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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00945-5 - Heroes and Romans in Twelfth-Century Byzantium: The Material for History of Nikephoros Bryennios Leonora Neville Index More information

Index

Note: Emperors are indexed under their ﬁrst name and regnal number; other Byzantine personalities are indexed by family name.

Abbasid Caliphate, dissolution of 65–66 ambiguity of Nikephoros’s presentation 2, Achilles, as archetype of bravery 189 25–28, 159–70, 204 adoption, role in Roman society/politics 107–08 campaign against Bryennios (the elder) 15, adversity, character shown by responses to 25–26, 72–73, 100–02, 115–16, 125, 166, 90–91, 94–95, 97, 212 186–87 Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus, L. 44, 45, 105, compared with classical models 40, 41, 184–85 106, 107, 184–85 death 19–20, 21–22, 23, 24, 26 Agathias 32–33 defeat of Basilakes 187–88 agency, theories of 195 deviousness 91–92, 99–103, 126–28, 159, 166, Agrippina the Younger, Empress (mother of 169–70, 176, 186, 188–92, 193 Nero) 153 divergence from Roman classical ideals Aimilianos 214 102–03, 170 Alans epithets applied to 159–60, 212, 213–14 designation 85 exploitation of Konstantios’s naivete 168–69 service as mercenaries 70–71 as favoured by Providence 115–16, 117–20, 187 Alexander Severus, Emperor 154 fulsome language undercut by foolishness of Alexander the Great 40–41, 198 behavior 163–65, 170, 185 Alexiad (Anna Komnene) 7, 17, 23, 25, 26, 30, 41, grants of land to supporters 178 57, 68, 182–93 initial description 160–61 authorial presence 194 legitimacy of Imperial claim 6, 75, 77–79 creation of cultural memory 197 marriage 18–19, 20–21, 33–34, 51–52, 78, 109, descriptions of military action 183–84, 185–86 116, 156–57 divergences from/rebuttal of Nikephoros 127, opposition to 16–17 164, 183, 184–89, 190, 191–92, 194 overall negative depiction 169–70, 173–81 invented scenes 187 portrayal in earlier/later books 159–60 modern misreadings 193 presentation in Alexiad 182–93 political context 182–83 relationship with mother 140, 155–58, 170, 174 portayal of Anna Dalassene 140 religious observances 113–14 relationship with/divergences from Hellenism ruthlessness 165–68, 169–70, 176, 179–80 movement 192–93, 195 social policy/reforms 3, 14, 197 reliance on Nikephoros 183–84 strength of rule 14–15 sources 47, 48 suitability for Imperial rule 169, 176, 177 use of Clasical Greek models 188–93 threats/reprisals against rebellious civilians Alexios I Komnenos 15–23, 27, 29, 47–48, 57, 68, 166–68 70, 81–82, 83–84, 110 timing of composition in relation to reign of accession 7, 14, 137 25–26, 160, 173 adoption by Maria of Alania 78–79 veiled nature of critique 175

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00945-5 - Heroes and Romans in Twelfth-Century Byzantium: The Material for History of Nikephoros Bryennios Leonora Neville Index More information

Index 237

as young man 41–42, 46, 130, 159–64, 184–88 depiction in Alexiad 186, 189 parodic presentation 162–65 description of last stand 128–29, 162, 187 Alp Arslan 91, 97, 151, 211 dissociation from unsuccessful plans 132 Andronikos I Komnenos 179 epithets applied to 211, 212–14 Anemas, Michael 26 heroic characterization 1, 25–26, 27, 41, 56–57, Antioch 121–32, 137–38, 159, 176, 177, 180 Patriarch of 102 Imperial qualities 125, 129 suppression of revolt 167 impression made on enemies 125 Antony (M. Antonius) 69, 106–07 lapses of honor/control 125, 131–32 Appian of Alexandria 37, 45 military abilities 121–22, 125 Arabates (Alan leader) 43, 70, 85 rebellion (1077–78) 15, 67–69, 70, 71, 72, Argyros 214 78, 84, 100–02, 108–09, 122–31, 166, aristocracy 186–87 opposition to Komnenos policies 26 relationship of younger Bryennios to 16 role in structure of Empire 14–15, 104–05 reluctance to rebel 123–25, 135–36, 137 see also families; marriage; women slanders against 122–23 Aristophanes 188 straightforward approach to battle 91–92 Artaxerxes, king of Persia 37 as victim of Providence 115–16, 119–20, Artuq (Turkish leader) 71, 82, 99, 115 180–81 Attaliates, Michael 29, 32–33, 35, 36–37, 45, 76, Bryennios, Nikephoros (the younger, historian) 147, 150 xiv, 29 Augustus, Emperor see Octavian (apparent) attitudes to personal power 23–24, 27, 179, 203 Balkans, Byzantine losses in 63–64 biography 6, 16, 24–25 “barbarians” 81–86 composition of history 24–25 defined by ill-will towards Empire 81, 83 depiction in others’ chronicles 19–20, 21–22 flexibility of definition 86 influence 200 Barys, Michael 135 personality 179–81 Basil II 75–76, 107, 110, 177, 212, 214 planned Imperial coup 16–24, 173, 179–80, Basilakes, Nikephoros 40, 41–42, 97–98, 101–02, 204–05 117–19, 123, 124, 156, 166, 187–88, 211–12 political outlook 6–7, 25–28, 173–81 battle(s), Nikephoros’s treatments of 89–103, reading matter 39–45 183–84, 205 refusal to murder John II 179–80 pitched, distinguished from skirmishing 122 religious outlook 113–20 Beaton, Roderick 34 see also Material for History Belisarius, Flavius 123, 144 Bryennios family, influence in Empire 15 Bessarion, Basilios 8 declining fortunes 178, 203 Bohemond I of Antioch 190 Byzantine culture/society Bongiovanni, Antonio 8 art 195 Borilas (servant) 130–31 decay/rebirth seen as features of 195 Boutoumites, Michael 40 feudalization 3, 104 Brasidas (Spartan general) 40, 43, 85 militaristic shift 2–4, 205–06 bravery, vocabulary of 211–13 military strategy 102–03 Browning, Robert 24 place of Nikephoros in 192 Brubaker, Leslie 143 power structure 104, 109 Bryennios, John 68, 70, 72, 78, 84, 92, 100, 105, relationship with past 4–5, 6, 195–96 108, 119, 126–27 role of family networks 104–05, 111 as chief architect of rebellion 123–24 scholarly understanding 1–2, 3–4, 86–87 Bryennios, Manuel 8 Byzantine Empire see Byzantine culture/society; Bryennios, Nikephoros (the elder, general) xiv, Roman Empire 15, 81, 84, 98, 99, 105, 110, 113, 204 assassination attempt on 123 Caesar, C. Julius 69 blinding 1, 130–31, 178, 187 Caesar, title of 108 bravery in adversity 91 Cassius Dio 5, 36, 37, 45, 107, 197–98 conduct of final battle 125 Cato, M. Porcius 6

238 Index

characterization (in Nikephoros’s text) 25–28, positive characterization 149 46–57, 159–70, 202 Dallassene, Theodora 77 concern for families 108–09 deception depiction of military virtue 2–3 as contrary to virtus 96 developed via (military) actions 89–90 contrasted with straightforward ﬁghting introductory assessments 89, 211–15 91–92, 97–103 moral patterns 89–92 explicit arguments for 190–91 positive nature 1–3, 47, 63, 89 historical precedents 191 see also adversity; deception; defeat; heroism; presented as desirable 188–92, 193 virtue; women; names of principal range of authorial attitudes 103 characters rewards of 92, 98, 103, 132–33, 203 Charon, Alexios 64, 211, 212 Roman rejection of 94–95, 97, 189–90 Chaskares (Alan leader) 70 see also Alexios I Komnenos Chatatourios 212 defeat, character revealed in face of 90–91, 97, 181 Choirosphaktes (ambassador) 105 Dekte, escape of Komnenos brothers from 70, Choniates, Michael 41 164–66 Choniates, Niketas 6, 17–18, 20–24, 29, 179, 180 “demon,” divine disfavor represented by 119–20 Christianity Demosthenes 40 martyrs, stories of 5, 198 Dio Chrysostom 40 Nikephoros’s (limited) engagement with Diocletian, Emperor 108 112–14, 119–20, 202–03 Diodorus Siculus 73 saints’ lives 202–03 Diogenes, Constantine 77, 106, 107, 214 see also icons; Orthodox Church Diogenes, Nikephoros 26 Chrysoskoulos (Turkish leader) 72, 81, 82, 136 Dionysius of Halicarnassus 5, 6, 41, 44–45, civil war(s) 114–15, 119, 198–99 in ancient Rome 69 Dionysius of Syracuse 143–44 in eleventh-century Empire 13–14, 63, 65–69 divine favor/disfavor see demon; Providence as preferable to rebellion 67–69 Dokeianus, Theodore 83–84 in Turkish history 65–66 Doukaina, Irene (wife of Alexios I) 25, 30–31, Cleon (Athenian leader) 43 51–52, 78, 109, 116, 156–57, 197 Clodia Pulchra (wife of Octavian) 106–07 (alleged) role in Bryennios coup 16–17, 18–24, Constantine VI 154, 179 179 Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos 73 marital relations 18–19, 20–21, 33–34 Constantine X Doukas 49, 146, 147, 150, 156, 168 retirement from public life 24 Constantinople Doukaina, Zoe 78 arming of population 136–37 Doukas, Andronikos (son of John) 47, 50, 51–52, capture by Turks (1204) 20 67, 72, 78, 83, 91, 105–06, 108–09, 110, siege of (1077–78) 70 133–34, 156, 162, 201 see also Nika riots Doukas, Constantine (son of John) 50, 76–77, Cornelia Africana (mother of the Gracchi) 155, 108, 133–34, 156, 211 158 Doukas, Constantine (son of Michael VII) 16, Crispin (Frankish leader) 72, 83, 98 79, 186 Cujaus, Jacques 7 Doukas, John, Caesar 49–59, 67, 71, 78, 82–83, 105–06, 110, 123, 156, 167, 204 Dalassene, Anna 58–59, 77–78, 109, 110, 139–42 antiquarian interests 57–58 accusations/trial for treason 67, 113, 119, bravery in adversity 91, 133–34 151–53 described by Psellos 46–47, 160–61 (alleged) call on husband to take up rule failure ascribed to Providence 115 147–49 heroic characterization 1, 50–51, 52–53, 58–59, ambiguities of character 139–40 121, 132–35, 137–38, 177, 180–81 appeal to Christian values 113, 151–53 loss of sons 105, 108–09, 133–34 epithets applied to 211, 214 loyalty to Empire 134–35 imperial authority 140, 157–58 monastic vows 108 as Imperial mother 153, 154–58 as personal source for Nikephoros 49, 54, political signiﬁcance 140 57–58, 91, 177

Index 239

political significance 55 as model for Alexiad 188–93 reluctance to rebel 134, 135, 137 as model for Nikephoros 6, 32–33, 39–45, Doukas, Konstantios (brother of Michael VII) 198–99, 205–06 67–68, 78, 156, 168–69, 186 negative models taken from 40–41 naivete/passivity, contrasted with Alexios view of masculinity 191 168–69 see also Hellenism Doukas, Michael (son of Andronikos) 31, 50, Gregory of Nazianzus 39, 117 53–55, 57, 201 Guiscard, Robert 187 Doukas family, loss of lands/power 177–78 Hannibal 95, 105–06, 184–85, 199 Edessa Chronicle (anon., ca. 1240) 17, 23 Hasdrubal (brother of Hannibal) 106 Empresses Hellenism 35–36, 192–93 cults of 153 Anna’s divergences from 192–93 influence/remarriage after husband’s death Heraclius 13 154 Herodotus 32–33 ethnicity, lack of concern for 86 heroism 121–38, 204 eunuchs, stereotypical characterization of common traits 137–38 48 vocabulary of 213 Euripides 118 see also characterization Aiolos 129, 129 Hinterberger, Martin 117 Antiope 42–43 history, writing of 29–38 Eusebius of Caesarea 37 depiction of rebellion(s) 67 Evagrius Scholasticus 129 focus on truth 33 modern scholastic approaches 194 Fabius Maximus Aemilianus, Q. 44, 107 moralizing content 34–35, 102–03 Fabius Maximus Cunctator, Q. 95 recycling of sources 46 families/family connections 104–11 role in creation of cultural memory 194–95, importance to political success 105–06 196–97 women’s arguing for advancement of social class of writers 29 149 use of irony/double meaning 32, 36–37 see also adoption; marriage see also performance Ferrario, Sarah 41 Holmes, Catherine 49 Franks 64, 86 Homer 39–40, 41, 42, 128, 185, 188, 190, 191 fighting on Byzantine side 69–70, 71, 72, Iliad 130 133 Howard-Johnston, James 185 lackofdeviousness92 Hypatius (rebel under Justinian) 144 nomenclature 55, 58, 82–84 Fulvia (wife of Antony) 106–07 icons, Christian role in narratives 113, 151–53 Gabras, Gregory 26 veneration 145 Galen 153 intelligence, vocabulary of 213 Gautier, Paul 8, 46, 117, 207 Irene of Alania (wife of Isaac Komnenos) 77 gender studies 205 Irene of Athens, Empress 154, 179 Genesios, Joseph 145 Isaac I Komnenos (uncle of Alexios) 58–59, 105, Ghaznavid state 65 107, 110, 177, 214 Gibbon, Edward 195 abdication 113, 140–42, 146–51; described by Glykas, Michael 37, 145 Nikephoros 147–50; reasons for 149–51 Godfrey of Bouillon 16 Gracchus, Tiberius/Gaius 155, 158 Jarratt, Susan C. 22 Greek nationalism, modern movements 87 Jeffreys, Elizabeth 24 Greek society/literature Jesuits, role in history of Nikephoros’s assimilation into Roman Empire 5, 198–99 manuscript 8 chronological “flattening” of history 37–38, John I Tsimiskes 179, 212, 214 199 John II Komnenos 6–7, 14, 18–23, 173–75 classical-medieval link 200 death 174

240 Index

John II Komnenos (cont.) rise to power 75–78, 105 dispute over succession 16–23, 24, 26 stability of rule 14–15 legitimacy of rule 176–77, 181 relations with Nikephoros 174, 180 Lakapenos, Basil 179 stability of rule 14, 175 languages struggletosecurepower21–23 in modern critical discourse 87 (theorized) response to Nikephoros’s History of non-Romans 86 26, 27–28, 174–75, 205 Leo the Deacon 32–33, 49, 119 John of Damascus 195 Lepidus, M. Aemilius 106–07 John the Eunuch 47–48, 73, 85, 112 Liddell, H. G. 56 Josephus, Flavius 37 Livia, Empress (wife of Augustus) 153 Julia Caesaris (daughter of Julius Caesar) 106 Livy (T. Livius) 6, 44 Justinian I 142–45, 149, 168, 199 Magoulias, Harry J. 22 Kaldellis, Anthony 22, 143 Mahmud of Ghazni 66–67 Kalovrye, battle of (1078) 92, 100, 115–16, 125 Makrembolitissa, Eudokia, Empress 53, 134, decisive turn, responsibility for 127 154 description in Alexiad 186–87 Maltrait, Claudius 7 description of battle arrangement 126–29 Mamaea (mother of Alexander Severus) 154 Katakolon, Constantine 127 Manassas, Constantine 32–33 Katherine of Bulgaria (wife of Isaac I) 76, Maniakes, George 49, 71, 126 140–42, 146–49 Mansur (Turkish leader) 72–73 Kazhdan, Alexander 3, 33, 49 Manuel I Komnenos (son of John II) 182 Kekaumenos, Katakalon 49 Manzikert, battle of (1071) 13, 15, 47, 63, 67, 70, Kelts see Franks 82, 85, 91, 92, 97–99, 132, 134, 151, 180 Komnene, Anna (wife of Nikephoros) 6, 7, 9, Marcianus manuscript 8 16–26, 29 Maria of Alania (wife of Michael VII/ description of husband’s writings 25, 178 Nikephoros III) 77, 78–79 relationship with husband 26, 194 Maria of Bulgaria (wife of Andronikos Doukas) retirement from public life 24 51–52, 53–55, 78, 109 role in husband’s planned coup 18–24, 179 Nikephoros’s praise for 51–52 sexual innuendo aimed at 22 marriage alliances 106–07 see also Alexiad Material for History (Bryennios) Komnene, Eudokia (sister of Alexios I) 77, Byzantine sources 45, 46–49 106 choice of models 197–99 Komnene, Maria (sister of Alexios I) 77, commissioning 30–31, 197 106 creation of cultural memory 197, 200, 201 Komnene, Theodora (sister of Alexios I) 106, entertainment value 201 107 Greek models 5–6, 32–33 Komnenos, Adrian (brother of Alexios) 78 handling of theme of political collapse 35, Komnenos, Isaac (brother of Alexios) 33, 64, 70, 203 72, 77, 78, 81, 82, 85, 102, 162, 164–65, 167, inconsistencies 32, 58–59 185 interactions with audience 31–32, 34–35, Komnenos, John (father of Alexios) 33, 75–77, 174–75, 200, 203 102, 105, 107, 110, 147–49, 151, 157–58, 177, manuscript history 7–9 212, 214 military vocabulary 56 Komnenos, Manuel (brother of Alexios) 77, 81, moral/instructional content 35, 59, 89–94, 82, 99, 107, 109, 110, 136, 154–55, 158 191–92, 201–02 Komnenos, Manuel (grandfather of Alexios) 41, motives for composition 173, 175, 177 64, 75–76, 107 nomenclature of rulers/rebels 67–68 Komnenos dynasty 14–15 political context/message 25–28, 173–81, active role of women 17–24, 139 203 alliances with other noble families 106, posthumous completion 182–83 107 representative of contemporary culture/ legitimacy of rule 176–77 society 2–3, 4–6

Index 241

as romance 33–34 Octavia (sister of Octavian) 107 sources 46–59; see also Greek literature; Octavian (C. Julius Caesar Augustus) 69, Roman cultural values 106–07, 198 stylistic/narrative shifts 27–28, 49, 55–57, Odysseus, as archetypal trickster 189–90 159–60, 175–76 villainized by Roman authors 190 timing of composition 24–28, 173–78 Orthodox Church 87, 112 as tragedy 170, 177 Ostrogorski, George 3 use of archaic proper names 55–56 see also characterization Pachymeres, George 8 Meineke, August 8 Pakourianos, Gregory 178 Melissenos, Nikephoros 48, 73, 77, 106, 214 Palaiologos, George 47–49, 58, 85, 112, 212 memory theory 196 Palaiologos, Kourtikes 48 mercenaries 47, 65, 69–74, 86 Palaiologos, Nikephoros 70–71 non-use in classical Roman times 73 Papandreou, George 87 from races in conflict with Empire elsewhere Papas (mercenary leader) 71, 133 71–73 Papria Masonia 44 transfer of allegiance 71, 72–73 Pechenegs, conflicts with Empire 13, Mettius Curtius 44–45 84–85 Michael I Rhangabe 145 Peloponnesian war 43 Michael VI Bringas 58–59 performance (of literary compositions) 29–35, Michael VII Doukas 15–16, 33, 36, 40, 46–47, 52, 48 63, 67, 70–71, 72, 77–78, 84, 85, 105, 108, audience 30–32, 34–35 113, 115, 122–24, 132, 134, 151–52, 156, Pericles 40, 87 167–68, 214 Persian Empire 65–67 abdication 116, 168, 186 Phokas, Bardas 49 incompetence 13, 124, 135–36, 180–81 Phokas, Nikephoros 102 legitimacy 135 Plato, Theaetetus 160, 161 mothers/motherhood 19, 139–40, 153–58 Plutarch 5, 27, 37, 41, 42–44, 104–05, 106, 114, Anna Dalassene as example of 154–58 155, 174, 198, 201–03 Imperial 153–58 Life of Pompey 106–07 over-dependence on 154, 156–58 Polybius 5, 32, 34, 36–37, 41–43, 44, 95, 96, see also Roman classical values 104–05, 106, 110, 114, 117–19, 198–99, Mundus (General) 144 203 Pompey (Cn. Pompeius Magnus) 69, 106, 122 Nerva, Emperor 108 Poussines, Pierre 9 Nika riots (532) 142–45 prayer, military leaders’ resort to 113 Nikephoritzes (finance minister) 72, 99, 123, 132, Principate, establishment of 197 135, 136, 214 Procopia, Empress (wife of Michael I) 145 Nikephoros II Phokas 119, 179, 212, 214 Procopius of Caesarea 32–33, 41, 142–43, 145, 149, Nikephoros III Botaneiates 15, 25, 36, 45, 46, 151, 168, 199 47–48, 81, 84, 100, 105, 108–09, 125, 130–31, Providence 114–19, 130–31, 180–81, 187 133 as excuse for failure without blame (alleged) debasement of Imperial titles 80 115–16 consolidation of power 78–79 inscrutability 119–20 as favoured by Providence 116–17, 119–20 as reasons for achievement beyond deserts negative portrayal by Nikephoros 135–37, 116–17 180–81, 212, 214 Roman models 118–19 rebellion 52–55, 67–68, 72–73, 78, 134–37, terminology 114–15, 117, 120 167–68 Psellos, Michael 8, 29, 35, 44, 45, 57, 58–59, 67, Nilsson, Ingela 46 80, 151, 195, 199 noble birth, vocabulary of 214 depiction of Isaac I/Empress Catherine non-Romans, Nikephoros’s treatments of 140–42, 146–47, 148, 149–51 81–86 description of John Doukas 46–47, 160–61 definition of categories 85–86 Historia Syntomos 36, 119, 145, 154 Normans, Roman conflicts with 13, 190 Puget, Guillaume 7

242 Index

Quandahl, Ellen 22 Romans, in Nikephoros’s terminology 80 Roussel de Bailleul 50–51, 55, 70–72, 83–84, 99, rebels, sympathetic presentation 1, 69 110, 115, 116, 132–34, 135, 155, 157, 166–67, see also Bryennios, Nikephoros (the elder); 185, 201 Doukas, John, Caesar; Romanos IV fake blinding 83–84, 166 Diogenes rebirth, (cultural) metaphor of 3–4, 195–96 Sain-Jorri, Pierre du Faur de 7 Regulus, M. (Roman general) 118–19 Saller, Richard 105 Reinsch, Diether Roderich 16, 185 Samuel (Bulgarian Khan) 76 religion 112–20 Scipio, Cn. Cornelius (uncle of Africanus) 106 (relative) unimportance in Nikephoros’s text Scipio, L. Cornelius (brother of Africanus) 106 39, 82, 85–86, 112–13, 120, 202–03 Scipio, P. Cornelius (father of Africanus) imagery of, Nikephoros’s use of 113, 152–53 105–06 Roman (polytheistic) models, reconciliation Scipio Aemilianus, P. Cornelius (Africanus the with Christianity 112–14, 120 younger) 36–37, 44, 107, 184–85 see also Christianity; icons; Orthodox Church; Scipio Africanus, P. Cornelius 44, 45, 96, 105–06 prayer; Providence Scythians 63, 70, 84 Renaissance 196 designation 84–85 roads, importance in Roman culture 121–22 fighting on Byzantine side 69–70, 71, 72 Roilos, Panagiotis 31–32 Seger, Johannes 27, 160 Roman classical values Seljuks see Tu rk s Byzantine interest in 3–6, 35–37, 38, 200, Seneca, L. Annaeus 6 205–06 Shepard, Jonathan 49 on fair fighting 94–97, 199 Sjuzjumov, Michail Ja 49 family life 105–09 Skleros, Bardas 75–76 gender theory 153 Skylitzes, John 8, 29, 45, 46, 47, 49, 57, 58–59, as model for Nikephoros 2–3, 5–6, 7, 26, 35, 65–67, 82, 145, 212 37–38, 39, 41, 45, 87–88, 120, 190, 192, 195, Skylitzes continuatus 147, 150 198–203, 205–06 social change, relationship with history/memory nostalgia for 96–97 197 role of women/mothers 109, 139, 153, 154–55, Sophocles, Ajax 40, 165 158 Stobaeus, Johannes 42 see also deception; religion; virtue Stravoromanos (ambassador) 105, 214 Roman Empire struggle see adversity criticisms of those in power 31–32 Suleiman, son of Qutlumush 72–73, 136 Greek histories of 41–45, 97, 174, 198–99 Symeon the New Theologian 114, 195, 212 modern political interpretations 23–24 over-reliance on foreign allies 64–65, 66–67; Tacitus, Emperor 119 see also mercenaries Taranges (Turkish general) 98 political/military reverses 4–5, 13, 22–23, 35, Tarchaneiotes, Joseph 110, 131 63–74 Tarchaneiotes, Katakolon 126 Roman identity, defined 80–81, 86, 88 Taronites, Michael 77, 106 see also Byzantine culture/society; civil war(s); temples (Christian/pagan), visits to 113–14 Roman classical values Theodora, Empress (wife of Justinian I) 142–45, Romanos I Lakapenos 179 148, 149, 151, 168, 199 Romanos IV Diogenes 15, 25, 36–37, 67, 77, Theodora, Empress (wife of Theophilos) 145 81–82, 97–98, 106, 107, 113, 134, 154, 155, Theodosius, Emperor 200 204, 211 Theodotus (prudent soldier) 163, 212 blinding 1, 47, 82 Theophanes Continuatus 44, 129 defeat at Manzikert 13, 63, 70, 115, 151–52, 180, Theophilos, Emperor 145 214 Thucydides 32, 40 failure of rebellion 72, 83 Tiberius II Constantine 129 heroic characterization 1, 121, 132, 137–38 titles, Nikephoros’s use of 109–11 presentation by Psellos/Nikephoros 46–47 explanations of system 110–11 reluctance to rebel 137 Tornikes, Euthymios 41

Index 243

Tornikes, George 16, 17, 24 Wheeler, Everett L. 103 Traianopolis, siege of (1077) 124–25 women Trajan, Emperor 108 commitment to family 109, 149 Treadgold, Warren 13–14 direct speech 141–53 Tughril-Beg (Turkish leader) 66 epithets of virtue 211, 213 Tu rk s evils of excessive influence 144–45, 146–47, conflicts with Empire 13, 63–65, 85 153 depictions by Nikephoros 47, 81–83, 86 failure of pleadings 148–49 devious approach to battle 92, 97–99, 102, lack of description 51–52 169–70, 174, 203 masculine behavior 142–45, 199 fighting on Byzantine side 69–70, 72–73, 127, men praised for standing up to 149 136 men shamed by comparison with 17–24, Nikephoros’s digression on history of 47, 142–45 65–67, 81 modern attitudes to 23–24 Tutakh (Turkish leader) 82, 83, 99, 166, 185 role in Empire 17–24, 139–58 tyrant, figure/qualities of 129–30, 143–45 in Roman gender theory 153

Uzes, conﬂicts with Empire 84–85 Xanthippos (Spartan mercenary) 118–19 Xenophon Varro, M. Terentius 95 Anabasis 20, 41 virtue, Roman ideals of 2–3, 181, 202 Xiphilinos, John 36 civilian 213–15 equated with masculinity 17–18, 204 Zanetti, Antonio 8 linked to military defeat 97 Zompos, battle of (1074) 50, 55–56, 58, 91, military 89–95, 103, 121–22, 128–29, 138, 199, 132–34 202, 211–13, 215 Zonaras, John 6, 17–20, 23–24, 29, 37, 45, 140, vocabulary of 89–91, 211–15 157, 179, 200