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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80123-2 - Emperor and Priest: The Imperial Office in Byzantium Gilbert Dagron Index More information

Index

Aaron, priesthood ‘in the order of ’ 5, 110, 124, Anastasios I, emperor (491–518) 27, 40, 59, 165, 170, 181, 263, 271, 272, 313–14 65–8, 81–2, 157, 161, 184, 206, 266, Abbasids, dynasty of 52 301–2, 305 Abd al-Malik, caliph (685–705) 52 Anastasios II-Artemios, emperor (713–15) 71 Abraham, Old Testament patriarch 173–5, Anastasios Apokrisiarios 167–8 176–9, 210, 235, 283, 315 Anastasius Bibliothecarius 168 Abu-Bakr, caliph (632–4) 52 Anastasios the Monk 167 acclamations 28, 45, 49, 55–7, 69, 73, 81, 91, Anastasios Sinaites 168 103, 104, 273 anathema 78, 159, 167, 201, 296, 300, 308 Ahab, ‘New Ahab’ 50, 166 Anatolios, patriarch (449–458) 60, 81 acribie (exactitude in respect for the canons) Andrew en Krisei, Life of St 187 224 Andronikos II, emperor (1282–1328) 42, 308 Adam 20, 51, 176–8, 295 Andronikos, second son of Constantine X Advice of the Old Man 185 Doukas 44 adoption 38, 40, 42, 45–9 Anna Komnene, daughter of Alexios I 254 adoratio 130 Antichrist 6, 148, 156–7, 171, 183, 185–6, adventus principis 61, 64–5, 67, 69, 73, 78 190–1, 272, 290, 299 Africa, exarchate of 167–9 Antioch, patriarchate of 233–4, 239, 242, 256, Agapetos, deacon 17–18 261 Agnellus 26 antiquity 1, 3–4, 47, 288, 291 Aimilianos of Kyzicos 189 Antonios IV, patriarch (1389–90, 1391–7) akakia 18, 36 311–12 Akakios, patriarch (472–89) 300 Antony of Novgorod, pilgrim 93, 210 Alexander, Paul 243 Antony ‘Melissa’ 304 Alexander, emperor (912–13) 33–4, 43, Aphrodisias 27 80 apocalypses 22, 104, 156–7, 171, 185, 190, Alexander the Monk 142 200, 311 Alexandria, patriarchate of 233–4, 239, 242, apokombion 94 245, 257 apostles, ‘equal of the’ 135–44, 149, 189, Alexandrine Chronicle 178–9 244 Alexios I Komnenos, emperor (1081–1118) apotheosis, imperial 137–8, 141, 198, 289 150, 250–1, 254, 256, 308 appeal, court or right of 226, 229, 234, 236, al-Mamun, caliph (813–33) 52 259 altar cloths 77, 93, 95, 101, 111, 207 Arabs, Arab conquest 167, 171, 226, 232, 256 ambo 54–8, 72–3, 76–7, 82, 93, 97, 102, 122, Arcadius, emperor (395–408) 26 211, 234, 265, 276, 278–9 archangels, feasts and sanctuaries of 114, 115, Ambrose of Milan 105–6, 148, 248, 295, 299 198 Life of 111–13, 120, 279 Michael 115, 121, 175, 194–9, 204, 210–11 Amorion, dynasty of 14, 33, 41, 209 Gabriel 194–8, 210

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80123-2 - Emperor and Priest: The Imperial Office in Byzantium Gilbert Dagron Index More information

Index 327

archontes, ecclesiastical 245, 250, 279, 307, Basil Skamandrenos, patriarch (970–74) 303, 310 309 Arethas of Caesarea 108–9 basileia 4, 5, 22, 23, 26, 30–1, 39, 45, 53, Ariadne, daughter of Leo I 27, 40, 43, 66–7, 55–8, 70, 75–6, 79–80, 81, 99, 103, 81, 153 106, 123, 130, 138, 147, 154, 194, 213, Arian, Arianism 145, 148, 170, 190, 206, 287, 215, 226, 238, 297, 299, 303–4, 312 299 Basilika 21, 229, 231, 246, 257–8 Ark of the Covenant 159, 164 Basiliskos, emperor (475–6) 297 Armenians 232, 257 Bathsheba, wife of David 117, 200 army 14, 22, 27, 32, 47, 60–1, 63, 67–9, 71, beauty ‘contest’ 26, 47–8, 203 72–3, 77, 78, 79, 81, 122, 133, 136, bema, see sanctuary 189, 275 Beser, usurper 15 Arsacids, dynasty of 36, 193, 200, 201 ‘bind and loose’, power to 3, 105–6, 109, 113, Arsenios, patriarch (1255–9, 1261–5) 254, 124, 162, 184–5, 217, 235–6, 295–6, 296 302 Arsenite schism 250, 306 birth 27–8, 45–6, 79 Artabasdos, usurper (742–3) 33 Blastares, Matthew, canonist 294 Artaxerxes, king of Persia 36 blessing 54, 56, 110, 262–3, 264–5, 272, 279 association in the empire 32, 40, 70, 74–5, 79; Bloch, Marc 1, 8, 249 see also co-emperor blood, royal 5, 14, 22, 30, 35–6, 38–9, 41, 45, Athanasios of Alexandria 299 48, 67, 70, 83, 203 Athanasios the Athonite, Life of St 151–2 crimes of 105–6, 109–10, 117–22, 124, 200, auctoritas 277, 301–2 268, 270, 278 Augustaion 62, 92, 94, 96, 98–9 Blues, see demes Augusteus 54, 66, 75, 89 B¨ohmer, Iustus Henning 283 augusta, title 57, 68, 153–4; see also empress Bonus, palace of 204–7 Augustus, emperor, founder of the Roman Book of Ceremonies 7, 23, 45–7, 54–9, 70, 72, empire 22, 40, 128, 136, 142, 156, 191, 73–4, 75–6, 78, 79, 84–95, 99, 204–11, 267, 311 216, 219, 263–5, 273 Augustine, St 175, 182, 284, 287, 302–3, Brothers Karamazov, The 9–10, 318 316–17 Bulgars, Bulgaria 72, 166, 188, 224, 232, 236 Augustinianism 9, 303 Burckhardt, Jacob 286, 288–9 autokrator, autokratoria 31, 34, 55–8, 67, 74–6, 79–80, 185, 219, 230, 263 Caiaphas, high priest 268 caesar, title of 25, 27, 29, 32, 57, 75, 79, 264 Baghdad 52, 233 ‘rendering unto’ 2, 148, 186, 299 Baldwin I, Latin emperor (1204–5) 275 caesaropapism 8, 10, 131, 135, 148, 236, 258, Balsamon, Theodore, canonist 8, 19–20, 112, 282–94, 297–8, 309, 311 134, 238, 244–6, 252, 254, 255–72, caliph, caliphate 51–2 278–9, 294, 306, 308–9 Calvinism 284 baptism 119, 170, 186, 267 campiductor, campiductores 61, 63, 67–9 of the Jews 147, 157, 171, 200, 213, 232, candelabra or candle, liturgical 91, 256, 265 262–3, 265 of a porphyrogenite 45–7; see also unction candidati 61, 81 (of baptism) Candidianus, comes 296 Bardanes Tourkos, usurper (803) 308 canons, canon law 20, 124, 135, 200, 224, 231, Baronius, Caesar 285 235, 250, 251, 253, 255, 256–7, Basil I, emperor (867–86) 6, 14, 16, 17–18, 258–62, 268–70, 293–4, 306–7 33–4, 36–7, 42, 57, 74, 80, 104, 116, promulgation by emperor 255, 293, 306–7, 120–2, 124, 148, 149, 151, 192–213, 312 227, 229, 232, 234–5, 246, 265, 273–4, Capetians, dynasty of 30 297 Carolingians, dynasty 2, 30, 36, 291 Life of 192 catachesis; 148, 262–5; see also didaskalia Basil II, emperor (976–1025) 35, 41, 72, 235 Cave of Treasures, Book of the 176 Basil the Parakoimomenos 72–3 Celestine I, pope (422–32) 245

328 Index

censer, censing 8, 93, 101, 205, 206, 262–4, collegiality, imperial 29–31, 35 279–80, 299, 306 communion 55, 94–5, 96, 102, 108, 111–12, ceremonial, ceremony 4, 5, 6, 8, 34, 45–7, 219, 238, 280, 306 54–83, 84–124, 135–8, 144, 155, 171, consecratio, imperial 136–7, 141 204–11, 215–19, 260, 264–5, 275, consecration (cheirotonia) 57, 264 279–81, 295 Constans I, emperor (337–50) 25 Chalcedonians 23, 167 Constans II, emperor (641–68) 30, 76, 82, 105, Chalke, ‘Bronze Gate’ of the Great Palace 46, 166–8, 170, 183, 297 92, 94, 96, 98–9 Constantia, half-sister of Constantine the Great image of Christ on 150, 159 24 ‘iron gate’ of 94, 96 Constantina, daughter of Constantine the Great Chalkoprateia, quarter of Constantinople 159 24 chamber, see cubicularii Constantine the Great, emperor (306–37) 3, 6, chancel barrier 46, 54, 62, 66, 73, 93–4, 24–6, 36, 43, 50, 64, 97, 99, 119–20, 99–103, 109, 110–11, 205, 280; see 122, 124, 127–50, 153, 156–7, 158, also sanctuary 162, 170–1, 181, 183, 188–91, 193–7, charismata 8, 49, 122, 155, 158, 174, 248, 200–2, 204–7, 213–15, 240, 248, 251, 263–6, 267–9, 279, 281, 309 252, 265, 267, 279, 283, 285–8, 290–2, Charlemagne, emperor (800–14) 273, 305 294–5, 296, 311 chartophylax 244–5, 246, 256 baptism of 6, 7, 135–6, 141, 241, 285 Chilas, John 306, 309 Donation of (Constitutum Constantini)6, Childebert I, Frankish king 305 146, 240–7, 254, 257, 285 Chinese traveller 13, 15, 21 Lives of St 6, 132, 141–2, 144 chlamys 54–5, 58, 61, 62, 66–9, 73, 76, 81, 90, ‘New Constantine’ 6, 50, 98, 128, 149, 190, 94, 242, 264 200, 305 Chomatianos, Demetrios 20, 252, 259, 269, Constantine II, emperor (337–40) 25 275 Constantine IV, emperor (668–85) 30–1, Choniates, Niketas 256, 265, 274 153–4, 160, 162, 166, 183, 297 chosen people 3, 22, 49, 53, 147, 173, 200 Constantine V, emperor (741–75) 23, 32, 57, chrism or myron 83, 154, 170, 275–9, 306; see 157, 185–8, 190, 206, 298 also oil, unction Constantine VI, emperor (780–97) 22, 32, 38, Christ 2, 20–1, 95, 97, 99, 104, 110, 114–16, 76–7, 80, 188, 191, 224 122, 127, 130–3, 135, 137, 141, 147, Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, emperor 156, 159, 171, 174–83, 185, 189–91, (913–59) 7, 33, 35, 41, 42, 59, 70, 73, 210–11, 231, 263, 266–7, 269, 271, 78, 83, 84–95, 103–5, 106, 110–13, 273–4, 278, 280–1, 289, 312, 120, 122, 192, 201, 204, 206, 209, 315–18 211–12, 214–19 image of 94, 103 Constantine VIII, emperor (1025–8) 14, 35 Christianity 233, 257 Constantine IX Monomachos, emperor ‘political’ 286, 288 (1042–55) 35, 237, 240 Chronicle of Ahima’atz 213 Constantine X Doukas, emperor (1059–67) Chrysocheir, Paulician leader 194 43–4 Chrysotriklinos 46, 84–9, 94, 97, 210, 216, Constantine, son of Basil I 33–4, 43, 121, 151, 217–18 194, 200, 202, 206 Church, imperial rights of intervention in 293, Constantine/Cyril, missionary 13–14, 48–9 307, 312 Constantine of Nakoleia 183 circus factions, see demes Constantinople, churches and convents of, clergy All-the-Saints 204–7 of the palace 97, 207–9, 310 Asomatoi (archangels) 111, 198 of St Sophia 8, 249–51 St Constantine of the Cistern of Bonus Clothair I, king of the Franks 305 202–4, 205–7 co-emperor, junior emperor 29–32, 34, 55–6, St Diomedes (monastery) 192–3, 273 79, 81, 215, 219 St Elijah of the Petrion 197 coinage, iconography of 19, 30–2, 34, 44, 137, of the palace of Pege 197 141 St Euphemia of Petrion (convent) 33, 201

Index 329

Evergetis (monastery of the Theotokos) 163, ‘Photian’ (879–80) 7, 34, 227, 229, 234, 253 297, 307 Holy Apostles 135, 138–9, 142–3, 145, 202, of Trent (1545–63) 285 203–7, 264 Counter-Reformation 284, 291 St John the Baptist of the Hebdomon 61, 70 Crispus, son of Constantine the Great 25, 146 of the Golden Gate 62 cross, crosses 64, 89–91, 93, 143–4, 157, of Stoudios (monastery) 224, 252, 307 204–5, 207, 216, 264, 280 St Michael of Ta Steirou 198 of Constantine 89, 91, 93, 97–8, 210, 216 of Sosthenion 198 crossings, ceremonial 5, 54, 65, 92–3, 95, St Sophia, see under St Sophia 98–102, 103–14, 115, 192, 280; see SS Sergios and Bakchos 193 also chancel, sanctuary Theotokos (or Virgin) of the Abramites 73 crown 54–5, 56–8, 61–3, 65, 67–9, 71–4, 79, of the Blachernai 264 80–2, 84, 90, 99, 103, 104–5, 170, 179, of the Chalkoprateia 159 190, 194, 198, 214–18, 242, 248, 264, of the Forum 73 276, 280, 289 Hodegetria 261 golden (modiolon) 62, 69 see also Evergetis cubicularii 68–9, 84–9, 207–8 Constantinople, people of 14–15, 32, 40, 47, Cyril of Alexandria 176, 245, 297 55–6, 60, 63, 65–8, 71–2, 77, 78, 79–83, 95, 98, 225 Daniel, prophet 156, 185, 311 Constantinople, walls of 65 Danelis, widow, benefactress of Basil I 213 Constantius Chlorus, emperor (305–6) 43 Daphne, palace of 75, 89, 216 Constantius II, emperor (337–61) 24, 25, 26, David, Davidic 3, 8, 9, 14, 29, 49–52, 58, 106, 37, 43, 135–7, 148, 206, 294, 296, 297, 116–24, 134, 143, 147, 157, 158, 164, 299 179, 193, 199–202, 210, 212–13, 219, Constantius, son of Constantine X Doukas 267, 271–2, 276, 281, 295, 302, 313, 44–5 315–16, 318 Constitutum Constantini, see Constantine the ‘New David’ 50, 53, 98, 147, 273, 305 Great, Donation of David, son of Herakleios 57, 75 ‘conversion’ of the prince 18–19 deesis 115, 210 coronation 5, 30, 32, 113, 193–4, 198–9, 215, defensor, title of 280, 294 268, 270, 273–6, 279–80, 306 Delehaye, H. 153 Cosmas Indicopleustes 178–81 demes (demoi) 22, 27, 45–7, 54, 73, 74, 76, councils 130, 133, 185, 231, 233, 289, 293, 91–2, 94, 98–9, 103, 155, 224, 264 296, 298, 300 Demetrios, feast and sanctuaries of St 201–2, convocation by the emperor 293, 297, 204, 208–11 307–9, 312 depotatos, ecclesiastical ofﬁce 280 council of Ankyra (314) 267, 270 diabatika (gallery) 96, 108 ‘anti-Photian’ (869–70) 34, 120, 227, 229, diadem, see crown 297, 307 didaskaloi, didaskalia 8, 134, 142, 148, 185, of Constantinople I (381) 153, 162, 233, 250, 256, 263–6, 279, 298, 305 244–5, 257 dikaiarcheia 15, 230 of Constantinople II (553) 153, 162 dikaiotikon, opposed to exousiastikon 20 of Constantinople III (680–1) 153, 160, 162, Diocletian, emperor (284–316) 24, 139, 187 166 Diodorus of Sicily 227 of Chalcedon (451) 153, 162, 233, 244, 245, dioceses, hierarchy of 252, 264, 293, 306–8, 257, 305, 308 312 of Ephesos (431) 153, 296, 297 vacancies 256, 308 of Hiereia (754) 186, 190, 298 divetesion 54, 62, 66, 73 in Trullo (691–2) 103, 112, 150, 153, 233, dogmas, see faith 260, 263, 308 Domitian, emperor (81–96) 129 Lateran (649) 167, 168 Donatism 130 of Nicaea I (325) 153, 162, 279 Dositheos, patriarch of Jerusalem, then of of Nicaea II (787) 153, 163, 187, 190, 223, Constantinople (1189–91) 256 297 Dostoevsky 9

330 Index

Doukas, Andronikos, rebel 108 Eusebios of Caesarea 6, 128, 131–42, 143, dynasty, dynastic principal 14–15, 22–38, 145, 281, 285–7, 290, 296, 316 40–5, 48–51, 70, 74, 77, 78–9, 117–23, Eustathios, patriarch (1019–25) 235 149, 190, 192–3, 199–201, 204–9, 228, Eustathios of Thessalonike 254 271, 275 Euthymios I, patriarch (907–12) 109, 199 Life of 107, 116 ecclesiology 7, 9, 129, 168, 239, 251, 306–12 Euthymios of Sardis 189, 308 Ecloga, juridical collection 184 Eutychios, patriarch (552–65, 577–82) 109 ‘economy’, principle of 3, 20, 21, 49, 123, 132, excommunication 78, 106, 120, 159, 227, 229, 147–9, 169–70, 171, 182, 188, 200, 239, 295–6, 299, 300, 307 224, 251, 259, 267, 295, 298, 309, 312 Excubitors 68, 91, 216 ecumenical 226, 236, 246, 308 exousiastikon, opposed to dikaiotikon 20 Edessa 15, 111 image of 159, 210 factions, see demes Eisagoge (law book) 7, 16, 229–35, 236, 238 Facundus of Hermiane 124 Ekthesis of Herakleios (638) 167, 297 faith, definition of the 160–3, 168–72, 186–8, Elijah, St, prophet 192–8, 210 265, 291, 293, 296–8 festival and sanctuaries of 39, 197, 202, family, see heredity 207–11 Fausta, wife of Constantine the Great 24 empress 29–30, 40, 48, 154 Faustus (Manichean) 316 Enkyklion of Basiliskos (476) 297 Felix II, pope (483–92) 300 Ennodius of Pavia 305 festivals, major ‘festivals of the Lord’ 5, 56–8, ennomos arche (legitimate power) 16–20; see 67, 76, 83, 84, 95, 113, 122, 124, 214, also legitimacy, imperial 215, 217, 264–5 ennomos politeia (lawful society) 16–17, 20 Filesac, Jean 270, 278 ‘entry’, ceremonial 54, 56, 62, 74, 93, 99–103, First Coming, see Parousia 106–11, 191, 208, 260, 279 Flacius (Vlaˇciˇc)Illyricus 285 eparch, see prefect Forum of Constantine 62, 73 Ephesos, church of St John 150 Forum of the Bull 46 Epiphanios of Cyprus 318 Fossati brothers, restorers of St Sophia 114 episcopal elections, imperial interventions in France 21, 138, 286, 289 252–3, 293, 307–10; see also funerals, imperial 135–8 metropolitans, patriarch Fustel de Coulanges 288–90 episcopal rights of the emperor, emperor quasi-bishop 2, 20, 102, 133–5, 142, Gabriel, see archangels 148, 158, 162, 170, 184, 189, 248–9, Galla, wife of Theodosius I 26, 120 252, 258–60, 263–6, 267, 269, 272, Galla Placidia, daughter of Theodosius I 26 274, 281, 294, 306–8; see also Gallicanism 286 charismata Galerius, emperor (305–311) 24, 129, 139 epistemonarches, title granted to the emperor Gallus Caesar (351–4) 24 252–5, 259, 269, 281, 294, 306 Gasquet, Amédée289–90 eschatology 3, 147, 156, 175, 210, 318; see Gebon, usurper 15 also apocalypses, Parousia Gelasius I, pope (492–6) 8, 161, 181, 266, Eucharist 175, 176, 231; see also communion 300–3, 317 Euchologion 47, 58 genealogy, of the Messiah, Christ, and Mary or Eudokia, Fabia/Flavia, first wife of Herakleios Joseph 313–18 29, 71 Genesios, historian 80, 199 Eudokia, wife of Theodosius II 26, 153 genos, eugeneia 36–7 Eudokia, Epiphaneia, daughter of Herakleios George the Monk 147, 178, 189–90 29 Germanos I, patriarch (715–30) 160, 163 Eudokia, wife of Basil I 33, 194, 200, 203 Germanos II, patriarch (1222–40) 275 Eudoxia, wife of Arcadius Glaber, Raoul 235 Eunapios of Sardis 146 godfathers, godparents 38, 46–7 Euphemios, patriarch (490–6) 65–8, 81 Golden Gate 65, 70, 72, 73, 192 Europe 8, 18, 285, 286, 295 Golgotha 104

Index 331

Gouillard, Jean 166 Hippodrome 28, 45, 59, 63, 65–70, 71, 74, Grace, age or time of 4, 9, 20–1, 53, 132, 147, 76–8, 81–2, 91, 97, 186, 207, 212, 224, 181, 311 264 Gratian, canonist 258, 266 Hobbes, Thomas 282–3 Great Church, see St Sophia Holy Apostles, see Constantinople, churches Great Moravia 232 of Greek fire 215 ‘Holy, Holy, Holy’, shout of 55, 156, 264, 276 Greens, see demes Holy Spirit 58, 115, 170, 176, 190, 264–5, Gregory II, pope (715–31) 159–63, 166–7, 268, 271, 277–80, 284, 296, 298, 305 168, 172, 181, 183, 187–9, 300, 304 Holy Well 94–5, 96, 99, 103 Gregory VII, pope (1073–31) 10, 149, 154, homilies pronounced by emperors 122, 197, 248, 285 234, 265 Gregory, accuser of Maximos the Confessor homo novus, see idiotes 169, 172 Honorius I, pope (625–38) 183 Gregory, exarch of Africa 169 Honorius Augustodunensis 248 Gregory Asbestas 200, 213, 232, 265 Horologion, clock tower close to St Sophia 54, Gregory of Nazianzus 129, 193, 218, 268 62, 73, 92, 99 Grossetête,Robert 277 hubris 36, 164, 237 guilds 22, 46, 77, 91, 98 Hugh of Flavigny 235 Guillaume Durand 266 Humbert, cardinal 238–9, 240, 243 Guiscard, Robert 42, 45 Iasites, Job 255 Hadrian I, pope (772–95) 165 iconoclasm, iconoclasts 4, 6–7, 23, 95, 111, Hagiophlorites, John, chartophylax 253 154, 158–61, 163–5, 168, 181, 183–90, Hall, see Triklinos 206, 213, 223–4, 227, 231, 290, 294, Hannibalianus, nephew of Constantine the 298, 300, 308, 318 Great 24–5 iconodules, see iconoclasm Hawkins, E. J. W. 114 idiotes 22, 37–8, 40, 43–5, 48, 67, 70, 74, 77, Hebdomon 59–61, 63, 67, 69, 70–1, 72–3, 76, 200 77, 78, 81–2 Ignatios I, patriarch (847–58, 867–77) 224, Helena, mother of Constantine the Great 43, 227, 234 145, 147, 205 images, worship of 23, 159–64, 183, 186–8, ‘New Helena’ 200 223, 298 Helena, daughter of Constantine the Incarnation 9, 20, 22, 182, 266, 272, 277, Great 24 301–2, 311, 317 Helenianai, quarter in Constantinople 62 Innocent III, pope (1198–1216) 248, 277 Hellenistic age or influence 3–4, 15, 17–18, insignia, imperial 5, 6, 54–5, 68–9, 81, 84, 19, 22, 130–1, 230, 286–7, 290, 304 215–17, 238, 242, 280 Henotikon of Zeno (482) 297, 300 intertestamentary writings 313–15 Herakleios, emperor (610–41) 3, 14, 23, Irene, wife of Leo IV 32, 77, 105, 153, 188 28–32, 57, 71, 72, 74–6, 80, 104, 147, Irenaeus, St 304 149, 157, 167, 183–4, 190, 200, 216, Isaac I Komnenos, emperor (1057–9) 19, 237, 297 308 Herakleios New Constantine, emperor (641) Isaac II Angelos, emperor (1185–95) 253, 256 29–30, 74–6, 80, 104 isapostolos (‘equal of the apostles’), see Heraklonas, emperor (641) 29–30, 57, 71, apostles 75–6, 80, 105 Isaurians, dynasty 14, 27, 31–2, 34, 41 heredity 13–14, 21–39, 41, 45–53, 70, 74, 79, Isidore of Pelusium 230 199 Isidore of Seville 266 Hesse, Johann Christian 286–7 Islam 1, 5, 51, 168, 229, 256, 286 Hezekiah, king of Judah 164–6, 184 Israel, kingdom of 49, 271, 314–15 hierocracy 283 Iviron, Athonite monastery 152 high priest 97, 158, 227–8 Hilary of Poitiers 148 Jacob, Old Testament patriarch 270, 313–14 Himyarites 111 Jacobites, see Monophysites

332 Index

James, Old Testament patriarch 193, 206, 212–13, 216, 226, 238, 283, James, ‘brother of Our Lord’ 228, 257, 316 293–4, 297, 303–4 Jean Golein 277 Justinian II, emperor (685–95, 705–11) 15, Jericho, trumpets of 98, 210 153–4, 162 Jerome, St 175 Jerusalem 4, 97, 104, 141, 147, 157, 173–5, Kabasilas, Constantine 269 228 Kabasilas, Nicholas 278 patriarchate of 233–4, 239, 242, 257 Kallinikon, synagogue of 120 Jews, Judaism, judaising 1, 4, 7, 15, 22, 47, kamelaukion 75 49–50, 53, 117, 120, 132, 142, 147, kampagia 62, 66, 73, 214, 243 159, 165, 170, 174, 176, 181, 183–6, Kantorowicz, Ernst 1, 64, 249, 266 198, 200, 210, 213, 227–8, 232, 234, Kataskepe, monastery of 251 267, 273, 281, 282–3, 287, 311, kathisma 67, 69, 77, 95–6 313–18; and see baptism Khazars 13, 15, 21, 54 John XIX, pope (1024–32) 235–6 Kinnamos, John 243 John I Tzimiskes, emperor (969–76) 35, 109, Kletorologion of Philotheos 80 114, 152, 216, 268, 270, 303 kochlias (spiral staircase) 95–6 John III Vatatzes, emperor of Nicaea kombina 95 (1222–54) 37, 39, 152, 275 Komnenoi, dynasty 8, 14, 16, 36, 250–4, 308 John IV Laskaris, young emperor assassinated Koran 51, 119 (1258–61) 15 Kosmas II, patriarch (1046–7) 253 John V Palaiologos, emperor (1341–91) 307 kouropalates 57 John II, patriarch (518–20) 69 Krum, Bulgar chief 72, 188 John IV the Faster, patriarch (582–95) 236 Kyriakos, patriarch (595–606) 70 John XI Bekkos, patriarch (1275–82) 155 John Chrysostomos 142, 206, 299 labarum (standard) 60–1, 64, 66–7, 75–6, 77, John of Chalcedon 150, 257 91, 94, 194–7, 200, 216, 242, 245 John of Damascus 184, 189, 300, 304 Laurentianus Plut.IX23199 John of Ephesos 27–8 Laurentianus Plut.IX28179 John of Nikiu 23 Lavra, Athonite monastery 151–2, 252–3 John of Trani 238–9 law, civil 15–17, 20, 122, 230–1, 259 John the Lydian 59 laws, civil 16–18, 19, 251, 257–8, 269, 299, John the Oxite 250 301, 304 Joseph I, patriarch (1266–75, 1282–3) 154–5, canon, see canons 254–5 ‘living’ 19–21, 230–1, 259 Joseph Bringas, parakoimomenos 72–3 Mosaic, ancient, ‘age of’ 4, 20–1, 132, 147, Josephus, Flavius 175, 228, 263, 267, 269, 178–81, 268, 278, 282 282 lawful society, see ennomos politeia Judah, kingdom of, tribe of 9, 49, 174, 271, legitimacy, imperial 5, 14–15, 16–21, 23–4, 313–16 35–50, 56, 65, 71, 72, 78–9, 82, 84, 95, Judaism, judaising, see Jews 108, 110–11, 117, 121–4, 128, 130, Judgement Day 22, 82, 98, 156, 299; see also 158, 162–4, 165, 171, 183–4, 186, Parousia 192–3, 201, 224, 225, 230, 272, 281, Jugie, Martin 291 317 Julian, emperor (360–3) 24, 37, 39, 43, 129, legitimate power, see ennomos arche 157 Lent 264–5 Julius Africanus 316 Leo the Great, pope (440–61) 305 junior emperor, see co-emperor Leo IX, pope (1049–54) 238–40, 243–4 Justin I, emperor (518–27) 27, 59–60, 68–9, Leo I, emperor (457–74) 26, 43, 59–61, 63, 69, 81, 154 73–4, 77, 81, 154, 155, 305 Justin II, emperor (565–78) 27 Leo II, emperor (474) 60, 69, 81 Justin, martyr 174 Leo III, emperor (717–41) 3, 6, 14, 23, 32, 72, Justinian I, emperor (527–65) 16, 18, 21, 27, 148, 149, 157, 158–66, 171, 181, 58, 60, 69, 82, 96, 99, 109–10, 114, 183–4, 186–91, 200, 231, 298, 300, 122, 149–50, 153, 154, 157, 162, 190, 301, 304

Index 333

Leo IV, emperor (775–80) 22, 32, 38, 76–8, Maurice, emperor (582–602) 27–8, 70, 104, 82, 104–5, 214 150–1, 154, 216 Leo V, emperor (813–20) 18, 23, 38, 72, 111, Mauropous, John 116 149, 188–90, 223–4, 298, 300 mausoleum, imperial 139–41, 142, 145, 203, Leo VI, emperor (886–912) 3, 6, 16, 23, 33–4, 205–7, 208 36–7, 38–9, 42–3, 46, 80, 106–9, 114, Maxentius, emperor (306–312) 24, 64, 139 116, 120–4, 129, 154, 194, 197–200, Maximian, emperor (286–305) 24, 43, 187 201–9, 211, 216, 217–18, 224, 234–5, Maximos the Confessor 160, 166, 167–73, 246, 265, 293, 295 181, 184, 190, 231, 251, 300 imprisonment of 38–9, 111, 122, 197, 230 Mazzarino, Santo 286 Leo, martyr 205, 206 Melchizedek, Old Testament priest and king 3, Leo of Ohrid 238 6–7, 124, 134, 166, 170–1, 172–84, Levi, tribe of, Levites, levitical priesthood 9, 186, 191, 219, 231, 248, 266–7, 272, 173–4, 181, 266, 272, 282, 313–18 281, 301–2, 304, 305, 313, 317–18 Libanios, rhetorician 24, 37 Menas, patriarch (536–52) 170, 213, 298 libellarion, libellesios 61, 66, 67 Merovingians, dynasty 30 Libri carolini 165 Mese 46, 70, 73 Licinius, emperor (308–24) 24 Messiah, Messianism 313–17, 318 liturgy, languages of 257 metatorion 54–5, 56, 62, 92–7, 102, 107–8, Liutprand of Cremona 41, 91, 121, 201, 209, 205 210, 243 Methodios, patriarch (843–47) 153, 309 loros 179, 194, 217, 242, 244–6 metropolitans 8, 9, 46, 107–8, 205, 219, 233, Lucifer of Cagliari 148 250–1, 263–4, 308, 309–11, 312 Luther, Lutheranism 9, 284–6 election of 307, 309–10 Michael, see archangels Macedonians, dynasty 6, 14, 24, 33–5, 37, 40, Michael I Rangabe, emperor (811–13) 72, 188 41, 74, 121, 144, 151, 192–218, 229, Michael II, emperor (820–9) 23, 29, 38, 40, 236 189, 298 Machiavelli, Niccolo 13, 39 Michael III, emperor (842–67) 33, 37, 57, 74, Magdalino, Paul 209, 212 80, 104, 121, 198–200, 209, 226, 250, magic 121, 147 273 Malalas, John 81, 129, 147, 157 Michael IV 35 malik (king) 51–2 Michael V Kalaphates 35, 40 Manasses, Constantine 273 Michael VI, emperor (1056–7) 35, 237 Mango, Cyril 139 Michael VII Doukas, emperor (1071–78) 42, Manicheans 184, 232 44–5 Manuel I Komnenos, emperor (1143–80) 16, Michael VIII Palaiologos, emperor (1261–82) 251–4, 258, 265–6, 274, 308 154–5, 157, 250, 254, 296 Marcian, emperor (450–57) 26, 40, 59–60, 81, Michael I Keroularios, patriarch (1043–58) 7, 153, 162, 305 223, 235, 237–40, 244–7, 249, 308, Marcian, son of Anthemios 43 310 Mark, patriarch of Alexandria 257 Michael III of Anchialos, patriarch (1170–8) Markopoulos, Athanasios 199 258 marriage alliances 24, 25–6, 35, 40, 41, Michael IV Autoreianos, patriarch (1208–14) 202 275 marriage, imperial 27, 47–8, 71, 79–80, 111, Michael Attaleiates 19 116–17, 123, 209, 224, 251, 256; see Michael of Synada 189 also tetragamy miracles 144, 147, 149, 151, 203, 206 Martialis, master of the ofﬁces 60 mirrors of princes 17–18, 20, 36, 120, 295, 304 Martin I, pope (649–55) 160, 166, 167–8 modiolon chrysoun, see crown, golden Martina, second wife of Herakleios 29–30, 105 Monophysitism 67–8, 232, 300 Martinakioi, family of 41, 202–3 Monotheletism 28, 154, 160, 166–8, 172, 181, martyrs, martyrdom 149–52, 160, 170–1, 183, 297, 300 186–7, 190 Morin, Jean 285 matriarchy 41 Moschopoulos, Manuel 16

334 Index

Moscow 311–12 omphalion 93, 101–2 Moses 5, 20, 110, 134, 164, 174, 185, 227, ‘oracle of kingship’ 193 253, 271, 282, 313 Ossius of Cordova 146, 148, 299 New Moses 98, 144, 231 Otranto 236 rod of 84, 90, 98, 210, 216, 281 Ottonians, dynasty 2 Mu’awiya, caliph (661–80) 52 Muhammed, prophet 52 Pachymeres, George 154 myron, see chrism pagan, paganism 49, 120, 127, 131, 133, 137–8, 141, 146–7, 157, 181, 183, 186, name, choice of, at baptism 27, 45–7 190–1, 233, 266–7, 289–90, 291–4, Nathan, prophet 117, 271, 316 299, 301, 315 nationalism 292, 318 Palace, Great 4, 5, 45, 54–6, 60–3, 65–9, 70–1, Nea, New Church, see Palace, great, 73–6, 78, 84–92, 94, 95, 99, 103, churches of 105–6, 108, 113, 136, 169, 197, 205, Neilos, patriarch (1379–88) 307, 309 207–10, 215–18, 299, 310 Nektarios, patriarch (381–97) 112–13 churches of, Christ of the Chalke 261 Nero, emperor (54–68) 129 St Demetrios 202, 208, 217 Nestorios, patriarch (428–31) 245 St Elijah, adjoining the Theotokos of the ‘new man’, see idiotes Pharos 197, 207–8; oratory of the Nea New Testament 20, 22, 49, 50, 104, 143, 209, 198 281, 314 Holy Apostles 91, 94, 217–18 Nicaea, empire of 152, 275 St Michael, oratory of the Nea 198 Nicholas I, pope (858–67) 227 Nea, or New Church 111, 194–8, 204, Nicholas I Mystikos, patriarch (901–7, 207–13, 218 912–25) 107–9, 116, 123, 228, 295, Our Lord 91, 216 310 St Stephen 71, 75–6, 89, 209–10, 216 Nicholas Grammatikos, Patriarch 250 St Theodore 46, 84, 216 Nicomedia 135, 145, 241 Theotokos (chapel close to that of the Nikephoros I, emperor (802–11) 7, 166, 188, Trinity) 84; of the Pharos 197, 207–11, 225–6 216–17 Nikephoros II Phokas, emperor (963–69) 35, Trinity 89 72–3, 109, 111, 151–2, 251, 268, 270, Kainourgion, mosaics in 33, 200 310 Magnaura 96, 217–18, 264, 265 Nikephoros I, patriarch (806–15) 188, 225, 318 Palaia, legendary compilation 176 Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos 150 Palaiologoi, dynasty 149, 152 Niketas of Ankyra 251 papacy, popes 7, 128, 146, 158–9, 163–4, Niketas of Medikion, Life of St 188 167–8, 171, 226, 229, 233–47, 248–9, Niketas Paphlagon 123, 202 257, 266–7, 277, 281, 283–6, 289, nobelissimos, title of 29, 32, 57, 77, 264 291–2, 293, 295, 300–2, 310–11 Nomokanon 244, 250, 258 ‘papo-caesarism’, ‘Papo-Caesaria’ 283, 294 nomophylax 246, 256 Parisinus gr. 510 33, 200, 211 Novels 21, 235, 293 Parousia, second Parousia 9, 104, 190, 210, 318 oath of loyalty to the emperor 16, 22, 40, 77, partition of the empire 24, 235 82, 307–8 Paschal Chronicle 70–1, 74, 81, 178 Oenomaos and Hippodamia, myth of 40 Patria of Constantinople 65, 98, 119, 192 Oikonomodes, Nicholas 114–16 patriarch, patriarchate 5, 7, 9, 16, 19, 46, 54–6, oil of unction 144, 268, 270–6; see also 58, 61–3, 65, 67–9, 71, 72, 73–8, 80–2, chrism, unction 89, 92–6, 99–113, 143, 158, 189, 205, Old Testament 4, 5, 8, 14, 20, 22, 31, 42, 207–8, 214–15, 217–19, 223–47, 250, 48–51, 58, 97–8, 99, 103, 110, 117, 254, 256, 259–60, 263, 266, 267, 129, 143, 147, 155–6, 159, 164–5, 274–6, 278–81, 309–12 173–6, 179, 183–4, 198, 199, 209–10, promotion of 262–4, 307, 309–10 213, 228–9, 239, 247, 254, 267, 269, Patrikios, magister praesentalis 68 270–2, 277, 281, 295, 311, 313, patrimony, empire as family patrimony 24–5, 317–18 28, 33, 35–6, 41, 53, 145, 211

Index 335

Paul, St 20, 141–2, 143–4, 174–5, 185, 189, prophecy, gift of 268, 272 279, 284, 299, 315, 317 pronoia (providence) 16 ‘New Paul’ 144, 298, 305 proskynesis, prostration or bowing 61, 62, 93, Paulicians, heretics 194, 224, 232 101–2, 115, 120, 130, 205 Paulinus of Aquileia 120, 305 Protestantism, Protestant Church 283–6, penitence, see repentance 293 pentagonia, five generations 24 Psellos, Michael 24, 40, 42, 44, 274 pentarchy 226, 229, 233, 302 Psephos of the patriarch Sergios (633) 167 Peri politikes epistemes 15 Pseudo-Kodinos, see Treatise on the Offices Persia, Achaemenid 43 Pulcheria, sister of Theodosius II 26, 40 persecution, persecutors 6, 186–7, 189, 290, purple, birth in, see porphyrogenitus 299 shoes, sandals or boots 73, 179, 194, 237–8, Pertinax, emperor, funeral of 136 240, 244, 246–7 Peter, apostle 129, 147, 159–60, 171, 284 Pyrrhos, patriarch (638–41, 654) 76 Peter, patriarch of Antioch 238 Peter the Patrician 59–61, 65, 67, 69–70, 72–4, Rabbi Shefatiya, leader of the Jewish 76, 78 community of Oria 213 Peterson, Erik 286–8, 290 Ravenna, church of St John the Evangelist 26 Philip the Arab, emperor (244–49) 128 receptions, by demes or dignitaries 54, 89–92, Philippikos, emperor (711–13) 184 94, 99 Philo of Alexandria 110, 175, 304 Reds, see demes Philotheos Kokkinos, patriarch (1353–4, referendarios of the patriarch 89, 215 1364–76) 296 reform movement, in Constantinople 6, 159, Philotheos, author of the Kleterologion 103, 183, 225, 249–51, 256, 257, 298, 311 211 in Rome 248, 257, 278 Philpin de Rivière,R.-P. 127 Reformation, Reformed Church 283–4, 288, phina 97 291, 294 Phokas, emperor (602–10) 70–1, 72, 150 regale sacerdotium, royal priesthood 7, 129, Phokas, Bardas 73 183, 239–40, 245–7, 277 Phokas, Leo 73 relics 6, 93, 101, 142, 203, 207, 210, 216, 218 Photios, patriarch (858–67, 877–86) 16, 33, repentance 106–9, 114–23, 151, 218, 295 151, 199, 202, 209, 213, 223, 224, 225, Resurrection 98, 210 226–37, 246, 250, 273, 292, 309, 312 rhetoric 6, 131–5, 141–2, 143, 158, 171, 181, Bibliotheca 227–9 189, 201, 227, 230–1, 250, 253, 259, phrygium 242 265, 296, 302, 306 Pitra, Monseigneur Jean-Baptiste 269 Romanos Argyros, emperor 35 Polyeuktos, patriarch (956–70) 109, 111, Romanos I Lekapenos, emperor (920–44) 35, 268–70, 310 207 pontifex maximus, title 3, 127, 130, 133, 142, Romanos II, emperor (959–63) 35, 42, 72, 183, 191, 263, 266–7, 290, 291, 301 79 pope, see papacy Romanos Diogenes, emperor (1068–71) 44 porphyrogenitus 24, 26, 31, 34–5, 37–9, 41–8, Rome 2, 9–10, 145–7, 160, 169, 172, 182, 226, 78–80, 83, 201, 273 233–47, 258, 277, 289, 294, 299, 300, potestas 242, 277, 300–2 311 prefect of the city 62–3, 66, 69, 91, 155 church of St Peter in 169 praepositus 45–6, 55, 62, 65, 82, 90–2, 216 Romulus 122 primacy, Roman 236 Rufinus, master of the offices 106 primogeniture 28–32, 35, 41–5, 79 Russia, Rus 10, 18, 149, 214, 232, 250, 285, ‘private persons’, see idiotes 292–3, 318 Prochiron (law book) 16, 34 proclamation of an emperor autokrator 70–2, sacerdos, sacerdotalis 149, 305 78, 79–82 sacramentals 8, 270, 277 Prokopios of Caesarea 150, 190, 224 sacrament, unction as 270–2, 275–9 Prokopios of Gaza 305 sacrilege 47, 77, 82, 108, 259, 266 profession of orthodox faith 67, 72, 82, 278, sagion 54 306 sainthood, imperial 6, 128, 143–57, 289

336 Index

St Sophia 4, 5, 46, 54–7, 59, 62, 69–78, 81–2, Stephen I, patriarch (886–93), son of Basil I 84–90, 92–113, 150, 191, 210, 212–18, 33, 43, 122, 234, 309 235, 264–5, 268, 309 Stephen the Younger, Life of St 186, 190 Doors of, ‘Beautiful’ 92, 99, 279–80 Stethatos, Niketas 239, 261 Holy 54, 93–4, 95, 99, 101, 110, 280 Stilbes, Constantine 261 Imperial 57, 92–3, 99, 105, 107–9, 113, strastoterpci 149 114 strategos, of the Anatolikon 46, 72 mosaics, in narthex 101, 107, 114–24 of Cappadocia 46 in south vestibule 99, 110, 150 Straub, Johann 128 Story of the construction of, Diegesis 96, Sturzo, Luigi 290–1 109, 212 succession, imperial 5, 21, 22–36, 39–40, 47, vestibule (propylaea) of the narthex 92, 99 48–53, 56, 145, 197, 271 Salem 173–6 Sunday of Orthodoxy, festival of 95, 163 Samuel, prophet 49–50, 58, 199, 210, 271, Sylvester I, pope (314–35) and his legend 6, 7, 276, 277 119, 144, 146–7, 240–6, 248, 279, sanctuary 5, 8, 54, 93–5, 97, 101–2, 109, 285 111–13, 206, 219, 260–2, 279–80, 306 Symeon of Thessalonike 103, 143, 155, Saul, king of Israel 3, 14, 49–50, 199–200, 278–80 268, 271–2, 277, 281 Symeon the New Theologian 249 scandal 6, 123, 141, 154, 224, 255, 298, 309 Synaxarion of Constantinople 144, 151, schism 6, 7, 223–4, 237–8, 283, 289, 291, 300 153–4, 168, 202 Schmitt, Carl 20, 287 synod, permanent 233, 250, 253, 256, 257, scholae 46, 60, 63, 67, 68, 75–6 268, 307–8, 309, 310 quarter of 54, 91, 94, 98–9, 217 decisions, sentences and acts of 251, 293, Schramm, P. E. 249 307, 308 Second Coming, see Parousia Syracuse, beseiged by the Turks 198, 213 senate, senators 14, 15–16, 22–4, 27, 40, 45–6, Syrians 232, 257 54, 60, 62–3, 65–6, 68–9, 71–2, 74–5, 77, 78, 79, 81–2, 93–4, 107–8, 136–7, Tabari, Arab historian 51–3 169, 205, 207–8, 242, 307 tablion 179 Sergios I, patriarch (610–38) 29, 71 tagmata 45–6 Severus, emperor, funeral of 136 Tarasios, patriarch (784–806) 225, 227, 309 Severos of Antioch 23, 144 Temple of Jerusalem 110, 129, 159, 164, sexual offences 123, 154 212–13, 227, 317 Simon, Marcel 176 Testaments of the twelve patriarchs 304, Sinaiticus gr. 1117 259, 269 314–15 Sinaiticus gr. 1186 179 testudo 61, 69, 81 skaramangion 54, 73, 194 tetragamy (fourth marriage) of Leo VI 107–09, Slavs 232 123, 154, 224, 310 Socrates, historian of the church 142 Tetrarchy, tetrachs 24–5, 122, 139, 145, 201 solea 93–4, 97, 102, 280 Themistios, rhetorician, 24 Solomon, son of David 3, 50, 109–10, 114, theocracy 7, 10, 282–3, 284, 302, 318 117–19, 143, 147, 199–200, 210, Theodora, wife of Theophilos, regent 153–4 212–13, 253, 271, 316 Theodora, daughter of Constantine VIII, throne of 217 empress (1042, 1055–6) 14, 24, 35, 40, Soloviev, Vladimir 292 41 sons-in-law 33, 39 Theodore Angelos Doukas, emperor of Sophia, wife of Justin II 27 Thessalonike (1224–30) 275 Sozomen, historian of the church 142 Theodore I Laskaris, emperor of Nicaea Spinoza 283 (1204–22) 37, 152, 275 spiral staircase, see kochlias Theodore of Stoudios, monastic reformer 7, spiritual exercises 18 165, 168, 189–91, 223–6, 230, 234, ‘squire of St Peter’, dignity of 243 251, 252, 298 stama 66–7, 97 Theodoret of Cyrrhus 105–9, 111–13, 299 standard, see labarum Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths stasis, secession, revolt 224, 234 305

Index 337

Theodosius I, emperor (379–95) 25–6, 105–7, Typos of Constans II (648) 167, 169, 297 111–13, 120, 122–4, 153, 162, 248, Tzikanisterion 212 295 tzitzakion 54, 73 Theodosius II, emperor (408–50) 26, 40, 41, 153, 296–7, 305 Ultramontanism 10, 286 Theodosios, son of the emperor Maurice 15, Umar, caliph 51–2 27–8, 41 Umayyads, dynasty 52 Theodosians, dynasty 27 unction, anointing 2, 5, 8, 29, 38, 42, 45, theology, political 131–2, 134, 286–8 47–50, 58, 79, 83, 119, 144, 155–6, Theophanes, chronicler 18, 71, 77, 80–1, 163, 170, 193, 199, 210, 248–9, 253–5, 260, 187, 216, 224, 273 263, 266–81, 282, 312, 314 Theophano, wife of Leo VI 42, 151, 153, 154, baptismal 171–2, 268, 270, 275, 276–7, 280 197, 202–7, 265, 273 episcopal 268, 274, 276–7 Life of St 33, 38–9, 111, 203, 273 Union of the Churches 157, 250, 254, 290 Theophano, wife of Romanos II and then of usurpers, usurpation 15, 32, 40, 43, 48, 63, 71, Nikephoros Phokas 72, 111, 151 77, 79, 80, 193, 237, 308 Theophilos, emperor (829–42) 38, 41, 80, 149 Uzziah, king of the Jews 164–6 Theophylaktos, patriarch (933–56) 309 Theophylaktos Simokattes 150 Valens, emperor (364–78) 127, 184 Thessalonike 120, 139 Valentinian I, emperor (364–75) 26 Thomas of Klaudioupolis 183 Valentinian II, emperor (375–92) 26 throne 55, 94, 97, 103 Valentinian III, emperor (425–55) 26, 162, Tiberius, emperor (14–37) 40 296 Tiberios II, emperor (578–82) 27 Valentinians, dynasty 25 Titus, emperor (79–81) 129 Vasilij, Grand Duke of Moscow 311 Tome of Union (920) 116, 225 Vaticanus gr. 699 179 tonsure 45, 122 Vegetius Renatus, Flavius 130 torque 61, 63, 69, 79 Venantius Fortunatus 305 Toumanoff, Cyril 293 Verina, wife of Leo I 27 Treatise on the Ofﬁces of the Pseudo-Kodinos Vespasian, emperor (69–79) 129 58, 253, 279 Tribonian, jurist 150 warlike fury 19, 65, 120 Tribunal of the Hebdomon 81 Whites, see demes of the Nineteen Couches 76, 77, 78 Whittemore, Thomas 114 Triklinos of the Nineteen Couches 46, 65–6, 68 William of Volpiano 235 triumph 74, 78 trisagion, see ‘Holy, Holy, Holy’ Zambi, magician 147 tsarevitches, false 15 Zeno, emperor (474–5, 476–91) 27, 40, 43, 59, Turks, Turkish invasion 250, 256 65–6, 81, 184, 297, 300 ‘two powers’, theory of 2, 7–9, 101, 113, 128, Zoe, daughter of Constantine VIII, empress 147, 171, 181, 189, 226, 229–32, 234, (1042) 24, 35, 40, 41 240, 255, 258, 266, 282–5, 288–96, Zonaras, John 44, 197, 259, 260 299–305, 318 Zosimos, historian 119, 130, 146