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Trends in Outdoor Recreation, Leisure and Tourism Trends in Outdoor Recreation, Leisure and Tourism Trends in Outdoor Recreation, Leisure and Tourism Edited by William C. Gartner Department of Applied Economics and Tourism Center University of Minnesota St Paul USA and David W. Lime Department of Forest Resources and Tourism Center University of Minnesota St Paul USA CABI Publishing CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 10 E 40th Street Wallingford Suite 3203 Oxon OX10 8DE New York, NY 10016 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 212 481 7018 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 212 686 7993 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Web site: http://www.cabi.org © CAB International 2000. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Trends in outdoor recreation, leisure, and tourism / edited by W.C. Gartner and D.W. Lime. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-85199-403-2 (alk. paper) 1. Outdoor recreation. 2. Leisure. 3. Tourism. I. Gartner, William C. II. Lime, David W. GV191.6.T74 2000 99–087665 ISBN 0 85199 403 2 Typeset in 9/11pt Melior by York House Typographic Ltd, London. Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn. Contents Contributors ix Introduction 1 The Big Picture: a Synopsis of Contributions 1 William C. Gartner and David W. Lime Part I Society: Factors/Forces Shaping Demand For and Use of Resources 15 Gender 2 Gender Inclusion as a Recreation Trend 17 Karla A. Henderson Demographics 3 Changes in Family and Work: Impacts on Outdoor Recreation and Tourism in North America 29 Norma P. Nickerson and Rita J. Black Social Evolution 4 The Effects on Travel and Tourism Demand from Three Mega-trends: Democratization, Market Ideology and Post-materialism as Cultural Wave 37 Jon Teigland Technology 5 Trends in Information Technology and Tourism 47 Dimitrios Buhalis Cultural Dimensions 6 Race and Ethnicity in Leisure Studies 63 Ray Hutchison Part II Resources: What Exists and How Did We Reach This Point 73 Current Situation/Supply 7 Trends in Outdoor Recreation Supply on Public and Private Lands in the US 75 H. Ken Cordell and Carter J. Betz Policy 8 US Recreation Policies Since World War II 91 George H. Siehl v vi Contents 9 Trends and Implications of Tourism Policy in Developing Countries 103 Salah E.A. Wahab 10 Trends in Recreation, Tourism and Protected Area Planning 111 Stephen F. McCool and Michael E. Patterson 11 Coming of Age: History and Trends in Outdoor Recreation Research 121 Robert E. Manning Part III Participation: How We Are Using Resources 131 Activity 12 Trends in Americans’ Outdoor Recreation 133 H. Ken Cordell and Gregory R. Super 13 Trends in Hunting Participation and Implications for Management of Game Species 145 Tommy L. Brown, Daniel J. Decker, William F. Siemer and Jody W. Enck 14 Trends in Casinos and Tourism for the 21st Century 155 William R. Eadington 15 Health Tourism Trends: Closing the Gap between Health Care and Tourism 165 Anna Pollock and Peter Williams 16 Festivals and Special Events: Life Cycle and Saturation Issues 175 Donald Getz Styles 17 Cultural Tourism: Challenges for Management and Marketing 187 Greg Richards Benefits 18 Planning to Provide Community and Visitor Benefits from Public Lands 197 Dorothy H. Anderson, Ron Nickerson, Taylor V. Stein and Martha E. Lee Part IV Evaluation and Valuation: Determining How Valuable the Resources Are and What is Happening to Them 213 Methods and Measurement 19 Trends in Leisure Value and Valuation 215 George L. Peterson and John B. Loomis 20 New Developments in Measuring Tourism as an Area of Economic Activity 225 Stephen L.J. Smith 21 Trends in Tourism Economic Impact Estimation Methods 235 Daniel L. Erkkila 22 Holiday Styles and Tourist Types: Emerging New Concepts and Methodology 245 Sara Dolnicar and Josef A. Mazanec Impacts 23 Biophysical Impacts of Wildland Recreation Use 257 David N. Cole 24 Assessing Social Impacts of Resource-based Recreation and Tourism 265 Patricia A. Stokowski Part V Development: How Resources Are Organized For Use 275 Global 25 Development Economics 277 John Fletcher and Stephen Wanhill Contents vii 26 Globalization and Tourism 287 Peter F. Keller Region and Community 27 Rural Tourism Development 299 Patrick Long and Bernard Lane 28 Community Tourism Development 309 Gail A. Van der Stoep Part VI Management and Operations: Tools to Get the Job Done 323 Distribution 29 The Role of Tour Operators in the Travel Distribution System 325 Nevenka Cavlek Marketing 30 National Tourist Offices and the Language of Differentiation 335 Graham M.S. Dann Conflict 31 Recreation Conflict Management 347 William E. Hammitt and Ingrid E. Schneider Services 32 Service Quality in Resort Settings: Trends in the Application of Information Technology 357 Richard R. Perdue Partnerships 33 Partnerships and the Changing World of Park Management 365 Will F. LaPage Best Practices 34 Tourism and Sustainability: a Positive Trend 373 John J. Pigram Professionals 35 Citizen Participation Trends and their Educational Implications for Natural Resource Professionals 383 Dennis B. Propst, J. Douglas Wellman, Henry Campa III and Maureen H. McDonough Youth 36 Trends in the Development of Recreation Services for Youth at Risk 393 Peter A. Witt and John L. Crompton Conclusion 37 So What? Implications of Trends for Management, Public Policy, Marketing and Planning 403 William C. Gartner and David W. Lime References 415 Index 455 Contributors Biosketches (alphabetical listing): Dr Dorothy H. Anderson is Professor in the Department of Forest Resources at the Uni- versity of Minnesota. She coordinates the Recreation Resource Management undergraduate and graduate programme and the planning, policy and law concentration in the Natural Resources Environmental Studies undergraduate programme. Dr Anderson has 25 years experience in conducting research with federal and state agencies including the US Depart- ment of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, US Department of the Interior (USDI) National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management and the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Division of Parks and Recreation. Her research has focused on developing and testing management frameworks to better plan, manage and monitor recreational use on public lands. Dr Anderson’s research has also looked at ways in which management frameworks, such as the benefits-based management framework, can be extended beyond recreational use as landscape level management tools. Carter J. Betz is an Outdoor Recreation Planner with the Outdoor Recreation and Wilder- ness Assessment Research unit of the USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Athens, Georgia. His speciality is database development, management and analysis. He contributed to both the 1989 and 1998 Forest Service Renewable Resources Planning Act (RPA) Assessments of Outdoor Recreation and Wilderness, including authorship of the chapter on recreation resources in the 1998 Assessment. Currently, he provides research support for the multi-agency National Survey on Recreation and the Environment (NSRE) 2000. Betz has an MS in recreation resources from North Carolina State University and previously served as a Research Associate in NCSU’s Office of Park and Tourism Research. Dr Rita J. Black recently finished a 2-year postdoctoral appointment with the Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research at the University of Montana–Missoula. Her research interests include sport tourism and the social dimensions of sport and recreation, especially as they relate to gender. Dr Tommy L. Brown is a Senior Research Associate and Leader of the Human Dimensions Unit at Cornell University. His research in outdoor recreation, tourism, and human dimen- sions of fish and wildlife management over the past 30 years has been diverse. Long-standing research interests include recreation participation trends and associated ix x Contributors factors, attitudinal studies, market segmentation of recreation user groups and other stake- holders, incorporating human dimensions information into management decision making, and survey research methods. A recent major effort has been coediting a text on human dimensions of wildlife management with colleagues D.J. Decker and W.F. Siemer, spon- sored by The Wildlife Society. Tommy is a member of The Wildlife Society, American Fisheries Society and Rural Sociological Society. He has been an active participant in each of the 5-year Outdoor Recreation and Tourism Conferences. Dr Dimitrios Buhalis is Senior Lecturer in Tourism at the Department of Tourism, Uni- versity of Westminster in London. Dimitrios is also Adjunct Professor at the Institut de Management Hotelier International (Cornell University–Ecole Superieure des Sciences Economiques et Commerciales ESSEC) in Paris. Other professional activities include: Reviews Editor of the International Journal of Tourism Research and Books Editor of the IT and Tourism: Applications-Methodologies and Techniques journals; Associate Editor for the Encyclopaedia of Tourism; Mediterranean Editor for Anatolia International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research; Books Editor for Tourism, the Tourism Society journal; and Board Member of the Journal of International Hospitality, Leisure and Tourism Admin-
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