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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00945-5 - Heroes and Romans in Twelfth-Century Byzantium: The Material for History of Nikephoros Bryennios Leonora Neville Index More information Index Note: Emperors are indexed under their first name and regnal number; other Byzantine personalities are indexed by family name. Abbasid Caliphate, dissolution of 65–66 ambiguity of Nikephoros’s presentation 2, Achilles, as archetype of bravery 189 25–28, 159–70, 204 adoption, role in Roman society/politics 107–08 campaign against Bryennios (the elder) 15, adversity, character shown by responses to 25–26, 72–73, 100–02, 115–16, 125, 166, 90–91, 94–95, 97, 212 186–87 Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus, L. 44, 45, 105, compared with classical models 40, 41, 184–85 106, 107, 184–85 death 19–20, 21–22, 23, 24, 26 Agathias 32–33 defeat of Basilakes 187–88 agency, theories of 195 deviousness 91–92, 99–103, 126–28, 159, 166, Agrippina the Younger, Empress (mother of 169–70, 176, 186, 188–92, 193 Nero) 153 divergence from Roman classical ideals Aimilianos 214 102–03, 170 Alans epithets applied to 159–60, 212, 213–14 designation 85 exploitation of Konstantios’s naivete 168–69 service as mercenaries 70–71 as favoured by Providence 115–16, 117–20, 187 Alexander Severus, Emperor 154 fulsome language undercut by foolishness of Alexander the Great 40–41, 198 behavior 163–65, 170, 185 Alexiad (Anna Komnene) 7, 17, 23, 25, 26, 30, 41, grants of land to supporters 178 57, 68, 182–93 initial description 160–61 authorial presence 194 legitimacy of Imperial claim 6, 75, 77–79 creation of cultural memory 197 marriage 18–19, 20–21, 33–34, 51–52, 78, 109, descriptions of military action 183–84, 185–86 116, 156–57 divergences from/rebuttal of Nikephoros 127, opposition to 16–17 164, 183, 184–89, 190, 191–92, 194 overall negative depiction 169–70, 173–81 invented scenes 187 portrayal in earlier/later books 159–60 modern misreadings 193 presentation in Alexiad 182–93 political context 182–83 relationship with mother 140, 155–58, 170, 174 portayal of Anna Dalassene 140 religious observances 113–14 relationship with/divergences from Hellenism ruthlessness 165–68, 169–70, 176, 179–80 movement 192–93, 195 social policy/reforms 3, 14, 197 reliance on Nikephoros 183–84 strength of rule 14–15 sources 47, 48 suitability for Imperial rule 169, 176, 177 use of Clasical Greek models 188–93 threats/reprisals against rebellious civilians Alexios I Komnenos 15–23, 27, 29, 47–48, 57, 68, 166–68 70, 81–82, 83–84, 110 timing of composition in relation to reign of accession 7, 14, 137 25–26, 160, 173 adoption by Maria of Alania 78–79 veiled nature of critique 175 236 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00945-5 - Heroes and Romans in Twelfth-Century Byzantium: The Material for History of Nikephoros Bryennios Leonora Neville Index More information Index 237 as young man 41–42, 46, 130, 159–64, 184–88 depiction in Alexiad 186, 189 parodic presentation 162–65 description of last stand 128–29, 162, 187 Alp Arslan 91, 97, 151, 211 dissociation from unsuccessful plans 132 Andronikos I Komnenos 179 epithets applied to 211, 212–14 Anemas, Michael 26 heroic characterization 1, 25–26, 27, 41, 56–57, Antioch 121–32, 137–38, 159, 176, 177, 180 Patriarch of 102 Imperial qualities 125, 129 suppression of revolt 167 impression made on enemies 125 Antony (M. Antonius) 69, 106–07 lapses of honor/control 125, 131–32 Appian of Alexandria 37, 45 military abilities 121–22, 125 Arabates (Alan leader) 43, 70, 85 rebellion (1077–78) 15, 67–69, 70, 71, 72, Argyros 214 78, 84, 100–02, 108–09, 122–31, 166, aristocracy 186–87 opposition to Komnenos policies 26 relationship of younger Bryennios to 16 role in structure of Empire 14–15, 104–05 reluctance to rebel 123–25, 135–36, 137 see also families; marriage; women slanders against 122–23 Aristophanes 188 straightforward approach to battle 91–92 Artaxerxes, king of Persia 37 as victim of Providence 115–16, 119–20, Artuq (Turkish leader) 71, 82, 99, 115 180–81 Attaliates, Michael 29, 32–33, 35, 36–37, 45, 76, Bryennios, Nikephoros (the younger, historian) 147, 150 xiv, 29 Augustus, Emperor see Octavian (apparent) attitudes to personal power 23–24, 27, 179, 203 Balkans, Byzantine losses in 63–64 biography 6, 16, 24–25 “barbarians” 81–86 composition of history 24–25 defined by ill-will towards Empire 81, 83 depiction in others’ chronicles 19–20, 21–22 flexibility of definition 86 influence 200 Barys, Michael 135 personality 179–81 Basil II 75–76, 107, 110, 177, 212, 214 planned Imperial coup 16–24, 173, 179–80, Basilakes, Nikephoros 40, 41–42, 97–98, 101–02, 204–05 117–19, 123, 124, 156, 166, 187–88, 211–12 political outlook 6–7, 25–28, 173–81 battle(s), Nikephoros’s treatments of 89–103, reading matter 39–45 183–84, 205 refusal to murder John II 179–80 pitched, distinguished from skirmishing 122 religious outlook 113–20 Beaton, Roderick 34 see also Material for History Belisarius, Flavius 123, 144 Bryennios family, influence in Empire 15 Bessarion, Basilios 8 declining fortunes 178, 203 Bohemond I of Antioch 190 Byzantine culture/society Bongiovanni, Antonio 8 art 195 Borilas (servant) 130–31 decay/rebirth seen as features of 195 Boutoumites, Michael 40 feudalization 3, 104 Brasidas (Spartan general) 40, 43, 85 militaristic shift 2–4, 205–06 bravery, vocabulary of 211–13 military strategy 102–03 Browning, Robert 24 place of Nikephoros in 192 Brubaker, Leslie 143 power structure 104, 109 Bryennios, John 68, 70, 72, 78, 84, 92, 100, 105, relationship with past 4–5, 6, 195–96 108, 119, 126–27 role of family networks 104–05, 111 as chief architect of rebellion 123–24 scholarly understanding 1–2, 3–4, 86–87 Bryennios, Manuel 8 Byzantine Empire see Byzantine culture/society; Bryennios, Nikephoros (the elder, general) xiv, Roman Empire 15, 81, 84, 98, 99, 105, 110, 113, 204 assassination attempt on 123 Caesar, C. Julius 69 blinding 1, 130–31, 178, 187 Caesar, title of 108 bravery in adversity 91 Cassius Dio 5, 36, 37, 45, 107, 197–98 conduct of final battle 125 Cato, M. Porcius 6 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00945-5 - Heroes and Romans in Twelfth-Century Byzantium: The Material for History of Nikephoros Bryennios Leonora Neville Index More information 238 Index characterization (in Nikephoros’s text) 25–28, positive characterization 149 46–57, 159–70, 202 Dallassene, Theodora 77 concern for families 108–09 deception depiction of military virtue 2–3 as contrary to virtus 96 developed via (military) actions 89–90 contrasted with straightforward fighting introductory assessments 89, 211–15 91–92, 97–103 moral patterns 89–92 explicit arguments for 190–91 positive nature 1–3, 47, 63, 89 historical precedents 191 see also adversity; deception; defeat; heroism; presented as desirable 188–92, 193 virtue; women; names of principal range of authorial attitudes 103 characters rewards of 92, 98, 103, 132–33, 203 Charon, Alexios 64, 211, 212 Roman rejection of 94–95, 97, 189–90 Chaskares (Alan leader) 70 see also Alexios I Komnenos Chatatourios 212 defeat, character revealed in face of 90–91, 97, 181 Choirosphaktes (ambassador) 105 Dekte, escape of Komnenos brothers from 70, Choniates, Michael 41 164–66 Choniates, Niketas 6, 17–18, 20–24, 29, 179, 180 “demon,” divine disfavor represented by 119–20 Christianity Demosthenes 40 martyrs, stories of 5, 198 Dio Chrysostom 40 Nikephoros’s (limited) engagement with Diocletian, Emperor 108 112–14, 119–20, 202–03 Diodorus Siculus 73 saints’ lives 202–03 Diogenes, Constantine 77, 106, 107, 214 see also icons; Orthodox Church Diogenes, Nikephoros 26 Chrysoskoulos (Turkish leader) 72, 81, 82, 136 Dionysius of Halicarnassus 5, 6, 41, 44–45, civil war(s) 114–15, 119, 198–99 in ancient Rome 69 Dionysius of Syracuse 143–44 in eleventh-century Empire 13–14, 63, 65–69 divine favor/disfavor see demon; Providence as preferable to rebellion 67–69 Dokeianus, Theodore 83–84 in Turkish history 65–66 Doukaina, Irene (wife of Alexios I) 25, 30–31, Cleon (Athenian leader) 43 51–52, 78, 109, 116, 156–57, 197 Clodia Pulchra (wife of Octavian) 106–07 (alleged) role in Bryennios coup 16–17, 18–24, Constantine VI 154, 179 179 Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos 73 marital relations 18–19, 20–21, 33–34 Constantine X Doukas 49, 146, 147, 150, 156, 168 retirement from public life 24 Constantinople Doukaina, Zoe 78 arming of population 136–37 Doukas, Andronikos (son of John) 47, 50, 51–52, capture by Turks (1204) 20 67, 72, 78, 83, 91, 105–06, 108–09, 110, siege of (1077–78) 70 133–34, 156, 162, 201 see also Nika riots Doukas, Constantine (son of John) 50, 76–77, Cornelia Africana (mother of the Gracchi) 155, 108, 133–34, 156, 211 158 Doukas, Constantine (son of Michael VII) 16, Crispin (Frankish leader) 72, 83, 98 79, 186 Cujaus, Jacques 7 Doukas, John, Caesar 49–59, 67, 71, 78, 82–83, 105–06, 110, 123, 156, 167, 204 Dalassene, Anna 58–59, 77–78, 109, 110, 139–42 antiquarian interests 57–58 accusations/trial for treason 67, 113, 119, bravery in adversity 91, 133–34 151–53 described by Psellos 46–47, 160–61 (alleged) call on husband to take up rule failure ascribed to Providence 115 147–49 heroic characterization 1, 50–51, 52–53, 58–59, ambiguities of character 139–40 121, 132–35, 137–38, 177, 180–81 appeal to Christian values 113, 151–53 loss of sons 105, 108–09, 133–34 epithets applied to 211, 214 loyalty to Empire 134–35 imperial authority 140, 157–58 monastic vows 108 as Imperial mother 153, 154–58 as personal source for Nikephoros 49, 54,
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  • Some Thoughts on the Military Capabilities of Alexios I Komnenos: Battles of Dyrrachion (1081) and Dristra (1087)

    Some Thoughts on the Military Capabilities of Alexios I Komnenos: Battles of Dyrrachion (1081) and Dristra (1087)

    Graeco-Latina Brunensia 24 / 2019 / 2 https://doi.org/10.5817/GLB2019-2-10 Some Thoughts on the Military Capabilities of Alexios I Komnenos: Battles of Dyrrachion (1081) and Dristra (1087) Marek Meško (Masaryk University) ČLÁNKY / ARTICLES Abstract Alexios I Komnenos belongs to the most important emperors of the Byzantine history. Yet, in many respects, this period still remains an underdeveloped field of study. This paper attempts to review one of the aspects of his reign, namely his capabilities as a military commander since he owed much of his success in restoring the fortunes of Byzantium to his strong military back- ground. In order to succeed in the final evaluation, most of the relevant military events during Alexios Komnenos’ life and career in which he took personal part will be briefly reviewed and taken into consideration. Particular cases where Alexios Komnenos was allegedly responsible for a serious military defeat will be discussed in more detail (e.g. battle of Dyrrachion in 1081 and battle of Dristra in 1087) in order to assess whether it was solely Alexios Komnenos’ re- sponsibility, or whether the causes of defeat were not result of his faulty decision-making as a military commander. Keywords Byzantine Empire; Alexios Komnenos; military; battles; medieval warfare 143 Marek Meško Some Thoughts on the Military Capabilities of Alexios I Komnenos: Battles of Dyrrachion (1081) … Introduction The Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos (1081–1118) is a very well-known charac- ter of the Byzantine history. At the same time, he is famous as the emperor who sat on the throne of Byzantium when the crusaders of the first crusade headed east to liber- ate Jerusalem.