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Honor and Gender in the Antebellum Plantation South

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Honor and Gender in the Antebellum Plantation South HONOR AND GENDER IN THE ANTEBELLUM PLANTATION SOUTH A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Brenda Lee Faverty May, 2011 Dissertation written by Brenda Lee Faverty B.S., Clarion University, 1981 M.A., Slippery Rock University, 2000 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2011 Approved by _________________________________, Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Dr. Leonne Hudson, Associate Professor _________________________________, Members, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Dr. Kevin Adams, Associate Professor _________________________________, Dr. Raymond Craig, Associate Dean _________________________________, Dr. Lesley Gordon, Professor _________________________________, Dr. Richard Feinberg, Professor Accepted by _________________________________, Chair, Department of History Dr. Kenneth Bindas _________________________________, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences Dr. Timothy S. Moerland ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………iv INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………...1 CHAPTER I. Honor and the Essential Nature of a Woman‘s Duty……………………....15 II. Gender as a Foundation for Honor………………………………………....51 III. Female Education and the Indoctrination in Honor………………………..90 IV. Honor and the Power of Gossip…………………………………………..136 V. Honor, Gender, and Confederate Women………………………………...175 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………….…215 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………….220 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The idea of examining the connection between honor and gender began in a graduate seminar on the Old South. As the class discussed the various aspects of male honor, a curiosity about how the ethic affected southern women arose within my mind. Questions about women‘s reactions to patriarchy, male self-image, and duels formed and my interest continued to grow. Encouraged by Dr. Jon Wakelyn to find answers to these queries and to develop ideas for a dissertation topic, the project began to take shape. The subsequent research and analysis resulted in the conclusion that honor was just as important for southern women as it was to men. Honor and reputation restricted the women‘s lives and monitored their conformity to the social principles and gender conventions that were espoused by the South‘s plantation society. This study was completed with the help of many people who deserve recognition and my appreciation. The librarians and employees of Kent State University Library and the archives at the Virginia Historical Society, the Virginia State Library, the University of North Carolina, Duke University, the South Caroliniana Library, the Georgia History Society, Louisiana State University, and Tulane University all have my undying thanks. Their hard work and pleasant manner made the long and lonely research process a little easier to accomplish and their extensive knowledge of their collections added to my assortment of resources. Additionally, the members of my dissertation committee, Dr. Leonne Hudson, Dr. Kevin Adams, Dr. Leslie Gordon, Dr. Ray Craig, and Dr. Richard iv Feinberg and my fellow graduate students also warrant my deep gratitude for their support and advice. My friends and family played a special role in the completion of this project. They tolerated my insecurities, frustration, and irritability and continued to offer their love and encouragement. My parents, siblings, and dear friend Rhonda Williamson have suffered my long absences and inattention without complaint and have continually expressed their satisfaction and pride in my accomplishments. My friends and fellow historians, Leonne Hudson, Kim Carey, Monika Flaschka, Julie Mujic, Nathan Fry, and Kelly Selby have all been my sounding boards and advisors. Without these people, the dissertation process would have been more arduous and challenging. I appreciate them all and credit them with providing me with the emotional and mental strength to complete my dissertation. v INTRODUCTION Born in 1791, Margaret Mercer grew up as a member of the South‘s upper class on her father‘s Cedar Park plantation near Annapolis, Maryland. The daughter of John Francis Mercer, a delegate to the nation‘s Constitutional Convention in 1787 and Maryland‘s tenth governor, Margaret enjoyed educational opportunities that were not available to most southern women. After his gubernatorial term, Mercer returned to Cedar Park where he nurtured his land and his children. Employing his excellent education and his life experience, Mercer guided the intellectual instruction of his offspring. His tutorial involvement was so devoted that Margaret remarked that she was ―brought up at her father‘s feet‖ as her interests in unfeminine subjects such as medicine, agriculture, public health, and theology were shaped by the tutelage of her father. As a young woman, Margaret used her broad-based knowledge to become a dedicated teacher and opened two academies for girls, one at Cedar Park and the other near Baltimore. In 1836, she continued her efforts in female education when she purchased Ludwell Lee‘s Belmont Plantation near Ashburn, Virginia, and transformed it into a Christian school for women.1 In 1841, Margaret Mercer‘s ideas on female education and southern principles were published in her book, Popular Lectures on Ethics, or Moral Obligation: For the 1Caspar Morris, M.D., A Memoir of Miss Margaret Mercer (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1848), 14-15, 147-155. 1 2 Use of Schools. Among its many other topics, the work addressed her views on the ethic of honor. While Mercer recognized the reality of the principle‘s importance to society‘s relationships, she also deviated from a commonly held belief that it was a social construction. For her, honor‘s real significance was the self-esteem that resided within people themselves. Mercer argued that ―the principle of true honor [was] a part of the law of nature‖ and was not ―a law made by…‗fashionable people‘…merely for the regulation of their conduct ‗towards each other‘‖ nor was it ―intended to be the panoply of social peace.‖ Instead, Mercer asserted that it ―was intended by Providence to guard honesty, where human laws cannot operate‖ and defined it as ―the most perfect dignity and elevation of moral principle‖ which came from ―our own consciences.‖ It was ―the principle of self-respect‖ and, accordingly, ―honesty was a strict adherence to what is due to others; honor, to what is due to ourselves.‖2 South Carolinian James Henry Hammond agreed with Margaret Mercer‘s opinion that the ethic of honor was a manifestation of nature. Still, he contended that the importance of self-respect existed only in that it was a necessary path to communal esteem and described honor as ―that principle of nature which teaches us to respect ourselves, in order that we may gain the respect of others.‖ Hammond understood that southern society shaped the components of honor to ensure the preservation of the social order. The observance of the standards of honor served to maintain the social divisions 2Margaret Mercer, Popular Lectures on Ethics, or Moral Obligation: For the Use of Schools (Petersburg, VA: Edmund & Julian C. Ruffin, 1841), 175-176. 3 of class, gender, and race by bestowing power upon men who were deemed worthy of the community‘s esteem and who earned a designation as honorable men.3 The word honor can be an elusive term with dissimilar definitions for different people. It can refer to personal dignity and integrity, or it can be a source of praise and recognition. The honor of the antebellum United States, in both the North and the South, encompassed all of these attributes. However, for the southern plantation society, the principle held a significance that carried it beyond traits such as dignity, integrity, or recognition. It was a source of social and political power that came from the willingness to adhere to and to protect the South‘s social order and the system of slavery. This compliance with southern principles produced a good communal image, or a positive reputation. Image came from the character that a person projected to the neighborhood and became the impression that the community held of that person. Hence, it was a person‘s reputation, or the social estimation of a person‘s integrity. Within the social structure of the plantation system, image and reputation were the same thing, society‘s assessment of a person‘s worthiness. A man who observed and defended the standards set forward by southern society and maintained the practice of slavery held a positive image or a good reputation and was an honorable man.4 Analysis of the code of honor has been important to understanding antebellum plantation society, particularly southern culture and values. The examination of the ethic has revealed its considerable importance for the elite South‘s definition of masculinity 3Bertram Wyatt-Brown, Southern Honor: Ethics and Behavior in the Old South (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), 14. 4Wyatt-Brown, Southern Honor, 4, 34; Bertram Wyatt-Brown, The Shaping of the Southern Culture: Honor, Grace, and War, 1760s-1890s (Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press, 2001), xi. 4 and for the regulation of southern society. However, by largely relating honor to men, scholars have missed its much broader significance. Historian Brenda Stevenson has stated that due to the patriarchal nature of southern society, men believed that women only manifested honor as it related to their chastity or when the male authority conferred it upon them. This
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