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East Branch of the Cooper River, 1780-1820: Panopticism and Mobility Lisa Briggitte Randle University of South Carolina

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East Branch of the Cooper River, 1780-1820: Panopticism and Mobility Lisa Briggitte Randle University of South Carolina University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations 2018 East Branch of the Cooper River, 1780-1820: Panopticism and Mobility Lisa Briggitte Randle University of South Carolina Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Randle, L.(2018). East Branch of the Cooper River, 1780-1820: Panopticism and Mobility. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/4962 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. East Branch of the Cooper River, 1780-1820: Panopticism and Mobility By Lisa Briggitte Randle Bachelor of Arts University of South Carolina, 1979 Master of Arts University of South Carolina, 1990 Master of Arts University of South Carolina, 2009 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Carolina 2018 Accepted by: Kenneth G. Kelly, Major Professor Leland Ferguson, Committee Member Michael E. Hodgson, Committee Member Kimberly Simmons, Committee Member Terrance Weik, Committee Member Cheryl L. Addy, Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School © Copyright by Lisa Briggitte Randle, 2018 All Rights Reserved. ii DEDICATION I am honored to dedicate this dissertation to my friend and mentor, Dr. Leland G. Ferguson, for initiating the East Branch of the Cooper River Project and for his wise words of support when the completion of this dissertation seemed overwhelming. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the financial support of the University of South Carolina’s African American Professorial Program, the Anthropology Department’s Dorothy O’Dell Travel Grant, and a grant from the Archaeological Society of South Carolina. Not only did AAPP provide funds for tuition but it also afforded me travel assistance to attend and present at multiple conferences throughout the United States by the Society for Historical Archaeology and the Association of American Geographers. I thank Dr. Cameron Monroe for the opportunity to present a small portion of this dissertation at the University of California, Santa Cruz following my dissertation defense. I would like to thank each member of my Dissertation Committee – Dr. Leland G. Ferguson, Dr. Michael E. Hodgson, Dr. Kenneth G. Kelly, Dr. Kimberly E. Simmons, and Dr. Terrance Weik – who have provided me with extensive personal and professional guidance and taught me a great deal about anthropology, archaeology, and geography. I am especially indebted to Dr. Kenneth G. Kelly, my friend, mentor, and committee chair, who has been supportive of my academic goals and who worked tiredlessly and persistently to get me through the dissertation writing iv process. Without his help and guidance this dissertation would not have been possible. I am also indebted to Dr. Simon K. Lewis, Carolina Lowcountry and Atlantic World Director at the College of Charleston, who supported and actively provided me with time from work to pursue this academic goal. In addition, I thank Thomas G. Whitley, whose presentation in 2011 introduced me to the incorporation of Geographic Information System with Historical Archaeology, and whose enthusiasm for ‘spatial modeling’ had a lasting effect on my choice of specialty. I am grateful to all of those with whom I have had the pleasure to attend classes, to make presentations, and to work during this and other related projects. The list of names is a long one. Special mention is made to Dr. Hayden Smith who shared data and research from his History dissertation that overlapped with my research on the same area. Dr. Richard Porcher provided a wealth of information on tidal rice cultivation and included me in several trips to old rice fields on the Santee River. Organizations that provided me with valuable research include Brockington and Associates, Historic Charleston Foundation, Santee Cooper, American Forest Management Inc., Bishop Brothers Forestry Consultants, Francis Marion National Forest, Charleston County Public Library History Room, Berkely County Public Library, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Santee Experimental Forest, and the University of South v Carolina. I thank the South Carolina Historical Society for permission to include images as part of my dissertation. There are several individuals I would like to acknowledge. I thank Dr. Bruce Mouser who introduced me to Patwin Lawrence, an African-American descendant of the Laurens Family, who provided me with invaluable information about the Holman-Collins Families and the Haitian DeCarradeux family connections. I thank Carl Steen for his advice and for providing me with a DVD containing images of H.A.M. Smith’s map collection. Thank you to Dr. Jerome Handler for his advice at the early stages of dissertation research and presentation. I also thank my cohort in the Department of Anthropology and the countless number of historical archaeologists, landscape geographers, GIS analysts, and everyone who would listen to me for your advice as I worked through this process. You are too numerous to name individually without my making a mistake but I think you know who you are. I would like to thank the members of my family who have stood by me in every pursuit I have ever undertaken. I want to thank my mother who tried her best to continue supporting me before dementia took her memory. I thank my brothers, Vennie and F. Douglass Gore, for their support from afar. vi I would like to thank Dr. William D. Stevens, who provided his support and encouragement during my final days of revisions, formatting, and submission. Thanks everyone for all your encouragement and support! vii ABSTRACT In recent years historical archaeologists have employed the panoptic plantation approach to examine issues of surveillance and control at plantations. Despite new scholarship in the area of the panoptic plantation, few studies place the enslaved laborer at the center and the planter-elite on the periphery. Failure to broaden the scope of studies that focus on enslaved laborers minimizes the importance of the differences in perception, cognition, and landscape between the planter-elite and the enslaved laborers. The aim of this study is to determine potential enslaved laborer mobility and how cognitive predictive models can aid in identifying potential locations for archaeological evidence of enslaved laborers’ rituals and/or activities within a panoptic plantation landscape. To this end, two guiding research questions are as follows: (1) To what extent did the planter-elites at the plantations on the East Branch of the Cooper River create and maintain an elite ideology that structured perceptions of the plantation landscape? (2) To what extent and where did the enslaved laborers create potential pathways to avoid the perceived planter-elite panoptic plantation landscape on plantations at the East Branch of the Cooper River? In this context, this dissertation requires a multidisciplinary approach that viii incorporates theories and methods from the disciplines of historical archaeology, history, cultural geography, and Geographic Information Systems. Because of the multidisciplinary nature of this dissertation, the research questions are answered through a mixed methodology that involved the use of qualitative and quantitative approaches. The first research question is addressed primarily through the collection of historical, archaeological, and geographical documentation. The second research question is addressed through the creation of several cognitive predictive models using ArcGIS 10.5.1. The Visibility Analysis models suggest that the plantations along the East Branch of the Cooper River exhibit a panoptic plantation landscape at the regional scale. The Least Cost Analysis models suggest that the enslaved laborers created potential pathways that avoided surveillance and control from the planter-elite. On this basis, it is suggested that historical archaeologists should consider placing the enslaved laborers at the center of their studies of panoptic plantation landscapes. Further research could be to conduct comparative regional studies of other plantation communities to identify if a panoptic plantation exists and to identify where enslaved laborer may have created potential paths. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................. iv ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... xvi LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... xviii LIST OF MAPS .............................................................................................................. xxi LIST OF CHARTS ........................................................................................................ xxii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................
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