye. From left to right: the two maidservants, Yaeko, and her mother •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Frontispiece 2 Yaeko and her mother outside the Embrees' house in Suye on their farewell visit, October 29, 1936 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ix 3 Yaeko and her mother in the Embrees' house in Suye on their farewell visit, October 29, 1936 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• X 4 Yaeko's postcard. July 29, 1936 •••••••••••• xi viii .... - X • )( • I� � .,,'f}. ..(, /- � .. 11 � , 1-V - l � d. """ , -- 1:- ' I -� � 11 l. /. 1' ' • � , �-· �. I I . I J;. ,/ - • ) • • • xi THE DIARY OF A JAPANESE INNKEEPER'S DAUGHTER INTRODUCTION '' The innkeeper's daughter at Kinokuniya is very pretty and chann­ ing." So wrote John F. Embree in his journal on October 24, 1935. He and his wife Ella had come to Japan to undertake the first longtenn study there of an agricultural co11111t.1nity by foreign social scientists. Following their arrival in Tokyo they had traveled widely surveying potential research sites and were now in the small town of Tarag1 in Kuma county, Kumamoto Prefecture, on the southern island of t<Yushu. While looking over possibilities in the area they put up at a small inn called Kinokuniya, owned and operated by the Yamajis. A typical small family enterprise, the inn was run by Yamaji's wife and their daughter Yaeko, assisted by two very young maidservants. An adopted daughter, Yaeko was born in Mfe Prefecture, where her family still lived. The Yamajis had moved to Kumamoto ten years before and opened a lumber business in Hftoyoshi town. capital of Kuma county. operating it jointly with another family named Ohara. They had next moved to Taragi and started a luri>eryard near the railroad station; the Oharas had moved to a nearby small town called Menda. As the Yamajis' business did not prosper, Yaeko' s father had opened the Kinokuniya inn about six years before the Embrees' arrival in Japan. They quickly became fond of this young woman, then 18 years old,o1 who had been assigned to wait on them personally. It is likely that the Yamajis, whose establishment almost certainly had never had a foreign guest before. had decided to entrust them to their daughter rather than to one of the even younger maidservants. The Embrees asked her to accom­ pany them when they went out to watch the festivities of the tutelary 1 sy the western system, now also in use in contemporary Japan, Yaeko was either 17 or 18 years old. At the time this diary was written the Japanese reckoned a person to be one year old at birth, adding another year at each New Year's. 1 2 deity (ujigdmi) of Taragi and she occasionally went with Ella Embree on shopping expeditions. The village of Suye2 finally was selected as the research site and when the Embrees moved into their house there Yaeko's father insisted on delivering their baggage from the inn himself, not wishing to risk leaving ft to others. Ella Embree wrote in her journal on November 3, 1935: •vaeko-san came here in the morning to help us settle in. She walked the three miles from Taragi. Had to leave early because, she said, 'Mother will be worried, since there are so many people around now.'" It was the Meiji emperor's birthday (Meiji setsu) and a national holiday,3 so the inn must have been busy. In the original draft introduction to the diary, John Embree wrote: "The diary reproduced here is that of Yamaji Yaeko,4 an innkeeper's daughter, in the town of Taragi in Kuma county, Kumamoto Prefecture. Taragf, with a population of about seven thousand, is typical of small towns of the area, consisting in its urban part of shops that cater to both Tarag1 residents and visitors from surrounding villages. The main street fs on the prefectural road, the route
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