Index of Ancient Passages Cited

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-78273-9 - The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, Volume 1: Greece, the Hellenistic World and the Rise of Rome Edited by Philip Sabin, Hans van Wees and Michael Whitby Index More information

INDEX OF ANCIENT PASSAGES CITED

Aelian (1) 2.167–70: 298 Tact. 2.169: 144n164 3.1–3: 214n121 3.94: 267 3.4: 214n121 3.100: 267 11.2–5: 208n95 3.109: 286n44 12: 329 3.109–10: 99n41 14.6: 211n108 Aeschylus 18.3: 221n155 Pers. Aelian (2) 392–5: 233–4 VH 409–20: 233n185 3.26: 86n6 419–21: 236 6.12: 358 Sept. 941–3: 26n11 12.17: 480n72 Agathias Aeneas Tacticus Pref. 4–13: 57 Pref. 2: 173 Alcaeus 1: 375n21 fr. 428a LP: 293n68 2: 375n21 Ammianus Marcellinus 2.2: 177 16.12.37: 210n104 2.5–6: 177 18.8.4–14: 60 2.6: 246 18.9.2: 61 4.8–11: 246n220 19.8.5: 61 5: 375n21 24.7.4: 61 7.1: 172 25.3.21–3: 59 10: 375n21 Anaximenes 10.25–6: 245–6 FGrH 72 F 4: 330 11: 375n21 Andocides 11.3–6: 244 2.11: 256n29 12.2–13.4: 142 Androtion 14: 375n21 FGrH 324 16.5–8: 170 F 44: 283n25 16.15: 153 F 58: 99, 99n40 17: 375n21 Anthologia Palatina 18: 375n21 6.131: 345 18.21: 166 14.73: 287n48 22: 375n21 Antiphanes 26.7: 176 2: 135 28.6: 245 5.20: 181n54 33–4: 179 Apollonius Rhodius 40: 459 Argon. 1.540–4: 40.4: 246 227 40.5: 246 Appian Aeschines B Civ. 2.71: 267, 269 3.11: 491n105 2.115–16: 99n40, 99n41 5.246: 37 2.147–51: 298 5.528: 37

603

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-78273-9 - The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, Volume 1: Greece, the Hellenistic World and the Rise of Rome Edited by Philip Sabin, Hans van Wees and Michael Whitby Index More information

604 index of ancient passages cited

Appian (cont.) Vesp. Hann. 22: 355 656–60: 263n62 Hisp. 1085: 211 13: 385 1117–21: 297n77 32: 460 1118–19: 296n75 81: 385 Aristotle 96: 459 Eth. Eud. 1227a: 162 Ill. 8: 493 Eth. Nic. Italica 8.1: 316 3.8.7–9: 143 Mac. 19: 387 1116b: 500n9, 502n17 Mith. 30: 491n105 1134b: 283n25 Pun. [Oec.] 3: 387 2.1.4–6 (1345b–1346a): 476n60 13: 387 2.1345b: 479, 479n68 16: 453n174 Pol. 18: 389 1255a6–7: 283n27 75: 496 1256b23–6: 255 93: 44 1264a20–3: 274n4 94: 491n105 1264a33–6: 274 120: 389 1264b34–7: 274 Sicelica 1: 319 1266b38–9: 288n53, 289n58 Syr. 1267a14: 289n58 11.35: 412 1267b31–4: 274 22: 446 1268a16–b4: 274 24: 443 1269a34–6: 274n3 27: 443n164 1269a37–b12: 274n4 32: 343 1274a13–15: 296–7 31–5: 420–1 1289b30–2: 295 66: 324n44 1295a23–6: 295 Archilochus 1295b2–4: 295 fr. 5 West: 293n68 1296a20: 295 fr. 21–2 West: 285n37 1297a29–35: 278–9 fr. 92–8 West: 285n37 1297b1–2: 297 fr. 102 West: 285n37 1297b2–13: 278–9, 298 Aristophanes 1297b16–24: 296 Ach. 1297b16–28: 295 65–7: 96 1297b19–20: 205 162–3: 296, 297n77 1303b2: 202 496–555: 67 1304a22–4: 297n77 545: 262 1311b–1312a: 480n72 546–55: 154 1319a20–4: 279n17 1022–6: 172 1321a10–14: 295 1074: 294n69 1327a40–b11: 298 1103–11: 294n69 1327b8–11: 139 Eq. 1329a40–b39: 274 595–610: 266n79 1330a26–9: 274 784–5: 296n75 1331a31–b14: 274n4 815: 257n31 1337b: 502n18 924: 270n102 1338b: 134, 503n21 1070–1: 268n91 1338b25–39: 273n1 1366–8: 296n75 Rh. Lys. 492, 520: 42 1390b–1391a: 505n32 Pax 1395a: 171 603–14: 67 1412a: 171 1172–8: 294n69 fr. 94 Rose: 505 Ran. fr. 498 Rose: 327 1071–6: 296 fr. 576 Rose: 285n41 1074: 233 fr. 597 Rose: 100

index of ancient passages cited 605

[Aristotle] 5.18: 416 Ath. Pol. 5.25.2: 37, 37n41 7.3–8.1: 298 5.28.3: 59 7.26.2: 298 5.85: 361 8.5: 89n16 6.10: 48 15.2: 120 6.22–6: 78 22.7: 254n20 6.27.6: 333 23.5: 103 7.8.3: 37 27.2: 265n71 7.9.6: 463 27.3–4: 276n9 7.11.4: 37 33.2: 277n10 7.15.5–6: 319n32 36.2.:277n10 7.23.3–4: 333 42.3: 500 7.24.4: 333 43.1: 271n103 14–15: 414 49.1: 266n74 15–16: 423 61.2: 131n109 Tact. Arrian 11.1–2: 218 Anab. 11.1–4: 208n95 1.6.8: 454 12.3–4: 211n108 1.7.10: 457 12.4: 206 1.13–14: 406 12.10: 211n108 1.13–16: 62 16.3: 331 1.14: 403 16.6: 331 1.14.7: 63 16.6–9: 221n155 1.15.5–8: 329 16.13: 210n107, 211 1.15–16: 407, 423, 432 Asclepiodotus 1.16: 409, 415, 424 Tact. 1.16.1: 329 1.2: 339 1.16.5: 461–462n3 1.3: 345 1.17: 416 1.4: 192n26 1.18.1.: 331 3.5–6: 207 1.83ff.: 370 3.6: 207n86 2.6–11: 64 4: 426 2.10: 403 4.1–3: 208n95 2.11: 432 5.1: 337 2.18–24: 450 5.2: 211n108 2.19: 443 7: 422 2.21.1: 454 7.3: 221n155 2.21.8: 444 Asconius 2.22.3–5: 445 Com. 68c: 489n103 2.22.5: 440 Athenaeus 2.27.2: 448 5.196a–203e: 471n35 3.10.2: 189n14 5.209b: 478n66 3.10–11: 406 13.561f.: 144n165 3.11: 431 13.602a: 144n165 3.14: 418, 432 521d: 286n46 3.15: 408 781d: 204 3.16: 416 Augustine of Hippo 3.16.11: 333 De civ. D. 4.4: 249 3.18.5.:331 4.2–3: 450 Caesar 4.4.6: 329 B Afr. 4.19.5: 480n72 24: 491n105 4.24.8–9: 376 48: 356n123 4.28–30: 448–9 55: 356n123 5.14–18: 417 59: 356n123 5.15: 419 B Alex. 5.17–18: 420n80 1: 491n105

606 index of ancient passages cited

Caesar (cont.) De Viris Illustribus 9: 491n105 37.5: 478n66 34: 356n123 Demosthenes 39–40: 356 1.19: 271n103 49: 491n105 1.19–20: 271n111 51: 491n105 2.24: 271n110 B Civ. 2.27: 271n110 2.66: 491n105 2.28: 269 3.5: 491n105 2.31: 271n110 3.43: 491n105 3.10–13: 271n111 3.88–95: 62 3.20: 271n110 3.92: 209 3.31: 271n111 B Gall. 4.7: 271n110 1.16: 491n105 4.16–29: 258–9 2.16–28: 62 4.21: 141–2 4.33: 417 4.24: 267n81 5.38–40: 62 4.27: 142n153 6.4.4–5: 491n105 4.28: 266n74 7.68–89: 77 4.34: 361 7.72–4: 77 4.43–6: 142 Callixinus 5.25: 125 ap. Ath. 5.196a–203e: 471n35 [7.14–15]: 269n98 Cassiodorus 7.47.4: 178 Chron. 2.130: 494n113 8.9: 269–70 Cassius Dio 8.11: 146n170 56.20–2: 76 8.20.77: 269n96 fr. 41: 319 8.21: 268 Certamen Homeri et Hesiodi 8.21–3: 271 13: 299n83 8.21–9: 269n96 Cicero 8.24–5: 269–70 Att. 6.1.14: 356n123 8.26: 268 Fam. 5.12.5: 57 8.28: 269–70 Font. 13: 491n105 9.47–52: 146, Leg. 2.60: 514n75 191 Leg. Man. 6: 486n90 9.56–66: 463 Mur. 19–30: 486n90 9.58: 463 Off. 10.31: 267 1.38: 486n90 10.34: 269n97 1.74–8: 486n90 11.5–6: 267 1.121: 486n90 [12.3]: 269n96 Rep. 5.7.9: 486n90 15.17: 288n53 Verr. 2.3.15: 478n66 17.28: 256n29 ap. Strabo 17.1.13: 471n34 18.195: 161 Critias 18.230: 161 DK 88 F 34: 151 18.234: 267–8 Curtius Rufus, Q. 18.235: 146n170 3.1.19–20: 361 19.7–8: 96 3.11.27: 416 19.84: 257–8, 258n38 3.26ff.: 370 19.126: 96 4.4.17: 396n53, 460 19.131: 96 4.6.29: 59 19.291: 271n111 4.13.3–9: 189n14 20.77: 261n53, 5.2.3: 333 283n29 7.3: 78 21.103: 35n36 8.2.1–3: 376 21.167: 270n99 8.12.16: 464n11 22.8: 125 10.2.24: 463 22.42–5: 271n110

index of ancient passages cited 607

22.44–5: 271n110 13.42.2–3: 269n94 22.50: 271 13.44.3: 172 22.53: 271 13.47.6–7: 272 22.55: 131n110 13.56: 246n219 23.139: 142 13.64.4: 272 23.148: 127n78 13.69.5: 269n94 24.11–14: 255–6, 13.78.1: 230n180 269 13.88.5: 376 24.167: 131n110 13.88.7: 376 [42.25]: 271 13.100–2: 176 [49.12]: 271n103 13.104.8: 244 [49.16]: 271n103 13.106.8: 283n29 [49.49]: 268n87 14.16.5: 489n99 50: 71 14.17.4–6: 287n50 50.6: 150 14.18.1: 287n50 [50.8]: 271, 271n103 14.41.1–6: 256n30 [50.8–9]: 271 14.41.3: 358 [50.10]: 271n103 14.42.1: 451 [50.15]: 271 14.42.2: 358 [50.17–21]: 270n99 14.44.7: 358 [50.22]: 162 14.79.2: 153 50.51: 131n109 14.84.5: 267n80 [50.53]: 268n87 14.94.4: 176 [50.59–61]: 271 14.102.2: 283n25 [51.13–14]: 254 14.111.4: 283n25 [53.6–11]: 181n54 15.14.4: 283n30 54.3–4: 78 15.28.3–4: 103 [58.53–6]: 269 15.32.5: 120 [59.4]: 271n103 15.34.3–35.2: 269n96 [59.4–6]: 271n111 15.44: 326 Exordia 41.2: 271 15.44.2–4: 221n149 Philippic 3.49–50: 447 15.44.3: 150n10 Dinarchus 15.46.4–6: 167 1.69: 271 15.47.7: 269n96 Diodorus Siculus 15.48.4: 158n22 3.54.5: 378n32 15.81.2: 145n167 8.27.2: 173–4 15.82–7: 223n166 10.108.5–7: 388 15.85.1: 204 11.4.2: 278n13 15.85.4–5: 133 11.4.5: 278n13 15.87.2: 212n111 11.18.6–19.3: 233n185 15.93.4: 175 11.20.2: 378n32 15.95.3: 269n96 11.33: 183 16.3.1: 392n48 11.39–40: 257n31 16.3.1–2: 329n7 11.47.1–2: 284n34 16.3.4: 463 11.49.1–2: 285n35 16.4.3: 325 11.65.2–5: 153 16.8.2: 451 11.76.2: 144n164 16.8.2–3: 450 11.78.4: 261 16.8.6: 462n5 12.9.1–10.1: 286n46 16.22.1–2: 267n81 12.10–11.: 285n38 16.24.2: 328n5 12.26: 238n197 16.24.3–25.2: 283n30 12.28: 265n68 16.25.1: 328n5 12.75.7: 145 16.25.2: 173 12.79.6–7: 145 16.34: 269n96 12.80.2–3: 145 16.34.5: 448 13.40.6: 269n94 16.44.6: 358

608 index of ancient passages cited

Diodorus Siculus (cont.) 19.15.6: 387 16.53.2: 463 19.18.1: 393 16.57.2: 283n30 19.25: 481n76 16.57.2–3: 269n96 19.25.2: 386 16.67.1–2: 378 19.26: 481n76 16.69.1: 317 19.26.9–27.1: 501 16.74: 450 19.27–8: 464 16.74.4: 452 19.30: 420 16.75.2: 452 19.30.5–6: 501n14 16.77.4: 378n32 19.31: 414, 423 16.79.1: 378 19.36.1: 388 16.80.4: 344 19.37.3: 389 16.85.6: 329 19.37.4: 390 17.3–5: 325 19.37.5: 392 17.11.2: 459 19.41.1: 461n3 17.14.3: 460 19.42: 408, 421 17.17.3: 379n33 19.42–3: 414 17.17.4: 331 19.43: 412 17.19–21: 62 19.43.8–9: 372 17.22ff.: 370 19.46.6: 464, 468 17.32.2: 390 19.48.7–8: 464, 468 17.36: 416 19.56.4–5: 468 17.46.3: 396n53 19.56.5: 464 17.46.4: 459–60 19.57.5: 469n23 17.52: 471n34 19.58.1–6: 469n25 17.53: 423 19.58.2: 386 17.61: 416 19.61.5: 469n23 17.68.2: 390 19.62: 358 17.80.3: 464n10 19.62.8: 466 17.85: 376 19.63.2: 396 17.89: 416 19.68.5–7: 391 17.111.4: 508n46 19.69.1–2: 391 18.4.5: 361 19.77.5–6: 370 18.10.1–3: 362 19.80.2: 392 18.10.2: 29n25, 362n139 19.80.5: 370 18.14.1: 464, 481n76 19.82: 415 18.25.1: 389 19.83–4: 421 18.28.5–6: 481n76 19.85: 415 18.30–2: 432 19.85.4: 334n28 18.31: 48, 409, 423 19.88.1–89.1: 370 18.33.5–6: 393 19.93.2: 393 18.33–6: 481n76 19.94.1ff.: 371 18.40.2–4: 372 19.96.4: 381 18.40.5–8: 376 19.101.1: 508n46 18.44.1–5: 392 19.105.1–4: 479 18.50: 481n76 19.109.1–2: 500n9 18.50.2: 461n3, 468 20.2.3: 371 18.50.3: 379, 476n61 20.3.4: 386 18.50.5: 461n3 20.9.1: 461n2 18.53: 481n76 20.12: 417 18.54.4: 461n3 20.29.1: 385 18.61–2: 481n76 20.37.4: 461n3 18.69.3–4: 376n25 20.41.1: 386 18.72.2–5: 393 20.42.1: 386 18.75.1: 372 20.47.1–4: 379 19.4.3–7: 376n24 20.48: 441n159 19.10.2–3: 376 20.49.4: 441 19.15: 34n32 20.49–50: 358

index of ancient passages cited 609

20.49–52.6: 468n18 Euripides 20.51.2: 441 Andr. 693ff.: 33n31 20.52.6: 440 HF 20.57.2–3: 377 190: 206n80 20.63.4: 502n18 190–2: 206n79 20.64.3: 376–7 Phoen. 20.65.1: 396 710–53: 168 20.73.1ff.: 388 1093–8: 219 20.73.2: 379 1377: 204n74 20.73.3: 389 fr. 232: 505 20.73.3–74.5: 382 20.79.2: 480 Frontinus 20.81.2–3: 375 1.1–2: 406n30 20.81–100: 465 1.3.3: 377n30 20.82.1–2: 469n25 1.10: 406n30 20.82.4: 383 2.3.17: 356, 356n122 20.84.6: 396 2.6.6: 217n130 20.85–8: 360 2.9.2: 397n54 20.85–90: 453 3.12.2–3: 144n161 20.88.9: 387 3.16: 375n21 20.89.5: 396 4.1.6: 80n89, 162, 329n7, 381, 392n48 20.94–100.2: 482n80 4.1.14: 404n18 20.96.1–3: 387 4.1.24: 489n102 20.97.2: 383 4.2.4: 379n33 20.97.4ff.: 393 4.7.10–11: 441n160 20.100.6: 466 4.7.29: 351 20.101.5: 488 4.7.31: 491n105 20.107.3–5: 468n19 20.113.3: 481n75 Gellius 21.4.1: 452, 456 NA 21.8.1: 452 2.2.13: 36n41 21.13: 468 2.22.28: 491n105 22.13.7: 366 10.6: 365n147 24.11.2: 367 26.1.1: 502n18 Hellenica Oxyrhynchia 26.8: 478n66 13.1: 287n50 26.18: 465n16 18.3: 285n40 29.6.1: 501, A1, 1–27 Chambers: 254 509n49 A1, 28–30 Chambers: 267n80 30.8: 515n81 D16, 5537–44 Chambers: 267 31.2: 324n44 Heraclides Ponticus 31.6: 514 fr. 3 Muller: 96n28 31.8.5: 494n113 Herodotus 31.8.9: 494n113 1.18: 99 33.4a: 480n73 1.22.4: 86n6 33.10: 439 1.27.5: 86n6 34/35.25.1: 489n103 1.66: 64, 289n60 103: 376n24 # 1.67–8: 64 Dionysius of Halicarnassus 1.69.3: 86n6 20.1.2–4: 338n47 1.82: 64, 90, 286n42 20.12: 421 1.82.5: 212n111 Thuc. 17: 59n16 1.136: 126 1.136.1: 218n135 Ephorus 1.136.2–3: 255 FGrH 70 F 186: 188n6 1.142: 98n34 Eupolis 1.143–4: 98 fr. 103.4–6: 505 1.144: 98n35 fr. 394 KA: 294n69 1.144.2: 98

610 index of ancient passages cited

Herodotus (cont.) 6.106: 66 1.147.2: 98 6.106.3: 156n18 1.149: 98n35 6.111.1: 206n82 1.153.1–2: 191n20 6.115–16: 245n215 1.170: 99n38 6.120.1: 161 2.154: 474n48 6.121–4: 60n60 2.167: 503n23 6.125: 86n6, 282n24 3.19: 263n61 6.132: 283n26 3.47: 180 6.132.1–2: 255 3.49: 288n52 6.132–3: 255 3.54–6: 180 6.137–40: 289n55 3.57–8: 259 7.5: 89 3.58: 283n26 7.9b.1: 147n1, 202 3.131–7: 86 7.9b.1–2: 190 4.120–42: 422n88 7.102–4: 215n124 4.148: 284n33 7.111.3: 218n135 4.159: 285n38 7.133–6: 95 4.162: 43 7.144.1: 100n44 5.23.2: 256 7.144.1–2: 254n20 5.33: 36 7.148–9: 287n49 5.36.2–4: 259n43 7.148.2: 64 5.49: 285 7.156: 285n35 5.49.3–4: 191n20 7.157–62: 287n49 5.52–4: 161 7.158.4: 188n6 5.72.3: 91n23 7.170: 52–3 5.74–5: 103 7.173: 65 5.77.3: 283n25 7.176: 288n52 5.80.1: 107 7.179: 162 5.81: 289n60 7.181: 65 5.81–9: 288n52 7.184.1–2: 148, 231n181 5.90–3: 103n53 7.206: 66, 155 5.95.2: 97 7.209: 70, 215n124 5.97.3: 46 7.215: 288n52 5.121: 219 7.234: 70, 215n124 6.5: 229 8.26: 289n55 6.11–12: 136n131 8.27: 168 6.12–15: 227 8.29: 283n26 6.13: 70 8.29–30: 288n52 6.14: 70 8.40: 65 6.14.2: 260n48 8.60: 65 6.15: 148 8.66.2: 261n50 6.15.1: 231n181 8.78: 211 6.17: 229 8.86–9: 233n185 6.17: 250 8.111–12: 259, 283n26 6.26.1: 229 8.121–2: 183 6.34–6: 255n22 9.7: 66 6.37.1: 255n22 9.10–11: 278n13 6.41.1–2: 255n23 9.11.2: 90 6.46.3–47.2: 285n37 9.11.3: 278n15 6.46–7: 256n30 9.15: 163 6.60: 165 9.19–51: 162 6.75: 64 9.20–4: 422 6.77–8: 64 9.22.1: 136 6.79: 64 9.26–7: 287n49 6.79.1: 283n25 9.28.6: 277n13 6.89: 254n20 9.33–5: 158 6.101: 178 9.55: 33

index of ancient passages cited 611

9.60: 66 23.111–28: 283, 9.60.3: 136, 204 288n54 9.65: 163 Od. 9.70: 163 6.91–2: 281 9.72: 66 6.270–2: 87 9.85: 175 6.272–88: 91 9.85.2: 175 9.112–15: 87 9.87: 283n26 9.125–9: 87 9.119–21: 261n52 17.424–33: 250 Hesiod 22.54–64: 288n54 Op. Horace 25–6: 281 Carm. 3.16.13–14: 375 225–47: 299n83 Homer Isaeus Il. 11.48: 254 1.113–15: 42 Isidore of Seville 2.198–9: 130n53 Etym. 9.3.43: 353 2.198–202: 278, 297 Isocrates 2.229–38: 278, 297n14 4.87: 161 2.265–77: 130n101 4.90: 278n13 2.362: 194 4.92: 278n13 2.363: 29 4.97: 233 2.391–3: 130n101 4.131: 274 2.719: 121n40 4.142: 267 3.74–461: 203n65 4.146: 142n156 4.240–50: 130n101 5.120–3: 142n155 4.526–49: 194n38 6.99–100: 278n13 5.428–30: 43 7.9: 142, 266 5.891–2: 49 7.10: 185 6.45–65: 288n54 7.82–3: 142 6.208: 88, 282n22 8.29: 268n88 6.492: 42 8.36: 268n88 7.55–311: 203n65 8.44: 498 8.60–5;: 194n38 8.44–7: 142 8.266: 121n40 12.159: 267 9.80–8: 165 15.111: 265n68, 269n96 9.645–8: 288n54 15.123: 268n88 10.180–9: 165 Ep. 3.5: 274 10.418–22: 165 11.67–72: 194n38 Jerome 11.385: 40, 121n40 Dan. 11.6–9: 371 11.670–761: 251n17 Dan. 11.9: 482 11.784: 282n22 John of Ephesus 12.265–72: 278 Hist. eccl. 6.8–9: 58 12.409–12: 278 Josephus 13.125–34: 194n38 AJ 13.636ff.: 48–9 11.317–19: 458 13.713: 121n40 12.9–10: 376 13.800–1: 194n38 13.166–70: 380 15.561–4: 194 246–7: 376 16.212–17: 194n38 Ps.–Joshua Stylites 17.357–9: 194 54: 80 18.498–501: 288n54 77: 80 18.509–13: 283 Justin Martyr 20.353–7: 278 Apol. 11.6.2: 379n33 21.99–105: 288n54 Justinian 21.606–11: 176 Digest 47.22.4: 260–1

612 index of ancient passages cited

Justinus 23.48–9: 489n104 Epit. 24.2.8–9: 376n24 7.6.14: 448 24.11: 365 12.1.3: 464n10 24.18.6: 353 32.4.6–7: 441n160 24.21.7: 480 24.32.4: 459 Livy 24.33.9–34.16: 465n16 1.23: 316n24 24.34: 453 1.56–7: 316 24.34.3: 394 2.1–4.8: 376n26 24.34.3–7: 376n22 3.32: 316 24.34.5: 351, 453n174 4.58–60: 489n100 24.34.9: 454 5.15: 316 24.36.1: 375–6 5.25: 316 24.46.4: 393 5.28: 316 24.47.4–11: 376n22 5.37–9: 431 24.47.11: 508n49 6.1: 313 24.49.8: 508n49 6.11.1–20.16: 71 25.3.2: 385 7.20: 318 25.3.8–5.1: 489 7.22: 318 25.8.1–11.20: 376n26 7.27: 317 25.16–17: 70–1 8.8: 65, 428 25.25.11–13: 441 8.8.6: 513n70 25.26–7: 459 8.8.8: 514n71 25.28.8: 478n66 8.9: 432 25.29.7: 478n66 8.11.16: 330 25.30: 449, 457 9.44.5–15: 488n95 25.39.1: 356 9.45.1–4: 488n95 26.4: 351, 424n101 9.45.5–9: 316n24 26.4.9: 351 10.12.1–3: 316n24 26.5–6: 456 10.27.8–29.20: 373n16 26.7–8: 457–8 10.28: 417, 421 26.10.5: 508n49 10.28–9: 432 26.26.3: 453n174 10.29: 414–15, 415n64 26.30.1: 478n66 16.2–3: 376n26 26.32.4: 478n66 21.48.8–10: 383 26.35–6: 366 21.54: 431n140 26.39: 364 21.55.11: 351 26.39.15–17: 507 21.56: 411 26.44.6: 449 22.3.11–13: 71 26.44.10: 453n174 22.12.1–2: 512n63 26.44–6: 449 22.12.2ff.: 377n30 26.47.1–2: 366n26 22.37.10: 478n66 26.47.5–6: 453 22.46: 408n38 26.47.5–10: 387–8 22.46.4: 355n121 26.48: 449 22.49–52: 415 27.5.17–18: 376n22 22.57.11–61.2: 508–510n56 27.8.15: 508n49 22.59.1: 510 27.11.14: 353 22.60.14: 510 27.14.5: 453n174 23.5.5: 330 27.18: 403 23.21.5: 478n66 27.18–19: 415n64 23.29: 411, 431 27.19.1: 373n17 23.29.5: 344 27.32.4–6: 507n42 23.30.9: 376n26 27.33.9–11: 514 23.46.6–7: 508n49 27.38.11: 508n49 23.48.1–2: 385 27.43–9: 407 23.48.4–49.4: 489 27.44ff.: 393

index of ancient passages cited 613

27.48: 403n17, 411, 431n140 37.40.13: 343n72 27.49: 414, 421n84 37.40.14: 339 27.51: 397n55 37.41–2: 418, 431n139 28.1.6–7: 391 37.43: 408n42, 414n42 28.2: 426 37.44: 416 28.15: 414, 432 38.19–27: 425n109 28.19: 408 38.21.12: 351 28.20.1: 508n49 39.24.4: 354 28.33: 427–8 42.11.6: 354 29.18.6: 394 42.27.8: 387n42 30.3–6: 403n16 42.29.7–8: 387n42 30.4.10: 453n174 42.47.4–9: 191n23 30.8: 431n37 42.48.9–10: 383 30.10.8–21: 443 42.55.5: 383 30.33–4: 431 43.6.1–9: 491n105 31.1.8–10: 515n81 44.7.10–12: 385 31.6.1–8.1: 511n60 44.16.2: 493 31.8.3: 319n31 44.18.2–4: 391 31.23.4: 457 44.22.8: 374n18 31.24.11–17: 507n42 44.41: 420, 426n116, 430n136 31.34: 430 44.42: 415n64, 416 31.35: 424 44.42.1–2: 461n64 31.35.3: 351 45.12.3–8: 324n44 31.35.5: 513–14 45.18.1–7: 494n113 32.15.5–7: 385 45.18.7: 494n113 32.16: 450 45.19–20.3: 494n113 32.16.5: 457 45.26.1–2: 494n113 32.17: 426n116 45.26.11–15: 494n113 33.6: 390n47 45.29.12–13: 494n113 33.8: 400 45.33.3–4: 494n113 33.8–9: 426n116 45.35: 358–9 33.9: 408n42, 420 45.40.1: 491n106 33.9.12: 71 Per. 14: 319 33.10.7–10: 71 Pref. 1.2: 57 33.30.5: 358 Lucian 33.32.5: 322 Dial. Mort. 33.42.8: 387 12(14).2: 328n5 34.6.9–10: 491n105 12.3: 189n14 34.9.8–11: 489n99 25.6: 189n14 34.11–12: 491n105 Hist. conscr. 15: 58n11 34.16.7–10: 491n105 Lucilius 34.21.7: 491n105 7.290: 350–1 34.46.2–3: 491n105 Lysias 35.4: 390 2.35–9: 233 35.7.7: 389 2.38: 234 35.18.1: 481n76 13: 126 36.2–3: 364n145 13.65: 35n37, 131n111 36.18: 426n116 14.7: 132n114 37.8.3: 446 15.1–4: 132n114 37.10–11: 447 16.6–7: 266n74 37.11: 443 16.14: 258n38 37.22–3: 363 16.15: 207 37.23.5: 446 19.23: 282 37.23–4: 435 19.50: 270 37.24.6: 446 20.13: 276n9 37.32: 397 21.3: 270n102 37.39.9: 343 28.2: 269n95

614 index of ancient passages cited

Lysias (cont.) Pausanias 28.5ff.: 269n95 1.8.1: 468n19 29.9: 271n110 1.15.1–4: 69 33.5: 267n80 1.32.3: 139, 175 fr. 6 Bude:´ 266n49 2.20.8–10: 43 fr. 39 Thalheim: 259 3.8.3: 287n50 3.8.4: 93n25 Maccabees 3.9.3–10: 287n50 1.10.29–30: 476n60 4.4.1–5.5: 289n55 1.10.42: 476n60 4.4–5: 90 2.3.4ff.: 376 4.5.2: 97 2.13.2: 348 5.8.10: 196 Malalas 5.10.2–4: 101 18.60: 56 5.16.5: 96 463.4–465.3: 56 5.23.3: 176 Malchus 6.2.4: 185 fr. 20.226–56: 78n86 6.19.6: 255n22 Marcellinus Comes 7.10.1: 178 Chron. sub. an. 499: 78n86 7.11.1: 286n42 Maurice 7.15.7: 139n139 Strat. 2.6.5–11 Dennis: 210n107 7.16.9: 494n113 Mimnermus 7.25.5–6: 176n48 fr. 14 West: 192 8.27.1: 285n36 Mnesimachus 8.50.1: 343n67 Philip F7: 451n170 10.1.6: 181n55 Moschus 10.9.6: 286n42 ap. Ath. 5.209b: 478n66 10.9.7: 158 10.19–23: 425n109 Nepos 10.20.2: 139n139, 277n13 11.1–2: 339 121.15: 55 19.3.2: 376n25 Philo of Byzantium Hann. 5.96.15–19: 152 10.4–11.6: 441n160 Bel. 10.5–11.4: 447 57: 442n161 Iph. 73: 452–3 1.3–4: 221n149 Philochorus 2.2: 208n94 FGrH 328 F Milt. 5.5: 218n135 56a: 271n111 Tim. 1: 265n68 162: 270n99 Nicolaus of Damascus 216: 165 FGrH 90 F63: 86n6 Pindar Isthm. 2.32: 192n25 Old Oligarch Pyth. see [ Xenophon] 2.1: 202n62 Onasander 8.38: 29 10: 406n30 9: 51 10.2–3: 207 Ol. 6.19: 158 14: 406n30 fr. 110: 27n20 22: 406n28 Plato 22.1–3: 219 [Alc.]I123a: 284n32 29–30: 407 Lach. 32.9–10: 217n134 181a: 211–12 36.1: 212 182e–184c: 501n11 36.1–2: 175 Leg. Orosius 630b: 142n156 4.7.12: 364n144 706b–c: 214n120 4.8.4: 441 706c–d: 503–4

index of ancient passages cited 615

707c: 297n77 16.2: 33 794c: 124n59 16.4: 63 834a: 124n59 16.11: 944d–e: 293 18ff.: 370 14626a: 27 31.10–14: 189n14 Phd. 66c: 289 46: 480n72 Prot. 354b: 288n53 51.10: 33n32 Resp. 59.5: 464n11 372d–373e: 289 Arat. 373a: 280 4–8: 457 373d–e: 280 16.1: 341 374b–d: 502n17 Arist. 404c: 151 5.4: 80 470–71: 304 14: 144n162 556c–d: 279, 296 22.1: 297n77 556d: 505 23.2: 132n115 556d–e: 505 24: 284–285n34 Symp. Cam. 8.3–8: 316 219e: 164, 244 Cat. Mai. 220: 78 1: 510 220a–b: 244 10.2: 491n105 220c: 165 Cim. 5.2–3: 504 Plautus Cleom. Amph. 648–53: 509n51 11.2: 338 Pseud. 581: 514n75 23.1: 338–9 Pliny the Elder 28: 412n56 HN Crass. 23–31: 422n88 1.12–13: 52 De Alex. fort. 1.3.327d: 379n33 3.57: 319n32 Dem. 7.207: 358 16.2–3: 468n18 12.56: 469n25 17.4: 258n41 13.73: 469n25 28: 379 33.9: 512 32.1: 469 35.7: 509 49–50: 481n76 Plutarch Demetr. Aem. 11: 374n18 9.3–4: 480n72 19.3: 461n2 15.3: 461n3 19.23: 461n2 43–4: 362 19.33: 461n2 44.5: 506n39 20: 426n116 48.2: 348 28.2–3: 494n113 Dion. 30.5: 203n69 32: 491n106 Eum. Ages. 9.2: 376n23 18.2–3: 209n100 12.1: 461n3 18.4: 217n130 13.5: 34n33 26.2: 274n4 15.3: 34n33 26.4–5: 279n18, Luc. 503n23 7.4: 356 27: 287n50 26.6: 356 Alc. Lyc. 16.1: 131n107 6: 37n44 16.4: 247 12.2: 291n62 30.3: 269n94 22.1–2: 273 35.4: 269n94 22.2–3: 204 Alex. 22.5: 212n111 15.2: 379n33, 463n9 23.1: 347 15.3–4: 330 24.2: 503n23

616 index of ancient passages cited

Plutarch (cont.) 13.3–6: 502n16 Marc. 14.5: 501n15 2.1–2: 510 Phoc. 7: 409 7.1–2: 268n87 8.6: 316 7.3: 507n45 14.3: 465n16 13.2: 144n164 15.1–17.3: 465n16 33.1–5: 376n25 21.2: 202n62 Pyrrh. 29: 409 7.4–5: 507n43 Mor. 8.1: 506n37 178a: 80n87, 162 9: 461n2 182a: 469n24 13.1: 507n41 183d: 461n2 14.2–8: 507n41 187a: 164 16: 404n18, 408n37, 423n95 193e: 202n62 16.2: 507n45 193e17: 171 16.8–17.2: 509 214a: 279n18 16–17: 409n43 220a: 206n80 17: 414, 432n141 228f.: 212n111 19.5: 515n76 241f.: 206n80 21: 414, 426n61 244: 181n55 21.10: 515n76 245: 43 22.1: 507n41 290d: 185 22.6: 507n42 296ab: 285n41 24.2–3: 507n43 298a–b: 97 25: 403n16, 431n139 761b: 144n165 34: 459 788a: 134n122 34.1–2: 507n42 Nic. 34.2: 394 6.5: 175 Sert. 1.3: 176 6.5–6: 212n111, 212n113 Sol. 8.1: 90 14.5: 148 Sull. Num. 16.7: 339, 356n122 1.2: 313n19 18: 418 12.3–7: 316n24 19: 408n42 Pel. Them. 2.1: 127n81 4.3: 214n120 17.2–4: 223n165 15.2: 233n185 17.4: 217n131 19: 257n31 18.5–6: 216 19.4: 297n77 18–19: 144n165 24.1: 97n30 23.3: 215n124 Tim. 23.4: 145n167 25.1: 348 32.2–7: 223n165 27: 403, 417n15 Per. 27.2: 348 11.4: 228 27–9: 344 23.4: 286n46 29.1: 183n58 24–8: 238n197 Polyaenus 25: 106n61 Strat. 31–2: 67 1.16.3: 212n111 Phil. 1.17: 173–4 3.2–4: 507 1.43.2: 144n163 7.4: 500n10 2.1.19: 217n130 7.6–7: 507n44 2.1.21: 171 9.1: 341 2.3.11: 164 9.1–3: 504 2.3.15: 218n139 9.2: 343n67 2.10.4: 170 13.3: 507n41 2.25: 166

index of ancient passages cited 617

2.29.2: 329 1.63–4: 364 2.30.3: 164 1.64.6: 514 2.32: 212n111 2.4.8: 46 2.38: 419 2.8.8: 255n26 3.9: 221n150 2.11.17: 493n112 3.9.17: 164 2.12: 319 3.9.19: 164 2.19.6–7: 373n16 3.9.55: 269n96 2.20.9: 501n14 3.10.7: 159 2.24: 364 3.10.9: 269n96 2.27–31: 413 4.2.10: 329n7, 392n48 2.29–30: 425n109 4.3.22: 419n72 2.38.2–3: 508n46 4.6.16: 469n25 2.65: 403n17 4.7.7: 358 2.65.1–69.11: 370–1 4.9.4: 468n19 2.65.3: 343n66 6.4.3: 343n67 2.69: 412n56 8.65: 181n55 3.6–33: 321 Polybius 3.22: 317 1.2.2–4: 488 3.25.4: 380 1.2.6: 508n46 3.26: 317 1.6.1: 485n87 3.29: 321 1.6.5: 515n80 3.35.8: 501n14 1.6.6: 501n14 3.65: 424n101 1.7.9: 515n81 3.71–2: 425n106 1.16.10: 478n66 3.75.7: 339 1.16–17: 386 3.79: 78 1.18: 491n105 3.80.4: 514n73 1.18.3: 458 3.83.5–7: 71 1.18.7: 458 3.83–4: 403n15 1.18.9–11: 458 3.84: 413, 431n138 1.20.15: 359–60 3.85: 415 1.21: 359 3.87.3: 355n121 1.21.4: 437 3.89.2–90.6: 377n30 1.21.9–11: 438 3.89.3: 514n73 1.22: 438 3.89.5: 501n14 1.23: 439 3.90.6: 514n73 1.25.6: 489n102 3.93.1: 390 1.26: 364 3.94.8: 514n73 1.26.10: 439 3.95.6: 445 1.27.10: 439 3.96.1: 445 1.32–4: 415 3.100–5: 406n32 1.34: 415, 420 3.103.3–4: 514n73 1.37: 364 3.107.10–11: 352 1.37.2: 395 3.108.1–2: 374 1.37.2–3: 440 3.110–13: 406n32 1.37.4: 440 3.114: 433n145 1.37.7: 516n84 3.114.1: 355n121 1.40.1: 489n102 3.114.4: 355 1.42–8: 450 3.115: 409, 412n56 1.46.4–13: 456 3.115.3: 513n68 1.49: 364 3.116: 413, 423, 424n104 1.49.1–2: 365 3.117: 415, 429n130 1.49–51: 444n166 3.118.7–9: 515 1.51.4–6: 444 4.22.1: 370–1 1.52.8: 387 4.48.7–8: 480–1 1.59.1–2: 490n104 4.61–3: 450 1.60.3: 366–7 4.67.6: 331, 345n78

618 index of ancient passages cited

Polybius (cont.) 6.52.7: 515 4.68.3: 343 6.52.10: 501n77, 508n46 4.69.4–5: 343n66 6.53–4: 70 4.70–2: 450 6.54.4: 509 4.71: 453 6.58: 510 4.73.5–74.2: 311 7.8.6: 478n66 5.1–2: 363n141 7.15: 461n2 5.2.5: 504 8.3–7.10: 465n16 5.4.6: 453 8.5.6: 454 5.6: 461n2 8.7.5: 37 5.34.4–10: 461n2 9.12–16: 402 5.40.57: 480n74 9.20.9: 501n15 5.44.7: 508n46 9.41: 461n2 5.53.8: 504n27 10.6.4: 392 5.57.6–8: 480n73 10.12.2: 344n77, 453n174 5.64.1: 504 10.15.4ff.: 397n54 5.64–5: 334 10.15–16: 36n40 5.65: 474 10.17: 366 5.65.2: 339 10.23.1–9: 501n12 5.65.10: 474n50 10.23.4: 343 5.67: 305 10.28–30: 461n2 5.69: 461n2 10.29.6: 504n27 5.71: 461n2 10.32.7–33.6: 507 5.79: 464, 474 10.39: 431n138 5.79.1–13: 379 10.39.9: 373n17 5.80.1: 392 10.40: 415n64 5.84: 461n2 10.49: 507n42 5.84–5: 420 11.1: 420n80 5.85: 411 11.2: 409 5.86: 415, 415n64 11.3: 414 5.87.3: 461n2 11.8.1–3: 372 5.88.5–8: 478n66 11.12: 419 5.88–9: 453n173 11.13.3: 500n9 5.91.6–8: 343n66 11.17–18: 507n44 5.99.7: 453 11.20–1: 413–14 5.99.9: 453 11.22: 407 5.99–100: 450 11.24: 429 5.102.1: 506n37 11.39.16: 506n39 5.107.1–3: 335, 508 12.3.5–6: 51–2 6: 349–50 12.17–22: 63 6.17.2–3: 489n98 12.18: 405 6.19.3: 364 12.18.3: 347 6.19.4: 486 12.25f.1–4: 60 6.21.7: 351, 513–14 12.25f.4–5: 223n166 6.22: 351 12.26b: 188n6 6.22.3: 513 12.28.3–4: 57 6.23: 349 13.3: 370 6.25.1–2: 352 13.3.2–4: 191n24 6.25.3–11: 352, 512 13.3.2–8: 191 6.26.4: 511 13.3.7: 514n72 6.36–7: 36 13.4.8: 375 6.37.13: 510 13.6.4: 500 6.39.4: 513 14.10.9: 443 6.39.9: 510 15.9: 428 6.39.10: 509n53 15.9–12: 421 6.42: 162, 163–4, 404n18 15.10–11: 406n31 6.48.3: 501n13 15.12: 420n79, 421n81, 423 6.52.4: 344 15.13: 413

index of ancient passages cited 619

15.13.1: 500n9 32.15.9: 480n72 15.14: 411, 415 33.4: 480n72 15.16: 431 35.2–3: 515n80 15.20: 304 35.4.1–8: 488, 496 15.25–33: 480n73 35.4.2–6: 511n61 16.3.4: 230n180 36.2.1: 515n81 16.3–6: 461n2 36.6.1–7: 383 16.4.11–12: 436 36.9.9: 514n72 16.5.1–3: 446 36.15: 461n2 16.30–4: 450–1 Priscus 16.32–5: 459 fr. 11.1.54–5: 76 18.3.4–8: 396 Procopius 18.20.4: 390n47 Wars 18.24: 400n1 1.18: 56 18.24.9: 71 2.22–3: 58n11 18.25: 431n138 Ptolemy 18.27: 415n64, 416 FGrH 138 T2: 52 18.27.6: 71 18.28.5: 513n67 Sallust 18.28.9: 355n121 Ad Pomp. sen. 9: 491n105 18.28.9–10: 504 Cat. 18.28–32: 191n21, 402, 426 7.3–6: 486n90 18.29: 428n22 29.3: 493 18.29.2: 208n95 Iug. 18.29.7: 208n95 44.1: 495n116 18.29–30: 426n111, n113 46.7: 356 18.30.4: 211n108 56.3: 491n105 18.31.2: 205 75.1ff.: 383 18.31.5: 202 85: 507 18.31–2: 513n67 91.7: 397 18.32: 412, 432 94.1: 344 18.41: 480 Sappho 18.44.6: 358 fr. 16 9 LP: 22 18.46.5: 322 Seneca 19.1.1: 374n18 Ben. 6.31.11: 218n135 19.5: 353n117 Silius Italicus 21.7: 443 Pun. 14.83–4: 478n66 21.41.2: 476n60 Simonides 22.3: 461n2 new fragment: 22, 49, 64 22.3.8–9: 507n41 Solon 22.9.3: 343 fr. 6.3 West: 289n59 22.17: 461n2 Song of Hybrias 22.22: 480n72 Page, PMG; Scholion 909: 274–5 23.16.10: 343 Sophocles 24.11.2: 507n45 Ant. 668–74: 206n79 24.11–13: 322n40 Sosylus of Lacedaemon 26.15.1–3: 480n72 FGrH 176 F1.2: 232n184 28.1: 305 Stobaeus 28.7.8–10: 26n13 3.1.172: 288 28.31.3: 480n72 Flor. 7.12: 192 29.17.3: 461n2 Strabo 29.27.1–10: 324n44 5.3.5: 319n32 30.1–3: 494n113 6.1.3: 286n46 30.25–6: 477 6.1.13: 286n44 31.29: 461n2 8.6.10–11: 285n36 31.29.1: 509n50, 516n84 8.6.14: 99 32.3.12: 515 8.355: 284n33 32.13.4: 515 9.2.33: 99

620 index of ancient passages cited

Strabo (cont.) 1.31.1: 258 10.1.12: 191n24 1.32.4: 89n17 10.1.13: 287n48 1.37.2–5: 89n17 13.623: 468n19 1.38: 287n49 17.1.13: 471n34 1.38.6: 289n60 731: 464n10 1.44.1: 102 Suetonius 1.45: 265n69 Tib. 2.3: 365n147 1.45–55: 232n183 Syrianus (Anon.) 1.48.1: 153 Peri Strat. 15.1: 192n26 1.49.1–2: 231n181 1.49.1–3: 231–2 Tacitus 1.50.1: 123n51, 231n181 Ann. 1.50.3: 236 1.61–2: 76 1.50.4: 262n56 1.63–5: 78 1.50–1: 265n69 3.33–4: 43n57 1.60: 149 4.43: 285n41 1.61.4–65: 180 Germ. 6.3: 222 1.61.6: 216n128 Theocritus 1.62.3: 217n134 Id. 1.68.2: 288n51 17.75–6: 471n35 1.70.5: 212n111 17.91–105: 480 1.75.3: 105, 287n49, 288n53 Theognis 1.76.2: 288n53, 289 153: 289n59 1.81.4: 264 Theophrastus 1.83.2–3: 263n59 Hist. pl. 1.84.4: 503n22 4.8.4: 469n25 1.90.3: 44n59 9.4.8: 469n25 1.90–3: 257n31 Theophylact Simocatta 1.96.1: 89–90, 260 2.6.1–9: 59 1.96.2: 67, 263n60, 284n34 3.14: 57–8 1.98.1: 256n30, 261n50 Theopompus 1.98.3: 261n50 FGrH 115 F 1.98.4: 261n50 63: 99n40 1.99.3: 263 98: 267 1.100.1: 261n51 225: 330 1.100.2: 285n37 292: 270n99 1.100.3: 120n35 Thucydides 1.101.3: 261n50, 285n37 1.3.4: 86 1.101.4: 261 1.4.102: 120n35 1.103.1: 181 1.5.1–3: 252 1.103.3: 256n30, 286n45 1.5.3: 255 1.105.2: 261 1.7.1: 86 1.108.4: 261n50 1.8.3: 260n49 1.111.1: 177 1.11: 180 1.116.1: 261n50, 265n68 1.11–17: 253 1.116–17: 180 1.13: 124n62 1.117.3: 261n50, 263n64 1.13.4: 170 1.118.2: 66 1.14.1–2: 254n20 1.120.2: 125n72 1.15.2: 101–2, 197, 252–3 1.121.3: 257, 259 1.15.3: 102 1.122.1: 264 1.18.2: 68 1.141.6: 103n53 1.22: 39, 66 1.142.2–4: 177 1.25.4: 288n52, 289n60 1.142.7–9: 136n131 1.25–6: 287n49 1.142.9: 137 1.29.3: 262n56 1.143.1: 234 1.30.1: 175 1.143.1–2: 137n132

index of ancient passages cited 621

1.143.4: 125n71 2.77: 179 1.143.5: 147n5 2.78: 43 2.2–5: 178 2.79: 169, 220, 222 2.4.2: 246 2.80–92: 68 2.5.5–6: 95 2.81.8: 124, 221 2.7.1: 267 2.81–2: 169 2.8.1: 299n82 2.83.5–84.4: 235–6 2.10.1–2: 150 2.84.3: 234 2.13: 67 2.85.2: 136n131 2.13.2: 264 2.85.2: 228 2.13.2–5: 264 2.86–9: 502n17 2.13.3: 67, 284n34 2.87.9: 132 2.13.6: 265 2.88–9: 227 2.13.6–7: 276–277n9 2.89.7: 136n131 2.13.8: 122, 136n129, 262 2.89.8: 230n180 2.14.1: 171 2.89.9: 234 2.18–19: 168 2.91.2: 233–4 2.20.4: 172 2.91.4: 227–8 2.23.2: 172 2.92.1: 234 2.24.1: 263–4 3.5.2: 169 2.24.2: 262 3.7.3–4: 147n3 2.25.1–2: 172 3.7.4: 169 2.25.3: 169, 284n33 3.15.1–2: 262n55 2.25–6: 125n71 3.16.1: 262n55 2.26.2: 169 3.17.2: 262 2.27.2: 286n42 3.17.3–4: 265 2.30–2: 125n71 3.17.4: 243 2.31.1–2: 265 3.18.2: 150 2.31.2: 139n136 3.18.3: 504 2.34: 175 3.18.3–5: 180 2.34.3: 236 3.19.1: 243, 268, 270 2.34.5: 175 3.27–8: 180 2.39: 35, 501n11 3.38.1: 288 2.39.1: 273n1, 503n22 3.39.4–5: 289n60 2.39.1–2: 213–14 3.39.4–6: 288 2.39.4: 273n1 3.40.4–7: 288 2.40.2: 89n16 3.42.1: 288 2.47.4: 106 3.44.1–4: 288 2.53.4: 106 3.45.4: 289n59 2.56.2: 266n79 3.46.4: 288 2.58.3: 244 3.47.5: 288 2.62.2: 260 3.49: 161 2.65: 67 3.49.1: 288 2.65.2: 171 3.49.3: 153 2.67: 96 3.50.1: 241 2.67.4: 154 3.50.2: 261n50 2.69.1: 268n91 3.68.2–3: 286n44 2.69.2: 169 3.73: 47 2.70: 180 3.74.1: 246n219 2.70.1: 245 3.82.6–7: 106 2.70.2: 179–80, 243, 265 3.84.3: 106 2.70.3: 181, 241 3.89: 158n22 2.71: 180 3.90.2: 169 2.71.1: 167 3.91.3–5: 169 2.74.2: 166–7 3.97–8: 169, 220 2.75.1: 171 3.98.1: 122n48 2.75–8: 180 3.99: 169

622 index of ancient passages cited

Thucydides (cont.) 4.101.1: 178 3.103.3: 169 4.101.2: 68 3.104: 49 4.101.3–4: 169 3.107–8: 169, 220 4.102: 285n38 3.113.6: 68 4.102.3–4: 256n30 3.115.6: 169 4.102–8: 61 4.3–5: 178n52 4.108.1: 256n30 4.4.1: 129n90 4.108.7: 33 4.8.6: 68–9 4.114.3–5: 240 4.8–23: 178n52 4.118.3: 259n46 4.11.4: 260n48 4.118.5: 254 4.12.3: 68 4.118.6: 96 4.25.7–9: 169 4.124: 169 4.25.10–11: 169 4.125.2–3: 159 4.26–7.1: 125n72 4.126: 199 4.26–39: 178n52 4.129.2: 266n72 4.30–40: 220 4.130: 244n214, 286n45 4.31–8: 425n108 4.130.6: 240 4.32.2: 229n177 4.131: 180 4.34.1: 216n127 4.133.4: 180 4.38.5: 277 4.134: 169 4.40.2: 40–1, 127n79 4.134.1: 216n128 4.42–4: 169 5.2.2–3.6: 244n212 4.43.4: 219 5.3.4: 240, 286n45 4.44: 212n113 5.3.5: 244n214 4.44.1–4: 212n111 5.6.2: 266n72 4.44.4–6: 175 5.7–11: 169 4.45.2: 178 5.8–10: 217n134, 219 4.50.1: 268n91 5.10: 429n127 4.50.3: 267n82 5.10.5: 160, 207n92 4.54.2: 169 5.10.9–11: 222n157 4.55.2: 135, 222 5.14.4: 286n42 4.56.1: 169 5.18.5: 263n64 4.57.3–4: 286 5.30.1: 103n53 4.57.4: 263n64 5.31: 287n50 4.59.2: 27n20 5.31.2: 284n33 4.66.1: 155, 265 5.31.2–4: 284n32 4.69: 180 5.32.1: 180, 286n45 4.72: 169 5.41.2: 286n42 4.75.1: 169, 268n91 5.43.2: 92–3 4.76–7: 68 5.43–50: 287n50 4.80.5: 277n12 5.47.6: 266n49 4.84.2: 245 5.48.2: 102 4.84–8: 168 5.49: 100–1 4.89–95: 68 5.51: 169 4.91–101.2: 169 5.54: 100–1, 155 4.93.1: 199, 204 5.54.2: 157–8 4.93.2: 219n142 5.54–5: 100n44 4.93.4: 207n88 5.55.3: 157–8 4.94–6: 406n31 5.55.4: 171 4.96: 68 5.56.4: 167 4.96.2: 210 5.57.2: 222 4.96.3: 212 5.60: 33 4.96.5: 217n134, 219 5.66: 35 4.97–101: 68 5.66.2: 130n98, 130n99, 160 4.97.2–101.1: 173 5.66.2–4: 130n97, 207n85 4.100: 179 5.66.3–4: 215n125

index of ancient passages cited 623

5.66.4: 207n85 6.69.2: 190, 203 5.66–76: 169 6.70.1: 155 5.67.2: 145 6.70.6: 234 5.68: 68, 128n83 6.70.7: 234 5.68.2–3: 206n82, 215n125 6.72.1: 164n31 5.68.3: 156, 207n87 6.75.2: 153n31 5.69.2: 39–40 6.80.1–2: 89n17 5.70: 204, 209 6.90.3: 256n30 5.70–71.1: 191n21 6.91.6–7: 178 5.71: 113, 404n21 6.95: 44, 158n22 5.71.1: 205, 206n79, 208, 216n79 6.95.1: 286n42 5.71.3–72.1: 206 6.96.3: 144n163 5.71–2: 156 6.97: 169 5.72.4: 212 6.98.3: 188n7 5.73.1–2: 217n134 6.98.4: 29n26, 206 5.73.4: 212n111 6.98–7: 180 5.74.2: 175 6.100.1: 29n26 5.75.5–6: 180 6.101: 169 5.80.3: 180 7.3.3: 188n7, 208n94 5.81.2: 145n169 7.5: 33 5.82.6: 44 7.5.1–3: 169 5.83.2: 286n44 7.5.2–3: 223n164 5.84–116: 180 7.6: 169 5.90.1: 105 7.6.3: 223n164 5.95–7: 290 7.7.4: 136n131 5.101: 170 7.12.5: 136n131 5.105.2: 106, 289 7.13.2: 227 5.111.4: 287 7.14.1: 136n131 5.116.1: 157–8 7.23.4: 231n181 5.116.2–4: 290 7.25.2: 256n30 6.4.2: 285n35 7.26: 178 6.5.3: 285n35 7.27.1: 266n72 6.6.2: 46 7.27.4–28.2: 178 6.7.2: 178 7.28.3: 177 6.8: 267 7.29.1: 266n72 6.15.2: 255 7.29–30: 27, 241 6.17.5: 188n7 7.33.4: 53 6.22: 124, 221n154 7.44.1: 55 6.24.3.: 24n9 7.47.2: 244 6.25.2: 266n79 7.48.1: 32 6.30.1: 150 7.48.3: 32 6.31.3: 258n39, 266n79 7.48.4: 32 6.32.1–2: 158n23 7.50.2: 169 6.37.1–2: 221n154 7.50.4: 32–3 6.43: 136, 266n79 7.60.2: 129n90 6.44.1: 154 7.62.1: 129n89 6.50.4: 162 7.67.2: 231n181 6.54.5: 254n19 7.69.2: 129n89 6.56: 47 7.71: 61 6.62.3–4: 268 7.75: 185 6.62.4: 283n29 7.75.5: 48, 152 6.66: 161 7.78.2: 159 6.66.2: 171 7.85: 183n58 6.66–71: 169 8.1.2: 262n55 6.67.1: 219n142 8.3.1: 268n92 6.68.2: 188n7 8.9.1: 155 6.69.1: 188n7, 208n94 8.15: 47

624 index of ancient passages cited

Thucydides (cont.) 1.2.18: 143n159 8.15.1: 263–4 1.5.6: 80n90 8.24.1: 169 1.5.10: 164n31 8.24.3: 169 1.7.19–20: 159–60 8.25: 169 1.8: 418n70, 431n137 8.28.4: 286n44 1.8.1: 165 8.35.1–4: 229 1.8.8: 165 8.42.5: 175 1.8.20: 217n131 8.45.2: 258 1.8.23: 61 8.62.2: 266n79 1.10: 431n137 8.65.3: 276 1.10.19: 165 8.73.5: 150 2.6.9–10: 144n161 8.76.6: 29 2.6.14–15: 144n161 8.84: 35n38 3.2: 31, 424n103 8.84.2: 132n115, 3.2.7: 294n69 227 3.2.8: 190n17 8.84.2–3: 227 3.2.9: 185 8.96.5: 68 3.2.27: 162, 164n31 8.97.1: 276 3.3.5: 190n17 8.97.2: 277n10 3.3.16: 123 8.100.3: 258n38 3.3.17–20: 133n119 8.101: 161 3.4.19–23: 159 8.107.1: 269n94 3.4.21: 156, 206n82, 219n141 8.108.2: 269n94 3.4.30: 152 Timaeus 3.4.46–9: 294n69 FGrH 566 F94: 188n6 3.4.47–9: 118n25 Tyrtaeus 4.1.18: 123n49 fr. 10.21–5 West: 173 4.2.11: 219n140 fr. 11.14 Loeb: 197 4.3.17: 219n140 fr. 19 West: 197n55 4.3.29: 207n86 Tzetzes 4.6.27: 173 Chil. 2.103–49: 465n16 4.8.9–13: 219n140 4.8.15: 156 Valerius Maximus 4.8.25: 185 2.3.3: 351 5.2.11: 130 Vegetius 5.2.12: 119n28 Mil. 5.2.14: 119n28 1.16: 123–4 5.4.21: 206 3.9: 212, 406n30 5.4.22: 219n140 3.10: 163 5.6.15: 108n2, 143n159 3.12: 406n30 5.8.5: 164 3.14: 426n111 5.8.8–25: 144n161 3.17: 219, 406n28 6.2.10: 33–4 3.18: 404n21 6.4.2: 161 Virgil 6.5.9–11: 219n141 Aen. 6.5.25: 205n76 2: 48 6.6.2: 183n58 5.199–200: 226–7 7.3.15: 164 7.3.37–41: 159 Xenophon 7.6.1: 129 Ages. 1.21: 153 Cyr. 2.2: 159 1.6.2: 158 2.12: 217n130 1.6.9–12: 78n87 6.7: 159 1.6.9–42: 214n122 12.2: 209n100 1.6.12–14: 502 Anab. 2.1.18: 127n77 1.2.12: 480n72 2.1.22–9: 502n17

index of ancient passages cited 625

2.1.25–8: 164 1.2.41: 269n94 2.3.2: 206n82 1.3.3: 269n94 2.3.9–11: 133, 280n21 1.3.5–6: 169 2.3.22: 207n86 1.3.8: 269n94 2.4.4: 206n82 1.3.14–22: 178, 180 3.2.6: 219n140 1.4.8: 269n94 3.3.26: 163 1.4.22: 150 3.3.45: 250n9 1.5.4: 258 3.3.49–55: 58n10 1.5.4–7: 141n147 3.5–4.1: 222n162 1.5.10: 141n147 4.2.24: 222n162 1.5.15: 141n147 4.2.26: 250n9 1.5.16: 178 4.3.4–23: 126n75 1.5.20: 141n147 4.6.11: 480n72 1.6.3: 141n147 6.2.32: 151, 152 1.6.16: 141n147 6.3.2: 160 1.6.19: 231n181 6.3.2–4: 159 1.6.24: 504n25 6.3.21: 156 1.6.34–7.35: 176n47 6.3.21–3: 210n106, 218n135 1.6.37: 154 6.3.23: 333 2.1.15: 241, 286n44 6.3.25: 207n86 2.1.18–19: 286n44 6.3.30–2: 219n142 2.1.19: 244n212 6.4.17: 210n106, 218n135 2.1.22: 231n181 7.1.25–6: 219n142 2.1.27: 80 7.1.33–4: 210n106 2.2.3: 286n45 7.4.15: 127n78 2.2.20: 103n52 7.4.73: 250n9 2.2.22: 245 7.5.73: 180–1, 283n27 2.3.6: 181 8.5.3: 164 2.3.10: 277n10 Eq. mag. 2.4.6: 165 1.1: 157 2.4.19: 173 1.13: 135n124 2.4.33: 119n28 1.18: 135n124 2.4.39: 185 1.19: 266n49, 266n74 3.1.9: 132n115 2.7: 159 3.2.11: 180 3.2–14: 130n124 3.2.21–2: 287n50 4.4–5: 160 3.2.24: 158n22 4.5: 160 3.2.26: 170–1, 268n92, 287n50 4.14.14: 370 3.2.26–7: 177 5.13: 222n158 3.2.27: 93n25 7.7: 269 3.2.30: 168, 177, 284n33 7.9: 172 3.4.15: 141, 222n161 8.19: 222n158 3.4.16: 134n122 9.3–4: 141n148 3.4.22: 172 Hell. 3.4.22–4: 223 1.1.8: 269n94 3.4.24: 127n79, 283n29 1.1.12: 269n94 3.5.5: 287n50, 288n51 1.1.15: 131n111 3.5.12: 288n53 1.1.20–2: 269n94 3.5.24: 288n51 1.1.22: 270 4.1–4: 167 1.1.36: 270 4.2.13: 207, 217n88 1.2.1: 135n128 4.2.16: 122 1.2.2–3: 169 4.2.18: 217–18 1.2.4–5: 183n58 4.2.19: 216 1.2.7–9: 169 4.3.4: 159 1.2.16: 169 4.3.16: 65, 209n100 1.2.18: 169, 178n52 4.3.17: 205

626 index of ancient passages cited

Xenophon (cont.) 6.4.12: 207n87, 218n139 4.3.19: 217, 217n130 6.4.35: 269n97 4.3.21: 173, 283n29 6.5.17: 162 4.4.2: 267n80 6.5.28: 370 4.4.9: 164 6.5.30: 164 4.4.19: 171 7.1.12–14: 287n49 4.5.3–4: 165n32 7.1.23–6: 289n60 4.5.8: 183 7.1.28: 286n44 4.5.11–17: 220n147 7.1.32: 289n60 4.5.11–18: 425n108 7.1.34: 287n50 4.5.15–16: 216n127 7.2.6: 156 4.6.7: 162 7.2.10: 220n144 4.6.14: 262n57 7.2.12: 220n144 4.7.4–7: 158 7.2.15: 173 4.7.5: 171 7.2.20: 178 4.8.8–10: 267n80 7.2.22: 165 4.8.25–30: 269n95 7.4.13: 162 4.8.28–9: 176n49 7.4.20–5: 178 4.12: 267n80 7.4.27: 178 4.17: 149 7.4.33–4: 259n43 5.1.1–5: 178 7.4.34: 145 5.1.30–1: 263n59 7.5.21–6: 218n136, 223n166 5.1.32: 103 7.5.22–3: 218 5.2.4–6: 180 Hier. 7.1–3: 289n57 5.2.12–19: 285 Lac. 5.2.12–20: 290 7.1–2: 274n4 5.2.16–18: 289n60 11: 215n125 5.2.18: 289n59 11.2: 151–2 5.2.25–36: 244 11.3: 294n69 5.2.38: 288n51, 289n60 11.4: 156, 206n82 5.2.43: 167 11.4–6: 128n83 5.3.10–18: 177, 180 11.5: 130n98, 207n85, 207n86 5.3.19: 175 11.8–9: 160 5.3.21–5: 180 11.10: 219 5.3.26: 103n52 12.1: 163 5.4.14: 167 12.2: 166 5.4.22–3: 96n29 12.4: 165 5.4.36–7: 167 12.5–6: 165 5.4.42: 177 12.7: 165 5.4.47: 167 13: 215 5.4.59: 167 13.2–5: 158 5.4.61: 269n96 13.4: 129n90, 151–2 6.1.1: 148, 167 13.5: 215n124, 273n1, 503n23 6.1.5: 273n1 13.6: 160 6.1.5–6: 143n159 13.7: 152 6.1.9: 284n32 13.9: 207n85 6.1.11: 256n29 13.10: 162 6.1.19: 284n32 13.11: 183 6.2.6: 151 15.3: 284n32 6.2.11–14: 71 Mem. 6.2.18–19: 132n115 1.6: 214n122 6.2.27–30: 161 2.6.35: 88 6.2.28–9: 80 2.7.7: 299 6.2.33: 269n96 3.1.8: 207n89 6.2.35–6: 269n96 3.5.15: 273n1 6.2.38: 269n96 3.5.21: 273n1 6.4.8: 203n69 3.10.9–14: 294n69

index of ancient passages cited 627

3.12.5: 273n1 4.33: 277 4.2.15: 283n27 6.1: 277 4.3.10: 152 Oec. [Xenophon] 4.2–3: 279n17, 279n18 Ath. Pol. 5.5: 279n17 1.2: 297n77 5.7: 279n17 1.4: 297n77 5.14: 279n17 1.13: 270 5.16: 279n17 1.19–20: 137, 228 6.5–8: 279n18 2.1: 214n120 6.6–7: 279n17 2.11–12: 256 8.4: 159 3.4: 262 8.6: 108n1 Zonaras 21.3: 227 8.9: 489n102 Vect. 8.11: 364n144, 489n102 1.1: 277, 280 8.12: 441 2.2–5: 138 8.15: 489n102 2.3: 139 9.4: 465n16

GENERAL INDEX

Note: all date are bc, unless otherwise stated.

Abbinaeus, Flavius; archive 77–8 Afrati, Crete; armour 294 Abu Simbel; statue of Rameses II 86 Africa 20; Agathocles’ campaigns 376–7, 386; Abydus 169, 245, 434, 450–1, 459 expulsion of native populations 285; map; Acanthus 97, 168, 244–5 Roman wars in 387, 488; see also Carthage; Acarnania 136, 147n3, 162, 188, 221, 252 Libya; Numidia Acerrae 326 Agathias 57 Achaea 86; Phthiotid 99 Agathocles (Ptolemaic general) 334 Achaean League: cavalry 343; commanders Agathocles, tyrant of Syracuse: African appointment 372; federalism 306, 310, 312; campaigns 376–7, 386; Carthaginian infantry 341–3, 504; navy 363; Philopoemen’s campaigns against 371, 376–7, 417, 478; and reforms 343, 504; and Rome 319, 322–3; and Deinocrates 377, 396; indirect approach 371, Sicyon 457 377; sieges 452; and warrior king ideal 480, Achilles 41–2, 59 482 actors, inviolability of 310–11 age of soldiers 334, 513–14; mobilization by 148, Adherbal (Carthaginian naval commander) 444, 334 457 agema (elite´ unit) 334, 339 admirals 446–7 ager romanus 326, 335 Adrianople, battle of 75 Agesilaus, king of Sparta 153, 162, 171, 177–8;in Aegates Islands, naval battle off 366–7 Asia Minor 153, 172, 222–3; Boeotian Aegean islands 86, 363; League of the Islanders campaigns 167, 171; coordination of arms 304, 312; map 222–3; at Coronea 173, 209–10, 217; death and Aegina 28–9, 86, 99, 102, 107, 233; Athenian burial 175; hoplite tactics 209–10, 217; epiteichismos 178; Athenian wars and marching order 159; plunder 172, 183 subjection 100, 190, 261, 286, 288 Agesipolis, king of Sparta 158, 166, 171, 175 Aegitium, battle of 169 Agias (seer) 158 Aegospotami, battle of 80, 158, 226 Agios Athanasios, Thessalonica; tomb 338 Aegosthena 455 Agis, king of Sparta 33, 93, 171, 177; tactics at Aelian 329, 402, 501; see also Index of ancient Mantinea 156, 206, 216–17 passages cited agogˆe see Sparta (training) Aemilius see Lepidus; Paullus; Regillus agonal model of warfare 188–91, 199–202, 212; Aeneas Tacticus; On Siegecraft 3, 51; on treachery alternative models 22, 25, 199; athletic 178, 245–6, 375; see also Index of ancient metaphors 189, 281; demise 202, 214–15, 222; passages cited Herodotus’ Mardonius on 147, 190–1; and Aeolians of Asia Minor 98; Aeolic League 312 lack of light-armed forces 167; literary Aequi 313–14 emphasis 40, 50; treatment of prisoners 181 Aeschines 96, 99, 298; see also Index of ancient agonistic spirit see competition passages cited agrarian crisis, Roman 515 Aesop 90 Agrianian light infantry 329 Aetolian League 309n13, 310–11, 363, 372; agriculture 24, 135, 470–2, 491–2; and federalism 306, 310, 312, 377; and Rome 318, campaigning season 109, 154–5; see also 321–4; style of warfare 188, 252 ravaging and under Egypt; hoplites

628

general index 629

Agrigentum, siege of 458 330; strategic use 379–80; subject allies 284, Aigion 286–7 291, 380; Successor era 379–80; terms Alaisa, Comte,´ France 77 symmachia, symmachoi 101; treaties 290; wars Alcaeus 197; see also Index of ancient passages among 287–8 cited Roman 485–6; citizenship 496; inequity Alcetas (Macedonian general) 392 317–22, 377; logistics 388; manpower resource Alcibiades 50, 92–3, 131n107, 178; plunder and 317–18, 326, 330, 336, 485–6, 494–7, 508–9; extortion 247, 255, 268–9; at Potidaea 164, naval 364–6; redress sought on behalf of 315, 244 319–22, 324; strategic use 380; unrest and Alcman 22 Social War 496 Alcmeonid family 70, 282 see also leagues and under Sparta (external alcohol 203 relations) Alemanni 210n104 Alope, battle of 169 Alesia, siege of 77 Alyattes, king of Lydia 98–9 Alexander III, the Great, of Macedon: accounts amateur ideal 133–4 of 31, 42, 52, 59; arbitration 308; Balkan ambassadors 95–6 campaigns 59–60; brutality 396–7, 415, 460; Ambracia 68, 450 casualties 415–16; cleruchs 475; coinage 419, ambushes 120, 246n220, 390, 403, 410 464; combined arms 333; Companions Ameinias 233 329–30, 334, 423; finances 463–4; genius 430; amicitia, Roman 315, 319–22, 324 and Homeric ideal 31, 59, 407; honour 189; Amida, siege of 60–1, 77 Issus mosaic 63, 73; Jaxartes crossing 419, 422; Ammianus Marcellinus 60–1, 81; see also Index of leadership 404–5, 407–9, 448; and League of ancient passages cited Corinth 104; literary influences on 31, 59, 407; ammunition 383, 453 logistics 80, 381, 386, 458, 463; manpower 362, Amompharetos (Spartan soldier) 33 445; marches 78, 133, 381, 388, 392; and Amorgos, naval battle off 434 mutinies 37, 59; navy 361–2, 463; plunder 250, amphibious operations 216, 229, 266 463–4; and pothos for unknown sights 25; amphictyonies 99–101; Delphic 97, 99–100, reconnaissance inadequate 390; and religion 311–12 33; risk-taking 371, 448–9; and Rome 319; scale Amphipolis 67, 256, 285n38; Brasidas’ capture and range of campaigns 378; siege warfare 61, 214, 217, 219, 239, 244–5; land battle (422) 448–50, 457–8, (personnel) 449, 453–4, 160, 169; Philip II’s siege 361, 450–1 (treatment of captured cities) 396, 460,(see Amphoterus (Corinthian admiral) 361 also under Gaza; tactics 331, 333, 406, 410; anastrophê (naval manoeuvre) 230 training 133; Tyre state and warfare under Andros 97 463–4; vengeance 89–90; winter campaigning Androtion 99; see also Index of ancient passages 388–9 cited army 330–3; cavalry 119, 222, 325, 329, 334, angaria (requisition) 386 405, (light), (organization) 331–3, 422, (tactics) animals, draught and pack 150, 152–3, 172, 185, 331, 410;(see also Companions above); elite´ 382, 397; privately owned 293; requisition 386; troops 334, 404–5, 450,(see also Companions supplies for 162 below), field artillery 419; infantry Antandrus, battle of (424) 169 organization 325, 330–1, 333, 336; influence Anthela, sanctuary of Demeter at 99 over Alexander 33–4, 37, 59, 372; physicians anthippasis (cavalry review) 135 395; size 325, 379 anthropology 10–11, 249 see also individual battles and under Bactria; Anticyra 453n174 India; Persia Antigonid dynasty 303–6, 477; army 336, Alexander of Pherae 171, 269 338–9; navy 358–9, 361–3; see also individual Alexander Sarcophagus 333 members Alexandria, Egypt 311, 449, 452–3 Antigonus I Monophthalmus, king of Macedon: aliens, definition of 90–1 and Alcetas 392; and Cassander 370, 466; Allia, battle of the 431 coalitions against 380, 466; diplomacy 308, alliance and allies: bilateral and unequal 102–3, 312, 375; and Egypt 469, (invasion) 379, 382, 317–18; control of forces 32, 149–50, 204–5, 388–9,(see also navy below); elephants 392; 387–8, 445; hegemonic 87–8, 101–6; kinship, and Eupolemus 391; finance and economy real or notional 379–80; mercenaries provided 466, 468–70, 476, 482; justice 308, 312; by; and plunder 183; specialist units 135, 221, logistics 382, 386, 388; and Lysimachus 388;

630 general index

Antigonus I Monophthalmus (cont.) ransoming of cities 283; reprisals 251; sieges manpower 464, 469; marches 389–93; 180, 237; social and political structures Nabataean campaign 371; navy 393, 466; influence warfare 292; state vs. private (against Egypt) 362, 379, 382, 389, (polyremes) violence 251; troop transports 147; walls 176, 358, 362, 466; plunder 468; reconnaissance 237; see also under archers; armour; cavalry; and intelligence 390–1; and Rhodes 362, 375, citizenship; hoplites; infantry (light); 383; size of forces 379, 414, 423, 464, 466; international relations; mercenaries; siege strategy: 370, 375, 385; and Syria 386, 476; warfare; stone-throwers; Thessaly tactics 410; winter campaigning 389, 392; see archê 287, 289 also Eumenes of Cardia (Iranian campaign) archers: archaic 122, 151, 184, 194; armour 152, Antigonus II Gonatas, king of Macedon 306, 194; in Athens 42, 110, 123, 136, 148, 204, 231, 340, 421, 434, 467 422, (mounted) 122; in chariots 117;in Antigonus III Doson, king of Macedon 312, combined arms forces 108, 145, 188, 329, 333; 342–3, 370–1 cowardly reputation 40–1; Cretan 121–2, 329, Antiochus I Soter, king of Syria 378, 420 343, 500; in Greece 119–23; Hellenistic 425–6; Antiochus III, the Great, king of Syria: and in Homer 41–2, 121, 127; and hoplites 109, 122, Antigonids and Ptolemies 304–5; arbitration 199–202; horse-archers 118, 122, 123, 221, 346, 308; army 330, 420–1, 423–5; death 353; 422–3, (Persian) 122, 126, (Saka) 419, 422;in eastern expedition 339, 379; navy 435, 445–6; literature 40–2; marginalization 199–202; at Raphia 408, 411, 464; and Rhodes 363, 435, mercenaries 122, 136, 141, 329, 343, 500; 443, 445–6; and Rome 363, 477,(see also Mycenaean 117; Roman allied 356; Scythian Magnesia, battle of); scale and range of 41, 122; ship-borne 123, 124, 148, 149, 153, 230, campaigns 378–9, 464; tactics 404–5; and 236; in sieges 42, 123; status 40–1, 127; training warrior king ideal 482 135–6, 500–1; see also bows and under Persia Antiochus IV Epiphanes, king of Syria 324, 477 Archidamian War 154, 155, 168, 178–9; see also Antiochus V Eupator, king of Syria individual battles Antipater, regent of Macedon 362, 377, 379, 466 Archidamus II, king of Sparta 166–7, 168, 171, Antissa, battle of 169 172 Antium 326, 364 Archilochus 101, 197; see also Index of ancient Aornus, Rock of 376, 448–9 passages cited Apamea, Peace of 477 Archimedes: and corvus 438n154; defensive Apaturia (festival) 98 siege technology 393–4, 449, 453–4, 457, 462, Apollo 98, 155; see also Delphi (oracle) 465 Apollonia 319 architecture, Roman 13, 487 Apollonides (Eumenes’ cavalry commander) 376 Ardant du Picq, C. J. J. J. 207, 210–11, 401 Apollonides (governor of Argos) 396 Ardoch, Perth and Kinross 74 Apollonius of Rhodes 227 Areopagus, court of 97 Appian 37, 44, 316, 400; see also Index of ancient aretê (excellence) 500, 502, 505–6 passages cited Arginusae, battle of 136n131, 176, 212, 232, 504 Aquileia 394 Argonauts, lost Greek epic on 24, 52 Arabia 361, 472; see also Nabataea Argos: aggressive wars 176–7, 285,(see also Arbela (Gaugamela), battle of 391, 414, 416, 418, underEpidaurus); arbitration 26, 97; and 431–2; Alexander’s leadership 189, 406, 408, Athens 96, 175, 178; and Calaurian 410; Alexander’s reforms after 333; infantry amphictyony 99–100; elite´ units 145, 220n144; victory 425, 429 festivals 100–1, 155, 311; flight from battle 209, arbitration: Greek and Hellenistic 25–6, 96–7, 212; hoplite panoply 112; Long Walls 44, 47; 105, 308, 312; Roman interpretation 323 military organization 148, 156; peace in 5th Arcadia 142–5, 188; wars of 360s 162, 178, 209, cent. 23; Pyrrhus’ death 177, 394, 459; revolt 310, 328 against Macedon 396; and Sparta 43, 64, 145, Arcadian League 220n144, 259n43, 310, 328 158, 171, 178, (border disputes) 90, 285–6; Arcadius, Roman emperor 72; column in Rome subject native population 275–6, 284, 290;at 72 Tanagra 175; women’s role in warfare 43–4, 47 archaeology 13, 19, 54, 66, 73–8; experimental Argyraspides (elite´ unit) 334, 339 123,(see also triremes (reconstruction)) argyrologia (extortion) 268 archaic era 88–101, 186; agonistic spirit 88–90; Aricia 326 cities 176, 325; international relations 85–6, Aristaenus (Achaean politician) 322 88–101, 306–7; missile weapons 191; Aristagoras of Miletus 161

general index 631

aristeiai (awards for valour) 183 Asculum, battle of 338, 414–15, 420–1, 426 Aristeus (Corinthian general) 217 Asine, regional league centred on 99 aristocracy: Athenian 128, 254–5; and athletic Aspasia (mistress of Pericles) 46 competition 24; cavalry 127, 128, 133, 134–5, Aspendus 127, 446 146; deference to 296–7, 505, 514;in assaults on cities 178–9, 237, 244, 450–4 democracy 254–5, 376; factionalism 376, assemblies, popular 372 457–8; German scholars’ view 7; Homeric Athenian: and allies 103, 267; control of ethos 19, 186, 278, 297; honours and military operations 32, 183, 254–5; elects obligations communalized 89; international ambassadors 96; elects commanders and connections 86, 93, 95, 189; Roman 374–5, officers 128–9, 131; pay 277 397, 486–7, 495, 507, 514, (competition) 30, Roman; comitia centuriata 37, 485, 511 433, 496–7, (military education) 373, 377, Assyria; cavalry 117 486–7; Spartan 22, 33, 275; see also leisure class; Assyrios the property of Alexippos (Athenian marriage slave rower) 234 Aristomenes of Aegina 28–9 Astacus, siege of 163 Aristophanes 42, 96, 148, 154, 172, 211; frequency astrateia (failure to report for service) 131 of warfare in 23; on naval forces 233, 296; and asylia see inviolability Pericles 67; see also Index of ancient passages Atarneus, siege of 180 cited Athenian Confederacy, Second 102–5, 226, Aristotle 85, 88, 100; on Athenian navy and 266–8 democracy 296–8; on phalanx 202, 205;on Athens: Acropolis 46, 263–4; Agora 196; archaic social class 274, 295, 298; see also Index of era 117, 128, 176; dead, recovery and burial of ancient passages cited 175, 212, 236, 238; drama 237,(see also Armenian army 356 individual dramatists); epiteichismos 178–9; armistices 100–1, 106, 155 5th-cent. development 25; frequency of armour: archaic 151, 294; Gauls and Galatians warfare 23, 88; frontier defences 167–8, 242, lack 425; legionary 496; races in 51, 133n118, 393; gymnasia 277; hierarchy of forces 126–7; 196; state provision 277, 488–9, 496; trophies innovation 110, 369; inscriptions 71–2, 92; and dedications 50, 174, 294; see also under Kerameikos cemetery 93; logistics 80, 238, cavalry (equipment); elephants; hoplites 240; Long Walls 237–8, 267; Panathenaea 311; (equipment); horses Parthenon frieze 46; and Piraeus 226, 237–8, Arpi 393 240; plague 106, 240, 243–4; plunder and Arrian 16, 52, 402, 422, 501; battle casualties in extortion 141n146, 255–6, 266, 268–9, 272, 416; on Granicus 62–3, 400, 407; Homeric 283; public physician 86; rise 252–3; Stoa influence 31, 48, 407; military experience 211, Poikile 55, 69–70; trade 125; see also under 399; Ptolemy as source 52, 62–4; see also Index economy; grain supply; training; walls of ancient passages cited army: amphibious operations 216, 266; arrow shooters, non-torsion 241 cavalry 110, 117, 126, 129, 177, 215–16, 266, 328, Arsinoe, Cilicia 26 (finance) 135, 254, 260, 266, (as marines) 504, Arsinoite nome, Egypt 334 (organization) 129, 156, (training) 135; art, visual 54–5, 72–3, 88, 340; see also command 128,(see also generals above); elite´ vase-paintings citizen units 137, 144, 144n162, 220n144; Artabazus (Persian satrap) 267 friendly fire incidents 212; hoplites 130, Artas, king of Messapia 53 214–16, (marines) 139, 148–9, 231, 504, (metics) Artaxerxes II, king of Persia 61 138–9, 298, (prestige) 126–7, (provision of Artemis 28, 204, 311; Limnatis, in Messenia 90, equipment) 254, 277, (working-class) 277, 285n41 298; light-armed forces 110, 120–1, 135–6, 149, Artemisia of Halicarnassus 43, 233 199, 215–16, 254, (mercenaries) 137, 142, 216, Artemisium, Euboea 65; naval battle of 230 265–6, 499–500; officers 128–32,(see also Artemisium, possibly Carian, naval battle of 219, generals above); organization 128–30, 156; pay 232 129, 276; uniforms 131; see also under archers; artillery: hair for ropes 44, 382–3, 451, 453n173; mercenaries non-torsion 241, 451; ports in fortifications external relations: and Acarnania 456; see also catapults 147n3; and Aetolia 95; and Alexander of Arybbas, king of Molossia 50 Pherae 171; ambassadors 96; in Calaurian Asclepiodotus 3, 4, 337, 402, 416, 501; on cavalry amphictyony 99–100; in Delphic 422; see also Index of ancient passages cited amphictyony 99; hegemony 253, (lost) 272;

632 general index

Athens: Acropolis (cont.) metics); military obligation 278; mobilization imperialism 85, 147n5, 202, 214, 225–6, 256, 148, 150; oligarchic coup (411) 276–7; police 284, (revenue) 237–8, 260–4; and Megara 67, 35; political office 298; political pay 276; 90, 155, 170; and Messenians 181, 286n45, property qualifications 276, 276n8; proxenia at and Persia 267; and Phaselis 93–4; protection, 92; public physician 86; social/political sale of 266, 269–70; proxenia 92, 93; Roman structure and military organization 291–2, (see amicitia 319, 322; and Sicyon 178; xenia 86, also taxeis and under tribes); trials for military 93–4; see also Athenian Confederacy, Second; misconduct 131–2; wealthy classes 129, Delian League; and under Aegina; Argos; 259–60, 264, 270–2, 276–8, 298; xenia 86, Byzantium; Corcyra; Corinth; Egypt; 93–4; see also finance above and under Epidaurus; Macedon; Melos; Mytilene; Sicily; aristocracy; assemblies, popular; colonies; Sparta privateering; protection; metics; tribes finance 253–4, 256–60, 270–2; allies’ wars and battles: Arginusae, battle of contributions 260–4, 266–8,(see also under 212, 232, 504; in Chalcidice (431-29) 215; Delian League); alternative modes (after Chremonidean War 72; civil war (403) 185; 428/7) 259–60, 266; 5th-cent. pressures 256–9, Cleomenes’ invasion (506) 103; against 264–6; Military Fund (stratiotika) 270–1; pay, Macedon 361–2, 388, 434; Peloponnesian War (military) 129, 276, (naval) 258, (political) 67, 143, 177, 214, 325, (siege) (404) 226, 239, 276; sources on 67, 71; taxation 243, 254, 271; 245,(see also individual battles); Persian Wars Theoric Fund 271; see also under navy below 168, 237; siege warfare 226, 238, (Epidaurus) navy: amphibious operations 229; archers 180, (Mende) 244, 286, (Methymna) 176, 123; bases overseas 261–2; captured ships in (Nisaea) 180, (Olynthus) 136, (Scione) 180, 261; coastal raiding 125; command 129, 234–5; 286, (Torone) 240, 244, 286,(see also under creation 110; dockyard superintendent lists 71; Mytilene; Potidaea; Samos; Syracuse); Social finance 141n146, 257–63, 268–72; 4th-cent. War 271; treatment of prisoners 181, 183, 241, problems 71; in Hellespont 125; inscriptions 243, 261, 288; see also Delium; Drabescus; on 71; inventories 153; and Macedon 361, 362, Marathon; Peloponnesian Wars; Plataea; 434; manpower 234, 257, 298, 504,(see also Potidaea; Salamis; Sicily (Athenian rowers; slaves below); marines 139, 148–9, 231, expedition); Sphacteria; Syracuse; Tanagra 504; merchant ships supporting 154; athletics: contests 24, 51, 89, 101, 281, (fighting) mobilization 148, 150; mode of fighting 230–1; 196, 341, 342, 504, (races in armour) 51, officers and specialists 129, 228, 231, 234; 133n118, 196; metaphors of warfare 189, 281;in organization 29, 253–72; pay 258; in Persian military training 133, 279–80, 299 Wars 224;power253, (end) 272, 362, 434; Athlit, Israel 435 professional cadre 228, 231; quality 234–6; Atintanes 319 shipbuilding 125, 256, 362; ships 254, 256, Atrax, battle of 426 262–3, (large) 124–5, 358, 360, (triremes) 125, Attalid kingdom 304, 322, 477, 480; navy 360, 148, 150, 230–1, 234; size 253, 262–3; slaves in 363, 441–2, 447; wealth 468, 477; see also 139, 150, 298; soldiers on ships 139, 148–9; Attalus I, III; Eumenes I, II speed of triremes 234; state control 254–6; Attalus I, king of Pergamum 477, 480 status 126–7; tactics 232; and trade 125; Attalus III, king of Pergamum 477 training and morale 227–8, 231; wealth and Attica 149–50, 172, 242, 263–4; see also Athens; 129, 234, 270–2; see also Paralus and under Decelea; Laurium rowers attitudes to warfare: and agonistic spirit 88; and society, politics and the state : innovation 503–4, 512–14; and prominence in adjustments (431-322) 253–72; boulê: 125, 135, literature 22–39, 50, 52–3, 273, 299; and social 254, 263; centralization 254–6, 261, 263–4; cohesion or unrest 504–6, 514–15; as structural citizen forces 265, (archers) 136, 204,(elite´ causes of war 506–8, 515; see also craft, concept units) 137, 144, 144n162, 220n144, (naval) 234, of warfare as; virtus 298, 504, (peltasts) 135; conscription 148; Augustine of Hippo 249; see also Index of ancient courts 93–4; Demetrius of Phalerum’s rule 85; passages cited democracy 85, 131–2, 296–7; discipline 34–5, author-participants 54–5, 60–4, 81, 382 131–2, 235; frequency of warfare 23, 88; Autolykos (Rhodian helmsman) 446 generals 29, 34–5, 128–9, 142, 173, 213, autonomy, city-state 104–5, 322–3 (political nature) 131, 213, (trials) 131, 176, 212; Avars 81 laws 316; leisure class 276–8, 298; manpower avoidance of conflict 22, 25–6, 50–1, 375–7, 257, 265–6, 325,(see also under mercenaries; 514

general index 633

Babylon 86, 464 Bessus, satrap of Bactria 388 Bacchylides 24, 50–1; see also Index of ancient Betis (Persian commander) 59 passages cited betrayal see treachery Bactria 339; Alexander’s campaign 376, 388, Bias of Priene 96, 99 448–50 biremes 224 Baecula, battle of 373–4, 403, 415, 431–2 Bisaltes of Abydus 229 baggage trains 152–3, 159, 162; plundering of 372, Bithynia 269, 441–2, 447 376, 414 bitumen trade 482 balance of power theories 304, 479–80, 482 Black Sea 125, 284 Balkans 59–60, 78 blockades 229, 375, 384–5, 450, 455–7, 459–60 barbarian/Greek distinction 90, 95, 396 boarding tactics, naval: Greek 230–2, 235; Barcid family of Carthage 372–3 Hellenistic and Roman 359, 437–9, 441–2 barley 151, 165 boastful captain (literary type) 507 bases, strategic 383, 385, 387 boatswains 227, 234 Basilid family of Ephesus 86 Boeotia and Boeotian League 99, 185, 202; Bassae 163 Boeotarchs 128, 341; border defences 167, 168, baths, hot 49 242; cavalry 134–5, 199, 221–2, 341–2;at battering rams 238, 238–9, 241, 394, 450–1, 454 Delium 68, 179; infantry 156, 222, 341–2; and battle drills, Roman 348 Sparta 102, 171; see also individual places, battle-pieces (literary genre) 399–400 notably Thebes battle studies school 16–18 Bolis (Cretan commander) 369 battlements 454 Bomilcar (Carthaginian commander) 367, 441, battles, land 186–223, 399–433; agonal model 459 188–91, 212, 222; archaeology of 75–7;by Boodes (Carthaginian commander) 438 encounter 214, 222; by mutual consent 202–3, booty see leisteia; plunder 209, 212; confusion 81, 408; duels 211–12; borders see frontiers duration 212, 403, 410–11, 422–3; flight 168, boredom 78 209, 211–12, 430–2, 509–10; foraging leading Bosphorus, pirates in 229 to 386; literary accounts 54–5, 58, 399–400; bows 121–2, 135, 451 mechanics of hoplite 202–13; morale 213, 413, Brasidas 159, 168, 244–5; death 48, 409; sieges: 430; night attacks 403; psychology 413, Torone 239–40, 244,(see also under 428–30; rarity of pitched, in Greece 168–70; Amphipolis reconstruction 64–5, 75–6; regional diversity Brea 285n38 187–8; ‘revolutions’ in Greek 186–7, 202–10, breastplates 118; hoplite 113, 117, 150, 196, 294, 215–22; scholarship on 7, 9, 75, 400–2; sources (replaced by leather or linen corselet) 195n45, lack soldier’s eye view 416, 422; success, 391 determinants of 429–33; surprise 222, 403; bribery 96, 376, 463 tactical interactions 404, 416–29; visibility 408 Britain, ancient 74, 417 phases: planning 406–7; preliminaries buddy theory 213 202–4, 213, 406; skirmishing 203–4, 386, 409, bullets, lead 123–4, 136 422–3; advance 204–5, 208–9; concession of burial see under dead, the defeat 173, 175, 212, 415; aftermath 76, 173–5, Byzantium: abandoned in Persian Wars 168; 183, 212; outcomes 211–12, 413–16; pursuit 212, Athenian capture 178, 180; Philip II’s siege 222, 411, 413–14, 423; see also deployment 388, 451–2, 456, 462–3; pirates 229 see also individual battles, casualties; command; exotic weapons; generals; Cadmea, Thebes 244 manoeuvre; reserves; strategy; size of forces; Caecina Severus, A. (suffect consul I) 78 tactics; topography, military; wounds; and Caere 318 under catapults; Peloponnesian War Caesar, C. Julius 62, 77, 320, 407–8, 430, 433; Beas, River: mutiny of Alexander’s army writings 54, 62, 77, 209, 417, (bias and Behistun inscription 55 political use) 30, 61–2, 81; see also Index of Belisarius 56–7 ancient passages cited bellum iustum see just war Calapodi 163 benefaction, Hellenistic 305–6 Calauria (Poros) 99–100 beneficia in Roman international relations 323 Callias Decree, first 263n64 Beneventum, battle of 403, 421, 431 Callias of Sphettus 72 Beroea; gymnasiarchal law 506 Callicrates (Achaean politician) 322–3

634 general index

Callimachus (Athenian polemarch) 409 Cassius Dio 37, 60, 76; see also Index of ancient Callinicum, battle of 56–7 passages cited Callisthenes: on battle of Issus 51–2, 63–4, 78; Castor, Spartan hymn to 204 heroic portrayal of Alexander 31, 52, 59 casualties: land battles 212–13, 394–8, 414–16, Calymnos 310 423; light 413, 415–16, 423, 428; naval 236, 395, Camarina 89, 285, 440 440–1; non-combat 395–6; see also dead, the Cameirus 98 wounds and the wounded; and under camels 77–8, 382 individual battles and generals Camillus, M. Furius (dictator I 396) 316 Çatal Huy¨ uk¨ 123 campaigning seasons see seasons, campaigning Catana 285 Campania 330, 472; and Rome 313–14, 326, 385–6 cataphracts: cavalry 368, 423–4; ships 358, 360–1 camps 151, 162–7, 403–4, 413–14; fortification catapults 451–4; assault 241, 393, 451–4; bolt- and 163–4, 392, 404, 413–14; marching 392 stone-throwing 453; battlefield use 417–19, Cannae, battle of 321, 379, 400, 407; casualties 421; defensive 383, 387, 393–4, 452–3; hair for 413, 415–16; cavalry 409, 411, 416, 423–4, 429; ropes 44, 382–3, 451, 453n173; invention 241, determinants of success 429, 432; Hannibal’s 368, 451; logistics 382–3, 448, 453; Macedonian deployment and tactics 405, 407–8, 410–12; 369, 450, 453; non-torsion 451; and Roman engagement 374, 514; Roman organization of armies 34; reconstruction 75; survivors spurned 510 Rhodian 383, 442, 452–3, 453n173; ship-borne cannibalism 245 358, 360, 441–3, 450, 453; Syracusan capacities and costs model of forces 109–10 development 393–4, 451; training in use 452–3, Cappadocia 466–8, 475 500–1; treatises 3, 75, 449; wooden parts built Capsa 397 on site 383, 448 captains, naval 385, 446; see also trierarchs Cato, M. Porcius, the Elder 490–1, 510 Capua 326, 330; siege 424, 455–6 Caudine Forks 390 Caralis 443 Caudus 284 Cardaces (Persian infantry) 423, 425–6 causes of war 3, 280–90; concept of warfare as Cardamyle, battle of 169 craft 506–8; cult of virtus 515; economic 250–1, Caria 269, 472–5 280–1, 288–90; treaty violation 97; vengeance Carneia (festival of Apollo) 100–1, 155 89–90; women 46–7 carpenters 124, 154 cavalry: in amphibious forces 266; archaic Carthage: citizens’ service abroad 367; 117–18; archery 118, 221; battle deployment commanders’ training 372–3; destruction of 404–5; casualties 416, 423; close combat city 397, 460; Ebro treaty 320–1; ethnic and 423–4; in comparison of army and linguistic diversity 372; extent of empire 366, person 127; coordination with other forces 378; logistics 368, 378, 380–1, 387–8; map; 145, 186, 188, 411, (hoplites) 215, 221, (light monetization 380; multiple fronts 378; infantry) 221–2, 329, 424; dismounting to Ophellas’ invasion 386; prisoners sacrificed to fight 424, 513–14; and elephants 420; elite gods 396; and Rome 316–17, 380, 430, 484, units 334 (see also under Companions); (see also Punic Wars); siege warfare 44, 179, equipment 118–19, 200, 512, (armour) 118, 124, 237, 241, 246, 368,(see also under Sicily); 368, (shields) 118, 328 , (spears) 118, 200, 221, sources’ inadequacy 366–7 329, (see also xyston); factionalism 138; finance army 368, 378, 397–8, 412; cavalry 368, 135, 254, 260, 266; 4th-cent. development 216, 405, 423; chariots 417; elephants 347, 350; 221–2, 391; Greek 117–19, (northern) 111, infantry 341, 368; mercenaries 179, 366–7, 134–5, 138, 221,(see also under Macedon; 473n47; tactics 410, 412–13 Thessaly; Thrace); horses 118–19, 124, 254, navy 366–7; ships 358–60, 437, 437n152, 266; light 422–3; limitations 118–19; logistics 439, 457; tactics 437, 444; transports and 382; Lydian ‘phalanxes’ 192; marginalization escorts 368, 378, 380–1 199–202; mercenaries: 141, 330; Mycenaean see also Hannibal; Punic Wars; and under 117; numbers, and success 429; Numidian; Macedon; Sardinia; Sicily; Spain; Syracuse organization 129, 331–3, 343, 422; phalanx as carts, two-wheeled 150, 152–3 defence against 205; pillion riders, light Caryae 286n44 infantry 424; prestige 126–7, 138n135; Carystus 261 proportion of armies 391; psychological effect Cassander, king of the Macedonians 370, 221, 425; in Punic Wars 429; pursuit 222, 411; 372, 377, 466, 467; campaigns 370, 376, reconnaissance 221; Scythian formations 221, 388, 393 331, 422; Seleucid native levies 476;on

general index 635

ships 148, 504; skirmishing 409, 424; stirrups Cimolos 26 unknown 118–19, 134, 423–4; Successor era; Cimon, son of Miltiades 69–70 tactics 331, 332, 422–5; ‘Tarentine’ 504; and circumvallation see under walls terrain 222; territorial defence 222; training Cithaeron, Mount 167 133, 134–5; uses 119, 177; Xenophon on 108, cities: abandonment 168; archaic 176; Hellenistic 222, 269, 369, 422; see also under individual 305–12; inviolability 310–11; and kings 305–6, states and aristocracy; cataphracts; 469, 476; profits from taking 250, 283–5, 460; reconnaissance; xyston ravaging 177–8; retreats into 176–7; surrender Cedreae 241, 286n44 244–5, 397; treatment of defeated 180–3, Celsus 66n40 240–1, 250, 283–6, 290, 396–7, 459–60,(see Celtiberians 391, 426 also razing of cities; sacking of cities; slaves Celts 341, 368, 421, 425–6 (prisoners enslaved)); trickery and centuries (Roman voting blocs) 29 treachery in capture 178, 239–40, 244–5, centurions 348 375–6, 448–9, 457–8; water supplies 459; see Ceos 452 also assaults on cities; autonomy, city-state; Cephallenia 269 citizen forces; citizenship; civic model of Chabrias (Athenian general) 216, 267, 269, organization; polis; siege warfare; walls 369 citizen forces Chaeronea, battles of: first 16, 75–6, 272, 329, Carthaginian 367 341, 404, (Theban Sacred Band) 145, 175; Greek 34, 68, 137–8, 214, 265, 325; cavalry second 75–6, 408, 418 221; elite´ 144–5; hoplites 141–2; light-armed Chains, battle of the 64 forces 221; naval 234, 296, 298 Chalcaspides (elite´ units) 338, 342–3 Roman 364–5 Chalcedon 168, 169 see also mercenaries (citizen troops Chalcidice 215, 462 compared) and under rowers Chalcis 96–7, 102, 362, 457 citizenship: in annexed territory 284–5, 290; Chaleion (Galaxidhi) 94 archaic mass emancipation into 325; classical challenge to battle, verbal 203 exclusivity 298, 325–6; Hellenistic agreements champions, duels of 203 309–10; and legally formalized warfare 250–1; Chaonians 169 Roman extension to allies 326, 330, 496; see Chares (Athenian general) 165, 267, 269–70, also citizen forces 459–60 civic model of organization: Greece 28–30, 38, charge 204–5, 208–9, 425 (‘army as polis’ principle) 30–4, 36–8, 372, Charias (siege engineer) 449 (‘men are the city’ principle) 28–30, 47; Rome Charidemus (mercenary general) 176 29–30 chariots: Celtic 418, 421; damage to own forces civil wars: Greek 89, 106; Roman 38–9, 396 421, 431; early Greek 117, 193–4, 292,(see also civilians 20, 72, 76, 80, 507; see also cities under Homer); Hellenistic 399, 404, 409, 417, (treatment of defeated) 421; Persian 217, 417–18; Pontic 417–18; races; ‘civilized’ vs. ‘primitive’ warfare 248–9 scythed 217, 417–18; see also under Carthage class, social 12, 273–4, 276, 297; conflict 137–8, (army) 141; in Homer 278; ‘middle group’ in Greece Charops (Epirote politician) 322–3 294–5; property qualifications 276; Rome 483, Cheirisophos (Spartan mercenary) 31 488, 496, 514; and training requirement 132–3; Chigi vase 73, 196–7, 198 warfare and identity 293–8; warrior/farmer children 27; 246, 396, 459; enslavement 240, division 274; see also aristocracy; deference, 397, 459–60 social; leisure class; slaves; working class chiliarchiai (infantry units) 331, 336 Clastidium; Roman base 383 Chios: and Athens 155, 178; diplomacy 98–9, Claudian Camp, near Suessulsa 385 309n13; naval battle (201) 358, 434–7, 446; Claudius Pulcher, P. (consul 249) 365, 444 navy 139, 148, 150, 224; slaves in forces 47, 139, Claudius Quadrigarius, Q. 71, 313 150; taken through treachery 244 Clazomenae 98 Chremonidean War 72 Cleandridas (Spartan general in Thurii) 170 Cicero, M. Tullius 38, 57, 320; see also Index of Clearchus of Heraclea 163 ancient passages cited Cleisthenes of Athens 28–9 Cicero, Q. Tullius 61–2 Cleitarchus 58n12 Cilicia 361–2, 363 Cleitus (commander of Alexander’s Cilles 393 Companions, d. 328) 33–4

636 general index

Cleitus (Macedonian ofﬁcer, d. 318) 362, 393, 434 comparative methods 11 clementia (clemency) 397 competition 281–90; aristocratic 30, 433, 496–7, Cleombrotus I, king of Sparta 167 511; in international relations 88–90, 97–8, Cleomenes I, king of Sparta 64, 103 100–1, 105–6, 289–90 Cleomenes III, king of Sparta 338–9 complexity 370–1, 402 Cleon (Athenian politician) 67, 160, 214, 217, confusion of battle 81, 408 219 Conon (Athenian general) 230–231n180, 267n80 Cleonae 176 conscription 148 Cleopatra VII, queen of Egypt 43 conservatism 85, 503–4, 512–14 cleruchs 285, 474–6; see also under Egypt Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, Byzantine clientage, Roman 377, 487 emperor 60 Cnidus 60, 98, 228–9 Constantinople 72 Cnossus 97 Constantius II, Byzantine emperor 59 codes of conduct 189, 215; see also conventions consuls, Roman 373, 389, 493; consular year 389, Coele-Syria 304, 392, 473, 476–7, 482 486; military command 30, 486–7, 511 cohort 79 contiones, Roman 37 coinage 94, 257, 311–12, 466, 491; Alexander’s contractors, private 471, 488–9 419, 464; of Aspendus 127; Athenian 105–6; conventions: of agonal warfare 188–91;on Macedonian 467; Roman 352, 490 non-combatants 396–7; observance and colonies 86–7, 224, 237, 508; Athenian 25, 67, non-observance 251–3; state vs. private models 215, 285; colonial-style warfare 199, 214–15, of violence 248–9, 251–3; war unrestrained by 221; Greek literary interest in 24–5; 190, 214 Macedonian 325–6; mother-cities 26, 97, 287; cooking and eating 151, 153, 164–5 organizational model for Ten Thousand 31; coordination: of multiple armies 369–70;of Roman 326, 394, 486, 496, (maritime) 364; naval combat 445–6; see also combined arms violence in creation 25, 31, 285; see also Corcyra 89, 91, 319; Athenian alliance 102, 150, cleruchs; Italy (Greek colonization) 265; civil war 106, 151, 161–2, 246, 269; and Colophon 98 Corinth 89, 97, 231–2, 288; navy 47, 139, 150, columns, Roman monumental: of Arcadius 72; 231–2 of Trajan 55, 56 Corinth: and Athens 96, 155, 254,(see also combined arms 409; Carthage 368; classical era Solygeia); battle near (390) 120–1; and 147n3, 186, 361; demands on commander; defensive alliances 102; Demetrius Poliorcetes’ Hellenistic development 361, 368; in Homer shipyard 362; League of 104–5, 361; military 292; Macedon 145, 202–10, 333, 361, 369; organization 148, 156; navy 124, 125, 139, 149, Rome 352; Sicily 188, 199; tactical interactions 150, 153, 258; and Peloponnesian League 259; 404, 416–29; see also coordination under and Potidaea 149, 217; Roman sack 397, 460; cavalry; infantry (light) Spartan alliance 102–3; trade 125; see also under comedy 237, 296, 499, 507; see also Aristophanes Corcyra comitia centuriata, Roman 37, 485, 511 Corinth, Gulf of; naval battles (429) 230, 235–6 command: apologies 33; Hellenistic 406–9, Coronea: battle of 65, 173, 205, 209, 215, 218, 446–7, 449; joint and dual 129, 373; (Agesilaus’ tactics) 173, 209–10, 217; league Macedonian authority 145; personal nature centred on 99 371–2, 406–7, 479; popular/political Corupedium, battle of 468 inﬂuences 30, 33–4, 36–8, 59, 372, 377; Roman corvus (boarding bridge) 437–41, 444n166 system 389, 433,(see also under consuls); Cos 98, 268, 269, 310, 434 subordinate commanders 372, 408; see also Cotyrta, battle of (424) 169 communication; generals; politics courage 188, 293, 501; see also virtus (commanders’ appointment); strategy; cowardice 40–1, 131; Roman scorn for 509–10, women (commanders); and under Sparta 514 commemoration, postbellum 12; see also craft, concept of warfare as 213, 369, 498, 500–3, monuments; triumphs; trophies 510, 516; consequences 503–8 commentarii, military tribunes’ 349 craftsmen 76, 86, 274, 279 communication in battle: land 130, 408; naval Crassus, M. Licinius (triumvir) 422 232–4, 445–7 Craterus (marshal of Alexander the Great) 389, Commus 163 431–2, 466 Companions (Macedonian elite´ units); cavalry Cratippus of Athens 59n16 329–30, 331, 334, 423; Foot, pezetairoi 331 cremation 175, 236

general index 637

Crete 26, 284, 291, 309; maps; mercenaries 424, deception 390–1, 406–7; see also treachery; 501–2, (archers) 121–2, 329, 343, 500; subject trickery native population 274–6, 284, 291 Decius Mus, P. (d. 295) 415, 432 Crimisus River, battle of 378, 403, 417 Decius Mus, P. (d 340) 432 Cromnus, Arcadia 178 declaration of war 95, 97, 315 Croton 452, 456 decorations, Roman military 510, 513 crucifixion of prisoners 238, 396, 460 dedications, victory 50, 101, 238; see also Ctesias 55, 61 monuments; trophies Ctesibius 449 deditio in fidem populi Romani 323–4 cuirasses 339, 355 defeat: Greek concession 173, 175, 212, 415; cultures, warfare between different 189 Roman refusal to accept 514–15; suicide of Cumae 326 populations 459; see also cities (treatment of Cunaxa: battle of 55, 61, 217, 418, 431; Cyrus’ defeated); massacres (of defeated march to 159–60, 161, 165 populations); prisoners, fate of currency see coinage defector intelligence 391 Curtius Rufus, Q. 59, 416; see also Index of defence 167–70, 403–4; and ‘just war’ 314–15; ancient passages cited siege technology 383, 387, 452–3,(see also customs duties, Seleucid 476 under Archimedes); see also fortifications; Cycladic islands 224 imperialism (defensive); passes, defence of Cyclopes 87 deference, social; deference 296–7, 505, 514 Cyinda, Cilicia 468 Deinas (Macedonian general) 370 Cyme 312, 339 Deinocrates (Syracusan general) 377, 396 Cynoscephalae, battle of (364) 223 Deiotarus of Galatia 356 Cynoscephalae, battle of (197) 71, 399–400; dekaniai (cavalry units) 345 flight 420, 431; numbers killed and captured dekas (infantry file) 330–1, 336 415–16; reasons for Roman success 432–3; delaying strategy 377, 514 surprise engagment 390, 403; tactics 408, 410, Delbruck,¨ Hans 7–8, 10, 20, 400–1 412, 426, 432 Delian League 89–90, 103–4, 225–6, 260–4; Cynossema, naval battle of 235 Athenian hegemony 105–6, 263, (and profit) Cynouria, border dispute over 285–6 67, 103–4, 226, 237, 260–4; revolts 226, 261, Cyprus 60, 361, 385, 454, 473; fleet at Tyre 440, (see also Mytilene (Athenian siege) and under 444–5, 448; timber 358, 361–2 Samos; Thasos); tribute 104, 226, 237, 263–5, Cyrenaica 393, 472–3 284, (amount) 67, 263–4, 284 Cyropolis, Bactria 450 Delium; Athenian epiteichismos 178–9 Cyrus the Younger 156, 159–60, 161, 165 Delium, battle of 68, 169, 178, 190, 216; Cytenium, Doris 107 Athenian return home 183; burial truce 173; Cythera 178, 263; battle (424) 169, 222 cavalry 216, 219; flame thrower 179, 239; Cyzicus 268, 269 friendly fire incidents 212; light infantry 204; reserves 219; Theban phalanx 207, 210, 218 Dacia, Trajan’s campaigns in 55, 56 Delos 91, 99, 103, 263; see also Delian League Daedalus 52–3 Delphi 101, 259, 311, 316; Aemilius Paullus Damascus 464 Monument 338; oracle 97, 285–7; Phocian dancing in hoplite training 134, 279, 281 plundering 173, 283n30, 310, 316; Pythian Daniell, Roger; Mars his Field (1595) 6 games 100, 155, 311 Danube; Roman military archaeology 13–14 Delphic amphictyony 97, 99–100, 311–12 Daphne Parade 339 Delphinium 178 Dara 73 Demaratus, king of Sparta 70 Dardanelles see Hellespont Demeter; sanctuary at Anthela 99 Darius I, king of Persia 55, 86, 95, 422 Demetrius I, king of Bactria 482 Darius III, king of Persia 63, 189, 361, 423, 432 Demetrius I Poliorcetes, king of Macedon 319, Datamas, satrap of Cappadocia 246 360, 381, 466, 467, 469; marches 392–3; dead, the: recovery and burial 12, 76, 173–6, 212, Nabataean campaign 381; polyremes 358–60, 236, (truces for) 173, 175, 183, 212; see also 362, 441–2, 453; and Ptolemy I, (battle of casualties Gaza) 370, 405, 410, 415, (battle of Salamis) Decebalus, king of Dacia 55, 56 358, 360, 441, 453; sieges 360, 393, 441, 453, Decelea, epiteichismos of 178, 239 457, 465; tactics 405, 410 Decelean War 170 Demetrius of Phalerum 85

638 general index

Demetrius of Pharos 493 discipline 20, 34–6, 130–2, 501; Greek 34–6, Democedes of Croton (physician) 86 131–2, 143–4, 145, 220–1, 235,(see also under Demochares of Thoricus (Athenian rower) 234 Sparta); Persian 36; Roman 30, 36, 404; see democracy 85, 89, 179, 296–7, 376, 506; also punishments extension of political rights 276–7; and disease 240, 243–4, 395–6 officer–men relations 36–8, 131–2 disinformation 391; see also deception Democritus (Corinthian naval commander) 233 divination before battle 204 demography, military see manpower dog patrols 166 Demosthenes 96, 141–2, 142n153, 220, 447;on donkeys 152–3 Athenian navy 71, 258–9, 361; contrasts doratophoroi (type of cavalry) 345 city-state warfare with Macedonian 34, 146, Dorians 28–9, 98, 155 191, 447; use of light-armed forces 120–1, 220; Drabescus, battle of 120 see also Index of ancient passages cited Drepana 443, 457; naval battle of 365, 444, departure of forces 154, 156–8 444n166 deployment: Greek 203, 404–5; Hellenistic and drill 3, 416 Roman 403–7, 419–20, 428; by mutual Ducrey, P. 10–11 consent 203, 403 duels of champions or small groups 203; see also depopulation, deliberate 74, 241, 285 single combat depots, supply 383, 385, 387 Duilius, C. (consul 260) 439 desert campaigns 392–3; logistics 381–3, Dura-Europus, siege of 77 386 duration of fighting 410–11, 422–3 desertion 34, 132, 206, 293, 376, 395–6; dust clouds 390, 408 intelligence from 391 devices, shield- 293–4, 337–8 earthquakes 158 devotio (Roman ritual) 432 Ebro treaty 320–1 diabatêria (sacrifices at border) 157–8 Ecbatana 464, 468 Diades (siege engineer) 449 eclipses 32–3, 159 Dicaearchus the Aetolian 363 Ecnomus, naval battle of 359–60, 439, diekplous (naval manoeuvre) 230, 435, 444 442n162 Diocletian, Roman emperor; Edict on economy 12, 273; Antigonus I’s system 468–70; Maximum Prices 80 Athenian, and war taxation 271; cost of citizen Diodorus (Corinthian naval commander) 233 forces 138; Hieron II’s non-military 478; Diodorus Siculus 52, 58, 414, 416; sources 58n12, leisure-class pressure on 280–2; mercenaries 60, 382, 400; see also Index of ancient passages and 16; motives for war 280–5,(see also under cited profit); Thebans free helots as attack on dioiketês (Egyptian official) 470 Spartan 370 Diomilus of Andros 220 Edessa 77, 80 Dionysiac artists 310–11 Edonis 462 Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse 283, 437n152; education 62; military nature of Roman 373, autocracy 86, 303; polyremes 124, 358, 451; and 377, 486–7; see also ephebeia; training siege warfare 451, 462 egalitarianism and imperialism 290 Dionysius II, tyrant of Syracuse 203n69, 358 Egesta 46–7 Dionysius of Alexandria (engineer) 452–3 Egypt: agricultural tithe 470–2; and Antigonids Dionysius of Halicarnassus 414–15; see also Index and Seleucids 303–6, 324, 385, 477, 482,(see of ancient passages cited also Syrian Wars and under Antigonus I Dionysius of Phocaea 227, 229, 250 Monophthalmus; Ptolemy I Soter); Diopeithes (Athenian general) 269–70 arbitration 26; Athenian expedition (454) 261; Dioscuri 157 bureaucracy 470–1; cleruchs 334, 472–5, 508; Diotimus (Athenian general) 270 and Coele-Syria 304, 482; Hellenization 475; diplomacy 86–8, 90–7; adaptation to existing infantry spear 368–77; Iphicrates and 325, practice, (Philip II) 303, (Romans) 317–19, 368–77; Jewish factionalism 376; land 335, 322–3; inscriptions on 71–2; kinship 25–6, 470–5; and Lebanon 385; machimoi 473–4; 106–7, 380; prestige vessels for missions 357–8; manpower 306, 334–5, 363; map; mercenaries supracivic organizations 97–101; see also in 86, 140, 474, 504; merchant marine 471; arbitration; heralds; international relations; navy 357, 360, 363; and Nesiotic League 304, leagues; proxenia, proxenoi; treaties; xenia, 312; Palestinian border 393; Ptolemaea xenoi (festival) 311; revolts 335, 508; and Rome 319,

general index 639

324, 355, 387; social and economic problems epiteichismos (fortification of position on enemy 471–2, 474–5; transport 471; wealth 471 land) 177–8, 239, 394 army organization 334–6, 339, 504; equestrian order, Roman 352 elite´ units 334; native troops 335, 474, 508; size Eretria 99, 102, 178, 257, 267; Philip V’s attack 334; supply 471 450, 457 see also Cleopatra VII; Ptolemy I, II, III, IV, Ergocles (Athenian general) 269 V, VI Erxadieis (Aetolian community) 102–3 eighteenth-century historiography 5 Erythrae 97–8 eisphora (Athenian tax) 270–2 Eteonicus (Spartan officer) 154 ekecheiriai (truces) 100, 155 ethnicity 12, 97, 372, 507–8; see also Dorians elections: Greek 96, 128–9, 131, 213, 372; Roman Etruria 283, 319; and Rome 313–14, 318, 373, 387, 510–11 485 elephants 392, 399, 404, 417, 419–29; armour euangelia (sacrifice for good news) 185 347; Carthaginian 347, 350; Indian 368; Eubulus (Athenian statesman) 226 interaction with other forces 409, 419–21, 431; Euesperitae, battle of 169 logistics 382 Eumenes I, king of Pergamum 477, 482 Eleusinian mysteries 95, 100, 155 Eumenes II, king of Pergamum 441–2, 447, 477, Elis 96, 158, 220n144, 284, 311, 328; Arcadian war 493 (365) 162; and Heraea 102; and Pisa 96, 101; Eumenes of Cardia 27, 34, 48, 387, 390, 466–8; and Sparta 102, 168, 170–1, 177, 287–8; Xenias’ Iranian campaign against Antigonus 405, 412, attempted coup 93 468, (Antigonus’ forced march) 389–90, 392, elite´ units: classical Greek 118, 132, 133–4, (death) 372, 376, 414,(see also Paraetacene, 137, 144–5, 146, 219–20,(see also Thebes battle of); personal combat 48, 408–9 (Sacred Band)); Hellenistic, (cavalry) 334, eunoiai (protection payments) 269–70 338–9, (infantry) 342–3, 414, 428, 450; Eupolemus (Macedonian general) 391 see also Companions and under Euripides 33–4, 46, 51, 168, 219, 240; epinician training ode for Alcibiades 50; see also Index of ancient elites,´ social see aristocracy; leisure class passages c1ited empathy 17 Europe, northern 13–14, 20 engineering 369; specialists 393, 449–50, 452–4, Eurydice, queen of Macedon 376 462–3, 465,(see also Archimedes); see also Eurymedon, battle of 261 artillery; catapults; roads euzonoi (light infantry) 343 English-speaking scholarship 7–10, 13 evacuation 282–3, 293, 459 Enlightenment, European early 5 evocatio (Roman ritual) 166–7 enomotiai (Spartan units) 156, 207, 291 execution 131, 183, 286, 396–7; see also entertainments in camp 165 crucifixion; massacres Epaminondas 19, 133–4, 171, 202, 218; death 59, exile 499; of populations 74, 241, 285 409; at Mantinea 59, 218, 223; tactics 218, 223, exotic weapons 399, 417–21, 429; damage to own 369, 405, 410 forces 418, 421; see also catapults; chariots; eparitoi (elite´ Arcadian corps) 144, 145 elephants ephebeia (Athenian military training) 35–6, 132, experience of warfare 54, 233–4, 243–7, 292–8; 134, 500, 506 author-participants’ narratives 60–4, 81 Ephesus 86, 98, 169, 311 exploration 24–5, 361 Ephorus 60, 191; see also Index of ancient passages expulsion of populations 74, 241, 285 cited extispicy 156–7, 158 epibatai see marines extortion 141n146, 268–9, 272 epic poetry 39, 48; lost Argonautica 24, 52; see eye-witness reports 60–4, 81, 382 also individual poets Epidaurus 99–100, 180, 275–6, 284; Argive Fabius Maximus Rullianus, Q. (consul I 322) 415 invasion 100–1, 155, 167, 171 Fabius Maximus Verrucosus (Cunctator), Q. epidemics 240, 243–4, 395–6 (consul I 233) 377, 385, 388, 514 epilektoi see elite´ units Fabius Pictor, Q. 70 epinician poetry 50–1; see also Pindar fables of Aesop 90 Epipolae, battles of 169 ‘face-of-battle’ approach 17, 187, 213, 401–2 Epirus 321–3, 370, 493; see also Pyrrhus, king of factionalism 138, 375–6, 457–8 Epirus family traditions 70, 372–3, 377, 486–7, 507 epistatês (infantry officer) 207 farmers, Greek 274, 279

640 general index

farming of revenues, Roman 488–9 Fundi 326 fatigue 431 funeral, Athenian annual public 175, 236, 238 federalism, Greek 86, 306, 310, 312, 377 feminism 12 Gabiene, battle of: deployment and tactics 405, fertilizer 172 412, 423, 428; elephants 420–1; Eumenes festivals: Greek 100–1, 155–6, 277, 311, handed over to Antigonus 372, 376, 414; (competitive ethos) 196, 281, 287–8, 504; surrender 415 Roman military 510 Gainas, king of the Goths 72 fetial procedures, Roman 314–16, 318–19, 321 Galatians 337, 341, 420, 425, 472 feudalism 111, 128, 135 games see athletic contests file (infantry unit) 330–1, 336–7, 343 Garlan, Yvon 10–11, 248–9 finance: Hellenistic 464–70, 478–9, 482,(see also garrisons 343, 475, 495 under individual kingdoms); private gastraphetês (type of crossbow) 451 expenditure by soldiers/sailors 116, 150–1, 153, Gaugamela see Arbela 257–8, 294; see also coinage; extortion; foreign Gaul, Cisalpine 316, 383 paymasters; pay; plunder; taxation; treasuries; Gauls 192, 334, 415, 417; arms and armour 341, wealth; and under individual states and 425, 504; invasion of Greece 311, 425; invasions cavalry; hoplites; siege warfare of Hellenistic kingdoms 516; invasion of Italy Finley, M. I. 10, 28 313, 317, 413, 425, 484–6 fire 239, 443, 445; see also under siege warfare Gaurium, battle of 169 flagships 447 Gaza: Alexander’s siege 448, 458; battle of 334, flame throwers 239 370, 415, (deployments and tactics) 405, 410, Flamininus, T. Quinctius (consul 198) 322, 385 422, (elephants) 421, 429 Flaminius, C. (consul I 223) 71 Gedrosian desert 78, 381 Flaminius, C. (praetor 193) 389 Gela 285 flanking manoeuvres: Hellenistic and Roman Gelon, tyrant of Syracuse 188, 199, 222 410–13, 422, 432; Spartan 405, 410 generals: aristocratic code of conduct 189; flight from battle 168, 209, 211–12, 430–2, 509–10 authors see Arrian; Demosthenes; Sophocles; fodder 162, 266, 382, 385, 389 Xenophon; in battle 203, 213–23, 402–16, food supply: on campaign 80, 151, 154, 381–2, 430–3; Carthaginian long-term commands 385, 387, 389,(see also foraging; rations); 372; combine heroism and battle management strategic consideration 125, 388, 494; see also 399, 407–8; in comparison of army and grain supplies person 128; disciplinary powers 34–5, 130–1, foraging 385–6 145; foreign monarchs employ 141; and foreign paymasters 259, 266–7 heterogeneous forces; intelligence Formiae 326 interpretation 406–7, 432–3; joint and dual formula togatorum 317–18 commands 129, 373; popular influence over fortifications 74, 238–9, 241–2, 368, 385, 455, 465; 30, 33–4, 36–8, 59, 372, 377; and morale 33, battlefield 403–4, 414; Roman imperial 73, 74; 213, 226–8, 431–3; naval commands 226–8, see also epiteichismos; mole; siege warfare; 234; non-professionals 128; pay 129; personal towers; walls; and under camps; frontiers; combat 374, 408–9, 461, 507; personal nature siege warfare of command 371–2, 406–7, 479; and plunder Four Emperors, Year of the 34 142, 183; subordinate commanders 372, 408; France; historiography 9–11 trials of Athenian 131, 176, 212; veneration of frankincense trade 482 successful Roman 485–7; see also politics freedmen in Roman navy 364–5 (commanders’ appointments; control of frequency of warfare see prevalence of warfare commanders); risk-taking; strategy; individual friendly fire incidents 212, 418, 421 generals, and under individual states friends and friendship: Hellenistic kings’ 481–2; geography 62, 78, 81, 391; see also terrain in international relations 106–7; see also Germanicus Julius Caesar 76 Companions; xenia Germany: ancient warfare 192, 222, 430; frontiers: disputes 90, 204, 285–6, 304; 19th-cent. historians 7–8 fortifications 167–8, 242, 393; Roman 13, 18, Glabrio, M’ Acilius (consul 191) 323–4 74n75, 81; sacrifices 157–8, 204; sanctuaries 90; gladiators 39 troops for defence of 222, 341 Gordian III, Roman emperor 73 Frontinus, Sex. Julius 3, 402, 404, 406, 501; see Gortyn 284 also Index of ancient passages cited Goths 72

general index 641

Gracchus, C. Sempronius 496 hard tack 381–2, 386 Gracchus, Ti. Sempronius (consul 215) 70–1 Harmodius (Athenian tyrannicide), sister of 47 Gracchus, Ti. Sempronius (tribune 133) 496 Hasdrubal (Carthaginian commander) 320–1, graffiti 54; from Sirmium 81 367, 397, 411, 445; at Cannae 408, 416, 423;at grain supplies: Antigonus I 382, 386, 469–70; Ilipa 403, 407, 414; at Metaurus 392–3, 397, Athens and Hellespontine 125, 388;on 407, 409, 421 campaign 151, 154, 381–2, 385, 387, 389; Greek hastati (Roman front line infantry) 406, 428–9, polis warfare and 171–2; Roman 387, 491–4 431 Granicus, battle of River 33, 403, 415–16, 431–2; Hegelochus (Corinthian admiral) 361 Alexander’s personal combat 407–9; cavalry hegemonia, hegemony 287, 289; Athenian 253, 423–4, 429; conflicting sources 62–3, 400; 272; hegemonic alliances 87–8, 101–6 infantry 424–5 Helen as cause of war 46 grappling hooks 437 helepolis siege towers 360, 453, 457 Graupius, Mons 75 Hellenic League 312 Great Plains, battle of 411–12, 431–2 Hellenica Oxyrhynchia 59n16; see also Index of greaves: cavalry 118; infantry 113, 117, 150, 195, ancient passages cited 329, 391 Hellenistic world: oikoumenê 304–5, 307, 309, Greece: Gallic attack (279) 311; and Hellenistic 311–12, 368; modern studies 15–16,(see also empires 306; and Macedon 306, 379, 393, 463, balance of power theories); and Rome 318–24, 466, 469,(see also Macedon (and Athens; and 398, 416, 516; see also individual kingdoms, and Sparta)); maps; terminology, Thesaurus individual topics throughout index Linguae Graecae 15 Hellenotamiai 263 relations with Rome 316, 322–3; Hellespont 161; Athenian control 125, 263, Greek cultural influence 52, 318–19, 368, 397; 268–70, 388; battle of 408–9, 423, 431–2; map Greek disregard for Roman literature 39, 52; helmets: archers’ 194; cavalry 118; hoplite 113, Roman control and exploitation 488, 492–4 116–17, 150, 195, 294; legionary 349; see also individual states and topics Macedonian infantry 329; peltast 339; Greek/barbarian distinction 90, 95, 396 Thracian 166 Greek cities of south Italy: Roman socii navales helmsmen 129, 231, 234–5, 295, 363, 446 364–6; Sicily 364–6 helots 284; Athens and 47, 177–8; economic greed 282, 289–90 importance 109, 111, 144, 274, 370; military guerre de course 228–9 service 65, 132, 139, 140, 277; and social/ guerrilla fighting 40, 495 military organization 66, 291; unrest, actual Gylippus (Spartan commander) 33, 223 and potential 47, 66, 109, 135, 177–8, 291 gymnasia 277, 334; gymnasiarchal inscriptions Helvetii 8 452, 506 hepatoscopy 156–7 Heraclea, Italy, battle of 408–9, 414–15, 420, 423, Hadrumetum 366 432, 509 hair used as rope 44, 382–3, 451, 453n173 Heraclea Pontica 148, 163, 274, 290 Halicarnassus 98, 268 Heraclea Trachinia 169 Hamilcar (Carthaginian commander) 320 Heraclides of Mylasa 219, 232 hamippoi (light infantry) 188, 222, 329 Heraea (Argive festival) 311 handbooks, military see manuals Heraea, Arcadia 102 Hannibal (Carthaginian admiral) 438–9 heralds 95, 97, 189–90, 212; war without (polemos Hannibal (Carthaginian general): composition akeryktos) 190, 214 of forces; crossing of marshes 78; deception Herbesus; Roman supply depot 458 and surprise 390; in east 492, (as naval Herippidas (Spartan soldier) 205 commander) 435, 441–2, 445–7; genius 372–3, Hermes; protection of heralds 95 433; logistics 387–8; Macedonian alliance 321, Hermione 99 444; and morale 432; Roman influence on Hermocrates (Syracusan statesman) 89 433, 504; sieges 321, 376; sources on 55; tactics Herodotus 50, 59, 64; value for reconstruction 405, 410–11, 432,(see also under Cannae; 54, 64–6, 69–70, 81; see also Index of ancient Trebia; Zama); see also Punic Wars (Second) passages cited and individual battles heroism, commanders’ 399, 407–8 Hannibal the Rhodian 456–7 Heron; on war-catapults 3 Hanno (Carthaginian commander) 366, 458 Hesiod 281, 299; see also Index of ancient passages harbours 256–7, 360, 434, 443–4, 457 cited

642 general index

Hestiaea 286n46 honour 189, 197, 215, 371–2, 404–5; as motive for hierarchies: of military forces 40–1, 125–7, 138, war 90, 286–90; Roman concept 189, 515 138n135; in naval crews 295–6; of states 286–7 hook to pull up ships, Archimedes’ 453 Hiero I, tyrant of Syracuse 386, 458 hoplites: and agriculture 109, 190, 279,(see also Hiero II, tyrant of Syracuse 339, 478 ravaging below); amateur ideal 133–4; hieromenia (sacred period) 100–1, 155–6, 311 amphibious operations 229; archaic 132–3, 138, Hieronymus of Cardia 34, 43, 48, 382, 414; 151, 191, 198, 251, (mounted) 117, 144n162, 199; Diodorus’ use 60, 382, 400 battles 202–13; citizen 138, 141–2, 500; hill warfare 219 cohesion of armies 36; in combined-arms Himeras River, battle of 371 forces 108–9, 121–2, 188, 215, 220–1, 333, 409; Hindu Kush mountains 388 communalization of kudos 89; in comparison hipparchies (cavalry units) 331, 343 of army and person 127; decline 16, 109, 325; hipparchoi (cavalry officers) 129, 341–2 desertion 293; elite´ units 133–4, 144–5; ethos hippeis; Athenian property qualification 276n8; 36, 133–4, 213, 279, 293, 500, 503–4; financing Spartan elite´ infantry 118, 144, 144n162 150–1, 254, 257–8, 277, 293–4, 325; flexibility Hippodamus of Miletus 274 199, 215; Hellenistic 338–9, 425–7, 429; Hipponium 452 individual combat 199; insignia 117; Histiaeus of Miletus 229, 259 introduction 73, 111; light-armed troops defeat historiography, ancient: agonal fighting in 40; 109, 119–21, 214–15, 220, 425; on march 152, on archers 40–2; battle-pieces 399–400; bias 159, 171–2; mounted 117, 144n162, 199; and 81; educative purpose 62; knowledge and naval combat 236,(see also under marines); in memory 69–71; literary nature 39, 57–60, 77; northern Greece 111; organization 130; narrowing-down after Herodotus 50; practical othismos, ‘shove’ 65, 192, 209–11, 218;in experience of writers 57,(see also Peloponnesian War 109, 116n18, 119, 214–15, author-participants); priorities and 220–1; Persian use of Greek 140–1; political assumptions 64–9; quality of sources varies participation 138, 296–8; prestige 65, 108, 399–400; and women’s role in warfare 42–7; 126–7, 138, 295–7; races in armour 51, 133n118, see also individual historians, 196; ravaging 171–2;asrowers229; servants author-participants, and under speeches 115, 150, 152, 160, 293–4, 392; as social group historiography, modern see scholarship, modern 279, 293–5, 297; supremacy model 108–9; late Hittites 94 emergence 192; sources on 64–5, 68,(see also Homer, and Homeric world 193–5; Achilles and under vase-paintings); training 132, 133–4, 138, Odysseus models 188; adventure and longing 205, 208–9, 279–80; in vase-paintings 73, 109, for home 24–5; agonistic spirit 88; attitude to 115, 117, 196, 199; working-class 116n18, war 27, 48–9; burial truces 173; camp 277–80, 297–8 fortifications 163; chariots 117, 193–4, 292; equipment, panoply 111–13, 117, combined arms 292; on competition 281; date 150–1, 174, 195–6, 199, 242; armour 113–15, 193; duels 194–5, 203; influence 48–50, 64; 117, 124, 150–1, 195–6, 294, 333; lightening Hesiod’s apocryphal contest with 299; honour 115–17, 122–3, 195; private provision 116, 150–1, 288; Judgement of Paris 47; light-armed troops 254, 293–4, 325; state provision 277; see also 120, 127, 293; military and social organization under breastplates; helmets; shields; spears; 29, 194, 292; mutilation of corpses 174; naval swords warfare not described 48–9; normative see also phalanx and under archers; Athens behaviour 87; officers’ relations with men 130; (army); marines; mercenaries; metics; Sparta; oral tradition 19; Plato’s criticism of morality terrain; vase-paintings 31; plunder 31, 250; profit motive 250, 282, hoplomachoi (teachers of hoplite fighting) 133, 288; raiding and piracy 307; ransoming of 213–14, 220, 222, 279, 501 cities 283; reprisals 251n17; repulsive detail Horace (Q. Horatius Flaccus) 38–9; see also Index 23–4, 48–9, 81; retreat into city 176; sentries of ancient passages cited 165–6; social class 19, 186, 278, 297; tribes and horkoi (‘oaths’, treaties) 94 phratries 29, 194; Troy assaulted, not besieged horse-archers see under archers 237; women and war 42–4, 47; wounds 23–4, horses 117, 119, 126, 266, 386; armour 118, 124; 48–9, 81; xenoi as suspect 91; see also Index of size 119; see also stirrups, absence of and under ancient passages cited and under Alexander III; cavalry archery; aristocracy; phalanx hostages 396–7 Homeric Hymn on Delian festival 49 Hostilius Mancinus 55 homopoliteiai (sympolity agreements) 309–10 hunting 279

general index 643

Hyacinthia (Spartan festival) 66 333, (cavalry) 188, 221–2, 329, 424, (elephants) Hybrias, Song of 274–5 419, (heavy infantry) 108–9, 215, 220, 333; hybris (unprovoked aggression) 288–9 Epaminondas and 223; 4th-cent. development Hyccara 268 216, 220–1, 391; hoplites defeated by 109, Hydaspes, River 361; battle of 416–17, 420, 119–21, 215, 220, 425; marginalization 425–6, 429 197–202; mercenaries 111, 220–1, 343,(see also hypaspistai (Hypaspists) (elite´ troops) 331, 333, under archers; peltasts); ‘peltast’ as general 450 term for 221; from periphery of Greek world Hyphasis mutiny 59 111, 127, 135; pillion riders 424; plundering 343; Hysiae 241, 286n44 provide own equipment 254; against ravagers 177;(see also velites); in rough terrain 109, Ialysus 98 119–20; Seleucid native 476; on ships 148; Iasus 286n44 status 127, 205; tactical interactions 122, 425; Ibera, battle of 411, 431 training 135–6, 500–1; see also archers; peltasts; Iberian mercenaries 341 slingers; velites; and under Homer Ida, Mount, Asia Minor 482 informal ﬁghting 40, 44–6, 495 Idomene 339 injury 449; see also casualties; wounds and the Idumaea 472 wounded ile (cavalry unit) 331, 333, 341–3 innovation 368–9, 503–4, 512–14 Iliturgi 460 inscriptions 16, 25, 71–2; on bullets 123, 136 Ilium 176, 312; Iliou Persis theme in epic 48; see insignia, hoplite 117 also Troy insult as cause of war 287–8 Ilipa, battle of 405, 407, 410, 413–14, 429, intelligence 214, 391, 406–7, 432–3; see also 431 reconnaissance Illyria 321, 424; Rome and 46, 319, international relations 85–107, 303–24; agonistic 492–4 spirit 88–90, 97–8, 101, 105–6; agreements imitation, literary 58–9 307–12; archaic 85–6, 88–101, 306–7; coinage imperialism: defensive 483–4, 492–3; egalitarian and 94; colonization and 86–7; external forms 290; Hellenistic 479–82; Macedonian structural determinants 86–8; geopolitical diplomatic 462–3; modern attitudes to 483–4; circumstances and 87–8, 105–7; Greek 85–107; Persian 214; Roman Republican 483–8, 492–3; Hellenistic 107, 303–12; norms 86–8, 101, see also under Athens 105–7; personal relationships and 86, 93, 95, imperium, Roman 30, 36, 374, 493 106–7, 189, (see also proxenia; xenia); polis and Inchtuthil 74 atomistic model of 85–6; Rome 313–24, (early) indemnities 263, 488, 491 313–18, (with Hellenistic world) 318–24; see India 361, 368, 417, 475; Alexander’s campaign also alliance; amphictyonies; arbitration; 361, 372, 376, 379, 396–7, 448–9 diplomacy; leagues; proxenia; treaties; xenia; indirect strategy 370–1 and under religion Indus, River 361 intimidation 244–5 infantry: and cavalry 411; dual capable 339–43, inviolability 95–6, 100, 189–90, 310–11 426; and elephants 420–1; lightening of Io 46 equipment 115–17, 122–3, 195, 391; lower-class Ionia 28, 137; Panionium 98–9, 312; revolt 219, 139–40, 146,(see also hoplites (working-class)); 224, 227 multi-line systems 406, 412–13, 431; status 287, Iphiades of Abydus 245 (see also hoplites (prestige)); tactical Iphicrates (Athenian general) 127–8, 164, 216, interactions 425–9 269, 329; discipline 143–4, 220–1; Egyptian heavy: battles between forces of 404–6, campaign 325, 368–77; innovation 326–9, 409, 412, 425–9; coordination with light 368–77; peltasts 120–1, 220–1, 266, 325–9, infantry 108–9, 215, 220, 333; depth 405–6, 368–77, (defeat Spartan phalanx) 215–16, 220, 412–13, 426, 431,(see also under phalanx); (development) 339; stratagems 164, 220–1; frontage 203, 207, 405, 426; native 508; see also training 161–2, 220–1 hoplites; legions; phalanx Ipsus, battle of 75, 379, 420, 468, 473 light: allied, in Peloponnesian War 221; Iran 396; see also Persia and under Eumenes of archaic 151, 220; in battle 203–4, 404, 409, Cardia 425–6; Carthaginian 341, 368; citizen 221; irregularly armed troops 119–20, 151 colonial-style warfare 214–15, 221; Isidore of Seville 352; see also Index of ancient coordination with other forces 121, 145, 186, passages cited

644 general index

Islanders, League of the 304, 312 King’s Peace 103, 105, 263n59 Isocrates 274; on mercenaries 141–2; see also kinship 28–9; diplomacy 25–6, 106–7, 380 Index of ancient passages cited knowledge and memory 69–71 isopolity agreements 307–9 kothonˆ (Spartan cup) 151 Issa; Roman protectorate 319 Kromayer, J. 7, 9–10, 12, 401 Issus, battle of 388, 390, 400, 403, 416, 432, 464; Kyllyrioi (Syracusan subject population) 275–6 deployments and tactics 404, 410, 423, 429, 432; mosaic 63, 73; Polybius on Callisthenes’ ladders, scaling 242, 442–3, 450, 453–4, 457 account 52, 63–4 Lade, naval battle of 70, 224, 229 Isthmian festival 155, 311, 322 Laelius, C. 408, 423, 453n174 Isthmus, wall across 66 Laevinus, M. Valerius (consul ? 220, 210) 366 Italy 19; Greek colonization 25, 52–3, 256, 318, Lamachus (Athenian general) 34–5 364, 365–6, 472; maps Lamian War 389, 394, 466 relations with Rome 318, 496; alliance Lampsacus 244, 286n44 system 317–18, 364, 365–6, 485–6, 494–7; land: in Egypt 335, 470–5; Gracchan reforms contact with Greek culture 318; military 496; grants to combatants 330, 335,(see also control 377, 387, 394; use of resources 364, cleruchs); landlessness 498–9, 505; not 385, 494–7 occupied by victors 285–6; reclamation 335; see also individual towns and Campania; redistribution 282, 496; Roman distribution Etruria; Latins; Punic Wars (Second); of conquered 515; Roman expansion 326, 335 Samnium language problems in allied forces 445 Ithome, Mount 181 Lanuvium 326 Itinerarium Alexandri 59n14 Laodicium, battle of 169, 216 laphurepelai (booty-sellers) 183 Jason of Pherae 143, 326, 331 Latins 326, 485; Latin League 313–14; revolt javelins 118, 194, 221; mounted javelin men 118, (341-338) 313–14, 326, 485 133n118, 136, 221; see also peltasts Laurium silver mines 224 Jaxartes, River 419, 422 law(s) 189–90, 307–8, 316; nomos and physis 106, Jerusalem 458 502 Jews 376, 380, 458 leadership see command; generals; strategy John of Ephesus 58 League of the Islanders 304, 312 Jovian, Roman emperor 31 leagues 97–101, 312, 377, 492, 516; see also Juba I, king of Numidia 356 amphictyonies and individual Leagues Judaea 458, 472; map Lebanon 385 Jugurtha, king of Numidia 356 Lebedos 98, 308 Julian, Roman emperor 59–61 Lechaeum, battle of 215–16, 220, 425 Julius Africanus 501 Lecythus 241 just war (bellum iustum) 314–15, 318–19; Roman legions 402, 425–6; equipment 488–9, 496; exploitation 315, 319–22, 324, 484, 515 Polybius’ comparison with phalanx 191–3, justice 78, 93–4; see also arbitration 202, 402, 426; tactics against phalanx 426–7, Justinian, Roman emperor 74 429; see also maniples legitimate vs. privately organized warfare 248–9 Kasr el-Harit, legionary shield from 196 legitimation through war, royal 479–80, 506–7 katonakê-wearers (Sicyonian subject population) leisteia (‘booty-chasing’) 250–2, 269 275–6 leisure class 273–81; greed 275, 282; military Keegan, John 17, 401–2 obligation 274, 276, 278–9; and political kingship office 274, 276, 298 Hellenistic 461, 479–82; arbitration Lelantine War 102 26, 308; fear of rivals 372; friends and lemboi (galleys) 360–1, 435–7 household regiments 481–2; legitimation Lemnos 255 through war 479–80, 506–7; personal nature Leonidas, king of Sparta 70, 215 478–9, 482, (leadership in field) 374, 405, 481, Lepidus, Aemilius (fl. 136) 385 507, (and warrior tradition) 304–5, 461–2, Lepreum 100, 284 481–2, 503, 506; prestige vessels 357–8; unitary Lesbos 226; see also Mytilene authority, and specialized forces 449–50 lessons of history 54, 59 Spartan 128, 157–8, 162, 175; see also Leucaspides (elite´ regiment) 338–9 individual kings and under Macedon; Persia Leucimne, battle of 175

general index 645

Leuconium, battle of 169 winter campaigning 389; see also foraging; Leuctra, battle of 60, 145, 177, 213, 217–18; depth rations; requisition; transport; and under of phalanxes 207, 216, 218; Spartan force 148, Alexander III; Carthage; catapults; desert 156, 203, 217 campaigns; Philip II of Macedon; siege libations on departure for war 156–7, 158 warfare Libya 51–2, 285 Long Walls: Argos 44; Athens 237–8, 267 light-armed forces see archers; cavalry (light); longing (pothos) for unknown sights 24 infantry (light); peltasts; slingers; looting see plunder; ravaging; sacking of cities stone-throwers low-intensity warfare see informal fighting; lightning as omen 158 raiding Lilybaeum 387, 443, 450, 455–7 loyalty 130, 137–8, 147n5, 480–2; see also limited warfare 186, 188–91, 199–202, 304 treachery and under pay Lindus 98, 257 Lucania 170 Lipari Islands 366, 437–8 Lucian 57, 78; see also Index of ancient passages Lisas of Tegea, grave monument of 116 cited literature 22–52, 57–60; and agonistic spirit 40, Lucilius, C.; see also Index of ancient passages 50, 88; archers in Greek 40–2; on athletic cited competition 24; on attitudes to war 39–47;on Lucullus, L. Licinius (consul I 74) boredom of military life 78; displacement of Luttwak, E. 74n75, 81 aggression 50–1; exaggerated prominence of Lycia 169, 339 war in 22–39, 50, 52–3, 88, 273, 299;on Lyciscus (Aetolian politician) 322–3 exploration and colonization 24–5; Homer’s Lyciscus (Macedonian general) 370 influence 48–50; inaccuracy for literary Lydia 86, 94, 98–9, 192, 237, 269 reasons 77; influence on campaigns 58–9; Lydus (John the Lydian) 66n40; see also Index of inscriptions as check on 25; limits of ancient passages cited militarism in Roman 38–9; male ideology 50; Lyncestis, battle of 169 paradoxical attitudes to war 22; and Lysander (Spartan general) 226, 241, 244, 387 reconstruction 81; repulsive detail 23–4, 48–9, Lysias 148, 233; see also Index of ancient passages 81; on siege warfare 243; survival of source cited material 52–3; and taste for technicality 51–2; Lysimacheia 385 on women and warfare 42–7; see also Lysimachus 308, 385, 468; campaign in Asia individual authors and epic poetry; epinician Minor 388, 468; finances 468, 477 poetry; historiography Livy (T. Livius) 57, 60, 313; on battle casualties Macedon: adapts to southern Greek practice 303; 414–16; on Roman character 429, 460; and and Athens 85, 142, 256, 272, 361–2, 388; and Polybius 52, (compared) 71, 414, 430, Carthage 321, 361, 380; expansion 325–6, 462; (misunderstanding of) 71, 399–400; see also finance 329, 363, 462–4, 466, 477; kingship Index of ancient passages cited 86, 304–5, 461, 480–2, (Philip II’s local and regional warfare 16, 23, 25 development) 303, 369; and League of locations of battles 400, 402–4; uncertain 75, 77 Corinth 104; logistics see under Alexander III; lochos (cavalry unit) 343 Philip II; Lysimachus’ conquest 468; lochos (infantry unit) 156, 164, 206; Athenian manpower 325–6, 333–4, 466, 469, 477; 130, 156; Hellenistic 336–7; lochagoi 129, 130, mercenaries 146, 477, 507–8; military 156, 207; Macedonian 331, 333; orthioi lochoi reputation 27, 507–8; mineral wealth 462, 218–19; Ten Thousand 159 466, 491, 493–4; navy 358–9, 361–2, 434, 477; Locri 465 and Persia 430; population transfers 325–6; Locris 169, 171, 173; East 99, 102; Ozolian 252 Rome and 319, 358–9, 385, 387, 391, 424, 488, logades (elite´ units) 220 (control and economic exploitation) 491–4, logistics and supply 150–4, 380–8; of allied or (see also Macedonian Wars); shipbuilding coalition forces 387–8; and culture of 361–2; and Sparta 370–1, 412; state 477; professional command 369; bases 385, 458; timber 256, 361–2, 386, 462; warfare seen as fodder 382, 385; Greek 150–4; Hellenistic craft 503; warrior tradition 304–5, 461–2, 382–3, 458; literary evidence 78–81; on march 481–2, 506; woman commander, Olympias 43 392; merchants and 381, 386; for naval forces army 130, 145–6, 325–33, 337, 372; cavalry 153–4, 385; Persian in Greece 224–5; Roman 119, 134–5, 145–6, 221, 329–30; influence over 13–14, 383, 386–8, 488–9, 491; sophistication, leaders: 33–4, 37, 59, 372; phalanx 3, 111, 113, and size of forces 378; and strategy 388; and 187–8, 192, 208, 329; professionalism 145–6;

646 general index

Macedon (cont.) Marathon, battle of 55, 89, 122, 190, 244–5, 277; 326; size 325, 378–9; training 80n89, 133, 145–6, burial of dead 69, 175; Herodotus’ account 326, 334; see also Companions; sarissa; and 69–70, 78, 190; reconstruction 69–70, 78, 80; under marching; phalanx; siege warfare Spartan delay 66, 155–6, 161 see also Alexander III; Antigonus I, II, III; Marcellus, M. Claudius (consul I 222) 316, Antipater; Demetrius I; Perseus; Philip II, V; 409, 509; siege of Syracuse 37, 397, 449, Polyperchon; and under catapults; coinage; 457 combined arms; siege warfare marching 78, 159–61, 389–93; forced 389–90, Macedonian Wars: First 364, 444; Second 392–3; hoplites’ porters 152, 160; light-armed 318–319n31, 321–2, 387, 515; Third 322–3, 383, forces protect or harass 120, 122; Macedonian 387 excellence 133, 161, 162, 392,(see also under machimoi (Egyptian warrior class) 473–4 individual kings); to music 73; order 159–60, Magnesia, battle of 75; cavalry 423–4, 429; 331; ravaging on the march 171–2; Roman 74, deployments 404–5, 412, 420; flight and 392–3; Spartan 160, 161; and terrain 78, 159; see pursuit 414, 418, 431; peltasts 339, 343, 425; also under camps; Cunaxa Roman army 408, 416, 429, 433; Seleucid army Mardonius (Persian general) 147, 190–1, 202 408, 418, 420–1, 423–4, 429, (composition) Mariandynians 274, 290 330, 335, 425, (dispositions) 405, 412 marines 139, 153, 295, 363, 366–7, 504; in battle Magnesia-on-the-Maeander 310–11 230, 233, 236, 436–7,(see also boarding Magnesia ad Sipylum 310, 312 tactics); hoplites 124, 139, 148–9, 215, 229, Mago (Carthaginian commander) 344n77 231–2, 295–6, 503–4; numbers 147–9, 231, Malalas 56–7; see also Index of ancient passages 359–60, 363; and ship design 147–9, 233, cited 358–60; see also under hoplites Malchus 60; see also Index of ancient passages cited Marius, C. (consul I 107) 397, 433, 496 male ideology 50, 293 marriage; elite´ connections 86, 304–5 Malians 99 Mars his Field (pamphlet, 1595) 6 maniples (infantry units) 426–7; and breaking marshes, crossing of 78 up of line 219, 428; virtus and longevity 512–14 marvels, accounts of 51–2 Manlius Capitolinus, M. 71 Masada 77 manoeuvres 409–13; see also flanking masculinity 50, 293 manoeuvres; oblique tactics; and under naval Masinissa, king of Numidia 423 combat Masistius (Persian commander) 422 manpower: Greek 137–45, 306, 325,(see also massacres: of children at Mycalessus 27, under individual states); Hellenistic 305, 325–6, 499–500; of defeated populations 240–1, 285, 333–6 396, 459–60; of mercenaries 396, 415; women Roman 326, 363–6, 379, 496, 511–12; allied and children spared 396–7 317–18, 326, 330, 336, 485–6, 494–7, 508–9; Massilia 394, 445 problems 495–6; recovery 413, 514–15; reserves Maurice, Roman emperor 422; see also Index of 413, 433; willingness to fight 495–6, 511, 516 ancient passages cited (under Ps.–Maurice) see also citizen forces; mercenaries; metics; Medea 46 native populations (subject); recruitment; Medeon, Phocis 310 slaves; specialization; training; and under medical services: public 86; military 13, 65, 76, Athens; Macedon; naval forces; Seleucid 152, 395 kingdom; Sparta; tactics Medism 70, 259 Mantinea 102, 148, 162, 180, 328 Megalopolis 342–3 first battle (418) 68, 75–6, 169, 175, Megara 67, 90, 102, 155–6, 170; battle of 215 204; Argive flight 209, 212; depth of phalanxes Megara Hyblaea 285 207, 218; tactics 156, 204, 206, 216–17, 410 Meidylidai (Aeginetan kinship unit) 28–9 second battle (362) 59–60, 75–6, 191, Melitene, Roman–Persian battle near 57–8 216; tactics 218, 223 Melos 26, 269; Athenian siege 179–80, 239, 241, third battle (207) 75–6, 419 247, 290 Mantitheus (Athenian aristocrat) 126, 207 Memnon of Rhodes (Persian admiral) 445 manuals, military 3, 368–9, 501; see also memory 54–5, 69–71, 77 individual authors; stratagems (collections); ‘men are the city’ principle 28–30, 47 and under tactics Menander (dramatist) 143 manure 172 Menander (historian) 60 Maracanda (Samarcand) 392 Mende 240, 244, 286

general index 647

Menecrates (Corcyrean proxenos in Oeanthea) 91 militarism 7, 13–15, 27; see also under Rome mercenaries 140–4; archaic 120, 140–1, 220, 499; (society); Sparta Athenian use 137, 142, 216, 257, 265–6, military service: Athens 274, 276, 278–9; Sparta 499–500; campaigning season 140, 388–9; 278; working classes 277–9; see also citizen troops compared 143, 500, (training conscription; recruitment requirement) 133–8; in class conflict 141; militias 16, 205 cleruchs 472; commanders 216; costs 129, 142, Miltiades, son of Cimon 255 257, 343, 464–5; discipline 143–4; for distant Miltiades, son of Cypselus 69–70, 254–5 campaigns 141–2, 146; and economy 16; Mimnermus 192; see also Index of ancient passages foreign monarchs’ use 109, 140–1, 267;in cited garrisons 343; Hellenistic 214, 368, 498–500, Mindarus (Spartan admiral) 161 507–8, (Successor era) 343–4, 464–5, (and mines and minerals 397; see also under Macedon view of warfare as craft) 502–3, 516;in Spain hierarchy of forces 127; hoplites 109, 138, mining, siege 450–1 140–2, 188, 329, 500; increasing use 34, 105, mints, Hellenistic 464, 466, 482 141, 187, 214, 216, 368, 498–500, 507–8; missile troops and weapons 191, 329; see also light-armed 111, 220–1,(see also under archers; archers; javelins; peltasts; slingers; spears peltasts); marines 366–7; massacre at (throwing); stone-throwers; tiles as missiles; Mycalessus by 27, 499–500; motivation 135, and under naval combat 142–3, 498; pay 129, 142, 257, 343, 464–5; Mithridates VI, king of Pontus rations 343; recruitment 142–3, 396, 473n47, Mnasippus (Spartan commander) 151 498; retrained to fight in different styles 504; moats 454 risks of employing 142;inRome508n49; mobility of Hellenistic and Roman armies 391–3 social impact 505–6; specialist skills 140, 179, mobilization 148–50, 334, 473 241; studies of 9, 15; terms for 141, 343; mole, at Tyre 457 treatment of captured 396, 406–7; tyrants’ use Mommsen, T. 483 141, 499; value 143–4; see also under individual monarchy see kings; tyranny states and archers; Crete; navies; monetization 261, 263–4, 380, 386 Peloponnesian Wars; peltasts; plunder; poor, monopolistic state 248, 252, 255–6 the; siege warfare; slingers; Thrace; training monuments 45, 54, 355, 412, 418, 487, 510 merchant marine 154, 224–5, 269–70, moon, phases of 66, 155–6 471 mora (unit) 206 merchants 153–4, 381, 386 morale 62, 226–8, 413, 430, 432–3; see also under Mermnad dynasty of Lydia 86 generals Meropis, Cos 268 mother-cities 26, 97, 287 Messana, battle of 169 motivation 213; see also causes of war and under Messapians 52–3 mercenaries; profit Messene 45, 242 Motya, siege of 241 Messenia 101; area of Artemis of the Lake 90, mounds, siege 77, 239 285n41; Messenian Wars 90, 97, 173–4, 181, mountains 78, 167–8, 388, 419 284, 286n45 mourning, postbellum 12 messes (phiditia) 290–1, 294 mules 152–3; drivers 177 metaichmion (no man’s land) 203–4 multiculturalism, Hellenistic 16 Metaurus, battle of the 392–3, 403, 407, 414, 431; multiple fronts, war on 486, 495 elephants 420–1; Hasdrubal at 397, 409; Mummius, L. 494 outflanking manoeuvre 411, 432 Mursa, battle of 75 Metellus Numidicus, Q. Caecilius music 73, 134, 158, 280–1 (consul 109) 356 mutilation of corpses 173–4, 397 Methana 178 mutiny 37, 227 Methone 448, 460 Mycale, Cape: naval battle of 225; see also Methymna 176 Panionium metics 132, 138–9, 140, 459; Athenian 25, 138–9, Mycalessus 27, 241 (hoplites) 138–9, 277, 298, (rowers) 139, 228, Mycenae 176, 285 234, 298 Mycenaean culture 117, 121 Middle Ages 5, 19 Mylae, naval battle of 169, 438–9 middle class 294–5 Mylasa, battle of 219 Miletus 86, 98–9, 169, 224, 460 Myndos 457

648 general index

Mytilene: arbitration 96–7, 308; naval operations mercenaries 137, 140–1, 257; metics 139, 228, in Peloponnesian War 154, 230–231n180; 234, 295, 298; missile forces 123–4, 148, 230–1, 6th-cent. dispute with Athens 96–7 236; mobilization 150; morale 226–8; mutinies revolt and Athenian siege 150, 153, and riots 227; night operations 393; officers 161, 169, 180, 238, 243; funding 266, 268, 270; and specialists 124, 129, 136–7, 150, 228, 234, reinforcement 179, 239; surrender 138; 385, 446–7,(see also boatswains; captains; treatment afterwards 241, 243, 261, 288 helmsmen; trierarchs); pay 140, 227, 258, 295, Myus 98 363, 385; polyglot 445; professional sailors 129, 136–7, 228, 295, 363; recruitment 150, 385; Nabataea 371, 381, 472 Roman socii navales 364–6; shore breaks Nagidos, Cilicia 26 153–4, 161–2, 443; slaves 139–40, 150, 234, 295, Naissus, battle of 76 298, 364–6, 385; social status 125–7, 287, naming practices, Roman 318 295–8, 447; sources on 71, 74–5, 153; speed 125, Napoleon III, emperor of France 77 161; supplies 153–4, 385; timing of campaigns Naqsh-i Rustam 55, 73 155; training 136–7, 226–8, 231, 359, 365, 385, national bias in histories 69, 81 (see also under rowers); voyages 161–2; see also nationalism, modern 7, 11–13 boatswains; helmsmen; marines; merchant native populations: military recruitment 335, marine; naval combat; piracy; rowers; ships; 508; subject 139, 239, 274–6, 284, 290–1,(see transport (naval); trierarchs; and under also helots) individual states natural resources 491; see also grain supplies; Navius, Quintus (centurion, fl. 211) mines and minerals; timber Naxos, Cyclades 168, 269; revolt against Athens nature/law (physis/nomos) relationship 106, 502 226, 238, 261 Naucratis 255–6 Naxos, Sicily 169, 285 Naupactus 101, 181, 286n45 neaniskoi see neoi Nauplia 99 Neapolis 318 naval combat 170, 224–36, 434–47; aftermath Near East 117, 193, 239, 241, 397–8; see also 175–6, 181, 236; amphibious operations 229; individual countries command 446–7; communication 232–4, Nearchus, periplous of 361 445–7; coordination 445–6; duels and melˆ ees´ Nemea 66 233; experience of battle 233–4; fire as weapon Nemea, battle of the 122, 202, 204, 207, 216; 443; flagships 447; formations 232; historical tactics 216–18, 410–11 overview 224–6; land-based forces involved in Nemean games 155, 311 236, 434, 445; literary bias against 48–9, 52; neodamodeis (helots freed for military service) manoeuvring 230–1, 435, 444,(see also 140, 277 ramming, naval); missile weapons 123–4, 230, neoi, neaniskoi (men of military age, Hellenistic) 236, 360, 437, 441–2; morale 226–8; 335, 341 operations other than battle 228–9; plunder Neolithic slingers 123 236; sinking of ships 435; sources 434; tactics Neoptolemus (officer of Alexander the Great) 359–60, 434–7,(see also manoeuvring above 48, 431–2 and boarding tactics; ramming, naval); see also Nepheris 389 catapults (ship-borne); navies; siege warfare Nepos, Cornelius 69; see also Index of ancient (naval involvement); and under individual passages cited states and casualties; reconnaissance; surprise Nericus, battle of 169 navies 124–5, 357; and citizenship 298; coastal Nero, C. Claudius (consul 207) 407, 411 raiding 125, 384–5; colonization and Nervii 62 development of 224; defection 258; departure Nesiotic League (League of the Islanders) 304, scenes 154, 158; epiteichismos supported by 178; 312 escorts for warships 383, 434; food and drink Nessana, papyri from 77–8 153–4; Greek 124–5; guerre de course 228–9; Nestor (Homeric figure) 251n17 Hellenistic and Roman Republican 357; neutrality 89, 95, 100 hierarchy on board ship 295–6; inventories New Carthage, siege of 366, 373–4, 392, 449, 153; land bases 125, 261–2; and land campaigns 453n174; artillery captured at 387, 453; and 147–9; leadership 226–8, 234, 446–7,(see also Carthaginian logistics 387–8 officers and specialists below); losses in storms Nicanor (Macedonian admiral) 372, 393 236, 395, 440–1; manpower 138, 228, 362–7, Nicias (Athenian general) 32–3, 106, 268; Peace (see also mercenaries; metics; slaves below); of 102

general index 649

Nicostratus (Rhodian naval captain) 446 Ophellas (Ptolemaic governor of Cyrene) 386 night operations 159, 166, 168, 391, 393, 403; Opis mutiny 37 watch system 166; see also under surprise oracles 66; Delphic 97, 285–7 Nike, winged, of Paeonius 101 oral tradition 19 nineteenth-century scholarship 5–9, 16 Orchomenus 99 Nisaea, Greece 169, 180 orders, Roman conflict of 487–8, 512 Nisaean (Parthian) cavalry 334 Orestes (mythical figure), bones of 64 no man’s land 203–4 Orestes, Tagus of Thessaly 177 Nomentum 326 Oreus 267 nomos/physis relationship 106, 502 Orneae 178 non-combatants see civilians Ostia 364 norms in international relations 86–8, 101, ostriches 51–2 105–7 othismos see under phalanx Numantia, siege of 459 oulamos (cavalry unit) 347 numbers: critical assessment of sources 7–8, ouragos (‘tail-officer’ in phalanx) 207 68–9, 80; see also size of forces outflanking see flanking manoeuvres Numidia 387; map outposts on enemy land see epiteichismos oxen 152–3, 172, 390 oars, breaking of enemy’s 230–1, 435 Ozolian Locrians 252 oarsmen see rowers oaths 36, 94–5, 104, 106, 189–90, 203 Pactolus River, battle of 223 obligations see military service; officia Padua 418 oblique tactics 405, 409–10 paean 173, 204, 232–4 odds: preferred, for attacks on cities 179; refusal Paeligni 416 to fight against 170 Paeonius of Mende 101 Odysseus 41–2, 130, 135, 250, 282 Pagasae 361 Oeanthea 91, 94 Pagondas (Theban general) 219 Oeniadae 147n3, 262n57 Palaemagnesia 310 Oeniades of Sciathos (proxenos at Athens) 92 Palestine 393, 472; map Oenoe 168 Pallantia, siege of 385 Oenophyta, battle of 215 Palos, Cephallenia 453 officers 127–32, 206; see also individual types, Pamirs, Alexander’s crossing of 78 command; generals; and under navies Pammenes (Theban commander) 369 officia (obligations) 315, 320 Pamphylia 269, 339 oikoumenê (Hellenistic world) 304, 309, 311, Panactum 244 368 Panathenaea, Great 311 Old Paphos, Cyprus 77 panhellenism 61, 190–1 oligarchy, evolution of democracy into 276–7, Panhormus, Samos 443, 447 506 panic 81 oligopolistic state 248, 251–2, 255 Panionium 98–9, 312 Olpae, battle of 169, 220 Panormus, battle of 169 Olympia 50, 101–2; treasuries 101, 145, 238, 259, papyri 59–60, 77–8 259n43, 310; see also Olympic games paradoxography 51–2 Olympias, queen of Macedon 43, 388 Paraetacene, battle of 410, 420, 425, 428, 464; Olympias (modern reconstruction of trireme) casualty figures 414, 423; cavalry 420, 422–3 18–19, 74–5, 124, 161–163n27; rowers’ Paralus (Athenian state trireme) 150 conditions 153, 225, 233–4 Paris (Homeric figure) 47, 87 Olympic games 100, 155, 196, 311; victories 50, 101 Parium 245 Olympus, Mount; Gauls or Galatians defeated parma (shield) at 425 Parmenio (Macedonian general) 62, 404–5 Olynthus 136, 159, 167, 285, 290; Philip II’s siege Paros 97, 255 138, 452, 452 Parthenon frieze 46 omens 158 Parthia 368, 422–3, 430, 475; map Onasander 3, 175, 207, 402, 406–7; see also Index Parthini 319 of ancient passages cited passes, defence of 167–8, 419 Onchestus 99 pater patratus (title of fetialis) 315 Onomarchus (Phocian general) 316, 419 patra (Dorian kinship unit) 28–9

650 general index

patricians see aristocracy (Roman); orders, pentekontor (type of ship) 124, 224 Roman conflict of Perachora 183 patriotism 213, 298–9 Perdiccas (Macedonian noble) 334, 372, 393, Paullus, L. Aemilius (consul 182, 168); 466–8 Macedonian campaign 322, 391, 491; Pergamum see Attalid kingdom monument at Delphi 338; triumph 358–9 Perge 456 Pausanias, king of Sparta 33 Periander, tyrant of Corinth 96–7 Pausistratus (Rhodian admiral) 443, 447 Pericles 67–8, 172, 239–40; speeches 35, 137, 177, pay: Athenian, (military and naval) 129, 258, 238, 264 266, 276, (for political office) 276–7; and Perinthus 388, 450–2, 456, 462–3 loyalty of troops 227, 258, 481; Roman perioikoi 274,,284; Spartan 284, 291, (as military 389, 489; and standing armies 326, hoplites) 277, 291, 298 389; see also professional forces and under periplous (naval manoeuvre) 230, 435, 444 mercenaries; navies; slaves Persepolis 464 paymasters: foreign 259, 266–7, 381; trierarchs Perseus, king of Macedon 421 259–60 Persia: Alexander’s conquest 80, 370, 425, 463–4, peace 105, 283, 299, 307; see also treaties (see also battles of Arbela; Granicus; Issus); peasants see working class archers 122, 126, 140–1, 267, 425–6; aristocracy Pedum 326 122, 126; camps 163–4; cavalry 126, 422–3, 425; Peithon, satrap of Media 396 chariots 217, 417–18; civil wars and rebellions Pella 362 224, 377–8; discipline 36; elephants 417; Greek Pelopidas (Theban general) 144–5, 217, 223, 369 successes against 20, 430; as Greek paymaster Peloponnesian League 64, 103, 226, 259 259, 267, 381; Greeks employed in 86, 140–1, Peloponnesian Wars 226; amphibious operations 267; infantry equipment 327; King’s ‘Friends’ 229; battles 88, 150, 168–70, 214,(see also 329–30; kings’ leadership in battle 405; literary individual names); burial truces 173, 175; influences on campaigns against 59; map; causes 46, 67; citizens’ military experience 51, missile troops in Macedon 333; navies 148, 143; epiteichismos 177–8, 239; helots’ role 47, 224, 263n61, 445,(see also under Phoenicians); 135, 140; hoplites in 109, 119, 141, 214–15, peace with Greeks, mid-5th-cent. 25; and 220–1; light-armed forces 220–1, 499–500; Peloponnesian War 66–8; requisition 386; manpower losses 325; mercenaries 141, 221, Roman campaigns 57–9, 61, 73, 77; siegecraft 499–500, 503; naval operations 141, 228–9, 77, 237–8; sources 55; see also individual kings (transport of troops) 125, 148, 169, 170,(see and Ionia (revolt); Persian Wars also individual battles); new style of warfare Persian Wars 64, 89, 95, 148, 162, 188; 186, 202–10, 214–15, 221; outbreak 94–5; Persia abandonment of Greek cities 168, 237; Greek and 66–7; raiding 85, 125, 168, 172; siege states’ submission 168; naval warfare 224–5; warfare 168, 178–9, 226, 239–41, 245; Spartan size of Xerxes’ force 8; strategy 65, 186; political structures affect strategy 85; tactics unlimited war 186, 202, 214; see also individual discussed in drama 51; Thucydides’ bias 67; battles and King’s Peace unreported fighting at Nemea 66; see also person, army compared with 127–8 Archidamian War, individual battles and pezetairoi (Foot Companions) 331 under individual states Phaeacians, Homeric 87 pelta see peltê phalanx 192–202, 215–20; advance 204–9, 215; peltasts 108, 119–21, 340; Athenian 110, 120–1, archaic 109, 197, 209; Carthaginian 355; 135, 148; Boeotian 177, 341; coordination with cavalry coordination 119, 215; depth 205–7, other forces 121, 145, 333; equipment 119–21, 210, 218, 368, 405; development 186, 192–202, 327–8, 339; Homeric 120, 127; hoplites 215–20, 292; Hellenistic 192, 205, 336–9, defeated by 120–1, 425; Iphicratean 220, 266, 425–6, (as core of army) 343, (deepening) 368, 325–9, 339; marginalization 199–202; (push) 210–11; hollow square formation 412; mercenaries 120, 135, 141, 187–8, 221, 499–500; in Homer 191–5, 209, 232; legionary battles Ptolemaic 334; on ships 148, 149, 231, 233; against 426–7, 429; light-armed forces status 127; training 135, 500–1; see also infantry marginalized by 197–202; militia 205; (light); javelin men; slingers; and under opening of ranks 217–19; organization Thrace and composition 202–3, 205–9, 215, peltê (shield) 121, 326–7, 328, 329, 339, 343, (fragmentation) 217–19; othismos (‘shove’) 65, 368 192, 209–11, 218; Polybius’ comparison with

general index 651

legion 191–3, 202, 402, 426; Ptolemaic 334; 318–319n31, 321–2,(see also Macedonian War, push 65, 192, 209–11, 218; reserves 219; Second); siege warfare 450–1, 453; in Social rightwards tendency 208, 216–18; scholarly War 371; surprise attack on Eretria 457; and opinions on 191–2; Seleucid 334; social and warrior king ideal 482 political basis 292; sources on 191, 193, 195, Philo of Byzantium 3, 152; see also Index of 197; term 192; Theban tactics 206–7, 218, 223; ancient passages cited training requirement 205, 208–9 philology 5–7, 9, 15 Macedonian 187–8, 192, 330–1, 333, 504; Philomelus (Phocian leader) 328 Alexander’s 325, 333; allies and mercenaries in Philopoemen (general of Achaean League) 322, 329, 333; creation 329; equipment 329, 333; 343, 419, 504 mobilization 334; tactics 113, 208; treatises on 3 Philostephanus of Cyrene 347 see also sarissa; see also file; hoplites; infantry Philostratus (Rhodian naval captain) 446 (heavy) Phlius 156, 177–8, 220n144; Spartan siege 177, Phanae, battle of 169 179–80 Pharnabazus (Persian satrap) 169, 219 Phocaea 98, 181, 397 Pharnaces II, king of Bosphorus 356 Phocis 99, 168, 310, 328; Spartan alliances 102, Pharsalus 177; battle of 62, 209 167; Thessalian wars 168, 190, 288; Third Phaselis 93–4 Sacred War, seizes Delphi 173, 283n30, 310, 316 Phayllos (Crotonian naval commander) 233 Phoebidas (Spartan general) 177 Pheia, battle of 169 Phoenicians: Alexander’s engineers 454; naval Pheretime of Cyrene 43 manpower 363; in Persian fleet 232–3, 261, phiditia (messes) 290–1 263n61, 361; ships and shipbuilding 124, 224, philanthropy, competitive 478, 482 358, 362 Philetairos, king of Pergamon 339 Phormio (Athenian naval commander) 68, Philia, workshop in sanctuary at 163 227–8, 235–6 philia (friendship) 97, 106–7 phratry (kinship unit) 28–9, 194 Philinus of Acragas (historian) 317 Phthiotid Achaeans 99 Philip, Roman emperor 73 phylai see tribes Philip II, king of Macedon 462–3; and Athens phylarchs (cavalry commanders) 129 269, 361, 388; bribery 463; classical trends physis/nomos relationship 106, 502 culminate under 145–6, 187, 202–10; pikes 428; see also sarissa; spears diplomacy 26, 86, 104, 303, 462–3; finance pillaging see looting 329, 462–3; imperialism 462–3; innovation pilum, legionary 350 369; and League of Corinth 104; logistics 162, pinacography 51 369, 381, 392; loss of eye 448; monarchy 86, Pindar 24, 27, 50–1; see also Index of ancient 303, 369; navy 361; Olympic victory 50; passages cited Onomarchus defeats 419; as ‘plunderer’ 269; pipers 124, 173, 204, 209, 230 and professional command culture 369; state piracy 181, 229, 307, 309, 319, 493 and warfare 462–3; vengeance as motive 89–90 Piraeus 150, 226, 237–8, 240, 256–7; battle of army: artillery 369, 449, 451–2; cavalry (403) 173 119, 221, 331; combined arms 202–10, 369; Pisa (area around Olympia) 96, 101 Companions 330; equipment 329, 333; Pisidia 339, 475 marching 162, 392; mercenaries 462; phalanx Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens 120, 246n220, 329; size 325, 378–9 254 siege warfare 369, 447, 450–1, 457, plague 58n11, 106, 240, 243–4, 459 462–3; Abydus 459; Amphipolis 361, 450–1; Plataea: and outbreak of Peloponnesian War Byzantium 451–2, 462–3; Methone 448, 460; 94–5; Peloponnesian invasion 166–7, 171;in Olynthus 138, 452; Perinthus 451–2, 456, Persian Wars 175; surprise Theban attack (373) 462–3; personnel 369, 449, 451–4; and 167 treachery 138, 375 battle 22n1, 162, 175, 183, 205, 225; Philip V, king of Macedon: alliances, (Antiochus archers 122, 144n162, 204, 422; Spartan force III) 304, (Carthage) 321, 444; arbitration 308; 33, 66, 225, 277, 278n15, (helots) 65, 140 asymmetrical deployment 404–5, 410, 412; Peloponnesian siege 179–80, 239, catapults 453; finances 363; and Hellenic 243; Thucydides’ account 58, 243; traitors League 312; navy 358, 363, 435–7, 444, 504; admit Thebans 178, 246; treatment after phalangists’ versatility 504; and Rome capture 240–1, 286; women’s role 43, 246

652 general index

Plato: and agonistic spirit 88;onelite´ need to preservation 60; on Roman discipline and maintain respect through military skill 279, character 36, 404, 460; on Roman and Greek 296–8, 505;onhoplomachoi 213, 502; and militarism 27–8, 30; Roman propaganda 191, leisure class 279–81, 289; on warfare as technê 317; and Roman tastes 52; sources on 502; see also Index of ancient passages cited Hannibal 55; on strategy 402; tactical plebeians, Roman 487–8, 512 emphasis 62; tales 51; on Timaeus 51–2, 57; see pleonexia see greed also Index of ancient passages cited Pliny the Elder 52; see also Index of ancient Polycrates of Samos 86 passages cited Polycritus (Aeginetan naval commander) 233 plunder 151, 170–3, 177, 180–3, 397; armies Polyidus the Thessalian (siege engineer) 449, funded by 268, 282–3, 490–1; Athens and 451–2 255–6, 259, 266, 268–9, 272, 283;of Polyperchon, regent of Macedon 376, 393, 466 battlefields 76, 173, 212; captured cities 250, polyremes 124–5, 357–60, 435; Antigonus I’s 466; 283–4, 460; division 183, 236; evacuation artillery and fighting platforms 359–60, 442; limits value 282–3; Hellenistic kings’ 463–4, Demetrius Poliorcetes’ 358–9, 362, 442; 466, 468, 470, 476–7, 481; merchantmen as Dionysius I of Syracuse and 451; prestige target 269–70; as motive for warfare 250–1, vessels 357–9; Roman 359–60, 364 282–4, 484, 495, 515; Rome and 484–5, 488, Polyxenidas (Rhodian, admiral of Syrian fleet) 491, 494–5, (monuments built with) 510; 443, 447 sacrifice of tenth to gods 183; sale 153, 183; pomerium, Roman 30 studies of 11–12, 15; from temples 259, 263–5, Pompeii 340 283; see also under baggage trains; looting; Pompey the Great (Cn. Pompeius Magnus) 38, ravaging; sacking of cities; Sparta 320 Plutarch 27, 43, 52, 400, 414; on Pyrrhus 404, Pontus 339, 417–18; see also Mithridates VI 408; see also Index of ancient passages cited poor, the 138; see also working class polemarchs: Athenian 128; Hellenistic colleges Popillius Laenas, C. (consul I 172) 324 335; Spartan 128, 156 popular opinion: in Macedonian army 33–4, 37, policing 35, 248 59, 372;inRome30, 36–8, 377, 488, 511–12;in polis; agonistic spirit within 88–9; and atomistic Sparta 33; see also democracy model of international relations 85–6; popular parties 376 autonomy 104–5, 322–3; colonial, as model for porters, hoplites’ 115, 150, 152, 160, 293–4, 392 Ten Thousand 31; democracy and military Porus, ruler of Pauravas 417, 419 discipline 131–2; honour 197; see also civic Poseidon, sanctuaries of: Calauria 99–100; model of organization (Greece) Mycale 98 political rights 297–9, 309; see also citizenship Posidonius 3 politics 273, 290–8; careers, (in Athens) 274, postmodernism 12 276, 298, (in Rome) 484, 486–7, 510–11, 515; pothos (longing, for unknown sights) 24 commanders’ appointment, (Greece) 128–31, Potidaea 149, 215; battle of (431) 216–17 213, (in Republican systems) 372, (Rome) 373, siege 180, 239, 244–5; Alcibiades and 377, 486–7; control of commanders 374, 481, Socrates at 78, 164–5, 244; length and cost (see also trials); and distortions in accounts 243, 265; treatment after defeat 181, 241 70–1; and international relations 85, 87–8, poverty see poor, the 105–7; link with war and finance 485; pay for Praesus, Crete 284 participation 276–7; and Roman imperialism praetorship 30, 389, 487, 492 485–7; social groups politicized by war 296–8, Prasiae 99 335; see also hoplites (political participation); pre-state (pre-juridical) warfare 193–203, 248–9 political rights prestige: archaic civic 89; honour and 286–7; Polyaenus 3, 51, 220–1, 402, 501; see also Index of military excellence and 298–9; of military ancient passages cited service 139; as motive for war 89–90, 285–6, Polybius: on battle by mutual consent 202–3;on 377; see also hierarchies and under hoplites battle casualties 414–16; on Callisthenes 51–2, prevalence of war: exaggerated in literature 63–4, 78; and cavalry formations; on Ephorus 22–39, 50, 52–3, 88, 273, 299; in Greece 23, 88; 60; and geographical information 62; horror Hellenistic world 377–8, 461, 464, 482, 516;in at Roman cruelty 397; idealizes past 191;on Rome 484–5, 511 legion, (comparison with phalanx) 191–3, 202, prices for supply to Roman army 80 402, 426; and Livy 52, 71, 414, 430; and Priene 96, 98, 285, 308 military experience 57, 399; partial ‘primitive’ vs. ‘civilized’ warfare 248–9

general index 653

principes (Roman second line infantry) 406, Punic Wars: cavalry superiority 429; Roman 411–12, 428–9, 431 navies 364, 445 Priscus 58, 60, 76; see also Index of ancient First 319, 366, 386, 395, 489; naval combat passages cited 364–5, 374, 437–9, 441, 443–4, 489,(see also prisoners, fate of 180–3, 184, 250, 396–7, 415, battles of Aegates Islands; Drepana; Ecnomus; 509–10; exchanges 240; killing 181, 183, 396–7, Mylae) 415; see also cities (treatment of defeated); Second 71, 339, 372–3, 392–4; and ransoming of prisoners; slaves (prisoners alliances 339, 380; Fabius Maximus’ strategy enslaved) 377, 514; logistics 385, 387–8, 394, 489; Pritchett, W. K. 8–9 Macedonian intervention 321, 444, 515; privateering 248–51; Athenian 254–5, 269 manpower 365–7, 511–12; navies 364, 395, 437, Privernum 326 444; Roman justification 320–1; siegecraft 394; processions, Roman 510 in Spain 320–1, 391; see also Hannibal Procopius 49, 56–8, 74; see also Index of ancient (Carthaginian general), and individual battles passages cited and sieges, notably Cannae; Capua; Syracuse; proeisphora (Athenian tax) 271 Trasimene; Trebia; Zama professional forces 146, 186, 213–14, 368–9; and Third 55, 387, 397, 460, 484, 496; see also elite´ citizen units 144, 220; extend individual battles and Scipio Africanus (the campaigning season 140, 388–9, 489; naval elder), P. Cornelius 129, 136–7, 228, 295, 363; see also mercenaries; punishments: Greek 35, 131, 132; Roman 36 pay; standing forces; and under Macedon puppet states, Roman 492 (army); Sparta purification on return from war 185 profit: Hellenistic kings’ use 478–9, 482;as pursuit 212, 222, 411, 413–14, 423 motive for war 250–1, 280–5, 288–90, 371–2, Pydna, battle of 406, 415–16, 420, 426, 427, 433; 377,(see also under plunder); at outsiders’ reforms after expense 282; Romans and 371, 377, 487–8, Pygela, battle of 169 495–6; strategies to maximize 371–2, 375, 488 Pylos 177–8, 239 proletarii 364–5, 496 Pyrrhus, king of Epirus 403–4, 414–15, 504; propaganda 55, 191, 317, 481–2 death 177, 394, 459; elephants 420; expels property qualifications: Greek 138, 276, 276n8, Demetrius from Macedon 360, 362; personal 299; Roman 496 combat 408–9, 482, 509; Roman campaigns protection; Athens’ sale of 266, 269–70 318, 380, 404, 430, 433, 504, (Roman success) protector (junior staff officer) 60 319, 486; shield introduced by 341; substitute protostatai (officers) 206–7 in battle 432, 509 provinces, Roman 491–2, 495–7 Pythagoras of Selymbria (proxenos at Athens) 93 proxenia 91–4, 312 Pythian games 100, 155, 311 Prusias I, king of Bithynia 441–2, 447 Psophis 450, 453 raiding 167, 244, 307, 414; naval 360–1, 384–5; psychological factors in battle 421, 425, 428–32; state attitudes to 250–2, 254–6; see also under Spartan discipline 215 Peloponnesian Wars Ptolemaea (Alexandrian festival) 311 Rameses II, pharaoh; statue at Abu Simbel 86 Ptolemaeus (nephew of Antigonus I) 370, 391 ramming, naval: Greek 224, 230–1, 234–6; Ptolemaic empire see Egypt Hellenistic 360, 434–7, 440 Ptolemy I Soter, king of Egypt 393; Antigonids’ rams, battering 238–9, 241, 394, 450–1, wars against 362, 370, 387–8, 469, (battle of 454 Salamis) 358, 440–1; cleruchs 334, 472, 475;as ransoming of prisoners 181, 283, 396, 509–10 historian 31, 52, 62–4 rape 90, 246–7 Ptolemy II Philadelphos, king of Egypt 319, 334, Raphia, battle of 75, 335, 339, 394, 415; archers 357, 434, 470–2, 475 425–6; elephants 420, 429; native Egyptian Ptolemy III Euergetes, king of Egypt 305, 482 troops 474, 508; Ptolemy’s rapid march to 392; Ptolemy IV Philopator, king of Egypt 357, 371, Seleucid loss of coordination 408, 411; size of 504; see also Raphia, battle of armies 379, 464 Ptolemy V Epiphanes, king of Egypt 304, 343 rations 148–9, 150–1, 153–4, 343, 381, 392; Ptolemy VI Philometor, king of Egypt 324 cooking and eating of 151, 153, 164–5; public model of warfare see under state prepared, ‘hard tack’ 381–2, 386 publicani (Roman contractors) 488–9 ravaging 74, 152, 168, 170–3, 177–8, 293 Pulcher, P. Claudius (consul 249) 365, 444 razing of cities 104, 397, 460

654 general index

Real-Encyclopadie¨ der klassichen Rhine; Roman military archaeology 13–14 Altertumswissenschaft 7 Rhodes 269, 312, 322; Antigonus I and 362, 375, realist studies 18–19 383; Antiochus III’s war against 443, 445–6;as rebellions, massacre of prisoners after 396 arbitrator 26, 308, 323; Demetrius Poliorcetes’ reconnaissance 202, 214, 390, 403, 409;by siege 387, 393, 396, (siege weapons) 360, 383, cavalry 118n24, 119, 221, 329; naval 162, 453, 465; navy 360, 363, 435–7, 447; 360–1, 445; patrols on the march 160;by shipbuilding 360, 362; siege artillery 383, 442, peltasts 120 452–3, 453n173; slingers 133, 136 reconstruction 54–81; artillery 75; battles 64–5, risk-taking: commanders’ personal 448–9; 75–6; common sense and 80–1; comparisons strategic 371–2, 374, 377, 514 with recent warfare 54, 80–1; geographical ritual, modern studies of 10–12 knowledge and 78; hoplite warfare 64–5; rivals, fear of 372 knowledge and memory 54–5, 69–71; logistics river, Spartan rerouting of 180 78–80; priorities and assumptions 64–9;of roads 100, 160–1, 383, 384, 394 religious motivation 66; sieges ; 76–7 rock of Heracles, Aornus 376, 448–9 source materials 54–7; archaeology Rome: ager romanus 326, 335; agrarian crisis 515; 73–8; inscriptions 71–2; literary 55–60, 64–5, archaeology 13, 74; calendar 389, 510; comedy 78–81; non-literary 71–81; participants’ 507; conservatism 512–14; defeat or flight narratives 54–5, 60–4; personal interests of unacceptable 509–10, 514–15; determination informants 69; visual art 55, 72–3 and resilience 374–5, 413, 426–7, 433; Greek see also under triremes cultural influence 318–19, 368, 397; human recruitment: contracts 20; Roman 29–30, 495–6; cost of wars 394–8; kings 485; literature 38–9, Seleucid 476; see also under mercenaries; 52,(see also individual authors); magazines 383; native populations; navies medical services 395; naming habits 318; piracy redress 304, 307–8, 314–16, 319–22; see also 319; pomerium 30; roads 383, 394; Servian Wall revenge 394; sources 13, 70–1, 74, 190, 313,(see also refuge, right of 310 individual authors); superiority, assumption of refugees 74, 181, 241, 285, 286n45, 460 318–20, 323; Trajan’s column 55, 56; treatises Regillus, L. Aemilius (praetor 190) 397 on warfare 3,(see also individual authors); see Regulus, M. Atilius (consul I 267) 386, 415, 420, also architecture, Roman; and under frontiers; 429–30 grain supplies; honour; logistics; profit; reinforcement 179, 369–70, 441 religion; temples religion: and arbitration 97; decline 95, 106; and army: age of soldiers 513–14; camp international relations 87, 94–5, 101, 106, discipline 404; cavalry 330, 512; changes in 189–90, 309; modern interpretation 66; and organization and tactics; conservatism 512–14; oaths 189–90; and Roman warfare 72, 314–16, deployment 428; equipment 196, 433, (state 318–19, 321; sacred periods and truces 100–1, provision) 488–9, 496; generals 373–4, 485–7, 155–6, 311; superstition 32–3, 106; Thucydides’ (see also command); heavy infantry 405, 429, disregard for 66–8; and victory 72; and xenia (multi-line system) 406, 412–13,(see also 90–1, 94; see also hepatoscopy; sacrifice cohort; legions; maniples); light infantry 348, Renaissance 5, 6, 19 350, 352 (see also velites); Marius’ reforms 496; reparations 488 men’s influence on command 30, 36–8, 377; reprisal 251, 288 non-combatant staff 76; reconnaissance 390; requisition 381, 386, 463, 490–1, 493 recruitment 29–30, 495–6, 510; reserves 413, rerum repetitio see redress 433; and risk 374; scale and range of reserves: classical 219; Hellenistic 369–70, 405–6, campaigns 378; size 335–6, 378–9; standing 408, 420; Roman 408, 411–12, (line relief army 489; see also centurions; cohort; and system) 406, 413, 428, 431 under citizen forces; command; discipline; resilience, Roman victory through 374 logistics and supply; marching; mercenaries; retreat 119, 159; into cities 176–7; wounded and pay; property qualifications; punishments; 183–5; see also withdrawal reserves; seasons, campaiging; single combat; return of armies 183–5 strategy; tactics; training revenge 89–90, 251, 288, 375, 460; see also redress external relations 313–24; Aequi ‘revolutions’ in Greek warfare 186–7, 202–10, 313–14; Athens 319, 322; Attalid kingdom 322, 215–22 477, 493; exploitation of conquered lands rhetoric 57 492–4; see also amicitia; provinces; redress;

general index 655

and under Achaean League; Aetolian League; Romulus 509 alliance; arbitration; Carthage; colonies; rorarii (light infantry) 350 Corinth; diplomacy; Egypt; Greece; rout 211–12, 430–2 Hellenistic world; Illyria; imperialism; Italy; rowers 124, 233–4; Athenian 139, 150, 234–6, 298, just war; Macedon; Sardinia; Seleucid 504; captured with ships 440; casualties 440; kingdom; Sicily; Syracuse; treaties citizens 234, 295–6, 298, 504; criminals not yet navy 357; manpower 363–6, 445; marines used 385; experience of battle 225, 233–4; 363; polyremes 359–60, 364; in Punic Wars hierarchy 295–6; infantrymen as 229, 504; 359–60, 365–7, 437, 489; resilience 374; mercenaries 137, 141; metics 139, 234, 295, 298; shipbuilding 385; supply convoys 387; training pay 140, 227, 295, 363, 385; physical effort 359, 365; troop transports 387 226–7; in polyremes 357–9; ravaging by 172; society, politics and the state recruitment 363, 385; slaves 139–40, 150, 234, 482–97; attitudes to warfare 39, 81, 498, 295, 298, 364–6, 385; Thrasyllus arms as 514–16; authoritarianism 36–7; censors 353; peltasts 135; time, keeping of 230, 234; census 365; civic institutions and military training 132, 137, 161, 231, 359, 385; working organization 29–30, 36–9, 511; clientage 377; conditions 18–19, 123, 153–4, 230, 233–4, cohesion and stability 484, 506, 514–15; 295 competition 511; conflict of the orders 487–8, Rufus, Q. Curtius 59, 416; see also Index of 512; control and exploitation of conquered ancient passages cited (under Curtius Rufus, Q) lands 492–4; Decemvirate 316; dictatorship Russia, south 270 30, 373; finance 485, 488–91,(see also under plunder; profit; taxation); Gracchan reforms Sabines 326 496; kings 485; linking of war, finance and Sachkritik 7–8 politics 485; militarism and socialization to sacking of cities 48, 182, 283–6, 397, 460 warfare 27, 30, 38–9, 484, 486–7, 510–11; Sacred Bands: of Carthage 347; of Thebes 144–5, political bias in sources 70–1; population 335; 220, 220n144, 503 populism distrusted 70–1; publicani 488–9; sacred period (hieromenia) 100–1 slaves in forces 364–6, 510; strong men 496–7; Sacred War, Third see under Phocis structural advantages 433; tribes 29–30; sacrifice 156–8, 185, 203, 315; before battle 66, uniformity of military structures, command 157–8, 190, 204, 213; at border 157–8, 204;of and control; virtus, concept of military prisoners, by Carthaginians 396; Spartan 66, excellence as 498, 509–16; see also centuries; 157–8, 166; by victors 173, 183, 185; see also comitia centuriata; consuls; contiones; hepatoscopy dictatorship; fetial procedures; imperium; sacrilege 173, 189–90 officia; praetorship; proletarii; provinces; and sacrosanctity 189–90; see also inviolability under aristocracy; citizen forces; citizenship; saddles 368 class, social; command; education; Sadyattes, king of Lydia 98–9 imperialism; magistracies; manpower; safe passage 100–1 militarism; plebeians; plunder; politics; Saguntum 320–1 popular opinion; profit; property Sahara desert 383 qualifications; religion; senate; taxation Saka horse-archers 419, 422 wars and battles: annihilation of Salamis, Cyprus: battle (307) 379; Demetrius enemies 377; declaration of war 315; domestic Poliorcetes’ attack (306) 360, 453; naval battle motivation 512; frequency 378, 484–5, 511; (306) 358, 434, 440–1 Gallic invasion 313, 317, 484–6; guerrilla Salamis, Greece 65, 90; naval battle 183, 211, fighting 495; hill warfare 219; land battles 224–5, 229–30, 233, 236, 504 399–433; local 314–16; multiple fronts 378, Sallust (C. Sallustius Crispus) 38; see also Index of 486, 495; Parthia 422, 430; scale and range ancient passages cited 378; siege warfare 389, 394, (Lilybaeum) 387, sally ports 454 (see also Agrigentum; Carthage; New salpinx (musical instrument) 158 Carthage); treatment of non-combatants and salt trade 494 prisoners 366, 397, 460; Veii 314, 316, 485; see Samarcand (Maracanda) 392 also individual battles and wars and under Sambre, battle of the 62 Africa; civil wars; Persia; plunder; Pyrrhus, Samicum, Triphylia 99 king of Epirus; Samnium; Spain; strategy; Samnium 219, 326, 364, 380, 386, 488; see also tactics; triumphs Sentinum, battle of

656 general index

Samos 70, 86, 97–8, 237, 259; and Athens 263, Selasia, battle of 342–3 268–9, 381, (revolt and Athenian siege) Seleucia-in-Pieria 311 179–80, 226, 238, 261, 265; Priene’s border Seleucid kingdom: and Antigonids and dispute with 96, 285, 308; Rhodian fleet’s Ptolemies 303–5, 482; cavalry 334, 423, 476; escape from Panhormus 443, 447; Spartan chariots 418; cleruchs 475–6; Daphne Parade siege, 6th-cent. 180–1 339; finance 476–7; garrisons 475; infantry 334, sanctuaries 90, 99–101, 162–3; inviolability 100, 339, 405, 476, (Roman influence) 504;Jews 189–90, 310–11; see also temples 376; manpower 334–5, 363, 476; mercenaries Sangala 396–7 476; reforms 504; and Rome 363, 477, 504, Sappho 22; see also Index of ancient passages (see also Magnesia, battle of); state 475–7; see cited also Antiochus I, III; Seleucus I, II, III, IV sarcophagus, Roman 511 Seleucus I Nikator, king of Syria 468, 476 Sardinia: Carthaginians in 366, 441; Roman Seleucus II, king of Syria 310 control 387, 441, 491–2 Seleucus III, king of Syria 481 Sardis 172, 464, 468 Seleucus IV, king of Syria 353 sarissa (Macedonian pike) 329; method of use 71, Selinus 46–7, 172, 246 74, 337, 338, 399–400 Sellasia, battle of 370–1, 403, 406, 412 Sasanids; use of war elephants 417 Selymbria 269 scale of warfare, Hellenistic 378–9, 461, 464 Senate, Roman 37–8, 374–5, 377, 481, scars, Roman display of 510–11 486–7 scholarship, modern 3–21n33, 399–402; 18th Sentinum, battle of 373, 414–15, 432; Celtic cent. 5; English-speaking world 7–10; chariots 417, 421 feminist, postmodernist and post-Marxist 12; sentries 165–6 future 19–21; and imperialism 483–4; medieval Sepeia, battle of 64 and Renaissance 5; national agendas 69; 19th Serdaioi 94, 97 cent. 5–9, 483; pragmatism 4–5, 7–8; serf-like classes, indigenous see native sociological influence 9–13; and topography populations (subject) 400; 20th/21st cent. 8–21, 400–2, 483–4; see Sertorius, Q. 27 also archaeology; balance of power theories; servants, infantrymen’s 115, 150, 152, 160, 293–4, ‘face-of-battle’ approach 392 Scione 180, 241, 286 Servilius, C. 352 Scipio Aemilianus Africanus (Numantinus), Servilius Pulex Geminus, M. (consul 202) 509 P. Cornelius 55, 411–12 Sestos 269, 459–60 Scipio Africanus (the elder), P. Cornelius 430, Shapur I, king of Persia 55, 73 433, 449; African campaign 387, 411, 442–3, sheds, protective siege 238 453n174; siege warfare 389, 442–3, 449, shields: of Achilles 49; cavalry 118, 328, 352, (see 453n174; in Spain 373–4, 460, (captures New also thureos); devices and colours 117, 294, Carthage) 366, 373–4, 387–8, 392, 449, 453, 337–9; Dipylon type 251; fighting with, at (at Ilipa) 405, 407, 410; tactics 392, 403, 405, games 504; Gallic 504; Hellenistic phalanx 407–8, 410–11 337–9; hoplite 113, 115, 117, 150–2, 160, 195–6; Scipio Asina, Cn. Cornelius (consul 260/59) (‘Boeotian’) 114, (protection in phalanx) 122, 437–8 206, 208, (races with) 51, 133n118, 196; light Scipio Barbatus, L. Cornelius (consul 298) 511 infantry see parma; peltê; Macedonian 337, Scipio Calvus, Cn. Cornelius 445 338; smaller, 4th-cent. 391; thrown away 206, Sciritae (Spartan unit) 160 293; see also scutum Scotland 74 ships: archaic 251; building of 125, 256, 261, 358, scouting see reconnaissance 360–2, 437; as fighting platforms 360, 441–2, scutum (shield) 196 453; gear 153, 161; length of service 359; speed Scylax of Myndos 36 359; storm damage 440–1; troops on board Scythians 35, 122; cavalry 221, 331, 422 123, 147–9, 169, 170, 215, 229, 233,(see also seafaring see merchant marine; naval combat; marines; troop transports, naval); see also navies; ships; transport (naval) biremes; cataphracts; corvus; lemboi; merchant seasons, campaigning: Greek 109, 138, 140, marine; pentekontor; polyremes; ramming, 154–6; Hellenistic and Roman 326, 388–9, naval; trihemioliai; triremes; and under timber 489; mercenaries and 140, 388–9 Sicels 284, 472 seers 158 Sicily: Athenian interest 25; Athens’ allies’ Segesta 172, 267 payments 267; cavalry 221; combined arms

general index 657

forces 188, 199; Dionysius of Phocaea in 229; taken through) 34, 239–40, 244–5, 375–6, factionalism 375–6; finances 477–8; maps; 447–8, 457–8; women’s role 43–4, 246, 382–3, subject native populations 284, 472; tyrants 451, 453n173, 459 326, 499,(see also individual names); wealth treatment of defeated cities 256, 488, 491–2 238, 240–1, 243, 245, 250, 283, 459–60; Athenian expedition 32–5, 106, 170, enslavement 240–1, 246–7, 396–7, 459–60; 255, 268; foreign troops 136, 330; naval massacres and suicide of defeated 240–1, 459; operations 61, 150, 154, 162; Thucydides’ Romans’ 397, 460; see also sacking of cities account 24, 28, 48, 61, 85, 158; see also under see also individual sieges and Aeneas Syracuse Tacticus; assaults on cities; blockades; siege Carthaginian presence 366, 375–6, engines; undermining; and under 378, 380, 396; logistics 378, 380–1, 387; siege Peloponnesian Wars; Persia; surprise; walls; warfare 241, 243–4, 246, 368; see also under and individual states Syracuse Sigeum 96–7 Roman presence 387, 488, 492, 495, signalling 445, 447 510; Carthaginian wars 375–6, 380; socii Silenus of Caleacte 55 navales 364–6; taxation 491–2 silver: Laurium mines see also individual cities Silver Shields (Argyraspides) (elite´ unit) 414, 428 Sicyon 102, 150, 165, 169, 178, 457; subject native Simonides 22, 49, 64; see also Index of ancient population 275–6, 284, 290 passages cited Side 435, 446 Simos of Thasos (rower in Athenian fleet) 234 Sidon 355, 358 Sinai desert 392 siege engines 368, 451, 457, 462–3, 465; logistics single combat: Greek 194–5, 199, 203, 211–12; 382–3, 448; see also artillery; battering rams; Hellenistic, between commanders 507, catapults; ladders, scaling; sheds; towers 509n54; Roman 509–10, 513–14 (siege) Sinope 246 siege warfare 76–7, 223–4, 237–47, 393–4, Siphnos 259 447–60; accounts of 58, 243; archaic era 180, Sirmium; graffito from Avar attack 81 237; archery 42, 123, 242; Carthaginian Sittacene 333 development 237, 241, 368; casualties 394; size of forces: advantage of smaller 378–9, 407; circumvallation see under walls; civilian Greek: 170; Hellenistic and Roman 378–9, defenders 43–4, 246–7, 382–3, 451, 453n173, 402, 405, 407, 429, 464 459; command 449; conditions for skill, warfare as see technê participants 243–7, 394, 459–60; disease 244; skirmishing 203–4, 409, 422–4 duration 179, 239, 243; early Greece 237; slaves 47; defence of cities 44, 47, 246, 459; escape from 179; evacuation of fomenting desertion of 239; in historiography non-combatants 459; finance 179–80, 239, 47, 139, 172; leisure class supported by 274; 243, 265, 393, 465; fire as weapon 179, 239, 241, military service 132, 139–40, 385–6, 459, 510, 245, 457; against forces withdrawn into city (see also under navies); pay 140; porters and 176–7; fortifications 178, 454,(see also under servants with armies 115, 150, 152, 160, 172, walls); 4th-cent. developments 241–2; logistics 293–4, 392; rebellions of Sicilian 495; recent 238, 240, 244, 381–3, 395, 458, (supply by sea) studies 12, 15; treatment by attackers 172 238, 240, 441, 456–7; Macedonian prisoners enslaved 104, 181, 183, 241, development 242, 360, 369, 375, 447, 450–1; 268, 371, 397, 459–60; figures 183; Greeks’ mercenary specialists 179, 241; mounds 77, scruples against enslaving Greeks 283; women 239; naval involvement 387, 434, 441,(see also and children 240–1, 246–7, 396–7, 459–60 catapults (ship-borne); ships (as fighting see also under navies platforms)); Near Eastern influence 241; slingers 108, 119–20, 123–4, 136; Acarnanian 136, personnel 241, 449–50, 453–4; reconstruction 162, 221; archaic 194, (armour) 151;in 76–7; river rerouted at Mantinea 180; siege combined arms forces 145, 188; trains 453–4, 457, 462–3; siege-works 76–7, marginalization 199–202; mercenary 136, 141; 239,(see also under walls); slingers 124; sorties naval 124, 148; Rhodian 133, 136; Roman 179; starvation 245, 394–5, 459; Syracusan allied; status 123, 127 expertise 179, 241, 243, 393–4, 451–2, 462, Smyrna 310 (Archimedes’) 393–4, 449, 453–4, 457, 462, Social Wars: Athenian (357–355) 266, 271; 465, (assaults) 179, 244, 456; treachery, northern Greek (220–217) 371; Roman (precautions against) 178, 245–6, 375, (towns (90–88) 496

658 general index

society Leonidas; Pausanias; Teleclus); light-armed Greece 132–3, 273–99; competitive forces 160, 199; manpower 68, 139–40, 217–18, ethos 281–90; and discipline 132; experience 278; massacre of defeated populations 240–1; of warfare 292–8; greed 282; group identity medical services 152; mercenaries hired by 130, 293–8; hierarchy of military forces 123, 502–3; and Messenians 97, 101, 173–4, 181, 125–7, 296; interaction, and normative 285n41; messes 290–1; militarism 27–8, 30; behaviour 87–8; and literary emphasis on military organization 253, 290–1; mobilization ritualized warfare 50; and military 149; motivation for warfare 512; music 280; organization 290–2, 299,(see also civic model navy 268; perioikoi 103, 278, 284, 291, (as of organization); see also class, social and under hoplites) 277, 298; plunder and extortion 183, Athens; Sparta 268, 283; professional forces 109, 111, 133, 144; Hellenistic world 498–508; unrest and pursuit 212; religion 66, 155–8, 165, 204; 504–6 road system 161; sieges see under Mantinea; see also cleruchs and under Egypt; see also Plataea; Samos; society, (and military aristocracy; citizenship; class, social; metics; organization) 66, 275, 290–1,(see also helots native populations; perioikoi; slaves; working and militarism; perioikoi; religion above); class; and under Rome tactics 216–18, 405, 410–11; Tanagra memorial socii navales, Roman 364–6 at Olympia 101; ‘tearless battle’ 209; training sociological method 9–13 165, 273, 279, 290–1, 299, 502–3; units and Socrates of Athens 59, 106; at siege of Potidaea officers 128, 130, 144, 156, 220n144,(lochoi) 78, 164–5, 244 156, (Sciritae) 160, (see also enomotiai; Socrates the Boeotian 339 hippeis); voting methods 31; votive figurines Sogdiana, Alexander in 388–9 28, 196; warfare as technê 502–3; workers Solachon, battle of 59 accompanying army 151–2; Xenophon and 68 Solon, laws of 89, 316; see also Index of ancient and Athens 68, 287; diplomacy 92–3, passages cited 96; invasions of Attica 85, 103, 149–50, 178, Solygeia, battle of 169, 175, 212, 219 226; siege of Athens (404) 226, 239, 245; see sophists 106, 502; see also hoplomachoi also Peloponnesian War Sophocles 25, 52, 206; see also Index of ancient hoplites 133, 207, 215–16, 293–4, 338–9; passages cited advance 204, 209, 215; defeat by light infantry Sosibius (Ptolemaic general) 334 120–1, 215–16, 220, 425; perioikic 277, 298; Sosylus 55, 219; see also Index of ancient passages tactics 216–18, 405, 409–11 cited see also individual battles and wars, helots; Soteria (festival at Delphi) 311 Peloponnesian League; and under aristocracy soteria (sacrifices for reaching safety) 185 Spartolus, battle of 169, 220 sources see individual authors, archaeology; spears: cavalry 118, 200, 329, 423; and declaration literature; and under reconstruction and of war 315; hoplite 150, 184, 195, (throwing) 41, individual topics 109, 198, (thrusting) 115, 117, 196, 205–6; Spain: Carthaginians in 320–1, 366, 378, 391; legionary; light infantry 121, 327–8, 368–77; manpower 366, 415, 425–6; map; Romans in throwing 109, 117, 120 320–1, 394, (campaigns) 377, 387, 389, 391, spear-won land (doriktetos chora) 304, 481, 506 490–1, 495–6, (control and exploitation) specialization 146, 329, 449–50; modern 491–2; see also individual cities and battles and scholarship 14–15, 17, 19; regional 133–5; siege under Scipio Africanus (the elder), P. warfare 241, 449–50; see also navies (officers Cornelius and specialists) and under alliance; Sparta: burial of dead 175; camps 163–6; catapults mercenaries in field 419; cavalry 118, 135, 222; city unwalled speeches: generals’, before battle 203, 406;in 237; command 33, 35–6, 128, 130, 156; historiography 39–40, 58, 58n10, 59n16, 399 conservatism 85; diet 165; discipline 35, 132, speira (military unit) 336 215, 237; entertainments 165, 280; epiteichismos Sphacteria 68–9, 215, 220, 222, 229, 425 of Decelea 178, 239; exclusivity 90; external Sphodrias (Spartan general) 96 relations 86, 104, 168, 259, 290, (alliances) 64, spindle 41, 43 99, 102–3, 149–50, 226, 284, 291,(see also spoils of war 183, 509; spolia opima 509; see also under Argos; Boeotia; Elis; Macedon; plunder Thebes); honour 215; imitators 144, 503; and spondai (‘libations’, treaties) 94 Jews 380; kings 128, 157–8, 162, 175,(see also square formations 159, 412 Agesilaus; Agesipolis; Agis; Archidamus II; Stagirus 244–5 Cleombrotus I; Cleomenes I, II; Demaratus; Stalae, Crete 284

general index 659

Standards 337 Sulpicius Paterculus 441 standing forces 145–6, 326, 389, 464, 489, 508 superstition 32–3 stasis 89 supply see logistics and supply state: concepts and approach 248–9; private and surprise 167, 179, 202, 222, 432–3; code of public models of warfare 248–55, 269 conduct 189; at Delium 216; Hellenistic and Greek 248–72; adjustments (431-322) 272; Roman 390, 403; intelligence and 391; in naval centralization 254–6; finance 256–64; combat 229–30, 444; night operations 189, formation, and rise of phalanx 292 393, 403, 450; raids 167; reserves and 219; Hellenistic era 461–82; early Scipio Africanus’ operations 392, 407; in siege Successors 464–70; in Hellenistic states warfare 450, 457–8 470–9; imperialism 479–82; see also under surrender 183, 244–5, 397, 415, 509–10 individual states and rulers surveyors 76 see also monopolistic state; oligopolistic Susa 86, 464, 468 state; and society, politics and the Susian Rocks 390 state under Athens; Rome swords: cavalry 118; Celtic use 368, 425–6; status see class, social; hierarchies; prestige hoplite 115, 150, 195–6; peltasts’ 120, 328; Stesichorus 171 Spanish 425–6 Stiris 310 Sybaris 94, 97, 286, 286n46 stirrups, absence of 118–19, 134, 423–4 Sybota, naval battle of 150, 231–3, 236 stone-throwers 119–20, 151; see also tiles as symbola (tokens of agreement) 91, 308 missiles symbolai (treaties) 93–4, 307–8 storms at sea 236, 395, 440–1 symmachos, symmachia (ally, alliance) 101 Strasbourg 210n104 symmories (taxation groups) 271 stratagems 188, 369, 432–3, 501–2, 514; sympolity agreements 309–10 collections 3, 51, 59, 369, 402, 416, 501,(see also symposium 281 individual authors); Iphicrates’ 164, 220–1 Synnada, Phrygia 468 strategy 186–7, 203, 213–23, 369–80, 402–16, synoecism 309 430–3; and alliances 379–80; avoidance of synteleis (joint contributors to war taxes) 271 fighting 375–7; complexity 370–1; Syphax 403 coordination, (of armies) 369–70, (of arms) Syracuse: battle (426) 169; Carthaginian wars 222–3; as craft 501–2; emergence 186–7, 202, 240, 244, 358, 396, 437n152, (under 213–23; Hellenistic 368–80, 501–2; Herodotus Agathocles) 371, 376–7, 417, 478, (under and 65, 81; indirect 370–1; lessons of history Timoleon) 378, 403, 417; citizenship 59; and logistics 388; Polybius on 402; and in annexed territories 285; combined popular opinion 33, 372, 377; profit motive arms forces 188, 199; elite´ units 144, 220; 371–2, 377; in republican systems 372–3, 377; finance 477–8; hamippoi (light infantry) 222; and reserves 369–70; Roman 371, 373–5, 377, hoplomachoi 213, 220; mercenaries 179, 449, 388, 514; scale of warfare 378–9; as stratagems 457, 473n47; navy 124, 139, 150, 358, 451; 369, 432–3; and success in battle 430–3; use of Roman friendship 339, 386, 478; sale of treachery 375–6; see also command; generals; prisoners in 183; subject population, Kyllyrioi risk-taking; stratagems 275–6; tithe system 478; tribal organization stratiotês as meaning mercenary 141 29, 148 Stratus, battle of 169 Athenian expedition (415–413) 25, stripping of dead 173, 212, 236 61, 161; battles 155, 159, 169, 185, 190, 203–4, strong men, Roman 496–7 207–8, 223; siege 171, 179–80, 220, 239, 243–4; structuralism 10–11 Spartan assistance 33, 223 subjection see under alliance; native populations Roman siege 37, 397, 444, 449, 457, 459; Successor era: alliances 379–80; land forces Archimedes’ defence 393–4, 449, 453–4, 457, 333–48; manpower 333–6, 363; mercenaries 462, 465; ship-borne siege engines 453, 343–4, 464–5; navies 361–3, 465–6; scale of 453n174; supply by sea 441, 456 warfare 461, 464; state and warfare 464–70; see also Agathocles; Dionysius I, II; Gelon; warrior elites 461–2; see also individual Hiero I, II; and siege warfare (Syracusan Successors and kingdoms expertise) Suessa, battle of 432 Syria 363, 472; map; resources 361–2, 385–6, Suessula 326, 385 476–7; Successors’ wars 304–5, 385, 482,(see suffering, human 394–8; see also casualties; cities also Syrian Wars); see also Coele-Syria; (treatment of defeated); injury; prisoners, fate Seleucid kingdom of; wounds and the wounded Syriac historiography see John of Ephesus

660 general index

Syrian Wars: First 334; Second 434; Third 371; Ten Thousand 25, 152, 162, 185, 325, 502–3; civic Fourth 334 organization, army as polis 30–4, 38; Syrianus Magister 58n10; see also Index of ancient formations 159, 218–19; pay rates 129 passages cited (Syrianus (Anon.)) tents 151, 164 Teos 98, 308, 310–11 Tacitus, Cornelius 34, 38, 43, 74, 76; see also terminology 7, 15 Index of ancient passages cited terrain, suitability to: cavalry and light-armed tactics: combined arms 409, 416–29; as craft troops 109, 124, 186, 222; hoplites 109, 119–20, 501–2; Hellenistic innovations 368, 410, 501–2; 202, 214–15, 218–19; marching order 109, interaction of forces 416–29; and manpower 119–20, 159 217–18, 336; manuals and treatises 3, 210–11, territory see land 332, 336–7, 402, 422; Peloponnesian War tetrarchia (Macedonian cavalry unit) 331 debates 51; Polybius’ emphasis 62; Pyrrhus Teuta (Illyrian queen) 46, 255 transmits Italian to Greece 504; Roman 62, Teutoburger Forest; Varian disaster 76 410, 433; and success of classical armies 20; Thala, Numidia 383 symmetry and asymmetry 404–5, 410, 429; Thales of Miletus 99 taught by hoplomachoi 214; see also Thasos 168, 256, 285; Athenian control 226, 238, deployment; manoeuvres; and under 261, 269 individual states and types of troops and naval Thebes: and Aegina 107; Alexander’s conquest combat 396, 459–60; cavalry 216, 219, 223; Taenarum; mercenary hiring fair 498 fortiﬁcation of camps 164; hegemony 103–5, takabara (Persian infantryman) 327 214, 369, 503; looting 170, 177; and outbreak Talthybioi (Spartan hereditary heralds) 95 of Peloponnesian War 94–5; Persian conquest Tanagra 342; battles of: (457) 101, 175, 215;(426) 168; and Plataea 94–5, 167, 178; reserves 219; 169 Sacred Band 144–5, 175, 220, 220n144, 503; Tarentum 318, 338, 457–8; cavalry 504; in Second slaves and metics help defend 459; and Sparta Punic War 390, 444, 453n174 85, 105, 144, 177, 244, 287–8, 370, 503; training Tarquin the Proud 316 133–4 Tarquinii 318 tactics 218, 409–10; at Coronea 209–10, Tarracina 364 218; at Delium 173, 210, 216, 218–19; depth of Taurus mountains 391 phalanx 206–7, 218; at Nemea 217–18 taxation: Athenian 243, 254, 263, 270–2; Thebes, Phthiotic 450, 453 Hellenistic 309, 462, 466, 470–2, 476; Roman Themistocles 97, 100, 224, 256–7, 259 488–91, (provincial) 491–4 Theophiliscus (Rhodian admiral) 436, 446 taxeis (Athenian military units) 129–30, 156, 206, Theophrastus 85; see also Index of ancient passages 331; taxiarchoi 129–31, 148, 156 cited taxis, parataxis (Thucydidean, ‘battle-formation’ Theophylact Simocatta 57–9, 78; see also Index of 192 ancient passages cited ‘tearless battle’ (368) 209 Theoric Fund, Athenian 271 technˆe (craft); socially acceptable and banausic theoroi (sacred envoys) 100 502; see also craft, concept of warfare as Theoros of Samos (painter) 340 technicality, taste for 51–2 Thermon; Aetolian League sanctuary 310 tedium of military life 78 Thermopylae: battle in Persian Wars 65, 70, Tegea 96, 148, 176, 205; and Sparta 64, 102, 75–6, 215, 257–8, (perioicic hoplites) 277, 175 277–278n13, (Spartan reluctance to engage) Tegyra, battle of 216–17, 223 66, 155; Gallic attack (279) 425; Hellenistic Telamon, battle of 413, 425 battle of 75–6, 426, 432 Teleclus, king of Sparta 90 Thesaurus Linguae Graecae 15 Telesicrates of Cyrene 51 Thespiae 148, 177, 213 Telesilla (Argive poetess and commander) 43 Thessalonica; Agios Athanasios 338 Telesippus of Piraeus (metic rower) 234 Thessaly: Agesilaus’ march through 159; archaic Teleutias (Spartan admiral) 178 hegemony 103; aristocracy 127–8; cavalry television 54 127–8, 134–5, 177, 187–8, 199, 329, (antiquity) Tempe, Vale of 65 117–18, 221, (tactics) 331, 422; in Delphic temples: Roman dedication 487, 510; sacked 283; amphictyony 99; federal organization 86; treasures appropriated 259, 263–5,(see also feudalism 111, 128; hierarchy of forces 127; under Delphi; Olympia) hoplites 111; under Jason of Pherae 326; under

general index 661

Macedon 462; perioikoi 284; Phocian wars timber 162, 383, 448, 482; for shipbuilding 256, 168, 181, 190, 288; Roman bases 387; siege 358, 361–2, 385; see also under Cyprus; engineers 449; subject native population 274, Macedon; Syria 284 time see water-clocks and under rowers thetes (the poor) 116n18, 138 timing of campaigns 33, 154–6; see also seasons, Thibron (Spartan general) 129 campaigning Thirty Tyrants 165 Timoleon (Corinthian general in Sicily) 378, thorakitai (‘cuirassed’ infantry) 347 403, 417 Thrace: cavalry 221–2, 329, (wedge formation) Timotheus (mercenary leader) 159, 216, 269, 381 221, 331, 422; cleruchs from 334, 472–3, 475;in Tisamenus of Elis (seer) 158 Delian League 263; hoplites 111; Lysimachus’ tithes: Egypt 470–2; Syracuse 478 campaigns 468; mercenaries 27, 221, 241, tokens of recognition or agreement 91, 92, 265–6, 499–500; native population 285; tools 151–2, 154 peltasts 120, 135, 187–8, 221, 368, 499–500; topography, military 391, 402–4; modern studies Thracians in Macedon 329 7, 9, 75, 77, 400 Thracian Chersonese 254–5, 269 Torgium, battle of 396 Thrasybulus (Athenian general) 165, 185, 269 Torone 239–40, 244, 286 Thrasyllus (Athenian politician) 135 torture 181, 391 Thucydides 66–9; accuracy 68–9; and agonistic towers: defensive, on walls 454, 456, 465; for spirit 105; on army and polis 28–9, 32–3; elephant crews; ship-mounted assault 360, attitude to war 27; and Cleon 67; command 453; siege 241, 360, 453, 457 at Amphipolis, and exile 61; ethnography, trade 125, 307, 309; see also merchants kinship and mythology in 50; on etiquette tradition, strength of 110 before battle 190, 203–4; on finance 67, 71; tragedy, Athenian 44–6, 64, 237; see also frequency of Athenian warfare in 23; individual tragedians geographical mistakes 78; Herodotus’ training: and amateur ideal 133–4, 280; Athenian influence 64; and Homer 31, 48–9; on hoplite 213–14, 220–1, 277, 279, 501, (see also warfare 68, 190–2, 216; influence 58, 58n11;on ephebeia); Carthaginian leaders’ 373; elite´ international relations 85; on kinship units 132, 137, 506; in family 213–14, 279, 373; diplomacy 26;onleisteia 252; literary nature of Greek 132–7, 299,(see also Athenian above and work 24, 35, 48, 50, 61, 64, 66–7, 158; military under Macedon (army); Sparta); Hellenistic emphasis 25, 40, 50, 52; narrowing-down of 334–5, 368, 500–1, 504, 506, 508; light-armed historiography 50; naval statistics 148–9, forces 135–6, 341, 500–1; mercenaries’ and 184–263n60; Pindaric echoes 27, 50; priorities citizens’ needs compared 133–8; music in 280; and assumptions 66–9; pro-Periclean bias Roman 359, 373; success due to 133, 220–1, 67–8; and religion 66–8, 106; Roman taste for 432; year-round 145–6, 326; see also 52; on Sicilian expedition 28, 32–3, 48, 85, 158, hoplomachoi and under archers; athletics; 190, 203–4, (literary quality) 24, 61, 158;on catapults; cavalry; hoplites; Macedon (army); siege warfare 180, 243; on Spartan command mercenaries; navies; rowers; Sparta structure 35–6, 130; and speeches 39; Trajan’s column, Rome 55, 56 symmachia/epimachia distinction 102;on transport warfare as technê 502; on women as causes of land: for artillery and siege engines 382, war 46–7; see also Index of ancient passages cited 453; contractors 471, 488–9; Philip II thunder as omen 158 eliminates wheeled 392 thureos (shield) 339–43; thureomachia (athletic naval 378, 380–1, 383–5, 440, 456–8; event) 341, 342; thureophoroi 337, 339–43, Carthaginian 368, 380–1; Roman 385, 387;in 426 siege warfare 238, 240, 441, 456–7; see also Thurii 285n38 merchant marine; troop transports, naval Thyamia 165, 178 Trasimene, battle of Lake 71, 413, 415, 431; Thymbrara, fictitious battle of 210, 218–19 ambush 390, 403, 410 Thyrea 90, 286 travel, literary interest in 24–5 Ticinus, battle of the 424 treachery, strategic use of 375–6, 391, 447; see also Tigranocerta, battle of under siege warfare tiles as missiles 43–4, 177, 246, 394, treasuries: sacred 101, 259, 263–5,(see also under 459 Olympia); satrapal 464; Successors’ control Timaeus; Polybius’ criticisms 51–2, 57; see also and use 464, 466, 468–9, 477 Index of ancient passages cited

662 general index

treaties: of alliance 290; bilateral 97, 317–18; Antigonus I’s 386 commercial 93–4; Hellenistic inter-city 308–9; Tyrtaeus 36, 165, 173; on phalanx 109, 197, 209; on missile weapons, spurious archaic 191; see also Index of ancient passages cited oaths in 94–5; religion and 189–90; Roman 315–18; spondai 94; symbolai 93–4, 307–8; undermining 450–1 symmachiai 344; violation 90, 97 uniforms 131, 293–4 treatises, military 3–5, 402, 416, 422; see also units, military: Greece 127–32, 156; informal catapults (treatises); manuals, military; social groups as basis 291–3; see also tribal stratagems (collections); tactics (manuals and organization and individual units treatises) unlimited warfare (polemos akeryktos or aspondos) Trebia, battle of the 411, 425, 429, 431; 186, 190, 214 outflanking manoeuvre 410, 432 Utica 366, 453n174 trees, ravaging of 171 trials for military misconduct 131–2, 176, 206, 212 Valerian, Roman emperor (P. Licinius triarii (third line of infantry) 406, 411–12, 428 Valerianus) 73 tribes 10; Greek 29, 156, 194, (Athenian) 28–9, Valerius Antias 71 128–9, 148, 156, 291–2; Roman 29–30 Valerius Laevinus, M. (consul ? 220, 210) 366 tribunes, Roman military 510 Valerius Maximus; see also Index of ancient tribute: Athenian see under Delian League; passages cited 350 Hellenistic 464, 468, 476–7; Roman 488 Varian disaster 76 tributum (Roman tax) 490 vase-paintings 54, 166, 251; archers 109, 122; Trichoneians of Aetolia 95 cavalry 136; departure ceremonies 156–7; trickery 187–8, 222, 245; see also deception; hoplites 195, (equipment) 41, 109, 115,,134, stratagems; treachery 174, 184, 196, (mounted) 117, 199, trierarchs 142n153, 150, 153, 259–60, 270–2; (organization) 109, 196–7, 198, 291; wealth and prestige 129, 138, 295–6 light-armed forces, colonial warfare 199; naval trihemioliai (type of ship) 360–1, 435 warfare 181 triremes: as artillery platforms 453; Athenian vectigal (tax) 489–90 construction programme 125; Athenian state Vegetius Renatus, P. Flavius 3, 212, 219, 404, 150; development 124, 224; lightness 230–1, 406; see also Index of ancient passages 234; limitations 125; manoeuvring 230, 233; cited muffling of noise 230; reconstruction 18–19, Veii 314, 316, 485 73–5, 124, 161–163n27,(see also Olympias); Veith, G. 7, 9, 12, 401 rowers’ conditions 18–19, 123, 153–4, 230, velites (light infantry) 426, 513–14 233–4, 295; speed 153, 161, 161–163n27, 230–1, Velitrae 326 234, 359; troops on board 123, 147–8, 149, 229, vengeance see redress; revenge 233 Vernant, J.-P. 10 triumphs 358–9, 377, 487, 511; plebeians’ 487–8 verutum (javelin) 350 troop transports, naval: Greek and Hellenistic victory: concession of 173, 175, 212, 415; sacrifice 147–8, 149, 229, 266, 360–1; Roman 387 after 173, 185; see also cities (treatment of trophies 173, 174, 175, 232 defeated); dedications, victory; monuments; Troy 48, 180, 182, 237, 340; see also Homer; Ilium prisoners, fate of; triumphs; trophies truces 189–90; burial 173, 175, 183, 212; sacred Vidal-Naquet, P. 10 100–1, 155, 311 Villanovan culture 349 trumpet signals 130, 204, 233–4 Vindolanda tablets 77–8, 79 Tunis 442–3 Virdumarus (Gallic chieftain) 409 tunnels, siege 77 Virgil 38–9, 48, 52, 226–7; see also Index of Twelve Tables 514n75 ancient passages cited twentieth-century historiography 8–21 virtus, military excellence as 498, 509–16 Tylissos 97 visibility in battle, limited 408 tyranny 86, 141, 306, 326, 499; see also individual visual representations of war see art, visual tyrants Volsci 313–14, 326 Tyre; sieges volunteers 149, 150 Alexander’s 445, 448, 450, 453, 459; votive objects 196 engineering 454, 457; logistics 381, 458; naval operations 440, 443–5, 448; treatment on wagons 150, 152–3, 184–5, 382; anti-elephant capture 396, 460 421

general index 663

walls: Argive Long 44; Athens 176–7, 237–40, 127, 135; Macedonian infantry 146; (Long) 237–8, 267; cities lacking 177, 237; mercenaries 135, 142–3, 498; no legal military development 176–7, 237–9, 241–2, 454;at obligation 278–9; in navy 295–7; in Persian Isthmus of Corinth 66; Rome, Servian 394; levies 126; social unrest 138, 505; in Thessaly strategic bases 385 274; see also proletarii; thetes in sieges: breaching 394, 450–1; World Wars 7–8, 11, 80–1 circumvallation 77, 179–80, 243, 450–1, 455–6; wounds and the wounded 183–5, 212–13, 395, counter-walls 179, 243, 450–1 416, 448; literary descriptions 23–4, 48–9, war-cry 204 81 warrior tradition, Macedonian 304–5, 461–2, writing 13, 77–8, 79 481–2, 503, 506 watches of night 166 Xanthippus (mercenary commander) 405, 415, water-clocks 166 430, 433 water supplies 153–4, 162, 163, 459 Xanthus 107, 242 wealth 250, 263, 282, 325, 471, 508; as cause of xenia 90–1; elite international ties 86, 93, 282; war 280–5; and navies 224, (Athenian) 129, judicial cases 93–4; profit at expense of xenos 138, 224, 226, 234; see also finance; property 282; in religion 90–1; suspicion of xenos 91, 93; qualifications tokens 91, 92; see also proxenia weapons 73–4, 163, 368, 500–1, 504; see also Xenias of Elis 93 individual types Xenophon: and agonistic spirit 88; apologetic Weber, Max 248 nature of Anabasis 30; and exploration 25;on wedge formations 221, 331, 332, 410, 422 generalship 3, 214, 369; influence 59; military Weil, Simone 49 career 35, 61, 143, 162; on organization and winter: campaigns 155, 388–9, 392; quarters types of forces 108, 333; panhellenism 61; 388–9, 489 pragmatism 3; readers’ knowledge 65; Spartan withdrawal 412–14; see also retreat bias 68; on warfare as technê 502; see also Ten women 12, 42–7; active role in warfare 25, 42–7, Thousand; Thymbrara; and Index of ancient 233, 246–7, 459; arbitrators 96; as causes of passages cited wars 46–7; cleruchs 474, 476; commanders 43, Xerxes I, king of Persia 89, 92, 95; see also Persian 233; evacuation before siege 459; hair used for Wars artillery ropes 44, 382–3, 451, 453n173; men’s xyston (cavalry spear) and xystophoroi 329, 423 protection and control 299; in militaristic society 27; Pisistratus’ use in ambush youth and desire for war 299, 480 246n220; and spindles: 41, 43; treatment of captured 240–1, 246–7, 396–7, 459–60 Zama, battle of 430; cavalry 411, 420, 423, 429; working class: in Homeric army 278; hoplites deployment and tactics 406, 413, 428, 431–2; 116n18, 277–80, 297–8; light-armed 119–20, elephants 420–1, 429; losses 415