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Masters and Slaves on the Kansas- Missouri Border, 1825-1865

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Masters and Slaves on the Kansas- Missouri Border, 1825-1865 BOUND TOGETHER: MASTERS AND SLAVES ON THE KANSAS- MISSOURI BORDER, 1825-1865 By ©2010 Kristen Kimberly Epps B.A. in History, William Jewell College, 2003 M.A. in History, The College of William and Mary, 2005 Submitted to the graduate degree program in History and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Committee Members __________________________ Dr. Jonathan Earle (Chair) __________________________ Dr. Kim Warren __________________________ Dr. Jennifer Weber __________________________ Dr. Virgil Dean __________________________ Dr. Ann Schofield Date defended: ______________ ii The Dissertation Committee for Kristen K. Epps certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation. BOUND TOGETHER: MASTERS AND SLAVES ON THE KANSAS- MISSOURI BORDER, 1825-1865 Committee Members __________________________ Dr. Jonathan Earle (Chair) __________________________ Dr. Kim Warren __________________________ Dr. Jennifer Weber __________________________ Dr. Virgil Dean __________________________ Dr. Ann Schofield Date approved: ______________ iii Table of Contents Title Page Acceptance Page ii Table of Contents iii Abstract iv Acknowledgements vi Dedication ix List of Illustrations x List of Tables xi Abbreviations xii Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Westward Ho!: Southern Settlement on the 25 Frontier, 1825-1845 Chapter 2: Little Dixie: The Creation of a Western Slave 68 Society, 1840-1854 Chapter 3: Contested Ground: The Slave Experience 124 During Bleeding Kansas, 1854-1861 Chapter 4: Tracing Mobility: The Social Geography 176 of Slavery and Freedom, 1854-1861 Chapter 5: Entering the Promised Land: The Black 228 Experience in the Civil War Years, 1861-1865 Conclusion 287 Map Appendix 294 Bibliography 295 iv Abstract “Bound Together” chronicles the rise and fall of the slave system on the Kansas-Missouri border from the earliest years of American settlement in the 1820s to the end of the Civil War. This work uses nineteen counties along the border—a distinct site of conflict and turmoil over the extension of slavery—as a microcosm of how, in certain key ways, slavery in the American West resembled the established institution associated with the South. Although slavery in the border region did not come in the form of large plantation complexes, the small-scale slaveholding that existed on this line very closely resembled slavery as it had developed in Upper South states such as Tennessee and Kentucky. This small-scale system was one characterized by an active slave hiring market, diverse forms of employment, a prevalence of abroad marriages, and closer contact between slaves and slaveholders. Both slaveowners and non-slaveholding whites from the South effectively transplanted the customs and beliefs that had dominated the slaveholding culture in their home states and imposed them on a smaller institution. Yet, slave agency dictated that the struggle for control over slave mobility and physical spaces manifested itself as an intricate (and sometimes infinitely subtle) process of negotiation, not as a hegemonic institution of white control that left no room for middle ground. Slavery (not merely the political conversation over slavery’s expansion) was in fact central to the establishment of these frontier communities, making clear that enslaved African Americans were a significant presence in the v narrative of Bleeding Kansas and the Civil War. The story of their experiences on the Kansas-Missouri line illustrates how chattel slavery could flourish—albeit briefly—in frontier communities on the periphery of Southern influence. vi Acknowledgements Although I did not know it at the time, an internship at the Kansas State Historical Society in the summer between my sophomore and junior years of college inspired an unwavering interest in the Bleeding Kansas era that culminated in this dissertation. As a relatively recent emigrant to the state, my knowledge of Bleeding Kansas prior to that summer had consisted only of the basics presented in textbooks or in the college U. S. survey course. As my internship came to a close, I realized that my intellectual trajectory had taken an unexpected—but ultimately fruitful—turn. I extend the deepest gratitude to my colleagues and friends at the Kansas State Historical Society, who welcomed me into the archives that summer. Each of them has contributed to my research in a myriad of ways that go beyond simple helpfulness. I would like to personally thank Matt Veatch, Teresa Coble, Bob Garcia, Bill Grace, Linn Fredericksen, Bob Knecht, Nancy Sherbert, Virgil Dean, and Pat Michaelis for their assistance and encouragement over the past several years. This project was made possible through a number of research grants and fellowships, including an Alfred Landon Historical Research Grant (Kansas State Historical Society), a Richard Brownlee Fund Grant (State Historical Society of Missouri), two travel awards from the Department of History at the University of Kansas, and a Summer Research Award through the Hall Center for the Humanities in Lawrence. This financial assistance was crucial to my progress as a student and as a scholar. vii Furthermore, I would be remiss if I did not thank the staff of the Western Historical Manuscript Collection, who faithfully shipped their collections to the reading room at the University of Missouri—Kansas City campus so I could avoid lengthy research trips to Columbia and conserve valuable research time. Several archivists at the Spencer Research Library, including Deborah Dandridge, Letha Johnson, and Sherry Williams, have also been a great help. Librarians at the Midwest Genealogy Center, the staff of the Central Plains branch of the National Archives, and archivists at the Jackson County Historical Society (particularly David Jackson) have done much to aid the development of this dissertation. Also, thanks to my dissertation writing group and graduate colleagues for their eagerness to discuss this project over coffee at Milton’s or Café Mirth. Their thoughtful criticism of this work and sage advice has made this endeavor an enjoyable one. Special notice goes to James Quinn, Sally Utech, Karen Beth Zacharias, Kim Schutte, Karl Rubis, and Kyle Anthony. Other colleagues—including Jeremy Prichard, Nicole Anslover, Lena Withers, Amanda Schlumpberger, Stephanie Russell, Tai Edwards, and Jeremy Antley—lent their ears and advice as well. I had not expected to make such good friends at KU, and without them my life would be less full. A great deal of gratitude is also due to my dissertation advisor, Jonathan Earle, who has done so much for my development as a scholar and who read each draft with care and precision. Additionally, my thanks go out to the other faculty members who contributed their suggestions and feedback on this project, particularly Virgil Dean, Kim Warren, and Jennifer Weber. This work would not have been viii possible without their meticulous attention to detail. Ann Schofield and Leslie Tuttle also provided encouragement and commiseration on multiple occasions, and I am so pleased to have formed such enjoyable working relationships. Last—but certainly not least—I am indebted to my family for their love and support. They stuck with me and followed the development of this project intently over the past years. This culmination of my graduate work would not have been possible without their strong commitment to instilling in me a love of reading and the life of the mind. ix To my mother, who taught me how to read & To my dad, who taught me how to write x List of Illustrations Figure # Name Page 1 Slave Population as Percentage of Total Population 3 in Upper South States, 1830-1860 2 Kansas and Missouri Counties Included in This Study 5 3 Drawing of Fort Osage 34 4 Northern Indian Territory in 1836 41 5 Definitions of Little Dixie 73 6 Sketch of Weston Waterfront, Platte County, Missouri 81 7 Voting Districts in Kansas Territory, 1855 138 8 Drawing of Lecompton, c. 1855 147 9 Bill of Sale for Penelope, 1856 158 10 The Lane Trail and Underground Railroad Routes 204 11 Samuel and Jane Harper 211 12 Contrabands Coming Into Camp 243 13 Douglas’s Independent Colored Battery, 1864 274 14 William D. Matthews in Uniform, c. 1864 284 xi List of Tables Table # Name Page 1 State of Origin Statistics for Washington Township, 39 Clay County, Missouri 2 Percentage of Slaveholders Owning Fewer Than 71 Twenty Slaves, 1860 3 Estimated Values of Richard Fristoe’s Slave 113 Property, 1845-1849 xii Abbreviations JCHS Jackson County Historical Society, Independence, Missouri KCKPL Kansas City (Kansas) Public Library, Kansas City, Kansas KSHS Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka, Kansas MGC Midwest Genealogy Center, Independence, Missouri SHSM State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri SRL Kenneth Spencer Research Library, Lawrence, Kansas WHMC—C Western Historical Manuscript Collection, Columbia Branch WHMC—KC Western Historical Manuscript Collection, Kansas City Branch 1 INTRODUCTION In the later years of the nineteenth century, as Kansas “old timers” who had experienced the strife of Bleeding Kansas began to pass away, a dedicated librarian at the Kansas State Historical Society undertook a letter-writing campaign to collect information about the slaves who had lived in eastern Kansas in those tumultuous days before Kansas statehood and the Civil War. Abzuga Adams, known simply as Zu, was the daughter of Franklin G. Adams, the first secretary of the Kansas State Historical
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