The University of Texas at Tyler Department of History HIST 5386: Readings on the American Civil War Era

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

This course introduces graduate students to major historiographical themes associated with the American Civil War era. The goal is to acquaint students with a wide variety of approaches and interpretations in Civil War history. Graduate students should leave this seminar at the end of the semester with both a deeper understanding of the issues and events of the Civil War and Reconstruction era, and a firm grounding in the period’s voluminous historical literature.

PROFESSOR’S EXPECTATIONS:

Graduate courses are not meant to be professorial lectures. The class will follow an inquisitorial style which will place the burden of learning and discussion on the student. How much you learn depends largely on how much you and your classmates read and discuss. It is not easy; the reading load is heavy. Few transgressions will be worse in this class than not having an answer; and you will be put to the test weekly. Therefore, attendance is mandatory. I recognize that life often presents unexpected challenges and time constraints. Yet, if you are serious about a graduate education, you must make sacrifices. Once absence will directly affect the participation grade; two absences will disqualify any student from receiving an overall “A” grade; three absences will disqualify a “B” grade.

It is assumed that participants in the readings course have, at the very least, a very good grasp of the major events and the larger historical developments related to the Civil War and Reconstruction. If you do not, teach yourself. There are excellent studies of the Civil War, including James McPherson’s Battle Cry of Freedom (1988) and Michael Fellman’s This Terrible War (2002). Please take advantage of them.

GRADING:

The course grade will depend on an historiographical paper, seven book reviews, a class participation component, and weekly response essays based on your assigned reading—beyond the seven monographs—for a particular week. The grade breakdown is as follows:

§ Historiographical Paper 40% § Book Reviews: 40% § Class Participation 10% § Article Response Essays 10%

Generally speaking, a grade of 90.00% corresponds to a borderline A­ and 89.99% to a B+; 80.00% is the line between a B­ and a C+ and so on.

1 TEXTS:

It is extremely important to keep up with the reading. The reading load for this class is heavy, but it reflects the fact that so many wonderful books have been written on this topic. We will discuss seven monographs during the semester. It would be helpful to look ahead to those discussion dates and begin reading those books ahead of time.

Required:

§ Lawanda Cox, Lincoln and Black Freedom (1994), E457.2.C84

§ Mark Grimsley, The Hard Hand of War: Union Military Policy Toward Southern Civilians (1996), E487.G78

§ Daniel Crofts, Reluctant Confederates: Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis (1993), E459.C92

§ Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War (1970), E436.F6

§ Alice Fahs and Joan Waugh, The Memory of the Civil War in American Culture (2004), E468.9.M54

§ Joan Cashin, ed., The War Was You and Me: Civilians in the American Civil War (2002), E468.9.W28

§ Dan Carter, When the War was Over: The Failure of Self­Reconstruction in the South (1985), E668.C28

Recommended:

§ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (1988), E470 .M23

BOOK REVIEWS:

Students will be assigned seven books to read for the semester, in additional to a number of scholarly articles. Students will write book reviews on the seven assigned studies and the average of which will count for 40% of your grade. All work must be typed in Times New Roman font, double­spaced with standard one­inch margins, and be at least three­full pages in length (meaning a three­page review must take up at least three pages, not two and a half or two and three­ quarters). All technicalities of the papers, from citations to margins to proper usage of capitalization and numbers should be in accordance with Turabian’s Manual for Writers. Poor spelling, grammar, and typographical errors will deduct from your grade. And, of course, it is always your responsibility to do your own work. Plagiarism will result in “F” grade for the course and recommendation of immediate dismissal from the graduate program.

A review is not a book report. In preparing the review the student should read the assigned book and determine the place of the study in the literature of the field. Do not simply summarize. The review should not only indicate the book’s subject, but its place in the historiography of the Civil War era. And it should be critically analytical of the book, seeing out the positive and negative aspects of the book in regards to scholarship.

Students will turn in book reviews the following dates:

§ Book Review 1 (due September 7) § Book Review 2 (due September 21) § Book Review 3 (due October 5) § Book Review 4 (due October 19) § Book Review 5 (due November 2) § Book Review 6 (due November 16) § Book Review 7 (due December 7) 2 ARTICLE RESPONSE ESSAYS:

Ten percent of your grade will be based on a short article/essay response papers based on the student’s individual assigned reading for that particular class meeting outside of the common readings (i.e. the seven monographs). Students are responsible for providing copies of these essays, which will be no longer than 1­page, to the professor and the rest of the class. In addition, students will present their findings on the assigned reading in a brief 5­10­minute presentation each week.

HISTORIOGRAPHICAL PAPER:

As a graduate seminar, you will need to write a formal historiographical paper of no less than 12 pages that demonstrates your ability to conduct historical study and marshal your research to produce a thoughtful and cogent essay on a subject relevant to the historiography of the Civil War and Reconstruction era. I will provide a list of potential topics, but I welcome additional ideas. This is your opportunity to reflect on the course material, marshal additional sources, analyze what you have learned, and develop a reasoned argument based on your findings.

An historiographical paper is a focused study on a particular theme, problem or issue from a specific era and field of history. In essence, you will identify a particular topic and assess the secondary literature examining this area and analyzing the state of scholarship, or simply reflecting on recent literature in that field. The historiographical paper will help students see the relationship between the books and articles you have been finding and other scholarship on your topic. It will help you find other books and articles on your topic.

One important thing to remember: This is not a bibliographic essay—you are not expected to assess all the literature on a given topic. Rather, you need to extrapolate arguments from the various authors which prove relevant to the theme of your essay. The historiographical paper project is due on

Topics:

§ Abolitionists and the Anti­Slavery Movement § Politics § The Battle over the Territories § Secession § Causes of the War § Lincoln and/or Emancipation § The African American Experience § Civil War Soldiers § Civil War Battles § Civil War Women § Civil War Military § Confederate Defeat § Reconstruction § Violence During Reconstruction § Reconstruction Politics § The Memory of the Civil War

3 CLASS PARTICIPATION:

Ten percent of your grade will be based on class participation. Two of the main components used in determining that grade are attendance and presentation. In regard to the former, graduate students are expected to exhibit a professional attitude toward this and all courses by attending every meeting. There are no excused “cuts” at this level and absences will dramatically reduce the participation portion of the grade.

As for presentation, each student will be expected to have read the week’s assignment and be prepared to identify the main thesis, summarize the argument, and comment on the strengths and weaknesses of their reading for their classmates in discussion. Questions and discussion related to the recommended readings are also expected.

Although students will of course vary in their conversational styles, learning to participate in seminar discussions involves social and intellectual skills that are an essential part of graduate education. These include: listening to others and learning to absorb and synthesize their remarks; learning to respond constructively and analytically to others’ ideas; learning to develop and articulate positions of one’s own; responding to criticism and learning to modify or discard an argument as one comes to see another, more satisfactory one. Weekly discussions, then, should serve as course workshops, where we all come together to exchange ideas about the various topics under study, to sharpen our analytical tools, and to work toward new understandings and hypotheses, more satisfying and penetrating than those you might have had before.

As the professor, I will provide contexts for the topics under study and often offer interpretations of my own for you to consider (though not to swallow whole) and I will keep track of who shares in discussion, who attempts to dominate discussion, and who says next to nothing. There is no reward for getting by doing as little as possible, or in letting others do your work for you.

STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES:

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is a federal anti­discrimination statute that provides comprehensive civil rights protection for persons with disabilities. Among other things, this legislation requires that all students with disabilities be guaranteed a learning environment that provides for reasonable accommodation for their disabilities. I will make every reasonable accommodation to assist students with disabilities. It is the responsibility of the student to let me know of the disability for accommodation to his/her needs. If you have a disability, including a learning disability, for which you request an accommodation, please contact Ida MacDonald in the Disability Support Services office so that the appropriate arrangements may be made. In accordance with Federal law, a student requesting accommodations must provide documentation for his/her disability to the Disability Support Services counselor. For more information, call or visit the Student Services Center located in the University Center, Room 111. The telephone number is 566­7079 (TDD 565­5579).

INCOMPLETES:

It is the policy of the professor not to grant incompletes for the semester. Students who are unable to meet this requirement should withdraw before the last drop date. Students who discontinue attendance without formally withdrawing will receive a failing grade.

MISCELLANEOUS:

Finally, if you find yourself having difficulty during the semester, do not wait until the last minute to discuss a problem with me. I can usually assist you with any problem, but only if given adequate time.

4 Schedule of Class Meetings and Readings: (subject to change)

Week 1 Introduction: Why the Civil War?

§ Trends, ideas, and the focus of the course

Week 2: Slaves and Abolitionists

Assigned Reading(s):

§ Susan Wyly­Jones, “The 1835 Anti­Abolition Meetings in the South: A New Look at the Controversy over the Abolition Postal Campaign,” Civil War History 47, no. 4 (December 2001): 289­309. § William W. Freehling “James Henley Thornwell’s Mysterious Antislavery Moment,” The Journal of Southern History 57, no. 3 (August 1991): 383­406. § Walter Johnson, “The White Slave, the Slave Trader, and the Politics of Racial Determination in the 1850s South,” Journal of American History 87, no. 1 (June 2000): 13­38. § James L. Huston, “Property Rights in Slavery and the Coming of the Civil War,” The Journal of Southern History 65, no. 2 (May 1999): 249­286. § James Brewer Stewart, “Reconsidering the Abolitionists in an Age of Fundamentalist Politics,” Journal of the Early Republic 26, no. 1 (Spring 2006): 1­24. § Albert J. Von Frank, “John Brown, James Redpath, and the Idea of Revolution,” Civil War History 52, no. 2 (June 2006): 142­160. § David Lightner and Alexander Ragan, “Were African American Slaveholders Benevolent or Exploitative?: A Quantitative Approach,” The Journal of Southern History 71, no. 3 (August 2005): 535­558. § Fay Yarbrough, “Power, Perception, and Interracial Sex: Former Slaves Recall a Multiracial South,” The Journal of Southern History 71, no. 3 (August 2005): 559­588. § John Campbell, “The Seminoles, the ‘Bloodhound War,’ and Abolitionism,” 1796­1865,” The Journal of Southern History 72, no. 2 (May 2006): 259­302. § Rebecca Griffin, “Courtship Contests and the Meaning of Conflict in the Folklore of Slaves,” The Journal of Southern History 71, no. 4 (November 2005): 769­802. § Susan Wyly­Jones, “The 1835 Anti­Abolition Meetings in the South: A New Look at the Controversy over the Abolition Postal Campaign” Civil War History 47, no. 4 (December 2001): 289­309.

Supplementary Readings:

John Blassingame, The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South (1972) Frederick Blue, No Taint of Compromise: Crusaders in Antislavery Politics (2005) Janet Cornelius, “When I Can Read My Title Clear”: Literacy, Slavery, & Religion (1991) Douglas Egerton, Gabriel’s Rebellion (1993) Don Fehrenbacher, The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in American Law and Politics (1978) John Hope Franklin and Loren Schweninger, Runaway Slaves: Rebels on the Plantation (1999) Eugene Genovese, Roll, Jordan Roll: The World the Slaves Made (1974) James & Lois Horton, In Hope of Liberty: Culture, Community, and Protest among Northern Free Blacks (1997) William King, Stolen Childhood: Slave Youth in the 19 th Century (1995) Julie Jeffrey, The Great Silent Army of Abolitionism: Ordinary Women in the Anti­Slavery Movement (1998) Peter Kolchin, American Slavery (1998) Lawrence Levine, Black Culture and Black Consciousness (1977) Henry Mayer, All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery (1998) William S. McFeely, Frederick Douglass (1991) Stephen Oates, To Purge This Land With Blood: A Biography of John Brown (1970) James Brewer Stewart, Holy Warriors: The Abolitionists and American Slavery (1976)

5 Week 3 : The Political Crisis and the Coming of the Civil War

Assigned Reading(s):

§ Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War

Supplementary Readings:

Tyler Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s (1992) Frederick Blue, Free Soilers: Third Party Politics, 1848­1854 (1973) William J. Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery (1978) Nicole Etcheson, Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era (2004) Don Fehrenbacher, The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in American Law and Politics (1978) Eric Foner, “The Causes of the American Civil War: Recent Interpretations and New Directions,” Civil War History 20, no. 3 (September 1974): 197­214 William Freehling, The Road to Disunion (1990) William Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852­1856 (1987) Susan Mary Grant, North Over South: Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era (2001) Kenneth Greenberg, Masters and Statesmen: The Political Cultural of American Slavery (1985) Michael Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s (1978) Robert Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas (1973) Richard McCormick, The Second American Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era (1966) William S. McFeely, Frederick Douglass (1991) Chaplain Morrison, Democratic Politics and Sectionalism: The Wilmot Proviso Controversy (1967) Michael Morrison, Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny & the Coming of the Civil War (1997) Allen Nevins, The Emergence of Lincoln (1950) Stephen Oates, To Purge This Land With Blood: A Biography of John Brown (1970) David Potter, Impending Crisis, 1848­1861 (1976) Thomas Pressley, Americans Interpret the Civil War (1962) James Rawley, Race and Politics: “Bleeding Kansas” and the Coming of the Civil War (1969) Richard H. Sewell, Ballots For Freedom: Anti­Slavery Politics in the United States (1976) Charles Sydnor, The Development of Southern Sectionalism, 1819­1848 (1948) Elizabeth Varon, We Mean to Be Counted: White Women and Politics in Antebellum Virginia (1998) Vernon Volpe, Forlorn Hope of Freedom: The Liberty Party in the Old Northwest, 1838­1848 (1990) John C. Waugh, On the Brink of the Civil War: The Compromise of 1850 and How it Changed the Course of American History (2004) Eric H. Walther, The Shattering of Union: America in the 1850s (2003)

6 Week 4 : The Coming of the Civil War

Assigned Readings:

§ Austin Allen, “The Political Economy of Blackness: Citizenship, Corporations, and Race in Dred Scott,” Civil War History 50, no. 3 (September 2004): 229­260. § Benjamin Carp, “Nations of American Rebels: Understanding Nationalism in Revolutionary North America and the Civil War South,” Civil War History 48, no. 1 (March 2002): 5­33. § Joan E. Cashin, “The Structure of Antebellum Planter Families: ‘The Ties that Bound us was Strong’,” The Journal of Southern History 56, no. 1 (February 1990): 55­70. § Ellen Eslinger, “The Brief Career of Rusus W. Bailey,” American Colonization Society Agent in Virginia, The Journal of Southern History 71, no. 1 (February 2005): 39­74. § Yonatan Eyal, “Trade and Improvements: Young America and the Transformation of the Democratic Party,” Civil War History 51, no. 3 (September 2005): 245­268. § Michael Morrison, “American Reaction to European Revolutions, 1848­1852: Sectionalism, Memory and the Revolutionary Heritage, Civil War History 49, no. 2 (June 2003): 111­132. § Carl Osthaus, “The Work Ethic of the Plain Folk: Labor and Religion in the Old South,” The Journal of Southern History 70, no. 4 (November 2004): 745­782. § Christopher Phillips, “‘The Crime Against Missouri’: Slavery, Kansas, and the Cant of Southerness in the Border West,” Civil War History 48, no. 1 (March 2002): 60­81. § Kenneth Winkle, “The Second Party System in Lincoln’s Springfield,” Civil War History 44, no. 4 (December 1998): 267­284.

Supplementary Readings:

Gabor Borritt, ed., Why the Civil War Came (1996) Anthony Gene Carver, Party, Slavery, and Union in Antebellum Georgia (1997) William Freehling, The Road to Disunion (1990) William Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852­1856 (1987) Holman Hamilton, Prologue to Conflict: The Crisis and Compromise of 1850 (1964) Michael Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s (1978) James L. Huston, Calculating the Value of the Union: Slavery, Property Rights, and the Economic Origins of the Civil War (2003) Robert Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas (1973) Bruce Levine, Half Slave and Half Free: The Roots of the Civil War (1992) William Link, Roots of Secession: Slavery and Politics in Antebellum Virginia (2004) William S. McFeely, Frederick Douglass (1991) Michael Morrison, Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny & the Coming of the Civil War (1997) Stephen Oates, To Purge This Land With Blood: A Biography of John Brown (1970) David Potter, Impending Crisis, 1848­1861 (1976) Lorman A. Ratner and Dwight L. Teeter, Fanatics and Fire Eaters: Newspapers and the Coming of the Civil War (2004) Kenneth Stampp, America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink (1990) Frank Towers, The Urban South and the Coming of the Civil War (2004) Eric Walther, The Fire Eaters (1992) ______., The Shattering of Union: America in the 1850s (2003) Gerald W. Wolff, The Kansas­Nebraska Bill: Party, Section, and the Coming of the Civil War (1977)

7 Week 5 : Secession

Assigned Reading(s):

§ Daniel Crofts, Reluctant Confederates: Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis

Supplementary Readings:

Jonathan Atkins, Parties, Politics, and the Sectional Conflict in Tennessee, 1832­1861 (1997) William Barney, The Secession Impulse: Alabama and Mississippi in 1860 (1974) Walter L. Buenger, Secession and the Union in Texas (1984) Steven A. Channing, Crisis of Fear: Secession in South Carolina (1970) Daniel Crofts, Reluctant Confederates: Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis (1989) William C. Davis, A Government of Our Own: The Making of the Confederacy (1994) Charles Dew, Apostles of Disunion: Southern Secession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War (2001) Robert Hendrickson, Sumter: The First Day of the Civil War (1990) James Huston, “Southerners Against Secession: The Arguments of the Constitutional Unionists in 1850­1851, Civil War History,” 46, no. 4 (December 2000): 281­299. Michael P. Johnson, Toward a Patriarchal Republic: The Secession of Georgia (1977) Maury Klein, Days of Defiance: Sumter, Secession, and the Coming of the Civil War (1999) William Link, Roots of Secession: Slavery and Politics in Antebellum Virginia (2004) Dumond, Dwight Lowell, The Secession Movement, 1860­1861 (1931) David M. Potter, Lincoln and His Party in the Secession Crisis (1962) Manisha Sinha, “Revolution or Counterrevolution?: The Political Ideology of Secession in Antebellum South Carolina,” Civil War History 46, no. 3 (September 2000): 205­226 Joseph Carlyle Sitterson, The Secession Movement in North Carolina (1939) Kenneth M. Stampp, And the War Came: The North and the Secession Crisis, 1860­1861 (1950) James Woods, Rebellion and Realignment: Arkansas’ Road to Secession (1987) Ralph A. Wooster, The Secession Conventions of the South (1962)

8 Week 6: Politics, Diplomacy, and War

Assigned Reading(s):

§ Brian Dirck, “Posterity’s Blush: Civil Liberties, Property Rights, and Property Confiscation in the Confederacy,” Civil War History 48, no. 3 (September 2002): 237­256. § Joanna D. Cowden, “The Politics of Dissent: Civil War Democrats in Connecticut,” The New England Quarterly 56, no. 4 (December 1983): 538­554. § Laurence M. Hauptman, “John E. Wool and the New York City Draft Riots of 1863: A Reassessment,” Civil War History 49, no. 3 (December 2003): 370­387. § Charles M. Hubbard, “James Mason, the ‘Confederate Lobby,’ and the Blockade Debate of March 1861,” Civil War History 45, no. 3 (September 1999): 223­237. § Peter Levine, “Draft Evasion in the North during the Civil War, 1863­1865,” The Journal of American History 67, no. 4 (March 1981): 816­834. § John Moretta, “Pendeleton Murrah and States Rights in Civil War Texas,” Civil War History 45, No. 2 (June 1999): 99­125. § Bruce Tap, “‘Union Men to the Polls, and Rebels to Their Holes’: The Contested Election between John P. Bruce and Benjamin F. Loan, 1862,” Civil War History 46, no. 1 (March 2000): 24­40. § Michael Vorenberg, “‘Deformed Child’: Slavery and the Election of 1864,” Civil War History 47, no. 3 (September 2001): 240­257. § Jonathan White, “Canvassing the Troops: The Federal Government and the Soldiers’ Right to Vote,” Civil War History 50, no. 3 (September 2004): 291­317.

Supplementary Readings:

Dale Baum, The Shattering of Texas Unionism: Politics in the Lone Star State during the Civil War Era (1998) Iver Bernstein, The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War (1990) Richard Berringer, Herman Hattaway, Archer Jones, and William N. Still, Why the South Lost the Civil War (1986) William Cooper, Jefferson Davis, American (2002) William C. Davis, “A Government of Our Own”: The Making of the Confederacy (1994) ______., Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour (1993) James Geary, We Need Men: The Union Draft in the Civil War (1991) Herman Hattaway and Richard Beringer, Jefferson Davis, Confederate President (2002) Harold Hyman, A More Perfect Union: The Impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on the Constitution (1975) William B. Hesseltine, Lincoln and the War Governors (1948) David Herbert Donald, Lincoln (1995) Howard Jones, Abraham Lincoln and A New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War (1999) Winthrop D. Jordan, Tumult and Silence at Second Creek: An Inquiry into a Civil War Slave Conspiracy (1993) Mark Neely, The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties (1992) ______., Southern Rights: Political Prisoners and the Myth of Confederate Constitutionalism (1996) ______, The Union Divided: Party Conflict in the Civil War North (2005) Frank Owsley, States Rights in the Confederacy (1925) George Rable, The Confederate Republic: A Revolution Against Politics (1994) Heather Cox Richardson, The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies During the Civil War (1997) Anne Sarah Rubin, A Shattered Nation: The Rise and Fall of the Confederacy (2005) Emory Thomas, The Confederate Nation (1972) John Waugh, Reelecting Lincoln: The Battle for the 1864 Presidency (1998)

9 Week 7 : Behind the Lines: The Home Front During the Civil War

Assigned Reading(s):

§ Joan Cashin, ed., The War Was You and Me: Civilians in the American Civil War (2002)

Supplementary Readings:

Stephen Ash, When the Yankees Came: Conflict and Chaos in the Occupied South, 1861­1865 (1995) Edward Ayers, In the Presence of Mine Enemies: War in the Heart of America, 1859­1863 (2003) James Alex Baggett, The Scalawags: Southern Dissenters in the Civil War and Reconstruction (2003) Iver Bernstein, The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War (1990) William Blair, Virginia’s Private War: Feeding Body and Soul in the Confederacy, 1861­1865 (1998) Jacqueline Campbell, When Sherman Marched North from the Ea: Resistance on the Confederate Home Front (2003) Carol Dubbs, Defend This Old Town: Williamsburg during the Civil War (2002) Thomas Dyer, Secret Yankees: The Union Circle in Confederate Atlanta (1999) Drew Gilpin Faust, The Creation of Confederate Nationalism: Ideology and Identity in the Civil War South (2002) J. Matthew Gallman, The North Fights the Civil War: The Home Front (1994) James W. Geary, We Need Men: The Union Draft in the Civil War (1991) W. Todd Groce, Mountain Rebels: East Tennessee Confederates and the Civil War, 1860­1870 (1999) Russell L. Johnson, Warriors into Workers: The Civil War and the Formation of Urban­Industrial Society in a Northern City (2003) George B. Kirsch, Baseball in Blue and Gray: The National Pastime during the Civil War (2003) James Marten, Texas Divided: Loyalty and Dissent in the Lone Star State, 1856­1874 (1990) Richard McClaslin, Tainted Breeze: The Great Hanging at Gainesville, Texas, 1862 (1994) Ernest A. McKay, The Civil War and New York City (1990) Phillip Shaw Paludan, “A People’s Contest”: The Union and Civil War, 1861­1865 (1989) Mark Neely, “‘Civilized Belligerents’: Abraham Lincoln and the Idea of Total War,” in John Y. Simon and Michael E. Stevens, eds., New Perspectives on the Civil War (1998): 3­24. George C. Rable, The Confederate Republic (1994) Heather Cox Richardson, The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War (1997) John G. Selby, Virginians at War: The Civil War Experiences of Seven young Confederates (2002) Daniel Sutherland, Guerrillas, Unionists, and Violence on the Confederate Homefront (1999) Gregory Urwin, ed., Black Flag Over Dixie: Racial Atrocities and Reprisals in the Civil War (2004) David Williams, Rich Man’s War: Class, Caste, & Confederate Defeat in the Lower Chattahoochee Valley (1998) David Williams, Teresa Crisp Williams, and David Carlson, Plain Folk in a Rich Man’s War: Class and Dissent in Confederate Georgia (2002) Brian Steel Wills, The War Hits Home: The Civil War in Southeastern Virginia (2002)

10 Week 8: Seeing the Elephant: Civil War Soldiers and Their Battles

Assigned Reading(s):

§ Brooks, Charles E., “The Social and Cultural Dynamics of Soldiering in Hood's Texas Brigade,” Journal of Southern History 67, no. 3 (August 2001), 535–72. § Bruce, Susannah Ural, “‘Remember Your Country and Keep Up Its Credit’: Irish Volunteers and the Union Army, 1861­1865,” The Journal of Military History 69, no. 2 (April 2005): 331­360. § Davis, Robert S., “Escape From Andersonville: A Study in Isolation and Imprisonment,” The Journal of Military History 67, no. 4 (October 2003): 1065­1082. § Drew Gilpin Faust, “Christian Soldiers: The Meaning of Revivalism in the Confederate Army,” The Journal of Southern History 53, no. 1 (February 1987): 63­90. § Drew Gilpin Faust, “Civil War Soldiers and the Art of Dying,” The Journal of Southern History 67, no. 1 (February 2001): 3­38. § Foote, Lorien, “Rich Man’s War, Rich Man’s Fight: Class, Ideology, and Discipline in the Union Army,” Civil War History 51, no. 3 (September 2005): 269­287. § Frank, Joseph Allan and Barbara Duteau, “Measuring the Political Articulateness of United States Civil War Soldiers: The Wisconsin Militia,” The Journal of Military History 64, no. 1 (January 2000): 53­77. § Rodgers, Thomas E., “Billy Yank and G.I. Joe: An Exploratory Essay on the Sociopolitical Dimensions of Soldier Motivation,” The Journal of Military History 69, no. 1 (January 2005): 93­122. § Weitz, Mark A., “Dispelling the Myth of the Poor Soldier, Great Fighter,” Journal of Military History 62, no. 3 (July 1998): 263­290.

Supplementary Readings:

Michael J. Bennett, Union Jacks: Yankee Sailors in the Civil War (2004) William Burton, Melting Pot Soldiers: The Union’s Ethnic Regiments (1988) Peter Carmichael, ed., Audacity Personified: The Generalship of Robert E. Lee (2004) Richard Current, Lincoln’s Loyalists: Union Soldiers from the Confederacy (1992) Larry J. Daniel, Cannoneers in Gray: The Field Artillery of the Army of Tennessee (1989) ______., Days of Glory: The Army of the Cumberland, 1861­1865 (2004) ______., Soldiering in the Army of Tennessee: A Portrait of Life in a Confederate Army (1996) Joseph Allan Frank, With Ballots and Bayonet: The Political Socialization of American Civil War Soldiers (1998) Joseph Allan Frank and George A. Reaves, “Seeing the Elephant”: Raw Recruits in the Battle of Shiloh (1989) Joseph T. Glatthaar, Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black soldiers and White Officers (1990) Lawrence Hauptman, Between Two Fires: American Indians in the Civil War (1995) Earl J. Hess, Lee’s Tar Heels: The Pettigrew­Kirkland­MacRae Brigade (2002) ______., The Union Soldier in Battle: Enduring the Ordeal of Combat (1997) Gerald Linderman, Embattled Courage: The Experience of Combat in the American Civil War (1987) James M. McPherson, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (1997) Reid Mitchell, The Vacant Chair: The Northern Soldier Leaves Home (1993) J. Tracy Power, Lee’s Miserables: Life in the Army of Northern Virginia (1998) James I. Robertson, Jr., Soldiers Blue and Gray (1998) Noah Andre Trudeau, Black Troops in the Civil War, 1862­1865 (1999) Mark Weitz, A Higher Duty: Desertion Among Georgia Troops During the Civil War (2000) Jeffry D. Wert, The Sword of Lincoln: The Army of the Potomac (2005) Bell Irvin Wiley, The Life of Billy Yank (1952) ______., The Life of Johnny Reb (1943) Steven E. Woodworth, Nothing But Victory: The Army of the Tennessee (2005) ______., While God Is Marching On: The Religious World of Civil War Soldiers (2001)

11 Week 9: The African American Experience

§ Lawanda Cox, Lincoln and Black Freedom: A Study in Presidential Leadership

Supplementary Readings:

Herman Belz, A New Birth of Freedom: The Republican Party and Freedmen’s Rights, 1861­1866 (1976) David Blight, Frederick Douglass’s Civil War (1989) Ronald Butchart, Northern Schools, Southern Blacks, and Reconstruction: Freedmen’s Education, 1862­1875 (1980) Dudley T. Cornish, The Sable Arm: Negro Troops in the Union Army, 1861­1865 (1956) Barry Crouch, The Freedmen’s Bureau and Black Texans (1968) W. E. B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860­1880 (1935) Paul D. Escott, After Secession: Jefferson Davis and the Failure of Confederate Nationalism (1978) Eric Foner, Nothing but Freedom: Reconstruction and its Legacy (1983) ______., Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution (1988) ______., “Rights and the Constitution in Black Life during the Civil War and Reconstruction,” The Journal of American History 74, no. 3 (December 1987): 863­883. Noralee Frankel, Freedom’s Women: Black Women and Families in Civil War Era Mississippi (1999) William W. Freehling, The South vs. the South: How Anti­Confederate Southerners Shaped the Course of the Civil War (2001) Jacqueline Jones, Soldiers of Light and Love: Northern Teachers and Georgia Blacks, 1865­1873 (1980) Ervin Jordan, Black Confederates and Afro­Yankees in Civil War Virginia (1995) Mitch Kachun, Festivals of Freedom: Memory and Meaning in African American Emancipation Celebrations, 1808­1915 (2003) Bruce Levine, Confederate Emancipation: Southern Plans to Free and Arm Slaves During the Civil War (2006) Leon F. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (1979) James M. McPherson, The Negro’s Civil War: How American Negroes Felt and Acted during the War for the Union (1965) Clarence Mohr, On the Threshold of Freedom: Masters and Slaves in Civil War Georgia (1986) Mark Neely, “Abraham Lincoln and Black Colonization: Benjamin Butler’s Spurious Testimony,” Civil War History 25, no. 2 (March 1979): 77­83. Roger Ransom & Richard Sutch, One Kind of Freedom: The Economic Consequences of Emancipation (1977) Willie Lee Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment (1967) Donald Shaffer, After the Glory: The Struggles of Black Civil War Veterans (2004) John David Smith, Black Soldiers in Blue: African American Troops in the Civil War Era (2002) Noah Andre Trudeau, Black Troops in the Civil War, 1862­1865 (1999) Joel Williamson, After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina during Reconstruction, 1861­1877 (1965) Keith Wilson, Campfires of Freedom: The Camp Life of Black Soldiers during the Civil War (2002)

12 Week 10: The Generals and their Battles

Assigned Reading(s):

§ Stephen E. Bower, “The Theology of the Battlefield: William Tecumseh Sherman and the U.S. Civil War,” The Journal of Military History 64, no. 4 (December 2000): 1005­1034. § Richard L. DiNardo, “Southern By the Grace of God but Prussian by Common Sense: James Longstreet and the Excise of Command in the U.S. Civil War,” Journal of Military History 66, no. 4 (December 2002): 1011­1032. § Michael Fellman, “Robert E. Lee: Postwar Southern Rationalist,” Civil War History 46, no. 3 (September 2000): 185­204. § Joseph C. Fitzharris, “Field Officer Courts and U.S. Civil War Military Justice,” The Journal of Military History 68, no. 1 (January 2004): 47­72. § Gary W. Gallagher, “An Old­Fashioned Soldier in a Modern War?: Robert E. Lee as Confederate General,” Civil War History 45, no. 4 (December 1999): 295­321. § Ethan S. Rafuse, “McClellan and Halleck at War: The Struggle for Control of the Union War Effort in the West, November 1861­March 1862,” Civil War History 49, no. 1 (March 2003): 32­51. § Everard H. Smith, “Chambersburg: Anatomy of a Confederate Reprisal,” American Historical Review 96, no. 2 (April 1991): 432­455. § Christopher S. Dwyer, “Raiding Strategy: As Applied by the Western Confederate Cavalry in the American Civil War,” The Journal of Military History 63, no. 2 (April 1999): 263­281.

Supplementary Readings:

Anne J. Bailey, The Chessboard of War: Sherman and Hood in the Autumn Campaigns of 1864 (2000) Kent Masterson Brown, Retreat from Gettysburg: Lee, Logistics, and the Pennsylvania Campaign (2006) George Buker, Blockaders, Contrabands, and Refugees: Civil War on Florida’s Gulf Coast, 1861­1865 (1998) Peter Carmicahel, ed., Audacity Personified: The Generalship of Robert E. Lee (2003) Albert Castel, Decision in the West: The Atlanta Campaign of 1864 (1993) Gary Gallagher, Lee the Soldier (1996) ______., The Confederate War (1997) Joseph Glatthaar, Partners in Command: The Relationships Between Leaders in the Civil War (1996) Edwin C. Fishel, The Secret War for the Union: The Untold Story of Military Intelligence in the Civil War (1996) Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants: A Study in Command (1942­1944) ______., R. E. Lee, 4 vols., (1934­1936) Virgil Jones, The Civil War at Sea, 3 vols. (1961­1962) Richard McMurry, Atlanta 1864 (2001) George Rable, Fredericksburg! Fredericksburg! (2001) Ethan Rafuse, McClellan’s War: The Failure Of Moderation In The Struggle For The Union (2005) Charles Royster, The Destructive War: William Tecumseh Sherman, Stonewall Jackson, & the Americans (1992) Stephen W. Sears, Chancellorsville (1997) ______., Controversies and Commanders: Dispatches from the Army of the Potomac (1998) ______., Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam (1983) ______., Gettysburg (2003) Brooks D. Simpson, Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph Over Adversity, 1822­1865 (2000) Lonnie Speer, Portals to Hell: Military Prisons of the Civil War (1993) Kevin Weddle, Lincoln’s Tragic Admiral: The Life of Samuel Francis Du Pont (2005) T. Harry Williams, Lincoln’s Generals (1950) Steven E. Woodworth, Civil War Generals in Defeat (1999) ______., Davis and Lee at War (1996) ______., Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West (1990) ______., Six Armies in Tennessee: The Chickamauga and Chattanooga Campaigns (1998) ______., The Art of Command in the Civil War (1998)

13 Week 11: Combat and the Ideology of Warfare

Assigned Reading(s):

§ Mark Grimsley, The Hard Hand of War: Union Military Policy toward Southern Civilians, 1861­1865 § Lance Janda, “Shutting the Gates of Mercy: The American Origins of Total War, 1860­1880,” Journal of Military History 59, no. 1(January 1995): 7­26.

Supplementary Readings:

Michael C. C. Adams, Our Masters the Rebels: A Speculation on Union Military Failure in the East, 1861­1865 (1978) Paul Anderson, Blood Image: Turner Ashby in the Civil War and the Southern Mind (2002) Anne J. Bailey, War and Ruin: William T. Sherman and the Savannah Campaign (2003) Anne J. Bailey and Daniel Sutherland, eds., Civil War Arkansas: Beyond Battles and Leaders (2000) John Gilchrest Barrett, Sherman’s March Through the Carolinas (1996) Russel H. Beattie, Army of The Potomac: McClellan Takes Command, September 1861­February 1862 (2004) Richard Beringer, et al., Why the South Lost the Civil War (1986) Joan Cashin, ed., The War Was You and Me: Civilians in the American Civil War (2002) Thomas Connelly and Archer Jones, The Politics of Command (1973) Judy Falls, Brush Men and Vigilantes: Civil War Dissent in Texas (2000) Michael Fellman, Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri during the American Civil War (1990) Noel C. Fisher, War at Every Door: Partisan Politics and Guerrilla Violence in East Tennessee, 1860­1869 (1997) Thomas Goodrich, Black Flag: Guerrilla Warfare on the Western Border, 1861­1865 (1995) Thomas J. Goss, The War Within the Union High Command: Politics and Generalship During the Civil War (2003) Paddy Griffith, Battle Tactics of the Civil War (1989) Edward Hagerman, The American Civil War & the Origins of Modern Warfare (1988) Joseph L. Harsh, Confederate Tide Rising: Robert E. Lee and the Making of Southern Strategy, 1861­1862 (1997) Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones, How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War (1983) Andrew Haughton, Training, Tactics, and Leadership in the Army of Tennessee: Seeds of Failure (2000) Archer Jones, Civil War Command and Strategy: The Process of Victory and Defeat (1992) Grady McWhiney and Perry Jamieson, Attack & Die: Civil War Military Tactics & the Southern Heritage (1987) Mark Neely, “‘Civilized Belligerents’: Abraham Lincoln and the Idea of Total War,” in John Y. Simon and Michael E. Stevens, eds., New Perspectives on the Civil War (1998): 3­24. Michael O’Brien, Mountain Partisans: Guerrilla Warfare in the Southern Appalachians, 1861­1865 (1999) Jefferey Prushankin, A Crisis In Confederate Command: Edmund Kirby Smith, Richard Taylor, And The Army Of The Trans­Mississippi (2005) ______., “‘Was the Civil War a Total War?’ Civil War History 37, no. 2 (March 1991): 5­28. Ethan Rafuse, McClellan’s War: The Failure Of Moderation In The Struggle For The Union (2005) Charles Royster, The Destructive War: William Tecumseh Sherman, Stonewall Jackson, & the Americans (1992) Daniel Sutherland, ed., Guerrillas, Unionists, and Violence on the Confederate Home Front (1999) George E. Turner, Victory Rode the Rails: The Strategic Place of the Railroads in the Civil War (1992) Andrew Ward, River Run Red: The Fort Pillow Massacre in the American Civil War (2005) Jeffry D. Wert, Mosby’s Rangers (1999) ______., The Sword of Lincoln: The Army of the Potomac (2005)

14 Week 12: Women and the War

Assigned Reading(s):

§ Alice Fahs, “The Feminized Civil War: Gender, Northern Popular Literature, and the Memory of the War, 1861­ 1900,” The Journal of American History 85, no. 4. (March 1999): 1461­1494. § Drew Gilpin Faust, “Altars of Sacrifice: Women and the Narratives of War,” The Journal of American History 76, no. 4. (March 1990), 1200­1228. § Suzanne D. Lebsock, “Radical Reconstruction and the Property Rights of Southern Women,” The Journal of Southern History 43, No. 2 (May 1977): 195­216. § Jane Schultz, “Seldom Thanked, Never Praised, and Scarcely Recognized: Gender and Racism in Civil War Hospitals,” Civil War History 48, no. 3 (September 2002): 220­236. § Nina Silber, “Intemperate Men, Spiteful Women, and Jefferson Davis: Northern Views of the Defeated South,” American Quarterly 41, no. 4. (December 1989): 614­635. § William Strasser, “‘Our Women Played Well Their Parts’: Confederate Women in Civil War East Tennessee,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 59 (Summer 2000): 88­107. § Laura Edwards, “‘The Marriage Covenant Is at the Foundation of All Our Rights’: The Politics of Slave Marriages in North Carolina after Emancipation,” Law and History Review 14, no. 1 (Spring 1996): 81­124. § Ann Douglas Wood, “The War Within a War: Women Nurses in the Union Army,” Civil War History 18, no. 3 (September 1972): 197­212.

Supplementary Readings:

Jeanie Attie, Patriotic Toil: Northern Women and the American Civil War (1998) Catherine Clinton, Divided Houses: Gender and the Civil War (1992) ______., Tara Revisited: Woman, War, and the Plantation Legend (1996) Catherine Clinton, ed., Southern Families at War: Loyalty and Conflict in the Civil War South (2000) Laura Edwards, Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction (1997) ______., Scarlet Doesn’t Live Here Anymore: Southern Women in the Civil War Era (2000) Rebecca Edwards, Angels in the Machinery: Gender in American Party Politics from the Civil War to the Progressive Era (1997) Judith Ann Giesberg, Civil War Sisterhood: The U.S. Sanitary Commission and Women’s Politics in Transition (2000) Drew Gilpin Faust, Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War (1996) Sarah Gardner, “Blood and Irony”: Southern White Women’s Narratives of the Civil War, 1861­1937 (2004) Lori Ginzberg, Women and the Work of Benevolence: Morality, Politics, and Class in the Nineteenth Century United States (1990) Ella Forbes, African American Women During the Civil War (1998) Jacqueline Jones, Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work and the Family from Slavery to the Present (1988) Melinda Lawson, Patriot Fires: Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North (2002) Elizabeth D. Leonard, Yankee Women: Gender Battles in the Civil War (1995) ______., All the Daring of the Soldier: Women of the Civil War Armies (2001) Meagan McClintock, “Civil War Pensions and the Reconstruction of Union Families,” Journal of American History 83 (September 1996): 456­480 George C. Rable, Civil Wars: Women and the Crisis of Southern Nationalism (1989) Tracy Revels, Grander in Her Daughters: Florida’s Women During the Civil War (2004) Leslie Schwalm, A Hard Fight For We: Women’s Transition from Slavery to Freedom in South Carolina (1996) Nina Silber, Daughters of the Union: Northern Women Fight the Civil War (2005) Elizabeth Varon, We Mean to Be Counted: White Women and Politics in Antebellum Virginia (1998) Leeann Whites, Civil War as a Crisis in Gender: Augusta, Georgia, 1860­1890 (1995) ______., Gender Matters: Civil War, Reconstruction, and the Making of the New South (2005)

15 Week 13: The Problem of Reconstruction

Assigned Reading(s):

§ Dan Carter, When the War Was Over: The Failure of Self Reconstruction in the South

Supplementary Readings:

Eric Anderson, ed., The Facts on Reconstruction (1991) Howard Beale, The Critical Year: A Study of Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction (1930) Claude Bowers, The Tragic Era: The Revolution after Lincoln (1929) Randolph Campbell, Grass Roots Reconstruction in Texas (1997) Dan Carter, When the War was Over: The Failure of Self­Reconstruction in the South, 1865­1867 (1985) William Cohen, At Freedom’s Edge: Black Mobility & the Southern White Quest for Racial Control, 1861­1915 (1991) Barry Crouch, The Freedmen’s Bureau and Black Texans (1992 Richard Current, Those Terrible Carpetbaggers (1988) David Donald, The Politics of Reconstruction (1965) W. E. B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860­1880 (1935) William Dunning, Reconstruction: Political and Economic (1903) Laura Edwards, Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction (1997) Walter Fleming, ed., Documentary History of Reconstruction: Political, Military, Social, Religious, Educational, and Industrial, 1865 to the Present Time, 2 vols., (1906­1907) Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution (1988) ______., “Reconstruction Revisited,” Reviews in American History 10, no. 4 (December 1982): 82­100. Michael Fitzgerald, The Union League Movement in the Deep South: Politics and Agricultural Change During Reconstruction (1989) John Hope Franklin, Reconstruction After the Civil War (1961) Reginald Hildebrand, The Times Were Strange and Stirring: Methodist Preachers and the Crisis of Emancipation (1995) James L. Huston, “Reconstruction as It Should Have Been: An Exercise in Counterfactual History,” Civil War History 51, no. 4 (December 2005): 358­363. Harold Hyman, The Reconstruction Justice of Salmon P. Chase: In Re Turner and Texas v. White (1997) Leon Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (1979) Heather Cox Richardson, The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies During the Civil War (1996) William Richter, The Army in Texas During Reconstruction (1987) James L. Roark, Masters Without Slaves: Southern Planters in the Civil War and Reconstruction (1977) Julie Saville, The Worth of Reconstruction: From Slave to Wage Laborer in South Carolina, 1860­1870 (1990) Brooks Simpson, The Reconstruction Presidents (1998) Brooks Simpson, Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War & Reconstruction (1991) Kenneth Stampp, The Era of Reconstruction (1965) Hans L. Trefousse, Reconstruction: America’s First Effort at Racial Democracy (1979)

16 Week 14 : Retreat from Reconstruction & the New South

Assigned Reading(s):

§ William Blair, “The Use of Military Force to Protect the Gains of Reconstruction,” Civil War History 51, no. 4 (December 2005): 388­402. § Laura F. Edwards, “Law, Domestic Violence, and the Limits of Patriarchal Authority in the Antebellum South,” The Journal of Southern History 65, no. 4. (November 1999): 733­770. § Michael W. Fitzgerald, “Railroad Subsidies and Black Aspirations: The Politics of Economic Development in Reconstruction Mobile, 1865­1879,” Civil War History 39, no. 3 (September 1993): 240­56. § Michael W. Fitzgerald, “Republican Factionalism and Black Empowerment: The Spencer­Warner Controversy and Alabama Reconstruction, 1868­1880,” The Journal of Southern History 64, no. 3 (August 1998): 473­494. § Edward John Harcourt, “Who Were the Palefaces?: New Perspectives on the Tennessee Ku Klux,” Civil War History 51, no. 1 (March 2005): 23­66. § Melinda Week Hennessy, “Race and Violence in Reconstruction New Orleans: The 1868 Riot,” Louisiana History 20 (Winter 1979): 77­92. § James Hogue, “The 1873 Battle of Colfax: Paramilitarism and Counterrevolution in Louisiana,” unpublished paper § Heather Cox Richardson, “A Marshall Plan for the South?”: The Failure of Republican and Democratic Ideology during Reconstruction, Civil War History 51, no. 4 (December 2005): 378­387. § Harold D. Woodman, “Class, Race, Politics, and the Modernization of the Post­bellum South,” Journal of Southern History 63, no. 1 (February 1997): 3­22. § Karin L. Zipf, “‘The Whites Shall Rule the Land or Die”: Gender, Race, and Class in North Carolina Reconstruction Politics,” Journal of Southern History 65, no. 3 (August 1999): 499­534.

Supplementary Readings:

James Alex Baggett, The Scalawags: Southern Dissenters in the Civil War and Reconstruction (2003) Randolph B. Campbell, Grass­Roots Reconstruction in Texas, 1865­1880 (1997) Richard Current, Those Terrible Carpetbaggers: A Reinterpretation (1989) William Gillette, Retreat From Reconstruction, 1869­1877 (1979) Stanley P. Hirshson, Farewell to the Bloody Shirt: Northern Republicans and the Southern Negro (1962) James K. Hogue, Uncivil Wars: Five New Orleans Street Battles and the Rise And Fall of Radical Reconstruction (2006) Jack P. Maddex, The Virginia Conservatives, 1867­1877 (1970) William McFeely, Yankee Stepfather: General O. O. Howard and the Freedmen (1968) Carl Moynehon, The Struggle of Reconstruction: Texas After the Civil War (2004) Otto Olson, ed., Reconstruction and Redemption in the South (1980) Michael Perman, The Road to Redemption: Southern Politics, 1869­1879 (1984) George Rable, But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction (1984) Mark Summers, Railroads, Reconstruction, and the Gospel of Prosperity: Aid under the Radical Republicans, 1865­1877 (1984) Joe Gray Taylor, Louisiana Reconstructed, 1863­1877 (1974) Allen W. Trelease, White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction (1971) Leeann Whites, Gender Matters: Civil War, Reconstruction, and the Making of the New South (2005) C. Vann Woodward, Reunion & Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 & the End of Reconstruction (1973) ______., Origins of the New South (1951) ______., The Strange Career of Jim Crow (1955) Edward Ayers, Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction (1992)

17 Week 15 : Causes Lost but not Forgotten: Remembering the Civil War

Assigned Readings:

§ Alice Fahs and Joan Waugh, The Memory of the Civil War in American Culture

Supplementary Readings:

David Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (2000) W. Fitzhugh Brundage, ed., Where These Memories Grow: History, Memory and Southern Identity (2000) Kathleen Clark, “Celebrating Freedom: Emancipation Day Celebrations and African American Memory in the Early Reconstruction South,” in Where These Memories Grow: History, Memory and Southern Identity, W. Fitzhugh Brundage, ed., (2000) Thomas Lawrence Connelly, The Marble Man: Robert E. Lee & His Image in American Society (1977) John Coski, The Confederate Battle Flag: America’s Most Embattled Emblem (2005) Jim Cullen, The Civil War in Popular Culture (1995) William C. Davis, The Cause Lost: Myths and Realities of the Confederacy (1996) Andre Fleche, “‘Shoulder to Shoulder as Comrades Tried’: Black and White Union Veterans and Civil War Memory Civil War History 51, no. 2 (June 2005): 175­201. Gaines Foster, Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause, and the Emergence of the New South, 1865­ 1913 (1987) Gary Gallagher, ed., Jubal A. Early, the Lost Cause, and Civil War History: A Persistent Legacy (1995) ______., Lee and His Army in Confederate History (2001) ______., Lee and His Generals in Memory (1997) Gary Gallagher and Alan T. Nolan, eds., The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War Memory (2002) Paul Gaston, The New South Creed: A Study in Southern Mythmaking (1970) David Goldfield, Still Fighting the Civil War (2002) Grace Hale, Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1890­1940 (1998) Tony Horwitz, Confederates in the Attic (1998) Richard McClaslin, Lee in the Shadow of Washington (2001) Alan T. Nolan, Lee Considered: General Robert E. Lee and Civil War History (1991) William G. Piston, Lee’s Tarnished Lieutenant: General James Longstreet and His Place in Southern History (1987) Carol Reardon, Pickett’s Charge in History and Memory (1997) Andrew Rolle, The Lost Cause: The Confederate Exodus to Mexico (1965) Michael A. Ross, “The Commemoration of Robert E. Lee’s Death and the Obstruction of Reconstruction in New Orleans,” Civil War History 51, no. 2 (June 2005): 135­150. Nina Silber, The Romance of Reunion (1997) Timothy B. Smith, The Great Battlefield at Shiloh: History, Memory, and the Establishment of a Civil War National Military Park (2004) Jeffrey E. Vogel, “Redefining Reconciliation: Confederate Veterans and the Southern Responses to Federal Civil War Pensions,” Civil War History 51, no. 1 (March 2005): 67­93. Joan Waugh, “‘Pageantry of Woe’: The Funeral of Ulysses S. Grant,” Civil War History 51, no. 2 (June 2005): 151­174. James Weeks, “A Different View of Gettysburg: Play, Memory, and Race at the Civil War’s Greatest Shrine,” Civil War History 50, no. 2 (March 2004): 175­191. ______., Gettysburg: Memory, Market, and an American Shrine (2003) Charles Reagan Wilson, Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause, 1865­1920 (1980)

18