Supplement to Mycologia Vol. 53(3) June 2002 Newsletter of the Mycological Society of America
-- In This Issue -- An Interview With Dr. William Dudley Gray April 3, 1987 -- Lancaster, Ohio Interview: William Dudley Gray ...... 1-5 Flora W. Patterson USDA Mycologist ..... 5-9 by Karl Leo Braun From the Editor ...... Questions or comments should be sent to Karl L. Braun at 5460 Ballentine MSA Business ...... 10-18 Pike, Springfield, OH 45502 or email: < [email protected] >.
From the President ...... 10-11 FIRST MET DR. GRAY while working in a mycology lab at Wright Field Email Express ...... 11 in Dayton, Ohio. I was in my middle twenties and he was a visiting Minutes Midyear Exec. Council...... 12-16 Iprofessor from The Ohio State University who had come to Wright Midyear Committee Reports ...... 17-18 Field to teach a course in Industrial Mycology. I took the course – a 2002 Foray ...... 18 wise decision because what I learned there helped shape the rest of my Mycologia On-line ...... 18 life. It was in that course I learned what a Myxomycete was. He encour- Abstracts 2002 (Corvalis, OR) ...... 19-60 aged me to return to Ohio State and work under him as a lab assistant. I Forms did so and went on to receive a Master of Science degree and my thesis was on the Myxomycetes of Ohio. What I learned there became Change of Address ...... 68 invaluable to me as a high school biology teacher. He was a great Endowment & Contributions ...... 69 teacher and a wonderful friend until his death in 1990. Gift Membership ...... 71 Society Membership ...... 72 Mycological News ...... 61-63 Mycologist’s Bookshelf ...... 63-67 Review — Hoog’s“Atlas of Clinical Fungi, 2nd ed.” Mycological Classifieds ...... 67 Positions, Goods/Services, Fungi, Publications, Workshops Calendar of Events ...... 68 Sustaining Members ...... 70-71
~ Important Dates ~ June 15: Deadline: Inoculum 53(4) June 22-26: MSA 2002, Corvallis OR August 11-17: IMC VII, Oslo, Norway July 27-31: MSA 2003, Asilomar CA
Editor — Donald G. Ruch Dr.William Dudley Gray, 1987. (Photo by Karl Braun) Department of Biology THE INTERVIEW Ball State University Muncie, IN 47306-0440 USA KLB: I’d like to know when and where you were born and a little bit about your parents. 765.285.8829 FAX 765.285.8804 [email protected] WDG: I was born in Clarksville, Indiana, September 21, 1912, about a half mile from where George Rogers Clark spent a good many of his last MSA Homepage: days. My father was an accountant and my mother was a stenogra- http://msafungi.org pher. Of course, I never knew my mother very well. She died when I was about 6 years old, during the flu epidemic in WWI. KLB: When you were growing up, did anything particularly interesting happen that made an impression on you? WDG: King Tut’s tomb was discovered KLB: So you went straight from a B.A. collected it named it -- and the man when I was 10 years old, and I have to a PhD -- and that was around who collected it was Lucian M. had a life long interest in Egyptology. 1938, right? Underwood. Here I was, just a kid, KLB: You went through a traditional WDG: Yes. and Lucian Underwood wrote books - elementary, junior high, and high - so I thought I had to be wrong and I KLB: What was your thesis when you checked up -- and guess what -- school, but in high school did you did your doctorate? have any idea of eventually going Lucian Underwood was wrong. He into biology? WDG: The effect of light on the fruiting called it Trichia (something or other) of Myxomycetes. and actually it was Hemitrichia -- I’ve WDG: Oh no, I was going to become an KLB: When you started at DePauw forgotted the species name. And I engineer and go to Purdue Univer- thought, now if a man like Lucian sity, but I went to DePauw University then, you were interested in becoming a biologist. Underwood could make a mistake like and became a mycologist instead. that, it’s about time someone took a WDG: No, I wanted to become a That was because I got a scholarship hand with the Myxomycetes (laugh- physicist. to DePauw. ing). So that’s how I got started. I KLB: When you were in high school, KLB: When, at DePauw, did things turn think one of my first papers had to do were there any teachers in particular around and you decided to go into with the Myxomycetes of Clark who encouraged you to go to biology? County, Indiana. DePauw? WDG: At the beginning of my sopho- KLB: After you got your Ph.D. at WDG: Well, I had never heard of more year I took botany -- I learned Pennsylvania in 1938, was it then that DePauw, and about a month before I about the fungi, and that became my you went to Swarthmore College? primary interest. graduated my principal called me in WDG: No. It was during my last year at and said he had taken the liberty of KLB: Was there anyone in particular Penn that I taught part time at getting me a rector scholarship at who introduced you to the fungi? Swarthmore. DePauw because of my good grades. WDG: Yes -- Winona Welch. I said great, and then dropped the KLB: ...and then to Miami University? idea of going to Purdue, because you KLB: Is that the Winona Welch you WDG: Well no, a year after I got my had to pay tuition at Purdue, and at were talking about earlier when I said degree I received a National Research DePauw I wouldn’t have to pay any. I couldn’t get myself to call you Bill Council Fellowship and I had a big So that is the way it happened, but as instead of Dr. Gray? decision to make. I could go to Iowa far as anyone encouraging me -- let WDG: Oh, I couldn’t call her Winona for and work with Martin, or I could go to me think. I knew my Latin teacher had anything. When I wrote to her a Wisconsin and work with Duggar. I gone there and when I got to DePauw, a while back to tell her about my went to Duggar and I’ve never Latin scholar there told me that my Latin troubles in ’86, I got a letter back regretted it. He was a great little old teacher was one of his best students in from her written on both sides, hand man. He and a student by the name of all the years he had been teaching, so I written -- she was 90 -- she was a Miss Fergusen found out how to guess maybe -- I don’t recall her tremendous person. cultivate mushrooms without the use encouraging me to go though. KLB: In your sophomore year then you of spores. That really set up the KLB: That was around 1933, and you had decided you weren’t going to mushroom industry. That was his first later graduated from DePauw -- what become a physicist; you wanted to accomplishment. Duggar wrote the was the degree? become a biologist. first textbook on plant pathology in America, and the first textbook on WDG: It was a B.A. in Botany -- that was WDG: That’s right -- and I never took plant physiology in America. He was the only way you could get mycol- physics in college. a member of the National Research ogy in those days. KLB: So that’s how you got started in Council working on radiation. That’s KLB: So when you finished your four biology, but how about the Myxo- one reason why I went to Wisconsin - years at DePauw, you were already mycetes specifically? - I was interested in the effect of well into your study of mycology. WDG: Well, one day in Dr. Welch’s different wave lengths of light on the WDG: Yes, and I went back then for a class, she gave each of us an fruiting of Myxomycetes. Two years fifth year. herbarium specimen with the name after he was forced to retire, he discovered aureomycin. That’s just KLB: For the Master’s degree, or just ... covered up. They were in small boxes and we were to identify them. the kind of man Duggar was. He was WDG: Well, I was going to go for a Mine was a Myxomycete and I a tremendous person. Of course, a lot Master’s, but then the assistantship identified it. She wasn’t around, so of people have helped me during my at the University of Pennsylvania after I identified it I sneaked a look at life. I can’t say Duggar helped me the showed up -- so I took it and never the name, and the species was most, but he sure helped me a lot. I got a Master’s degree. different from what the man who had remember the last time I saw old Ben 2 Duggar. I was elected president of morgani. I said, “Well, you can eat the Biology Club at Ohio State and I anything you can chew and swallow, made up my mind that one thing I but if I were doing it I wouldn’t eat was going to do was to get Benjamin these mushrooms because about Duggar to talk to the club. He was 50% of the people who do get sick.” working at a drug company at the This fellow grabbed up his paper bag time (the one where he discovered and said, “I’ve been eating these all aureomycin) -- so I wrote to him and my life -- you damned college he agreed to come. I told him I’d like professors, you don’t know nothin’.” for him to come and stay at my home, Then he stalked out of the office. I but I had three little children and if know people in Illinois who collected that would bother him I’d put him up the Gyromitra esculenta, the false at a hotel -- he wrote back and said it morel. Now that will kill some people, wouldn’t bother him at all. So he but I know people in Illinois who stayed at our house -- we had a deliberately hunt and eat it, and it chance to visit -- we sat there at night William Gray with wife Mary Jacque. didn’t hurt them at all. It’s a very and ate cheese and crackers with (Photo by Karl Braun) curious thing about some of these some of my home made wine. But mushrooms. Mary Jacque is allergic KLB: I have some names here I’d like to then I went to an AIBS meeting and to one that I can eat with no problem ask you about, to see if you had Duggar didn’t show up -- a short time whatsoever. If Mary Jacque eats it known them at all or had any later I learned he was dead. But he she hallucinates -- all the same memories of them -- opinions or would have won a Nobel Prize -- mushroom -- so you just can’t tell. anecdotes. A.P. Morgan would have Waksman got it, Fleming got it -- I’m That’s what irritates me when they been before your time. sure he would have gotten it too. use some sort of new drug on rats When I finished at Wisconsin -- it WDG: Yes, but I had heard of Morgan and find it doesn’t hurt them. Well, I was the middle of the recession, after and I’ve never heard anything but think the human system is a little bit the depression -- there were no good of him. He, I think, collected in different from the rat. On the subject teaching jobs. That is when I went to the Miami Valley. The thing I of poisonous mushrooms, a rabbit work for Joseph Seagrams. Then I remember about Morgan is that can eat Amanita phalloides and it went on to Miami in the fall of 1940. I someone had named Lepiota doesn’t bother it in the least -- a cat was at Seagrams from ’39 to ’40 and morgani after him. I think there are eats it and it dies, or if you eat it again from ’42 to ’44. only two green spored agarics. It’s a you’ll die. So if they use rabbit eating very curious thing, but some people KLB: Then you went to the Quartermas- experiments, it shows it’s not think it’s delicious and deliberately ter Biological Laboratory. poisonous at all. Now I’ve always hunt and eat it, and other people get been curious to know if these WDG: Yes. I was associate chief, under sick -- I think it’s about 50-50. I think Myxomycetes are poisonous or not. Dr. Martin, and then chief from ’44 to it must be an allergy that some I’ve never tried eating them. ’46. From there I went to Iowa State people have. I have found it, but I KLB: They do in Mexico. at Ames from ’46 to’47 -- well, that have never tried to eat it. Do you indicates only one year, actually I want to hear a story about Lepiota WDG: They do? was there about a year and a half. morgani? KLB: Yes, it has been documented that in And then from there to Ohio State in KLB: Yes. one area of Mexico the Indians ’47. I was at OSU from ’47 to’64 -- collect the Fuligo septica plasmo- WDG: When I was teaching at Ohio except for a year that I took off to teach dium and fry it like you would eggs; State, I usually tried to get in my at the University College of Rhodesia they scramble it up and they eat it, office by 7:00 or 7:30 in the morning -- and Nyasaland -- that was in ’59. Then I and they have been doing so for a no one was around and I could went to Southern Illinois from ’64 to ’70 long time. They call it “Caca de usually get some work done, but this and then to Northern Illinois at DeKalb Luna.” from ’70 to ’72. had its shortcomings too, because strangers would wander into my WDG: It should be very nutritious KLB: When did you meet Mary Jacque office since it was the only place that because there are no rigid cell walls, and get married? was open, and one day a man came in lots of protein. I’ve always been a WDG: 1941. I was at Miami in my first carrying a grocery bag and he said “I little disappointed because the year and we were married in the hear you know something about people over at Wisconsin who put middle of my first year. mushrooms.” I said, “Well, I guess I Physarum polycephalum into pure KLB: Was she going to Miami? know a little -- why?” He opened up culture didn’t try eating some of it. the bag and said “Are these good to Maybe they did and I never heard WDG: No, she was a home town girl. eat?” -- he had a bag full of Lepiota about it. 3 KLB: With the exception of the Mexican tried to get recognition by tacking there was an AIBS meeting at Purdue Indians I’ve never heard of anyone their names onto the end of what and I was invited. Reporters were there eating the plasmodium. they believed to be new species, a and they started questioning several of WDG: I never have either. I’m hearing it custom that led to considerable us about our papers prior to the meeting now for the first time. synonymy -- especially in the myxos. and mine happened to hit the fancy of KLB: I know you have worked primarily the reporters -- and it hit the Associated KLB: You did some work on culturing Press and the United Press. Even before the plasmodium... with the physiological and bio- chemical aspects of the true slime I gave the paper they had a press WDG: Yes, but not in pure culture. molds, but what do you think of conference and decided to move our KLB: And you did no feeding experiments? Lloyd’s views on authorship? room because so many were planing to attend. And from that time forward I WDG: No. I got Physarum flaviconum in WDG: Well, I can understand Lloyd’s was getting newspaper clippings from culture. I picked that up in Africa and concern about synonymy, but on the Germany and several other countries brought it back to this country, and I other hand I can see how, if the and invitations to come and talk. So I sent some to various people, and it person characterizing and naming a went and talked and I found that a lot of became rather popular as an organism new species added his name -- that people needed a mycological consultant to use for genetics studies. Physarum could provide a lead to someone who -- so I didn’t hesitate for a minute. In polycephalum was the one every- wanted to know more about the fact, for the six years we were in body cultured. I had cultured others, organism in question. I never wanted Carbondale, I was traveling at all times. but none that I ever cultured were in to name them -- I just didn’t want to. I Mary Jacque, or I, would pick up an what I would call pure culture. But always felt that there were others airline ticket and we wouldn’t even pay the people at Wisconsin, Dr. Rusch better suited to that line of work. I for it. At the end of the month the travel and his associates, were able to do it. have always been more interested in agency would send me a bill well over what the organism does and how it KLB: We were talking earlier about C.G. $3000 -- paid for by John Deere, does it. Of course, both things are Lloyd and whether he had received Ralston-Purina, Children’s Hospital in important. If everyone did the same a college degree -- in my reading I Louisville, etc., and there were two or thing, it would be a pretty dull world. came across the fact that he had met three places in England that needed A.P. Morgan and the two had KLB: And again, although you are not a help. That was the first time I started become good friends. In fact, it was taxonomist, would you classify the making money. You’d sure never do it A.P. Morgan who first introduced Myxomycetes as fungi, protozoa, or teaching -- well you know that as well as him to the Myxomycetes. protista? I do. WDG: A.P. Morgan may have taught WDG: Well, if I had to take one I KLB: I know you patented your process him a great deal about the fungi in wouldn’t take it as a protozoan, I’m for making fungal proteins in 1964, general, and whether Lloyd had a sure it’s not a fungus, so of the but do you know of any country degree is not important, because I three catagories you offered me, I that has actually started using the have (pause) ... I don’t think a week would say protista was the only process? goes by that I don’t tell someone a possible one -- although I’m not WDG: Well, I know that the Rank, degree will not make anybody. It entirely sure it’s protista -- but it’s the Hovis, and McDougal Company in may help some people, but it won’t closest to anything I can think of. High Wycombe, England was make anyone. And so if Lloyd was a KLB: Lloyd also said in his notes that if interested in the process because good mycologist, it didn’t make any he had wanted to make money he they invited me over and picked my difference whether he had a degree would not have chosen mycology brain for a week, but I don’t know or not -- that’s the way I see it. And as a field -- he would have gone into that they actually went into produc- if he was a friend of A.P. Morgan, he engineering. tion. And I’ve heard that they may have picked up a lot more than WDG: Well, you know, I never made considered using the process in most people realize. I think the thing any money until (pause) I went to Mexico, but, again, I don’t know if that irritated some of the older Africa in 1959 and all around me I any production actually occurred. mycologists was the fact that Lloyd saw people with obvious signs of KLB: If they have used the process in criticized them for naming organisms protein deficiency. When I returned Mexico then Dr. Guzman would very just to get their names in print. Of to OSU, I got in touch with the likely know about it. I’ll check with course, he named a few himself. Rockefeller people and they said him and let you know what I find out. KLB: Yes, I believe in some of his earlier 90% of all people in Africa were papers he used his name after the protein deficient. So I started WDG: Do that -- I’d like to know. scientific name, but after that he thinking why don’t we start growing Getting back to Morgan, do you stopped doing it and refused to do fungus protein from waste carbohy- know where his herbarium is? it from then on. In C.G. Lloyd’s drates in the area? Up to that point I KLB: Well, I think all of Morgan’s and notes, he said that some mycologists had never made any money. Then Lloyd’s collections have been sent 4 to BPI, and Lenni Farr would have about him. He must have been one was a marvelous chap -- he was one ready access to that material. of Stover’s students. of my favorite people. WDG: You asked if I had collected KLB: What can you tell me about G.W. KLB: Earlier I asked you if you had myxos in Ohio -- I did, but not for Martin? talked to Dr. Alexopoulos very much taxonomic purposes, only for WDG: I knew Martin very well; in fact, I during the writing of the Biology of cultural purposes, so there were no left Seagrams and went to work in the Myxomycetes -- whether you specimens to be deposited. the Quartermaster primarily to be had a lot of face to face discussions. KLB: There is another name you may able to work with Martin for six WDG: Actually we only had one. We remember and that is Bruce Fink. months. He was chief of the had it on a mountain top in Virginia. WDG: Oh yes -- Bruce Fink was a man laboratory and he wanted an He was teaching summer school and who worked on the lichens and he assistant to come in and become they had me there to give a talk -- I was at Miami University. He was chief when he left. So I left went over and spent a week with dead many years before I went there Seagrams -- it took a little bit of him putting the finishing touches on to teach, but I met a lawyer in doing because I had to be cleared the book. All the rest of it was Oxford who had taken a course by the War Manpower Commission, handled by correspondence. under him -- Bruce Fink must have but I was cleared -- you know that KLB: By telephone or letter? during war the the army is pretty been quite a teacher because this WDG: Just by letter. man had been doing law work for a powerful. So Martin and I worked number of years, but he remembered together for six months. He would KLB: Did you each decide ahead of time the generic and specific names of do the taxonomic work and I was that you would work on specific two or three different yeasts. And doing the experimental work -- I chapters? W.G. Stover, who was a mycologist thought we made a pretty good WDG: He and I divided it up -- when I’d at Ohio State for so many years -- team. We would go into the lab at finish a chapter I’d send it to him -- the agaric man, did his early work nights and on weekends to work on he’d tear it apart and send it back, under Bruce Fink at Miami University. the myxos, because the fungi we and I’d rewrite it. Then he’d write one were working with for the army were KLB: Here’s another name that may ring a and send it to me and I’d tear it apart. the ones doing damage to equip- It worked out pretty well, actually. bell with you -- and that is Floyd B. ment. Then I visited with him Chapman. When I was working on my several times in Iowa City when I The tape in the recorder ran out at thesis under you, and I would go to the was an Ames man. I remember, just this point. Dr. Gray and Mary Jacque herbarium -- I would always find before our son was born, I had to go were always very gracious hosts, and collections with his name on them. to Philadelphia and he had tickets to we always enjoyed visiting with them. WDG: Yes. The only thing I can tell you hear what was probably Fritz On July 7th, 1990, three years following about him is the fact that Wilbur Kreisler’s last performance -- so this interview, Dr. Gray died in Stover used to mention him, but I George Martin and his wife took me Lancaster, Ohio. didn’t really know him or anything and my wife to hear Kreisler. Martin
Flora W. Patterson, First Women Mycologist at USDA Questions or comments should be sent to Amy Y. Rossman, Rm 304, Bldg 011A, Syst Botany Mycology Lab Beltsville, MD 20705 or email: < [email protected] >. This article was first appeared as an April, 2002 feature article on APSnet
From the President’s Corner ....
Dear Friends and Colleagues, As promised, Mycologia is now on-line. Having our journal readily available on the internet is an important step into the future of information use and retrieval. I suspect that most of you will become rapidly accustomed to viewing articles in Mycologia this way and searching for related information in other journals with our new electronic system established with the assistance of HighWire Press. This searching function is a very powerful tool. One might only wish that the list of searchable journals is even larger. We as a society owe a great deal of thanks to John Taylor, Jim Ginns and Rytas Vilgalys for serving on an ad hoc committee that initially investigated the feasibility and options for online publication and then Jim, John and Orson Miller for following through MSA Executive Council at dinner hosted by Tim and Linda Baroni, with our efforts to establish electronic publication of February 27, 2002. (Photo courtesy of Orson Miller) Mycologia. After a good deal of negotiating with HighWire Press by Jim, he and I signed the original agreement to launch and is now even more of a value since members and subscrib- Mycologia into the electronic world this past February. I ers have access to the added searching features offered by personally am very satisfied with the system and its func- partnering with HighWire Press. tions so far. Please, each and every one of you, give our new I have recently learned from Jeff Stone that he has been on-line journal a rigorous test drive and then provide some selected to serve as a member on the council of the Invasive feedback to Jim, John, me or any other MSA officer. We Species Advisory Committee (ISAC) for the U. S. Department would like to know what you think of your “new” journal. of the Interior. This news is wonderful for Jeff and important David Geiser has agreed to Chair an Ad Hoc Committee for mycology, since mycologists will now have a voice on charged with developing ways to advertise, to current and this influential advisory committee. Amy Rossman, Meredith prospective users, the launch and availability of Mycologia Blackwell, Linda Kohn, and George Carroll played instru- on-line. We are convinced that once users are exposed to the mental roles in helping Jeff become selected for this assign- electronic format and its features, they will quickly learn the ment and they deserve to be recognized for their efforts. advantages of having a journal available in this medium. Many of you might be interested in the following story. A However, we need to get individuals to take that first step, recent letter from John Haines, concerning issues with get excited about the full features available to them so that certification for “mold analysis” expertise and the entire they become advocates and advertisers for the “new” burgeoning business of mold identification and mold damage Mycologia. David has asked a few other individuals to help remediation in the building industry, prompted me to consult him with this charge and we may see some of their ideas at Estelle Levetin the Chair of the Environmental Health & this summer’s meetings in Corvallis. Our ultimate goal is to Medical Mycology Committee for advice. I also asked Estelle increase memberships and institutional subscribers with such to involve the other members of this committee in the a campaign. Our journal is first class in the field of mycology dialogue. John is very concerned that much of the work going into producing guidelines for certification and accredi- tation of experts and testing laboratories in this field and the standards which must be used when doing testing and identifications is receiving little or not enough input from mycologists. Briefly, the dialogue on this topic was very interesting, and I would like to provide you all with only one quote from James Scott, a member of the Environmental Health & Medical Mycology Committee. “Indeed it is a reality that most people in North America who currently call themselves ‘Mycologists’ have never heard of the MSA. If we ever hope to have any influence on the development of Executive Council at the Midwinter meeting in Cortland, New York, our discipline in the (this) commercial sector, the time to act is Feb 27, 2002. (Photo courtesy of Orson Miller) now.” It seems these issues will not be easily resolved, but all 10 MSA BUSINESS con’t
contributors to the discussion believed this matter to be an their generous commitment of time so far this year. Members important one for mycology and true mycologists. As an on the Distinctions, Honorary Membership, Mentor Student example, John cited the fact that New York State is “in the Travel, Research, Student Awards and the special ad hoc process of passing the ‘Toxic Mold Protection Act’ which committees on Student and Young Investigator Foreign mandates a panel (to be) set up to study aspects of the mold Travel Awards and MSA Fellows play an important role in problem, and no mycologist was recommended for the panel. our society (for individual members please see the MSA The senator thought a ‘Mold remediation expert’ was good 2001-2002 Official Roster published in INOCULUM vol 52(6) enough.” Public policy and pubic relations are becoming December, 2001). The time and energy these committee ever more important for scientists and scientific societies. We members expend in helping to make these awards possible are must continue, as a society, to pay close attention to issues greatly appreciated. Some of these committees still have a such as these and become actively involved in public little more to do at the annual meetings, so please keep up the relations endeavors when necessary. Along these lines it good work. We will all look forward to congratulating your seems that Janet Gallup, another of the members on the nominees for this year’s awards. Environmental Health & Medical Mycology Committee, has I am looking forward to seeing and visiting with old friends been active in helping to open up dialogue and formulate and making many new ones in Corvallis. policy decisions in this industry. If any of our members would like to learn more or provide help with this issue, I encourage Sincerely, you to contact Estelle, James and Janet. -- Timothy J. Baroni President (2001-2002) Our annual meeting is just a few short months away now, Mycological Society of America and I want to thank all of the Awards Committee members for
MSA Secretary Email Express membership: Larysa Andriychuk, Peter G Avis, Jason S Barker, Sherri D. Baucum, Amanda C Brimer, Fajun Chen, Since February 24, 2002, Executive Council and Council have Robert Coveny, Mike Davis, Paola Davoli, Bryn C Dentinger, taken the following actions: Ivan P Edwards, Nicole Gerardo, Steven D Harris, Georg Email Council Poll 2002-08 – On February 27, General Hausner, Suzanne L Joneson, Stacie A Kageyama, Wittaya Council unanimously approved placing a proposed change of Kaonongbua, Shelby R Kenney, Frank C Landis, Chris R MSA Bylaws Article II-B on the annual spring ballot. Approved Little, Susana Lozano, Jean-Marc Moncalvo, Melissa D for Society consideration were proposed dues increases to Neighbors, F Ameena Nalim, Eun-Sung Oh, Laura N cover on-line journal start-up expenses and adoption of a new Penman, Gregor Podgornik, Mike T Reid, John Shane, on-line review system: Regular (Individual) & Affiliate member- Alexandra Shapiro, Yuri P Springer, Mariusz Tadych, ships $80 –> $92/year, Family $80 +$40 per each additional Rebecca Yahr, and Chang-Lin Xiao. Welcome also to Amy family member –> $92 + $20/year, Student & Emeritus subscriber Barth and Lisa E. Hoffman (new Associate members) and $40 –> $46/year, Sustaining $250 –> $278/year, Life $1000 –> David Rivkind, who rejoined MSA during the same period. $1500 one time payment. Both honorary and Emeritus (without Robert Ulrich (member since 1971) and John Clausz Mycologia subscription) memberships remain at $0 annually. (member since the mid1960’s) have requested Emeritus At the same time, Council approved increased for institutional membership status (conferred subscriptions of $160 ($170 foreign) -> $178 foreign / $190 upon retirees who have been annually. MSA members in good Email Council Poll 2002-09 – On April 12, Executive Council standing for at least 15 years. unanimously approved the list of five MSA members, selected by We regret to announce the the Ad Hoc Committee on MSA Mid-career Fellows (Linda Kohn death of Dr. Gene Smalley, (Chairperson), Meredith Blackwell, Mary Palm), to be invited to and Ceratocystis/Ophiostoma recognized at the MSA 2002 annual meeting in Corvallis. specialist at the University of Wisconsin, on March 26. Additional Secretarial Notes ... Redhead Scott -- Lorelei Norvell Welcome, New Members! Although candidates for MSA MSA Secretary membership cannot vote until formally approved at the annual general business meeting, they do receive Mycologia and Inoculum immediately after Allen Press processes their Lorelei Norvell, MSA Secretary applications. During February and MARCH, the following 34 people have applied for MSA first-time Regular or Student 11 MSA BUSINESS con’t
Minutes of the Mid-Year Executive Council Meeting Saturday, February 23, 2002 SUNY-Cortland, Cortland, NY
• 1. The annual MSA Mid-year Executive Huhndorf, François Lutzoni. Bylaws processed 1012 Email messages since Council meeting was called to order by changes to be placed on the ballot the August meeting; and (ii) recom- President Tim Baroni at 9:27 am, include several recommendations made mended that, in the future, MSA not Saturday, February 23, in the third-floor by General Council at MSA-2001 enter into discounted membership fee conference room in the SUNY-Cortland (Article I-A — Rescind the require- agreements with other societies at joint Science Building. All MSA Executive ment that each new Regular Member be meetings, citing problems that arose from Council members were present (Tim endorsed by a Society member; Article APS having temporarily misplaced new Baroni, Past-President Orson Miller, I-H — Rescind the requirement that membership registrations after the Salt Secretary Lorelei Norvell, Vice-President each new Associate Member be Lake Meeting and the unacceptably low Carolyn Shearer, President-Elect John endorsed by a Society member; Article $20/membership fees remitted to MSA. Taylor, and Treasurer Jim Worrall). II-B — Reduce the rate for additional • 5. Treasurer Worrall presented both MSA Managing Editor Jim Ginns also family members in the family member- past Treasurer Jeff Stone’s final audited attended the daylong session. ship category from $40/year to $20/ report and his own 2001-2002 mid-year • 2. President Baroni reported that plans year. Article IV-E-6-d — Increase the summary. The Society’s financial status are underway for the joint BMS-MSA number of MSA Distinctions Commit- appears less rosy than last year, although reception to be held during IMCVII in tee members from four to five, and add there are a number of factors that make Oslo, Norway, in August. He noted the the sentence “Candidates for this comparisons difficult: (i) two annual program, symposia, and forays award must be at least 20 years post- meetings (MSA 2001 & MSA 2002) have surrounding MSA2002 in Corvallis are PhD but do not necessarily have to fallen within the current 2001-2002 fiscal being finalized and that abstract have attained either a particular year; (ii) a recent change in the MSA- submission via the web seems to be chronological age or have entered Allen Press contract means that now working well. He discussed disposition retirement.” to the criteria for the Distin- MSA now pays for all reprints up front of the $25 symposium surcharge, guished Mycologist’s award.). [Also to and is only reimbursed when the authors noting that Program Chairs should be be placed on the ballot are Article II-B send in their checks to AP (Jim Ginns reminded to continue similar sympo- by-laws changes re membership dues noted here that AP has suggested we sium charges in the future. Tim increases (see below) discussed here by might consider raising our relatively small stressed the importance of MSA the Executive and later approved by Full reprint charges); (iii) 2002 is the first year member involvement at higher levels in Council in an Email poll.] that MSA pays the high set-up fees to the political arena and expressed the The Executive then addressed concerns HighWire for placing Mycologia online; hope that the Society candidate be raised by some members with respect to (iv) an additional ~$7983 is budgeted for accepted onto the influential invasive use of Fax or Email for nominations & set-up of a new Online manuscript species committee that reports to the US ballot return, noting that there was a tracking system for Mycologia; (v) Secretary of the Interior. Lastly, he possibility that ballot secrecy could be indexing costs continue to rise yearly; (vi) announced that he has signed the final compromised or that more than one ballot MSA has had some unanticipated letter of agreement with HighWire Press might be received from one individual. additional grant/award initiatives; (vii) the to place Mycologia online [See below]. MOTION (approved unanimously): John current downturn in the economy has • 3. Vice-President Shearer reported Taylor moved, and Jim Worrall seconded, produced an accompanying decrease the names of nominees to be included that MSA continue using the mail ballot (relatively small) in investment income; on the spring ballot. The 2002 slate until such time as MSA can conduct an (viii) the Treasurer has used a “crystal- comprises: Vice-President – James election on a secure website. ball” to project continuation of a slight decrease in membership and more Anderson, David McLaughlin; Cell • 4. Secretary Norvell presented her Biology/Physiology Councilor – Joan sobering decrease in institutional report (see Inoculum 53(2): 12-13), subscribers. Henson, Faye Murrin; Ecology/ drawing attention to the seven items Pathology Councilor – Frank Dugan, approved by Executive or General Jim Worrall noted that while Society David Rizzo; Genetics/Molecular Council by Email polls since the 2001 membership has remained relatively Biology Councilor – Michelle general meeting. She also (i) noted that stable for the past 17 years (1213 Momany, Margaret Silliker; Systemat- almost all Society business is now members projected for 2002, up from ics/ Evolution Councilor – Sabine conducted electronically and that she 1171 members in 1985), the decrease in 12 MSA BUSINESS con’t
institutional subscribers – who provide (ii) discussing MSA charge tracking tion/renewal software, be contacted to most of MSA’s revenue – has been with Linda Hardwick, Association determine whether the recently considerable (831 projected for 2002, Manager at Allen Marketing and designed software would be compat- down from 1053 in 1985 and from a high of Management (AMM), to forestall ible with the AMM package. 1500-1600 institutional members reported possible over-billing (Jim Ginns noted MOTION (approved unanimously): Orson even earlier by Past President/Secretary- that some charges are reported as Miller moved, and John Taylor seconded, Treasurer Jim Kimbrough). The on-going Mycologia-related when they more that the credit card limit for the Treasurer be loss of institutional subscribers, who appropriately relate to membership increased from $5,000 to $20,000. provide most of the MSA income, is the management); (iii) reducing editorial • most worrisome. John Taylor and Jim costs by decreasing the number of 6. Finance Committee Chair and Past- Ginns noted that MSA stands to regain galley revisions, recently much higher President Miller presented the Finance institutional subscribers who prefer on- than usual; (iv) figuring out how to Committee report that comprised a line over hard copy publications. While reduce indexing costs; (v) investigating summary of portfolio holdings (21.4% acknowledging the downturn of institu- the feasibility of reducing/eliminating equities in Fundamental Invs Inc & tional subscriptions may well reflect the Inoculum expenditures by converting Vanguard Index 500 Port, 12.7% liquid loss of mycologist positions at previously the newsletter to an online only assets in the money marketl, 65.9% subscribing institutions, Orson Miller publication (this item will be considered Senior Securities in US treasury bonds) reminded Executive Council that 93 of the by Full Council in Corvallis); (vi) and projected monthly incomes from subscribers still exist but are part of a avoiding funding new initiatives if at all February 2002 through January 2003. journal exchange by the NYBG with other possible. The Executive then deliber- Annual portfolio income, previously up institutions and supplied free by MSA for ated at length over increasing subscrip- to $26,000, is down to $18,000 per year 10 years ending in 2008. This agreement tion rates and membership dues to as there has been interest shrinkage on was made with NYBG; in return MSA meet the anticipated shortfall resulting notes from 6% to 5.3%. Fortunately as obtained the rights to the entire Institu- from online startup and inflation. MSA bonds are purchased and sold on a 5-year ladder, some shrinkage was offset tional Subscription list, which was owned MOTION (approved unanimously): by NYBG prior to our separation in 1998. by the sale of certain bonds before the Carol Shearer moved that Council more drastic current economic downward Under “Good News” the Treasurer (i) consider increasing annual membership spiral. Orson noted that because MSA commended Orson Miller and the dues as follows: Individual, Family, & has invested in conservative funds, the Finance Committee for astute manage- Affiliated Society memberships from Society has taken less of a hit during the ment of the MSA portfolio, which has $80 to $92, Student, Associate, & recent market downturn; he highly been only minimally affected by the Emeritus-subscriber memberships from recommended that MSA “stay the course recent economic downturn, and (ii) $40 to $46, Sustaining membership from and make no moves at present time.” noted that the Society benefited $250 to $278, and Life membership from • considerably by the income generated $1000 to $1500. [Vice-President Shearer 7. The Endowment Committee report, by auction of the Rogerson library placed these proposed changes to prepared by Chair Judi Ellzey and with managed by MSA member Gary Bylaws Article II-B on the ballot after additional input provided by Orson, Samuels. Managing Editor Ginns also Email approval by Full Council.] was discussed next. The Executive addressed the fact that all funds are noted that the Treasurer reported too MOTION (approved unanimously): low an income from 2001 page charges intermingled rather than each fund John Taylor moved, and Orson Miller handled in a separate portfolio. and too high fees for back issue seconded, that annual institutional storage of Mycologia and Inoculum Treasurer Worrall noted that tracking subscriber rates be increased to $175 income from each individual fund (the Treasurer said that he would (domestic) and $190 (foreign). happily double-check his figures). under the current system can get During the discussion of the budget, somewhat complicated. Orson re- Executive Council also considered Jim Ginns and Tim Baroni noted that sponded that separate portfolios would ways the Society might offset the high AMM is now offering a new package result in an undesirable loss of start-up costs for HighWire for $15,000 (covering database temporary fluidity and that it is Mycologia online publication and services, online directory management, relatively easy to create a paper track in setting up a new online manuscript and manuscript tracking) that might one portfolio wherein we indicate tracking system (see below). Sugges- also handle online renewal. Orson which monies belong to the operating tions included; (i) a possible decrease Miller recommended that Bryan budget and which to endowment in Editorial Assistant support after the Capitano Web Consulting, which MSA funds. Orson recommended that MSA tracking system has been implemented; contracted to design online registra- should follow a stated policy that 13 MSA BUSINESS con’t
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indicates where monies are acquired transferring money from that fund into the and grant passwords ONLY to those and how disbursed, as our investment Martin-Baker Research Fund that had not qualified to receive journal, which portfolio covers both operating and received an equitable amount because it complicates matters. Access to endowment funds. He also noted that was deemed to be self-sufficient. Mycologia On-line will be free to the Treasurer has access to liquid assets MOTION (approved unanimously): public until December 31, 2002. Full without Council approval and that John Taylor moved, and Lorelei Norvell Council will deliberate over individual/ any additional funds needed can be seconded, that MSA move $6,000 from institutional subscription costs and acquired with Council approval. the unnamed travel endowment fund pay-per-view access fees at the annual Executive Council also addressed into the Martin-Baker Research meeting, so that these will be in place “endowment” semantics, noting that Endowment Fund. by renewal time. John Taylor noted that titles & abstracts must be available many members do not realize that only the • 8. President Baroni adjourned the to anyone at any time, and also interest generated from each endowment meeting at 12:42 pm for lunch. After fund may be used for awards while suggested that there should be a way lunch, the Executive toured laboratories for someone to join Society on the “seed” money donations are left and President’s lair and was favorably untouched. At the present time, virtually HighWire site. Responding to impressed with the museum open to HighWire’s question regarding what none of the mentor travel award funds are the public that featured fungi and at high enough levels to produce MSA wants to achieve with its online mycology in numerous exhibits. Tim publication, Jim Ginns cited a desire to sufficient interest for individual travel reconvened the meeting at 1:30 pm. awards, with the result that most years attract more institutional subscribers. • MSA has had either to combine named 9. Managing Editor Ginns delivered an John Taylor added that the Society awards or supplement the awards from overview of the progress made toward also wants to disseminate mycological the uncommitted endowment. It was putting Mycologia Online. He noted information more readily, be included in noted that a minimum of $10,000 is needed that Mycologia is arriving on schedule PubMed, attract the best papers in the to generate enough interest to leave the and that Editor-in-Chief Bennett has field, and generally become the world’s principle untouched. The Executive then signed off galleys on Issue 2 so that #1 mycology site on the web. considered the option of spending the HighWire can place the journal online Action to be taken (by President Baroni): “seed” amounts in smaller funds to which in March. Mock-ups, which were to President Baroni will set up an ad hoc no recent donations have been made have been posted in the week prior to committee to publicize the HighWire (thereby eliminating them entirely) or the mid-year meeting, should be posted launch of Mycologia Online. Recom- continuing to combine or supplement by March 1 so that Council can mended are (i) that the journal’s new online funds as needed. provide input on general appearance status be featured on the front page of and certain options. ME Ginns noted Inoculum, (ii) that a link be placed on the Action recommended: Carol Shearer that HighWire felt that the current advised, and the Executive concurred, that MSA website, (iii) that a Poster devoted to MSA logo did not work well, and Mycologia online be available at IMCVII, no new named mentor travel funds (i.e. Council discussed various options. travel funds) be activated until such time and (iv) that news releases be sent at least [Note: when Executive Council to Science & Nature. that it has a sufficient amount of capital to screened the mock-up the week after • produce interest to administer its travel the meeting, it noted that the place for 10. Mycologia back issues, page award without input from other funds. The the logo was so tiny as to make a logo charges, copyright forms, journal Executive also suggests that the Endow- unnecessary.] At launch, only two exchange – Jim Ginns noted that Allen ment Committee continue pooling current issues will be available. Although Press has neglected to recycle all backlog funds to grant jointly named travel awards MSA has budgeted for placing back Mycologia issues above 30, as originally or consider allowing certain funds that have issues (from 1998 onward), this has not agreed between AP and MSA, but that remained “idle” to disappear. been included in the existing contract. the oversight is now being corrected. Council then discussed administration ME Ginns noted that if we have to Executive Council next considered of the research endowments. In the past, convert to SGML format, it will be NYBG’s offer to sell MSA their supply of MSA has supplemented research funds costly and there is still some confusion back Mycologia issues. Prior to the that lacked monetary bases sufficient to as to how AP formatted our back meeting, ME Ginns recommended that cover the amount of the awards/grants issues. Responding to Treasurer MSA consider purchasing 4472 back from the interest alone. Noting that last Worrall’s inquiry about the $600/ issues (+ 100 copies of the Index to year Council set aside $70,000 in an month “web hosting” fee, which struck Volumes 1-58) for a total of $1789. Noting unnamed travel endowment fund, the him as excessive, Jim Ginns noted that that MSA would have to pay storage fees Executive debated the pros and cons of High Wire must control online access of $503/year on volumes 2-90 and the 14 MSA BUSINESS con’t Executive Council Minutes con’t
index ($0.11/copy/year), Jim now of forms will be too high for one person to there is a pressing need for more suggested that MSA put the money manage. The Executive recommended Associate Editors that will both reduce into scanning back issues onto CD- that at the present time copyright forms turn-around time and broaden the Rom rather than buy a lot of back be stored in a safety deposit box in a bank expertise base. In her report, the EIC also issues and pay storage costs. near the Managing Editor. noted instances where manuscripts Action to be taken (by President-Elect Executive Council, considering a appear to have disappeared into a black Taylor): John will draft, circulate, and request to exchange Mycologia for hole, noting one case in which an forward to Jim Ginns a Society offer that another journal, decided that journal Associate Editor returned manuscripts NYBG retain back issues and place the exchange is not feasible, as there is no several months after having received journals on J-Store, thereby placing easily accessible central location to store them without having sent them off for Mycologia prior to 1998 in the Common the journals received from other societies. review (the AE in question returned them because of a lack of expertise in the Domain. Should NYBG not wish to • 11. New Manuscript Tracking System subject area). All present agreed that such convert Mycologia to J-Store, MSA (Allen Track, Fast Lane) – Both Editor- behavior should be cause for immediate would agree to assume storage fees in in-Chief Bennett and Managing Editor dismissal, no questions asked. As a past return for the copyright and itself would Ginns recommend updating the current Associate Editor, Tim Baroni noted that place Mycologia online. manuscript management software, as an AE need not be a specialist in a field to the current tracking system is outdated Jim Ginns then noted that members send manuscripts out for review and that and no longer supported. EIC Bennett should be encouraged to pay page he had access to the editorial database feels strongly that it is appropriate to charges. He suggested that this might containing names prospective reviewers switch to a web-based manuscript be handled by adding page charges on and areas of expertise. Also questioned management program at this time. Allen an invoice that must be returned before was whether all manuscript copies were Track, the system currently under a paper is published. He also sug- sent to an AE or does the editorial office consideration, prefers to have an gested that the following options be retain one copy to forestall losses or institution behind it. The Executive offered on the page charge sheet: (i) “camping” by irresponsible editors. full payment enclosed; (ii) partial discussed various options and noted MOTION (approved unanimously): payment enclosed; (iii) cannot afford to that Allen Track must first be reviewed John Taylor moved, and Lorelei Norvell pay charges at this time. Secretary and tested by potential authors and seconded, that the Editor-in-Chief, in Norvell responded that because she editors before adopting a system that consultation with the Editorial Advi- was uncomfortable with publishing in might not fit the Society’s needs. sory Committee and after nominee Mycologia without paying page Action required: All present recom- approval by Full Council, appoint charges, she preferred to publish in mended that members of the Editorial sufficient new Associate Editors to journals that did not charge them. She Advisory Committee be requested to bring the total number up to 18. suggested that other members who test the Allen Track manuscript lacked grants that cover publishing submission and advise the EIC as to its Joan Bennett also requested fees or who have not yet resigned “user” friendly qualities. EAC Chair guidance from the Executive regarding themselves to working in a field where Tom Bruns will be asked to submit five a suggestion that Mycologia Associ- one must pay to publish (rather than dummy manuscripts through different ate Editors’ names appear at the end of vice versa) might share her concerns. tracking systems – one to EIC Bennett, papers that they have processed [as is Agreeing that payment of page charges is one to Allen Track, one to Fast Lane – now done in Mycological Research]. optional, she stated she still felt like scum to determine which is most expedient. Action to be taken (by Editor-in-Chief when she didn’t pay them, imagined • 12. Mycologia Associate Editors, Bennett): Executive Council unanimously others might feel likewise, but recom- Manuscript processing – Executive recommended that the EIC publish names mended no action at this time. Council then addressed Mycologia of Associate Editors at the end of “their” Jim Ginns then requested that the manuscript-processing time, which the papers, subject to approval by the Society consider the legally mandated proposed new tracking system is Editorial Advisory Committee. hard-copy storage of copyright forms designed to expedite. EIC Bennett still Finally, the Executive considered (electronic storage is not presently a legal has not provided Council the numbers attendance of an Allen Press Digital alternative). At the moment the Manag- of manuscripts submitted, accepted, Flow workshop seminar to be held in ing Editor is responsible only for rejected, and in progress, but has Washington, DC, on April 3, 2002. The copyright forms since 1998 (when MSA promised to have these statistics in Executive, noting that then President assumed publication of Mycologia), but place at the annual June Council Miller and Managing Editor Ginns Jim foresees that eventually the number meeting. The EIC has stressed that attended a seminar-workshop at Allen 15 MSA BUSINESS con’t Executive Council Minutes concl’d
Press headquarters in Lawrence, Kansas, directory. Consideration of having • 17. MSA 2005: University of Hawaii, Hilo in April, 2001, and Editorial Assistant AMM directly handle the online (with Mycological Society of Japan) – Mary Langlois attended a Digital Flow directory will be placed on the June Because the 2005 IUMS meeting is seminar-workshop in Lawrence in agenda for the annual Council meeting. scheduled for July 24-29 in San Francisco, September, 2001, feels that no action be • 15. MSA 2003, July 27-31: Asilomar 2005, the MSA 2005 ad hoc Committee taken as EA Langlois had already (Monterey Peninsula) CA (with British (Marin Klich, John Taylor, Donald attended a more intensive seminar on the Mycological Society) – President-elect Hemmes) recommends scheduling the same subject only six months ago. Taylor reported that a search is underway MSA/MSJ meeting for Saturday July 30 • 13. Publication of the presidential for Local Arrangements Chair and (foray day) through Thursday Aug 4, address – Executive Council, noting that preliminary forms have been signed with 2005. This would avoid conflict with publication of the presidential address in the conference center. Now MSA and IUMS, facilitate our Japanese colleagues Mycologia has somehow gotten off BMS need to make a deposit of $7,000 to who plan to attend IUMS stopping in schedule, strongly recommends that the secure reservations (with subsequent Hilo on their way home, and aid MSA presidential address henceforth be deposits of equal amounts to be made 180 members who plan to attend both IUMS published in the January issue following days prior, and 90 days prior to the and MSA the same summer. the annual meeting after the address is meeting). He noted that the Society could MOTION (unanimously approved): delivered and the Editor-in-Chief set the cancel arrangements up to 180 days John Taylor moved, and Carol Shearer deadline accordingly. before the meeting with only a $100 loss; seconded, that the Executive Council • 14. MSA website, On-line Directory – thereafter the entire deposit would be lost. approve a July 30-August 4 meeting President Baroni commended new John reported that the least expensive date for the 2005 joint MSA/MSJ MSA webmaster Roy Halling for accommodation + meals option is a very meeting in Hilo, Hawaii. improvements he has made to previous reasonable $272 for four days, with $520 • 18. Executive council also considered webmaster Tom Volk’s already per single also reasonable. These fees and made recommendations on the excellent website. The Executive, after would cover all meals and all attendees following items: would be able to attend the MSA considering a request by Digital (i) Potential MSA involvement with the Breakfast at no extra charge. Diagnostic Systems newly established All Species
Midyear Reports (covering the period August 25 -- February 20, 2002) See Inoculum 53(2):12-13 for additional midyear reports. President’s Report line journals in mid March or early April. The Uncommitted Endowment before Recently I have taken over the lead in Investment = $82,162.81 From August 25, 2002 to February 20, following up on the arrangements for the Carryover =$58,206 2002 the following items have been joint MSA/BMS reception at IMC7, since Donations=$18,187.81 attended to: Steve Moss had originally planned on Auction=$5769 (Incr $23,956.81) In September I was able to finish a handling most of those arrangements. Total Endowment: $305,258.81 revision of the Manual of Operations and Respectfully Submitted, (Incr of $27,116.81) produced an updated Master Calendar -- Timothy J. Baroni for Society Business. Committee Amy Rossman and Gary Samuels are to President (2001-2002) assignments were also finalized with the be congratulated for administering an necessary new appointments. Very auction of books from the library of Clark recently a few individuals have had to Endowment Committee Report Rogerson. At present, $15,852.81 has been resign from committees for various The Endowment Committee has raised deposited in the Uncommitted Endowment reasons and replacements for those $ 27,116.81 between August 1, 2001and for the Rogerson book sales. I recommend positions are now being sought. As February 15, 2002, including $21,347.81 to the MSA Council that a new fund called pointed out last fall, after the events of from donations and $ 5,769.00 from the the Rogerson Fund be established. I September 11th, I received numerous letters MSA Auction 2001. The members of the encourage all officers, councilors and and email messages expressing a gamut of Endowment Committee are Judi Ellzey, committee chairs to donate to the endow- emotions concerning the terrorist acts Chair; Karen Snetselaar, Don Hemmes, Jo ment funds and become members of the inflicted on the US. Each of those individu- Taylor, and Thomas Harrington. Endowment Honor Roll that is published each year in Inoculum. als and groups were thanked for their The current balances in the endowment support and words of kindness. After yet funds are distributed as follows: Respectfully submitted, another tragic even, the sudden passing of -- Judi Ellzey, Chair Dr. Stephen T. Moss, President of the Alexopoulos Travel Fund = $4,760 Barksdale-Raper Travel Fund=$ 4,015 British Mycological Society, I sent a brief Culture Collection Committee note of condolence to Dr. George Sharples, Bigelow Travel Fund = $12,926 Hon. General Secretary of the British Butler Travel Fund = $ 5,164 Chair: Keith Seifert; Members: Albert Mycological Society. Dr. Sharples read Denison Travel Fund =$6,320 Torzilli, Jack Fell, Lynne Sigler. The those words of condolence at the funeral Fitzpatrick Travel Fund=$4,825 committee has exchanged emails on services for Stephen on behalf of the MSA. Fuller Travel Fund =$2,495 issues pertaining to culture collections. Korf Travel Fund = $ 4,259 We have been watching the situation Through most of the fall and up to this Luttrell Travel Fund =$4,650 with regards to the irradiation of mail in point in time, I have been working closely Thiers Travel Fund = $3,815 the United States. Although there is a with Keith Egger, Joey Spatafora and Jeff Trappe Travel Fund =$1,560 concern that this practise will kill Stone on the program for the upcoming Uecker Travel Fund =$3,205 cultures sent through the mail, we have meetings in Corvallis. Also, I have been Wells Travel Fund = $2,800 not yet heard of any examples of this working with Orson Miller and John New Travel Award Fund $70,000.00 happening. However, the committee Taylor in setting up the 2003 meeting as (To supplement current travel mentor recommends that MSA members be Asilomar in California. Tom Bruns agreed funds). aware of the possibility that irradiation to serve as our local arrangement person Total Mentor Travel:$130,894 may affect cultures, and consider the for that meeting. (Increase of $2,620) possibility of using couriers. Further- Jeff Stone was nominated to the The balances for the research funds more, it seems likely that the need for Invasive Species Advisory Committee are as follows: proper import, export and/or transport for the U. S. Department of the Interior permits will increase as countries, states with the help of Linda Kohn. In an effort A. H. and H. V. Smith Fund =$24,997 Martin-Baker Research Fund=$33,961 and provinces monitor the movement of to get Mycologia on-line as soon as microorganisms with increased vigor. possible, I signed, along with Jim Ginns, Myron Backus Award Fund= $16,870 Respectfully Submitted, the Letter of Agreement with HighWire Alexopoulos Prize Fund = $16,674 -- Keith Seifert, Chair Press. It appears that this agreement will Undergrad. Res. Received = $200.00 launch Mycologia into the world of on- Total Research Awards: $92,202 (Increase of $540) 17 MSA BUSINESS concl’d
Mycologia Goes On-line
Mycologia is now available online at
The site contains the full content of each issue of the journal, including all figures and tables.
In addition, the full text is searchable by keyword, and the cited references include hyperlinks to Medline and to the full text of many other online journals.
Online full-text content begins with the January - February issue of 2002, i.e., volume 94(1), and will expand with each new issue.
Abstracts are online beginning with volume 89 (1997) on The Mycological Society of America’s site at
Eventually volumes 91 through 93 will be available on the site at
For the remainder of 2002 the site will be available to everyone. So send the URL to your correspondents around the World because we want as many people and institutions as pos- sible to visit the site. Jim Ginns Managing Editor, Mycologia [email protected]
2002 MSA Foray and Midyear Report 7:30 am Assemble at Alumni Center at OSU 8:00 am Depart Alumni Center The 2002 MSA Foray is on Sunday, June 23, 2002. The 9-30-10:00 am Arrive at Iron Mountain foray registration free is $30 per participant. Please note that 10:15 am Group photo the site selected for the foray is in the Cascades and is a 10:30 am-12:00 pm Foray at Iron Mountain considerable distance from Oregon State University. Partici- 12:00-1:00 pm Lunch pants should expect a lengthy bud ride of one and 1 half to 1:00-2:15 pm Afternoon foray one and three-fourth hours. For this reason, buses will depart 2:30 pm Depart for Alumni Center OSU for the foray site at precisely 8:00 am pacific time. The site 4:00-4:30 pm Arrive at Alumni Center selected for the foray is Iron Mountain. At Iron Mountain 6:00 pm Salmon bake participants could hike to the to of the mountain (an all day There will be a post foray room. For more information about affair) or look around the woods. The site is excellent for Iron Mountain, contact their website at http://www.sweet- Spring flowers and mushrooms. If time permits, some partici- home.or.us/forest/sh_ranger_district/IrMt.html. pants may go to nearby Hackleman Creek for an afternoon -- Donald Ruch, Foray Coordinator collection session. Here is a tentative itinerary for the foray: [email protected] 18 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
*ABLER, R.A.B., LAWSON, S.L. and MILLER, O.K. Dept. ADAIR, S., VOLPATTI, T., *KIM, S.H., and BREUIL, C. Dept. Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, Wood Science, Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4. VA 24061. Ectomycorrhizal colonization of Pinus species on a Molecular approach for detecting decay basidiomycetes in mine site revegetation project in southwest Virginia. wood chips. Landscape destruction due to mining activity is of great To develop DNA-based assays for detecting decay fungi concern, as the methods employed result in habitat loss, inhabiting in hemlock and lodgepole pine wood chips, we decreases in biodiversity, and soil pollution. Revegetation and assessed the potential of using molecular techniques and reclamation of these sites is important; however, accomplishing targeting the ribosomal DNA regions. For this aim, PCR tests this task has been difficult. Low pH and high trace metal were performed on the rDNA of 26 species of basidiomycetes, concentrations in the soil are phytotoxic, resulting in high 20 species of ascomycetes, and 3 species of zygomycetes seedling mortality. Inoculation with ectomycorrhizal fungi has inhabiting in wood chips. After testing of known rDNA primers, shown to confer greater success to outplanted seedlings in the we could amplify about 900 bp rDNA band using the ITS1-F/ past; however, questions remain as to which fungi naturally NL2 primer pair and analyzed the amplicons by sequencing and exist and colonize host plants on these sites. We examined the restriction digest. Decay basidiomycete-specific RFLP band mycorrhizal colonization of Pinus strobus and Pinus virginiana pattern was obtained by DraI enzyme. BbsI gave no restriction trees planted as part of a coal mine reclamation project in Wise patterns for the ascomycetes but produced patterns for most County, VA. The seedlings had not been inoculated with any basidiomycetes. Basidiomycetes could be divided into 5 groups ECM fungi before outplanting. Four sub-sites at different based on RFLP by BbsI. Using PCR-RFLP we successfully detected recovery ages (1, 8, 13, and 25 years) were chosen for study. the presence of decay fungi in both pure culture and wood chips Percent colonization counts, morphological examination, and within 6 hrs. Furthermore, the detection of decay fungi was possible DNA sequencing were performed for each sampled seedling. 4 days after the inoculation of the wood chips. The success and The 25-year recovery site revealed the highest amount of limit of using PCR-RFLP in differentiation of wood-inhabiting mycorrhizal colonization and the 1 and 8 year sites had the basidiomycetes will be discussed. Symposium presentation lowest amount of colonization, as expected. The species identification data included specialist species, suggesting that *AVIS, P.G., MCLAUGHLIN, D.J., CHARVAT, I. and REICH, P. intrinsic host-mycobiont relationships may need to play a greater Plant Biological Sciences Graduate Program, Univ. Minne- role in choosing inoculum for revegetation efforts. Poster sota, St. Paul MN 55108. Dissecting direct and indirect effects of increased nitrogen on ectomycorrhizal fungal *ABLER, R.A.B. and MILLER, O.K. Dept. Biology, Virginia communities using a unique experimental site: The case of a Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. Trace “nitrophilic” Russula. metal effects on growth and morphology of ectomycorrhizal Increased nitrogen (N) by atmospheric deposition or fungi in pure culture. fertilization can alter the community structure of Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are known to enhance plant ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF). These changes are linked to growth in a variety of stressed environments, including certain increased N but the mechanisms causing the changes are not trace-metal contaminated soils. In order to grow and colonize a host clear. Direct effects such as shifts in N metabolism by fungi plant in these soils, the mycobiont must employ strategies to have not been distinguished from indirect effects such as tolerate high concentrations of potentially toxic metals. ECM fungi decreased pH. This study examines the direct effects of are diverse in nature, and therefore have a variable range of increased N by examining the response of EMF to a unique responses to a given metal. In order to better understand the nature 16-year fertilization experiment in an oak savanna. The of ECM responses to trace metals, four species were grown on agar experiment consists of two levels of nitrogen fertilization (5 plates amended with Cu2+, Zn2+, and a combination of the two and 17 g N m-2 yr-1) and unfertilized plots. Each fertilization cations. The fungal species, Suillus granulatus, Scleroderma treatment also receives equal background levels of P, K, Ca, citrinum, Pisolithus tinctorius, and Paxillus involutus each Mg, S added to offset ancillary effects of N addition. The exhibited a unique reduction in colony diameter with a given metal. fertilization has increased N but holds pH constant. The total Biomass reductions in similarly amended liquid culture flasks tended abundance of aboveground EMF sporocarps decreases with to follow colony diameter patterns. Two metal mixtures generally fertilization except for Russula amoenolens sporocarps which had a greater inhibitory effect on fungal growth than the same increase. Belowground, EMF richness (measured with concentration of a single metal. Morphological changes — morphotype and PCR-RFLP methods) remains constant but including pigmentation and, in one case, sectoring — were also the difference in EMF community composition is striking. noted. This may indicate genetic or physiological adaptive Unfertilized communities are dominated by Cortinarius spp. responses. The results give a greater understanding of fungal while the heavily fertilized communities are dominated by R. responses to trace metals in pure culture, and these data can be amoenolens. Although some Russula spp. have been consid- used to garner hypotheses about fungal activity and succession in ered “nitrophobic” in other studies, these results show that R. metal contaminated soils. Contributed Presentation amoenolens responds positively to increased N alone. Poster 19 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
*BAKER, C.J. and HARRINGTON, T.C. Dept. Plant Pathol- *BEARD, C.E1., KNIGHT, M.2, and ADLER, P.H.1. 1Dept. ogy, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011. Intersterility Entomology, Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC 29634; 2South groupings within Ceratocystis fimbriata. Carolina Governors School for Science and Mathematics, Ceratocystis fimbriata is a large complex of undescribed Hartsville, SC 29550. Trichospore germination in the fungus fungal species that cause wilt-type diseases of many economi- Harpella melusinae. cally important plants. Monophyletic lineages within C. Larval Diptera are commonly colonized by Trichomycetes. fimbriata are specialized to widely diverse hosts. We examined Previous investigators have induced germination of intersterility groupings of isolates from three closely related, trichospores from cultures of the branched hindgut-inhabiting host-specialized lineages, on sweet potato, sycamore, and species Smittium culicis and S. culisetae (Legeriomycetaceae) cacao, respectively. Self-sterile strains of each mating type by mimicking the potassium ion levels and pH of the host gut. (MAT-1 and MAT-2) from several isolates from each of the Elevated pH (ca. 10) and potassium, followed by near-neutral three host groups were obtained from single ascospore pH, lead to germination. Unbranched midgut-inhabiting isolations (MAT-1) and sterile sectors of self-fertile strains Trichomycetes such as Harpella melusinae (Harpellales) have (MAT-2). PCR was used to verify that sterile sectors retained defied culturing. We hypothesized that elevated pH and the MAT-2 gene. Strains were paired in all possible combina- potassium would lead to germination of H. melusinae tions. Pairings within the lineages were fully fertile, while trichospores. Solutions were infused under cover slips of pairings between host groups yielded few perithecia with few mounted fly midguts containing H. melusinae trichospores. ascospores of poor viability, typical of hybrids. Nuclear DNA Both potassium and sodium bicarbonate buffers (pH 9-10) lead fingerprints, microsatellite markers, and morphology of progeny to germination within 12 hours. Neutral pH potassium buffers recovered from crosses between host groups showed segrega- (elevated potassium ions) did not lead to germination. Reduced tion of parental types as well as evidence of recombination. temperature (5C) did not affect germination within 12 hrs. We Mitochondrial DNA fingerprints of progeny matched those of conclude that pH is a cue that leads to germination of the maternal parents. We are currently testing these progeny for trichospores of H. melusinae in the midgut of black flies and pathogenicity to the host plants. The intersterility shown here that, in contrast to Smittium spp., germination is independent of further supports the hypothesis that these host-specialized potassium. Questions remain as to why the growth of H. lineages within C. fimbriata represent distinct species. Poster melusinae is limited to the host family Simuliidae (unlike Smittium). This information will be useful in developing culture BARVE, M., ARIE, T.2, and *PEEVER, T1. 1Dept. Plant Pathol- techniques for H. melusinae, facilitating further physiological ogy, Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA 99164; 2Tokyo Univ. studies. Contributed Presentation Agriculture and Technology, Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183- 8509, Japan. PCR cloning and characterization of the mating type *BERBEE, M.L.1 and LANDVIK, S.2. 1Dept. Botany, Univ. genes from Ascochyta rabiei (teleomorph Didymella rabiei). British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.; 2Novozymes A/S, Novo Mating type (MAT) genes were cloned from Ascochyta Alle 1B.101, DK-2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark. Beta-tubulin gene rabiei, a heterothallic fungal pathogen of chickpea, using a evolution with examples from the Ascomycota. combination of TAIL-PCR and inverse PCR. Degenerate HMG- The rate of evolutionary substitutions in some of the box primers designed from MAT1-2 sequences of beta-tubulin genes in the ascomycetes and basidiomycetes loculoascomycete fungi were used to amplify HMG from was much higher than in animals or chytrids. Gene duplica- Ascochyta rabiei as a starting point for PCR cloning. Nested, tion and perhaps also changes in gene function may have led specific HMG primers were used in TAIL-PCR and inverse PCR to to increased substitution rates. In the Ascomycota, we found obtain the idiomorphic sequence plus flanking sequences (2.7 kb) evidence of increased amino acid substitution rates in some from the MAT1-2 strain, AR20. Primers designed to the flanks were beta-tubulin paralogues. We compared the phylogenetic used to amplify the idiomorphic sequence (2.3 kb) from the MAT1-1 information from the amino acid sequences, alternatively strain, AR21. ORF analysis revealed the presence of a single including or excluding the phylogenetic information content putative ORF of approximately 1.1 kb in length for each idiomorph, of 33 characters from intron gains and losses. Possibly due to both of which started and terminated within the idiomorph. Putative long branch attraction, the genes with the most divergent intron splice sites were conserved relative to other amino acid sequences clustered together. In the amino acid loculoascomycete MAT genes. Conceptual translation of the MAT1- trees that included duplicated beta-tubulin gene sequences, 1 and MAT1-2 ORFs revealed amino acid similarities of 48% and well-established groups like the Pezizomycotina did not 44%, respectively, to described loculoascomycete MAT proteins. appear to be monophyletic. The lack of monophyly could be Mating type-specific primers were designed for use in multiplex PCR interpreted as evidence that the gene duplications were reactions to rapidly determine mating type of field-collected isolates ancient. However, in contrast to the trees from amino acid of the fungus. Mating type-specific PCR products were correlated sequence alone, when intron positions were included in the to mating phenotype of backcrossed progeny from the AR20 x analysis, the Pezizomycotina and the Saccharomycotina AR21 cross. Contributed presentation tended to form monophyletic groups. Trees based in part on 20 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
intron data suggest more recent, repeated gene duplication lichen species diversity in a landscape, forest managers must events followed by rapid amino acid substitution in one of consider the importance of structural features to lichen the gene copies. Contributed Presentation communities, such as old growth, remnants, hardwood, and riparian areas. Contributed Presentation BERGEMANN, S.E., and MILLER, S.L. Univ. Wyoming, Botany Dept., Laramie, WY 82071. Population structure of Russula *BIDARTONDO, M. and BRUNS, T.D. Dept. Plant & brevipes, across stands, hosts, and geographic regions. Microbial Biology, Univ. California, Berkeley, CA 94720. Little research has been conducted on the population Mycorrhizal cheaters are extreme specialists, but their biology of ectomycorrhizal fungi. In an effort to elucidate the seeds are less so. genetic structuring of Russula brevipes, studies utilizing Mycorrhizal specificity lowers establishment opportuni- species-specific microsatellite markers were designed to ties; therefore, it should be selected against. However, when determine how population structure varies at local, population, we examined non-photosynthetic ectomycorrhizal and and geographic scales. Genotypic diversity surveyed above- arbuscular mycorrhizal plants from distant clades, i.e., dicots/ and below-ground indicated that there is a high correspon- homobasidiomycetes, monocots/glomales, monocots/ dence in genotypes between sporocarps and mycorrhizae, homobasidiomycetes and bryophytes/tulasnelloid fungi, we however, unique genotypes were observed and the spatial found that all evolved extreme mycorrhizal specificity, unlike extent of a few genets were extended based on the sampled their green counterparts which are generalists. Thus, extreme mycorrhizae. Genetic differentiation in sampled populations specificity by plants correlates with reverse carbon flow in associated with lodgepole pine was significantly lower than mycorrhizas. To investigate the evolutionary and ecological populations sampled in Douglas-fir and Sitka spruce. Analyses trade-offs involved, we examined the germination specificity of the genetic structure in sporocarps sampled in Sitka spruce of monotrope lineages in nature. We found high specificity at stands demonstrated two distinct populations with extremely germination, but host range was broader than observed in limited gene flow. Populations found in areas of northern mature plants. Seeds germinate in response to close con- Washington and Oregon shared more gene flow with Rocky generics of the mature plant’s exclusive mycorrhizal lineage. Mountain regions than with sampled areas of California. Further Non-photosynthetic mycorrhizal plants are extremely prolific insights from estimates of gene flow across stands, hosts, and seed producers and it has been argued that the strongest geographic regions will be discussed in relation to the reproductive selection pressure in their life history must act on strategies of Russula brevipes. Symposium presentation belowground stages. We postulate that 1) overcoming fungal defenses to maximize reverse carbon flow in mycorrhizas *BERRYMAN, S. and McCUNE, B. Dept. Botany and Plant selects for specificity at every generation and 2) the cost of Pathology, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis OR 97331. Epiphytic lowered establishment opportunities has been overcome by macrolichens along gradients in topography and forest the evolution of dust seed production and the use of fungal structure in a western Oregon landscape. cues to break dormancy. Symposium presentation Epiphytic macrolichen communities were compared among forest stand types in the Blue River watershed. Stand types *BOELLMANN, J. and SCHOLLER, M. Arthur & Kriebel were defined by stand structure, according to the age of the Herbaria, Dept. Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue Univ., younger cohort and the percent retention of remnant trees. West Lafayette, IN 47907. The life cycle of Puccinia Stands were located in upland and riparian areas of the Tsuga glechomatis, a microcylic rust on Glechoma hederacea. heterophylla and Abies plant series. Non-metric multidimen- Puccinia glechomatis DC. is a microcyclic rust fungus on sional scaling ordination analysis revealed that the strongest Glechoma spp. (Lamiaceae), and forms telia and basidia only differences in lichen community composition were related to the (spore states III and IV). It is a native of Eurasia and naturalized elevation gradient and were correlated with the vascular plant in North America. So far little is known about the life cycle of associations. Cyanolichens were limited to lower elevation this rust. We propagated the species on G. hederacea (ground- stands (470-950 m), while matrix lichens and forage lichens ivy) in the greenhouse and studied it by various inoculation dominated high elevation stands (950-1470 m). Average species and germination experiments and by using light microscopy, richness was higher in the Tsuga heterophylla zone. Lichen including epifluorescence microscopy, to document the nuclear community composition differed with respect to stand age, and states. The complete life cycle requires ca. 20 days. After total lichen species richness was highest in older stands. In karyogamy in the teliospore cells germinate with a stands with high remnant retention, the lichen community phragmobasidium. Meiosis occurs in the basidium and each of composition was more similar to late-successional forests. the four nuclei moves into a developing basidiospore, where Hardwood dominated areas were hotspots for lichen diversity, further mitoses result in up to four nuclei. Most likely all but particularly cyanolichens, and were most diverse along one nucleus degenerates during germination of the basid- channels of perennial streams. In order to maintain and enhance iospore. The germ tube penetrates the upper leaf epidermis and 21 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
develops a rich intercellular mycelium especially around Mesophelliaceae sensu stricto . Phylogenies based on nucle- stomata on the underside. Hyphae growth is limited, character- otide sequences from ribosomal RNA genes (mitochondrial izing the species as non-systemic. The fusion of haploid small, and nuclear large sub units) as well as protein coding hyphae could not be documented, but seems to occur shortly gene ATP 6 are being compared. Monophyly of the family and before telia develop. Telia were formed generally on the leaf its relation to other Basidiomycota will be discussed. Poster underside. Our studies indicate that the fungus is homothallic. This may be important when considering a natural antagonist to control *BUSCHBOM, J. Univ. Chicago, Committee on Evolutionary the invasive lawn weed G. hederacea in North America. Poster Biology, Chicago IL 60637. Interdependence of transition events between contrasting reproductive modes in the lichen-forming BRASIER, C.M. Forest Research, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, genus Porpidia (Ascomycota). UK. Fungal evolution via interspecific hybridization: a Several asexual taxa, embedded within a group of sexual consequence of invasion. species, have been described within the lichen-forming genus The spread of a fungus beyond its normal geographic range Porpidia (Porpidiaceae, Ascomycota). Most of these asexual presents a major evolutionary opportunity. One possible taxa have been assigned to be members of “species pairs”. consequence is hybridization with a resident, related species in These “species pairs” describe closely related taxa that differ the new location. The potential for hybridization depends on primarily in their reproductive modes: one taxon reproduces many factors, such as the frequency of niche contact, the sexually, the other asexually. It has been proposed in the strength of genetic barriers to hybridization, the degree to literature that the “species pairs” represent multiple, indepen- which the two genomes will recombine and the ability of any dent transitions between reproductive modes. To test this resulting hybrids to compete with the parent species. Possible and further hypotheses the phylogenetic relationships within outcomes range from the acquisition of a single gene or a virus the genus were reconstructed using a combined analyses of a by one parent to a full species hybrid incorporating the 1.4 kb fragment at the 5’-end of the nuclear large subunit genomes of both species. These issues will be discussed in rRNA gene and a 1 kb fragment of the nuclear beta-tubulin terms of current hybridization events involving several major protein-coding gene. Based on the resulting phylogeny, the fungal pathogens. The examples come from the acomycetes, ancestral character states of the contrasting reproductive basidiomycetes and the oomycetes. Symposium presentation modes were reconstructed employing maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood approaches. These reconstructions *BRIMMER, A.1, KENNY, S.R.1, HOSAKA, K.2, TRAPPE, J.M.3, are bring used to test a priori hypotheses of the interdepen- CASTELLANO, M.A.4, SPATAFORA, J.W.2 and COLGAN III, dence of the transitions between reproductive modes within W. 1. 1Sch. Biological Sciences, Louisiana Tech Univ., Ruston, Porpidia. Preliminary results suggest that the occurring LA, 71270; 2Dept. Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State changes between reproductive modes within the genus Univ., Corvallis OR 97331; 3Dept. Forest Science, Oregon State indeed represent independent transition events. Poster Univ., Corvallis OR 97331; 4USDA Forest Service PNW Research Station, Corvallis OR 97331. Monophyly of the *CAMPBELL, J. and SHEARER, C.A. Univ. Illinois, Dept. Plant Mesophelliaceae. Biology, Urbana, IL 61801. A re-evaluation of Halosarpheia The Mesophelliaceae is comprised of a number of truffle- based on molecular and morphological data. like Basidiomycetes from Australia, New Zealand and New Halosarpheia (Halosphaeriales) is a pyrenomycetous Guinea. Several genera are recognized within this family, these genus with representatives in marine, brackish and fresh water include Mesophellia, the type for the family, Malajczukia, habitats. The main taxonomic character defining the genus is which differs from Mesophellia based only on glebal struc- the presence of unfurling ascospore appendages. Previous tures. The genera Gummiglobus, and Andebbia are separated phylogenetic analyses on ribosomal DNA have revealed that from Mesophellia based on warty ornamentation of the spores. the genus is polyphyletic. This study was therefore undertaken The sporocarps of these fungi are entirely hypogeous and have using molecular data from both a nuclear gene and a protein many unique characteristics that distinguish them from other coding gene on an increased number of Halosarpheia species members of the Basidiomycota including a brittle carbonaceous to further elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among the outer peridium, powdery spore mass, and most have a sterile species. Two species, H. trullifera and H. unicellularis, are core. They are important ecologically, as members of this family resolved as a monophyletic group with H. fibrosa, the type of are mycorrhizal symbionts with the dominant forest trees in the genus. These three species are retained in Halosarpheia. these forests, and sporocarps are a dietary staple for many Three species of Halosarpheia that have ascospores with one, small mammals in these systems. To test monophyly of the rather than two, apical appendages are resolved as a monophyl- Mesophelliaceae we are using molecular tool to compare the etic group with Ophiodeira monosemeia. Ophiodeira is a placement of Mesophellia and related genera within the monotypic genus characterized by the presence of a single Basidiomycetes, as well as the generic concepts within the unfurling ascospore appendage. Based on this and other 22 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
shared morphological characters, Halosarpheia cincinnatula, H. *CAZARES, E.1, DREISBACH, T.2, CASTELLANO, M.A.2, unicaudata and H. viscidula are transferred to Ophiodeira. The SMITH, J.E.2, and O’DELL, T.3 1Oregon State Univ., Corvallis remaining species of Halosarpheia included in this study are OR 97331; 2USDA Forest Service, Corvallis, OR; 3Grand resolved in eight separate clades. Based on morphological and Staircase-Escalante National Monument, UT. Occurrence of molecular data a new genus is established for each of these late successional fungal species in younger forest stands in clades and the morphological characters delineating each the Oregon coast range. genus are presented. Contributed presentation A primary objective of the Northwest Forest Plan is to protect rare species requiring late-successional forest *CASTELLANO, M.A.1, AND TRAPPE, J.M.2. 1USDA Forest habitat. In 1994, 164 epigeous fungal species, thought to be Service, Corvallis OR; 2Dept. Forest Science, Oregon State closely associated with such habitat, were listed for addi- Univ., Corvallis OR 97331. Monophyly, paraphyly, and generic tional protection under the Survey and Manage guidelines characterization: between a rock and a hard place. of the Record of Decision (ROD). Current Vegetation Survey In light of recent proposals to transfer traditional seques- (CVS) plots have been established for species inventory and trate taxa into traditional mushroom genera, it is timely to monitoring of vegetation changes within National Forests in discuss the purpose of generic names and the relative the Pacific Northwest. We detected 41 ROD-listed species strengths and weaknesses of morphology and molecular from 820 collections in 10 CVS plots associated with younger phylogeny on taxonomic placement of these taxa. A wealth of forest stands in the Siuslaw NF in the Oregon Coast Range. information is contained in generic names. Family names may Plots were surveyed a total of 15 times over a period of 5 fall reveal some ecologic or physiologic information (i.e., some and 4 spring seasons. ROD-listed species were detected in nutritional modes) but are meaningful mostly in the phyloge- all 10-study plots. Knowledge of the distribution, frequency netic sense. In contrast, generic names traditionally reveal a of occurrence, and habitat of the detected species will aid more inclusive set of morphological, ecological, and biological forest managers in efforts to conserve species diversity and characters, i.e., habit, habitat, and reproductive strategy. The critical habitat on Federal lands. Contributed Presentation species name only serves to distinguish one species from another within the same genus. The thrust of molecular CHALLEN, M.P.1, *KERRIGAN, R.W.2 and CALLAC, P.3. biology to recognize genera solely on the basis of monophyly 1Horticultural Research International, Wellesbourne, neglects the opportunity to convey the more robust biological Warwickshire CV35 9EF UK; 2Sylvan Research, West Hills information that can be embodied in generic names. The Industrial Park Bldg. 2, Kittanning, PA 16201; 3INRA, Unitè de acceptance of some paraphyly within complex groups may not Recherches sur les Champignons, 33883 Villenave d’Ornon violate the conveyance of phylogenetic information because cedex, France. A phylogenetic reconstruction and emendation “my monophyly may not be your monophyly.” In any event, of Agaricus section Duploannulatae. taxonomy advances by steps as new data become available. Agaricus section Duploannulatae comprises the group of Paraphyly can be regarded in many cases as an advancing step species around and including A. bisporus (J. E. Lange) Imbach towards ultimate phylogenetic resolution, if indeed “ultimate and A. bitorquis (Quèlet) Saccardo. Disagreement exists in the resolution” is possible. Symposium presentation literature regarding the composition of this group. We used DNA sequence data from the ITS1 and ITS2 segments of the *CAZARES, E.1, CASTELLANO, M.A.2, AMARANTHUS, nuclear ribosomal DNA region, in a sample of European and M.P.1, AND TRAPPE, J.M.1. 1Oregon State Univ., Corvallis North American isolates, to search for characters that unify OR 97331; 2USDA Forest Service, Corvallis, OR. Corner’s this group, to further delimit species-level taxa within the playground revisited. section, and to develop a phylogenetic hypothesis. Shared Edred John Henry Corner (1906-1996) extensively studied polymorphisms that suggest a natural limit for section the mycological flora from Southeast Asia throughout his Duploannulatae were found. Based on this circumscription, career. In 1953, in collaboration with Lilian E. Hawker they eight species found in the temperate Northern Hemisphere are published “The hypogeous fungi from Malaya” where they placed in section Duploannulatae. Species concepts, nomen- reported sixteen sequestrate fungal species from Singapore. clature, and relationships are discussed and compared with In 1995, we visited the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, prior reports. Contributed presentation Singapore and made 14 collections of sequestrate fungi. We red-described Elaphomyces carbonaceous, E. malayensis, CHAMBERS, J.G., POWELL, M.J., *LETCHER, P.M., and E. singaporensis, Hydnagium echinulatum, Hysterangium CHURCHILL, P.F. Dept. Biological Sciences, Univ. Alabama, malaiense, and Zelleromyces malaiensis and make some Tuscaloosa, AL 35487. Morphological and molecular charac- comments on their relationships to other species from terization of the misplaced chytrid, Rhizophlyctis harderi. Australasia. Symposium presentation Rhizophlyctis harderi was placed in the genus because of perceived interbiotic rhizoids originating on the sporangium 23 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
from multiple axes. Because zoospore ultrastructure of this Seasonal fruiting patterns in Cantherellus formosus. species is typical of chytridialian chytrids and different from While there has been speculation on intra-specific fruiting non-chytridialian zoospore architecture of the type species of patterns of fungi, very few rigorous studies have been Rhizophlyctis, (Rhizophlyctis rosea), we investigated develop- undertaken. A recent study (Selosse et.al, 2001, Mycol. Res. ment of Rhizophlyctis harderi under varying conditions. 105: 524-531) found genetically-based differences in fruiting Thallus morphology was variable with three morphological patterns in individual genets of Laccaria spp. Our study forms that could place the chytrid in either Rhizophydium, investigates yearly fruiting patterns of the Pacific Golden Rhizidium, or Rhizophlyctis. To identify relationships of this Chanterelle (Cantherellus formosus). Cantherellus formosus chytrid with other chytrid taxa, nuclear small subunit (18S) displays a long fruiting season, often lasting 5 months in ribosomal RNA and nuclear large subunit (28S) ribosomal RNA certain areas of the Pacific Northwest. While there are definite gene sequences were analyzed. Based on combined analysis flushes of large quantities of mushrooms, there are also stragglers of these data using maximum parsimony, Rhizophlyctis harderi before, between, and after these flushes. Do these represent clustered among chytrids identified as Rhizophydium and not distinct individuals or just variations in fruiting pattern within an with Rhizophlyctis rosea. The genus Rhizophydium is individual? We are using species-specific microsatellite markers to complex, but all species studied have chytridialian zoospore answer these questions. Contributed presentation architecture, although some differences exist in general organization. Later studies may result in separation of *CORDERY, C.K.1, CAREY, C.4, LIVO, L. J.4, DAVIDSON, E.W.1,2 Rhizophydium into additional genera, as with the genus and ROBERSON, R.W.1,3. 1Molecular and Cellular Biology Phlyctochytrium, but at this time this chytrid is better placed in Program; 2Dept. Biology; 3Dept. Plant Biology, Arizona State Rhizophydium than in Rhizophlyctis. Contributed presentation Univ., Tempe, AZ; 4Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology, Univ. Colorado, Boulder, CO. Batrachochytrium *CLARK, T.A. and ANDERSON, J.B. Dept. Botany, Univ. dendrobatidis (Chytridiales) infection process in Bufo boreas Toronto, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6. Adaptation in boreas (boreal toad). Schizophyllum commune. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is an intracellular The impact of ploidy on adaptation is an important chytridiomycete fungus recently implicated in the deaths of question in evolutionary biology. The dikaryon of a basidi- many amphibians worldwide. Survival of amphibians may be omycete is functionally equivalent to a diploid, but the two dependent on elucidating the processes of infection and gametic genomes are maintained in separate nuclei rather disease establishment. Controlled experiments were conducted than in the same nucleus. Experimental populations of that involved exposing adult boreal toads (Bufo boreas Schizophyllum commune were founded to address two boreas) to viable zoospores of B. dendrobatidis (isolate L-275 questions: (i) Do dikaryotic and monokaryotic mycelia adapt from B. boreas boreas). At specific post-exposure time points to a novel environment under natural selection for increased (1, 3, 5, 8, 15, 22 days), the toads were sacrificed, selected growth rate? (ii) Do the haploid components of the dikaryon epidermal tissue samples (e.g., “drink patch”) were harvested, adapt reciprocally to one another’s presence over time? The and these tissues were immediately prepared for microscope progenitor for all cultures was a single dikaryotic cell. Six analysis (i.e., laser scanning confocal microscopy, transmission dikaryotic and six monokaryotic lines (three of each nuclear electron microscopy). To date, observations indicate that type) were serially transferred on a minimal medium every two fungal infection is well established by day 5 post-exposure, weeks over a period of twenty months. From each evolved and sporangia have matured by day 8 post-exposure. Further dikaryon, the component haploid genomes at nine months and at data will be presented describing aspects of early infection 18 months have been recovered. Matings have been performed events, extent of rhizoid ramification in the host tissue, and among haploids recovered from: the evolved dikaryons, the zoosporogenesis. Symposium presentation evolved monokaryons, and the progenitor dikaryon. Increased growth rate observed only in dikaryons from matings of haploids COWDEN, M.1, SCHRADER, B.1, and DREISBACH, T.2. 1Dept. that evolved together in dikaryons would give evidence of co- Forest Resources, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis OR 97331, 2US adaptation. A multilocus genotyping system using single Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is being used to determine OR 97331. Describing Fuzzy Sandozi (Bridgeoporus whether or not the nuclei in the evolved dikaryons have exchanged nobilissimus) habitat throughout Pacific Northwest forests. genetic material. Contributed Presentation Bridgeoporus nobilissimus (BRNO) is a Survey and Manage fungi species listed under the Northwest Forest Plan. *COLLINS, K.1, ROGER, J.2, DUNHAM, S.1, O’DELL, T.3, and Perennial conks fruit on large, dying and dead noble fir in late- MOLINA, R.1 1Department of Forest Science, Oregon State successional old growth forests of the Pacific Northwest. The University, Corvallis, OR; 2Oregon Mycological Society, Portland, research objective is to describe the relationship between Oregon; 3Grand Staircase Escalante National Monument, UT. BRNO and the environment at the individual conk- and plot- 24 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
level. Only eleven known sites occur in Oregon and Washing- zone is sponsored by the NSF BSI program, dedicated to ton with one to several hosts (and/or plots) per site. We discovering earth’s diversity. Previously, the RM alpine zone sampled 63 hosts, 9 in Washington and 54 in Oregon. Eighty- was a mycological blank spot. Now our records stretch from one conks occur on 63 hosts; 15 host multiple conks. Hosts Northern to Southern Rockies, with over 150 species (1,500 most often have northern or western aspects, while dominant collections) from alpine habitats. The mycorrhizal workhorses conks frequently face south. Conk position varies with host are species of Inocybe (28), Cortinarius (17), Hebeloma (7), type-conks observed on live trees and snags fruit solely at Entoloma (10), Laccaria (5), and Russulales (15), allied with the base of the host; conks on stumps fruit at various Salix, Dryas, and Betula. Saprophytic genera Arrhenia, locations. Preliminary analysis on community data using non- Gerronema, Rickenella, Mycena, Omphalina, Galerina, metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) indicate the presence of Hypholoma and Psilocybe associate with a diversity of elevational, canopy cover, and moisture gradients in plot-level bryophytes. Certain Omphalina species exist as basidiolichens. data. Analysis on conk-level data reveals patterns in conk-host Conocybe and Coprinus inhabit dung, but wood decomposers relations relative to region, stand age, elevation, and host type. are as rare as wood. Terrestrial saprophytes include Agaricus, Current observations of B. nobilissimus indicate a range of Agrocybe, Calocybe, Clitocybe, Collybia, Cystoderma, occurrence by elevation, forest cover type, successional stage Hygrocybe, Lepista, Melanoleuca and Stropharia. Rarer are and plant communities throughout its range. Poster Alnicola, Dermoloma, Fayodia, Hemimycena, Leccinum, Lepiota, Marasmiellus, and Rhodocybe. Some species have *CRIPPS, C.L.1 and HORAK, E.2. 1Dept. of Plant Sciences, distinct distribution patterns along a latitudinal gradient. About Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT 59717; 2Geobotanic 75% are true arctic-alpine fungi existing on isolated mountain Institute (ETH), CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland. Lactarius tops, far from the arctic circle where they are well known. For (Russulales) in the Rocky Mountain alpine zone: southern the Year of the Mountain 2002, this new alpine mycoflora adds extenstions of arctic-alpine fungi. knowledge of high elevation fungi in NA. Poster The arctic-alpine macromycete flora is rather well known in cold remote regions such as Greenland, Iceland, Svalbard, *DETTMAN, J.R., JACOBSON, D.J., and TAYLOR, J.W. Alaska, Scandinavia, Russia, the Alps, and even Antarctica. Dept. Plant and Microbial Biology, Univ. California, Berkeley Virtually nothing was known of alpine macrofungi above CA 94720. Phylogenetic species recognition in Neurospora. treeline in the Rocky Mountains previous to the NSF Alpine Phylogenetic species recognition was compared with Agaricales project. Now over 150 species in 1,500 collections existing biological species recognition in the outcrossing, are documented. Here we report on alpine species of Lactarius, conidiating species of Neurospora. The five described a mycorrhizal genus in Russulales, from the Beartooth Plateau, biological species were represented by 147 strains from a wide MT (3,000 m asl) and high cirques of CO (3,800 m asl), including geographic distribution; 128 of these were from the N. crassa/N. the San Juan Mountains. Over 50 species of Lactarius are intermedia (N.c/N.i) species complex. When a comprehensive known from arctic-alpine habitats worldwide. Basidiomes can molecular phylogeny was constructed from four non-coding go unrecognized because of miniature stature, uncharacteristic nuclear loci, several phylogenetic species were well supported form (flat), and cryptic habit. In contrast to arctic regions with but the relationships among them were not. The N.c/N.i species prolific birch, Lactarius is rare in the RM alpine. Ten species complex, unresolved in previous phylogenetic studies, was occur above treeline in the Rockies, including: Lactarius nanus resolved here into a large clade of each N. crassa and N. (dwarf Salix), L. salicis-reticulatae (Salix spp), L. pseudouvidus intermedia, and at least three additional phylogenetic species. (Salix spp), L. repraesentaneous (Salix glauca), L. pubescens Simultaneously, biological species recognition within the N.c/ (Betula glandulosa), L. glyciosmus (Betula glandulosa), L. cf N.i complex was examined in a subset of 73 strains by nearly 900 deterrimus (Salix spp, Betula, conifers), and 3 undetermined mating tests (Jacobson et al. poster). Whereas phylogenetic taxa. Most are known from the NA arctic and AA habitats of and biological species recognition were generally congruent, Eurasia, but all are new records for the Rocky Mountain alpine. there were cases where phylogenetic methods recognized Lower latitudes in Colorado likely represent southernmost species in the N.c/N.i complex not recognized by mating extensions of arctic-alpine fungi in NA. Contributed Presentation experiments, and one reverse case. These results also show that neither phylogenetic nor biological species recognition, alone, *CRIPPS, C.L.1, HORAK, E.2, and OSMUNDSON, T.1. 1Plant can uncover all the Neurospora species; both are needed, Sciences and Plant Pathology Dept., Montana State Univ., especially if isolates will be used in subsequent genetic and/or Bozeman, MT 59717, 2Geobotanic Institute (ETH), CH-8008 population studies. Contributed Presentation Zurich, Switzerland. Arctic-alpine mycota (Agaricales), Rocky Mountain tundra, USA: cold-climate mushrooms above treeline. *DICKIE, I.A.1, SCHNITZER, S.A.1, REICH, P.B.1 and HOBBIE, The first extensive survey of fleshy fungi (Agaricales, S.E.2. 1Dept. Forest Resources, Univ. Minnesota, St. Paul, MN Basidiomycota) above treeline in the Rocky Mountain alpine 55108; 2Dept. Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, Univ. 25 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108. Mycorrhizal fungi as a factor *DOUHAN, G.W.1, MURRAY, T.D.1, and DYER, P.S.2. limiting oak recruitment in savanna openings and old fields. 1Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA, 99164; 2 Univ. Although the importance of mycorrhizal fungi for seedling Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. Genetic structure of growth is generally recognized, it is unclear if a lack of mycor- Tapesia acuformis in Washington (USA). rhizal infection can limit seedling growth in natural ecosystems. Eyespot of wheat is caused by two fungal pathogens, We examined mycorrhizal infection of oak seedlings (pin and Tapesia yallundae and T. acuformis. T. yallundae has been bur oak, Quercus ellipsoidalis and Q. macrocarpa) in savanna considered the most important causal agent of the disease in openings and old fields at the Cedar Creek LTER site in Washington and consists of a large homogeneous population Minnesota. Seedlings planted in savanna gaps and in old fields with a genetic structure consistent with random mating. T. had 5% of root tips infected by ectomycorrhizal fungi, com- acuformis has increased significantly in Washington in the past pared with 39% infection on seedlings planted adjacent to 10 years and apothecia have recently been found under natural established trees. In a second experiment, seedlings planted field conditions, which may indicate T. acuformis is more along transects at varying distances from the edge of old fields important than previously thought. To determine the genetic showed high infection levels (53-56%) at 0, 4, and 8 m from structure of T. acuformis in Washington, four subpopulations established trees and very low infection (<1%) at 20 m. Seed- (n=141) were sampled. All single conidial isolates were scored lings at 12 and 16 m had intermediate average infection (19-23%) for mating type and 6 amplified fragment length polymorphic but a high variance in infection rate. This suggests that (AFLP) markers which were unlinked and segregated in a 1:1 mycorrhizal fungal inoculum is patchy at intermediate distances ratio among 24 progeny from an in vitro cross. No significant (12 to 16 m) from established trees, uniformly present at closer population differentiation was found among the four subpopu- distances (<8 m), and uniformly absent at 20 m. Preliminary lations based on Wier and Cockerham’s population differentia- nutrient analysis shows higher N concentration in seedlings tion statistic theta (theta = -0.004, P = 0.537). Random mating planted near trees than in seedlings planted distant from trees. could not be rejected in clone-corrected datasets for all The results of this study suggest that lack of mycorrhizal subpopulations based on the index of association (0.537 <>T. infection can be a contributing factor limiting oak recruitment in acuformis has a similar genetic structure as sympatric popula- natural and anthropogenic gaps. Contributed Presentation tions of T. yallundae in Washington with both sexual and asexual reproduction occurring. Contributed Presentation *DOUHAN, G.W.1, EGERTON-WARBURTON, L.M.2,3, ALLEN, M.F.2, RIZZO, D.M.1. 1Dept. Plant Pathology, Univ. California, *DOUHAN, G.W. and RIZZO, D.M. Dept. Plant Pathology, Davis, CA 95616; 2Center for Conservation Biology, Univ. Univ. California, Davis, CA 95616. Amplified Fragment California, Riverside, CA 92521; 3Conservation Science Dept, Length Microsatellites (AFLM): A simple method to develop Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL 60022. Putative cryptic microsatellite markers in fastidious microorganisms species and ssRNA virus infection in a Boletus dryophilus applied to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. population from southern California. Microsatellites are powerful molecular markers to study Boletus dryophilus Thiers is a mycorrhizal fungus endemic to gene and genome evolution and to detect genetic variation California and associated with coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia). among individuals within a population. Developing Basidiocarps from one population in a 0.25-hectare site in southern microsatellite markers for organisms that cannot, or are not, California were collected to examine the genetic structure of the easily manipulated under laboratory conditions can be difficult species using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP). Up because sequence information is needed. To overcome this to 6 discrete nucleic acid bands (1.8- 10.0 kb) were detected from problem in the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi Glomus genomic DNA preparations of 16 out of 41 basidiocarps. These etunicatum and Gigaspora gigantea, global amplification of extra bands were completely digested with RNAase at high and low the genomes of each species were performed using linker- salt conditions, but not DNAase, and thus may represent ssRNA of adaptor-PCR from single spores. Amplified fragments were viral origin. AFLP data demonstrated the presence of two geneti- enriched for microsatellite motifs using 5’-biotinylated oligo- cally distinct groups with the putative viruses detected in many of nucleotides and recovered by magnetic streptavidadin beads. the basidiocarps from one of the groups. In addition, some The recovered fragments were reamplified, run on denaturing basidiocarps were likely hybrids as demonstrated by intermediate polyacrylamide gels, and sixteen selected bands were excised, banding patterns between the two groups; some of the hybrids also cloned, and sequenced. Seven microsatellite motifs were contained the putative viruses. Sequences from the ITS1, 5.8s, and detected from six clones (efficiency rate of 43.8%). Primers were ITS2 regions were identical in both genetic groups. However, two designed for all putative microsatellite loci and six were success- copies of the ITS2 region were found which differed by a single fully amplified from three single spore preparations and from pools base insertion/deletion. These data suggest that this population of of 5, 10, and 20 spores after global amplification. We term this Boletus dryophilus consists of a sympatric species complex where technique amplified fragment length micosatellites and propose that reproductive isolation is not yet complete. Poster they can be useful markers for fastidious microorganisms, such as 26 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
Glomalean fungi. However, the technique can also be used to isolate BC V1V 1V7; 2Mycology Resources, P.O. Box 2603, microsatellite loci in any organism. Poster Abbotsford, BC V2T 6R4; 3British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Kamloops, BC V2C 2T7. The effect of clearcut *DUGAN, F.M.1, BRAUN, U.2, GROENEWALD, J.Z.3, and logging and tree species composition on the richness and CROUS, P.3. 1USDA-ARS WRPIS, Washington State Univ., composition of sporocarps produced by ectomycorrhizal Pullman WA 99164; 2Martin-Luther-Univ., Inst. Geobotany and fungi in interior British Columbia forests. Botanical Garden, Neuwerk 21, D-06099 Halle, Germany, 3Dept. Plant Epigeous sporocarps produced by ectomycorrhizal fungi Pathology, Univ. Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa 7600. were collected from paper birch, fir/birch mixtures and Douglas- Generic rank and a new variety for Cladosporium malorum. fir stands in the Interior Cedar Hemlock (ICH) zone in young Cladosporium malorum is distinct on the basis of plantations (beginning of rotation ) and seral forests. These conidiogenesis and ITS sequences from species in Cla- sites were compared over a 4 year period with respect to dosporium, Cladophialophora, Hormoconis, sporocarp richness and composition of epigeous sporocarps Mycovellosiella, Phaeoramularia, Pseudocladosporium, produced by ectomycorrhizal fungi. For all years with the and other cladosporium-like genera. Separate generic rank is exception of 1998, peak fruiting season was between the justified for C. malorum. A new variety of C. malorum months of September and October. In October 1996 there were sporadically produced multi-septate and/or muriform conidia no mushrooms collected due to a relatively early snowfall. In in basal and intercalary positions within chains of the tretic 1998 there were few mushrooms collected during the growing poro-conidia characteristic of the species. Seldom reported in season, which was probably due to an exceptionally dry year. the past, C. malorum is increasingly recovered from a wide Excluding 1998 data, highest mean richness levels (regardless of variety of plants and geographic localities. Poster treatment) were found in 1997 and closely followed by 1999. Except for 1998, forest sites had higher mean species richness *DUNHAM, S.1, O’DELL, T.2, and MOLINA, R.3. 1Dept. Forest than plantation sites regardless of tree species composition. Science, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331; 2Grand Overall, extreme weather events, such as seasonal drought, Staircase Escalante National Monument, Kanab, UT 84741; have a short-term negative effect and clearcutting has a 3USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, relatively long-term negative effect on the richness of epigeous Corvallis, OR 97331. Within population genetic structure of sporocarps produced by ectomycorrhizal fungi. Poster golden chanterelles assessed using microsatellite loci. The Northwest forest plan has drawn attention to conserva- *EBERHART, J.L. and LUOMA, D.L. Dept. Forest Science, tion needs for many species of fungi including the commercially Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331. A relational harvested golden chanterelle (Cantharellus formosus). Cryptic database for RFLP data organization. growth habits make fungal individuals difficult to observe and Thousands of sporocarps of ectomycorrhizal fungi have life history information for management efforts is lacking. In been collected as part of the Demonstration of Ecosystem broadly distributed species like C. formosus, knowledge of Management Options (DEMO) project. We have also within-population genetic structure is a prerequisite for morphotyped mycorrhizal root tips from soil cores collected at planning larger scale studies upon which management deci- the same sites. DNA has been extracted from many of the sions are based and contributes to our understanding of life morphotypes and sporocarps, and RFLP gels have been history parameters difficult to measure without genetic data. produced. In order to organize the various types of data Fruit bodies from 183 C. formosus individuals were mapped in a involved in this project, a relational database has been created 50 year old, 50 ha stand of naturally regenerated douglas fir using FileMaker Pro 5.5 on Macintosh computers. The database (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western hemlock (Tsuga serves a number of functions. Users may display the RFLP gel heterophylla). Sixty-five unique genotypes resulted from image with the extraction identification code, taxonomic scoring these collections at four microsatellite loci. The spatial designation, and the molecular weight (MW) of each band. This distribution of the 10 most frequent alleles was studied using is a searchable file, allowing each extraction or taxon to be Moran’s I statistic. Significant spatial autocorrelation was quickly found on any gel. Another linked file quickly displays detected in the two smallest distance classes estimating a 250- the data associated with each extraction (site location, date, 400 meter patch size for C. formosus. This result indicates that etc.). A file with morphotype descriptions is also linked. An either limited spore dispersal possibly coupled with inbreeding, exciting feature of the database is the linked MW data file. In long-lived individuals fragmented over large areas, or some this file, MW data for a given morphotype or sporocarp can be interaction between these processes works to maintain fine matched to RFLP patterns in the whole data set, using a 2 or 5 scale genetic structure in this species. Symposium Presentation percent tolerance range. Matching of root and sporocarp RFLP types is greatly facilitated without paging through notebooks of gel *DURALL, D.M.1, GAMIET, S.2, SIMARD, S. W.3, and images. Quality control and archival issues are also addressed. A SAKAKIBARA, S.M.1. 1Okanagan Univ. College, Kelowna, laptop computer displaying the database will be available. Poster 27 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
*EDDINGTON, L.H. and CRIPPS, C.L. Dept. Plant Sciences and *EDWARDS, I. and TURCO, R. Dept. Agronomy, Purdue Univ., Plant Pathology, Montana State Univ., Bozeman MT 59717. West Lafayette IN 47901. Small scale environmental gradients Mycorrhizal status of selected alpine plants on the Beartooth and basidiomycete community structure. plateau along the Montana-Wyoming border: a contribution on By using annual foliar nutrient analyses as a guide, mycorrhizae in arctic-alpine habitats. fertilization treatments can be optimized to maximize productiv- Mycorrhizal symbiosis between fungi and plant roots is ity in loblolly pine monocultures. 20 years of optimal fertilization important to understand because it enhances plant growth and on treated plots at the USDA-Forest Service Research Site establishment, and influences plant communities in structure SETRES has doubled pine above-ground biomass relative to and function. Mycorrhizal relationships are particularly critical controls. Despite the fertilization regime being based on plant in harsh environments such as the alpine, the vegetation zone needs however, soil analyses reveal small but significant above treeline on high mountains. Mycorrhizal status was residual NH4-N and Ca in the forest floor and soil A horizon at examined for selected vascular plants from the Beartooth the end of the growing season, and a distinct change in the Plateau, MT/WY, an extensive alpine area. Of 33 plant species in sporocarp inventory. In this study we used a spatially explicit 14 families, 22 (67%) were mycorrhizal and 11 (33%) lacked sampling scheme and Terminal Restriction Fragment Length mycorrhizae. Five supported ectomycorrhizae (Salix reticulata, Polymorphism (TRFLP) of PCR amplified rDNA-ITS to map the S. arctica, S. planifolia, Dryas octopetala and Polygonum distribution of the dominant macrofungi. We show that viviparum). Fifteen hosted arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, although community structure changes along the imposed including 5 in Asteraceae, 3 in Rosaceae, 2 in Scrophulariaceae, nutrient gradients, patchy nutrient distribution within the 1 in Fabaceae, 2 in Polygonaceae, and 1 in Portulacaceae sampled plots acts to maintain overall species richness. Poster (Lewisia pygmaea). Two ericaceous plants, Phyllodoce glanduliflora and Vaccinium scoparium were lightly infected with *ELLZEY, J.T., MUNOZ, C.A., DOW, E.C., ELROD, G. DE LA ericoid fungi and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi had an arbutoid-type. CRUZ, M., GONZALEZ, H., BOENTGES, P., and DADER, L. Non-infected plants were primarily in Caryophyllaceae, Cyperaceae, Dept. Biological Sciences, Univ. Texas, El Paso, TX 79968. An Crassulaceae, Juncaceae, 2 in Scrophulariaceae, and 1 in Aeromycology pilot project at the University of Texas at El Paso. Polygonaceae. Penstemon procerus and Veronica nutans, in The spores of some common genera of fungi are known Scrophulariaceae, a typically non mycorrhizal family, were AM allergens. We designed a pilot project to study the fungal infected. Findings were mostly in agreement with mycorrhizal status colony counts within three rooms of the Biological Sciences for other arctic-alpine habitats (reviewed here). Poster Building and the nearby Classroom Building compared to the outside air over a twelve month period. Air samples were *EDWARDS, I. and TURCO, R. Dept. Agronomy, Purdue Univ., collected once each week from 12:00 noon to 1:15 p.m. utilizing a West Lafayette IN, 47901. New Tools and Old Questions: Terminal Biotest RCS Plus Air Sampler containing Rose Bengal agar Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (TRFLP) and the strips. Fungal colonies were counted and identified by prepar- response of basidiomycete communities to forest fertilization. ing Lactophenol-Cotton Blue slides observed with a Zeiss Application of molecular biological tools to basidiomycete Axioskop. Environmental factors including temperature, ecology has dramatically altered our perception of both the humidity and air flow were recorded with each collection. Each diversity of basidiomycete communites and their response to room had a different fan delivering air from the basement. To anthropogenic disturbance. In particular the often dramatic test if the distribution of fungi was the same for the five sites, changes in sporocarp diversity observed following fertilization 140 observations were analyzed using Chi-square and often appear more muted when a below ground ectomycorrhizal MANOVA. The results showed that there were significantly survey is conducted. However obtaining a representative and more fungi (both with mean count and mean number of species manageable sample of infected roots from most mature forest outside of the buildings than in the four rooms.) The most stands is challenging. At the South Eastern Tree Research and prevalent genus found inside of the buildings was, Cladosporium. Education Site in North Carolina, 20 years of optimum fertiliza- Alternaria was the most common genus found outside followed by tion have produced visibly different above ground basidi- Cladosporium. In many collections, no fungal spores were found omycete communites, with untreated stands dominated by inside of the rooms. The significantly lower counts within the Russula and Amanita species , and fertilized stands dominated buildings were indicative of good air quality. Poster by Tylopilus and Lactarius species. In our study we chose to use a spatially intensive soil sampling survey and TRFLP, a *FREITAG, C.M.1, MORRELL, J.J.1 and SCHOWALTER, T.D.2. relatively new but increasingly popular tool in microbial 1Dept. Wood Science and Engineering, and2Dept. Entomology, ecology to examine both the active below ground community Oregon State Univ., Corvallis OR 97331. Effects of simulated and the developing spore bank. We will discuss the application insect-mediated fungal introduction on subsequent microflora of TRFLP in terms of its strengths and weaknesses, and present in decaying Douglas-fir logs in Western Oregon. a summary of our work to date. Contributed Presentation The decomposition rate of course woody debris is influenced 28 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
by factors such as temperature, precipitation and heterotroph temperature on the mycorrhizal fungal community. Three sites, activity. Insects carrying fungi arrive at a fallen log and each containing three plots, were chosen at Alexandra Fiord, penetrate the bark and wood. The possibility that this early Nunavut Canada. Air and soil temperatures were increased event influences the species of the decomposition flora was using 1-m diameter OTCs, which have been on the sites for at tested by drilling into the bark or wood of freshly cut Douglas- least five years. Plots within 2 m of the OTCs were used as fir log sections. Half of the drilled sections were inoculated with ambient controls. Dominant plant species Cassiope tetragona, mixtures of wood decay fungi, non-decay fungi or a combina- Dryas integrifolia, Salix arctica, and Saxifraga oppositifolia tion of both. Another set of log sections was left intact. Half of were harvested from warmed and control plots. Root tips were the logs in each treatment group were exposed to normal rainfall randomly selected for DNA extraction and morphological and half were placed under clear plastic tents to reduce analysis. Mycorrhizal fungal communities were assessed with moisture. Respiration was measured every 1-3 months and one terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) log per treatment per site was destructively sampled after 1,2,3 analysis, a technique that has previously been applied primarily and 5 years by removing increment cores from 12 locations on to bacterial community analysis. Representative fungal isolates each log. Fungi were cultured from bark, sapwood and heart- were sequenced to determine phylogenetic affiliations. Compari- wood. Treatment effects were apparent only 1 year after sons between warmed and ambient plots will be presented. Poster exposure. Sheltering the logs increased the respiration rates for 2 years and had a slight effect on the numbers and species of *GARRETT, K.A. and BOWDEN, R.L. Dept. Plant Pathology, wood decay fungi. The most common wood decay fungus after Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS 66506. An Allee effect may one year was Stereum sanguinolentum, but after 2 years limit invasion by Tilletia indica. Antrodia carbonica was most common. The results show that Tilletia indica depends on encounters between wind- the first fungi to arrive do not have a lasting effect on the dispersed secondary sporidia of different mating types for decomposition process. Poster successful infection and reproduction. This life history characteristic results in reduced reproductive success for lower *FRIESEN, T.L. and WEILAND, J.J. USDA-ARS, Red River population densities. Such destabilizing density-dependence at Valley Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND 58105. Electro- low population levels has been described for a range of animals phoretic karyotype of Cercospora beticola. and plants and is often termed an Allee effect. An Allee effect is Cercospora beticola, causal agent of Cercospora leaf spot significant for understanding the invasive potential of the economi- is one of the most widespread fungi that affects yield and cally important T. indica. We estimated the Allee effect based on T. quality of sugar beet, table beet and Swiss chard. Because the indica life history by calculating the probability of infection for perfect stage of this filamentous fungus is not known it is not different numbers of secondary sporidia. We also estimated the possible to carry out classical genetic approaches such as threshold population size below which populations of T. indica are linkage analysis to determine genome size and chromosome predicted to decline rather than grow. An Allee effect is probably number. In an initial characterization of the genome of C. important for long distance transport of secondary sporidia, since beticola, an electrophoretic karyotype has been done using their concentration will generally be greatly reduced at the frontier of contour-clamped homogeneous electric field (CHEF) electro- the invasion. For new populations initiated by teliospores, an Allee phoresis. At least five distinct chromosome sized bands have been effect will probably be important only when the environment is resolved in the range of approximately 3.0 to 5.7 megabases. Three nonconducive enough that the number of secondary sporidia of these bands show a higher intensity indicating that multiple produced stays low. Contributed Presentation chromosomes of equal size may be co-migrating. This information will be used as a first step toward a better understanding of the size *GIACHINI, A.J.1, SPATAFORA, J.W.2, CAZARES, E.1 and and structure of the genome of C. beticola. Poster TRAPPE, J.M.2. 1Dept. Forest Science and 2Dept. Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis OR 97330. FUJIMURA, K.E. and *EGGER, K.N. Dept. Biology, CSAM, Molecular phylogenetics of Gomphus and related genera Univ. Northern BC, Prince George, BC, V2N 4Z9. The impact of inferred from nuclear large, mitochondrial small, and atp6 warming on the mycorrhizal fungal community of a Canadian subunits ribosomal DNA sequences. high arctic site. Phylogenetic relationships of the Gomphales sensu Jülich The impact of global climate change is hypothesized to be and closely related genera were estimated via parsimony more prevalent in arctic than temperate ecosystems. Experi- analysis of the nuclear large, mitochondrial small, and atp6 ments have shown that increase of temperature by the use of subunits ribosomal DNA sequences. Although some nodes open-top chambers (OTCs) has impacted plant growth and deep in the tree could not be fully resolved, some well-sup- phenology. However, data on the impact of global warming on ported lineages were recovered, and the interrelationships the mycorrhizal fungal community are scant. The objective of among Gomphus and Ramaria are better understood. Gomphus this study is to examine the impact of increased air and soil and Ramaria were both recovered as paraphyletic lineages 29 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
within the Gomphales. Three separate lineages of gomphoid ascospores 1-celled, light brown, without germ slits, non- fungi were inferred and were consistent with the presence of amyloid, and smooth-walled as seen by SEM. These charac- clamps and fruiting body morphology (merismatoid vs. teristics place the fungus in the Xylariales (Xylariaceae). caespitose). The sequestrate genus Gautieria was recovered Comparison with published species descriptions indicate that as a paraphyletic group nested within Ramaria, agreeing with it is an undescribed species, and therefore we are proposing a previous observations showing common traits shared new species to accommodate this fungus. Poster between these two ectomycorrhizal fungi. The placements of Clavariadelphus and Kavinia were ambiguous and no final *GORDON, M. and CARTER, M.C. Dept. Biology, Portland conclusions could be presented. In general these results State Univ., Portland, OR 97207. The detection of Tricholoma corroborate prevailing hypotheses that there has been magnivelare in soil using species specific primers. extensive convergence in fruiting body morphology in this In order to understand how ectomycorrhizal fungi interact closely related group of fungi. Contributed Presentation with their environment, we must have a way to monitor their presence underground. In this study we designed and tested a *GONCALVES DA SILVA, E., BARONI, F DE A., RUIZ, L.S., pair of species-specific PCR primers for the ectomycorrhizal AULLER, M.E., GANDRA, R.F., MATSUMOTO, F.E. and fungus Tricholoma magnivelare. All T. magnivelare sporo- PAULA, C.R. Inst. Biomedical Sciences - Univ. Sao Paulo - carps tested with the primers gave a 600 bp PCR amplification Brazil. Extracellular proteinase activity of Cryptococcus product. Other fungi tested with these primers gave no neoformans of recovered samples of lung and brain of mice. amplification product. When an optimized DNA extraction Cryptococcus neoformans, is a yeast pathogen opportunis- procedure was used, the primers also allowed detection of T. tic, etiological agent of the criptococcose. It attacks mainly the magnivelare in multi-genomic DNA extracted from mycorrhizal individuals with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). root samples and soil samples. DNA was extracted from soil Many are the inherent virulence factors to Cryptococcus samples collected from a study site in a matsutake producing neoformans var. neoformans and one of them is the production area in the southern Washington Cascades. PCR using the of the extracellular proteinase. The objective of our work was to specific primers was used to assay for T. magnivelare DNA in evaluate the production of the enzyme of recovered samples of these samples. Using the results of this survey, a GIS will be Lung and Brain of mice that were inoculated by road en- used to map the underground distribution of T. magnivelare in dovenous with isolated strains of you excrete of pigeons no the study site in relation to forest components and some soil producing of proteinase. Identified samples as C. neoformans to characteristics. Contributed Presentation the they be sowed in medium containing dopamina and they present colonies of color marron and no growth in medium *GRAND, E.A., PETERSEN, R.H., HUGHES, K.W. Dept. Mycosel, and the variety neoformans for the little or any Botany, Univ. Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996. Biogeography growth in medium CGB, were cultivated in Agar Sabouraud and species concepts - Lentinus lindquistii is Lentinus dextrose by 24 hours to 32ºC and soon afterwards sowed in tigrinus, a circum-global species. medium Yeast Carbon Base (YCB), added of albumin bovine Lentinus lindquistii (Sing.) Lechner & Alberto (=Pleurotus fraction V and thiamine for the verification of the production of lindquistii Singer) is known only from its type locality in Argentina. the enzyme that was verified by the formation of a halo around Lentinus lindquistii has been separated from L.tigrinus s. s. based of the yeast and enzymatic activity was measured according to on non-inflated generative hyphae and other slight morphological criteria used by Price et al, 1982. In our study the enzyme was differences (i.e. spore size). We employed tester strains of L. produced in 15,4% of the recovered samples of lung and in 18,2% lindquistii and single-basidiospore isolates (SBIs) of L. tigrinus recovered of brain and PZ it varied from 0,20 to 0,66. We Concluded (Bull.: Fr.) from 10 widely scattered geographic locations to ascertain that C. neoformans produces Proteinase in vivo. Poster congruence of morphological, biological, and genetical species concepts. SBIs of L. tigrinus were obtained from fresh material *GONZALEZ, M.C.1, HANLIN, R.T.2, AGUIRRE-ACOSTA, E.1, collected in the field and basidiomata produced in vitro. SBIs from ULLOA, M.1. 1Dept. Botanica, Instituto de Biologia, UNAM, each collection were paired with those of all other collections (n = 4 Mexico DF, 04510, Mexico; 2Dept. Plant Pathology, U Georgia, or 8) to ascertain sexual intercompatibility. Results showed complete Athens GA, 30602. A new species of Xylariaceae from Mexico. compatibility among collections, indicating that all collections An interesting specimen from the State of Puebla was represented the same biological species. Our data demonstrate the located during a reorganization of the Mycology Section of morphological variability of two “taxa” in the L.tigrinus complex. Herbario Nacional de Mexico (MEXU). The fungus was Sequence analysis of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 nrDNA suggests that growing on the dead, fallen limb of an unidentified tree. It has widely scattered geographical populations of the L. tigrinus an upright, cylindrical stroma that is erumpent through the bark, complex are genetically divergent. Although these populations with perithecia immersed in the apex of the stroma; asci have been separated long enough to allow sequence evolution, cylindrical, 8-spored, persistent; paraphyses filiform, persistent; they are still capable of compatible mating. Poster 30 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
*GRUBISHA, L. and BRUNS, T.D. Dept. Plant and Microbial *HALLEN, H.E.1, and ADAMS, G.C.2. 1Dept. Plant Biology; Biology, Univ. California, Berkeley, CA 94720. Channel 2Dept. Plant Pathology, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI Islands biogeography of Rhizopogon. 48824-1312. Studies in Conocybe section Candidae. Rhizopogon is a common hypogeous, ectomycorrhizal The taxonomic affinities of the common lawn-inhabiting fungus that associates with Pinaceae. Spores are primarily mushroom Conocybe lactea and its relatives in Conocybe distributed by foraging animals and are not forcibly discharged. section Candidae are examined, using the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and a Our knowledge of gene flow among Rhizopogon populations is portion of the 28S nuclear ribosomal RNA operon. Phylogenetic limited. To address this limitation we have explored the popula- analyses do not distinguish North American specimens of C. tion biology of Rhizopogon in island and mainland populations, lactea from North American specimens of the morphologically where the ocean provides an effective barrier to animal dis- distinct C. crispa, suggesting that the two may be conspecific. persal. Native pine stands occur on two of the Channel Islands Further support for this inference includes the existence of off of southern California. We are interested in determining 1) intermediate forms with variable gill morphology and spores per which species of Rhizopogon occur on the islands, 2) whether basidium. Both taxa are placed in a different clade than Euro- the same species occur in mainland pine forests, and 3) if there pean specimens of C. lactea. Conocybe lactea was described is gene flow among island and mainland populations of R. from European material. Phylogenetic analyses place the occidentalis. Through soil bioassays and fruit body collec- secotioid taxon Gastrocybe lateritia consistently within tions, we have identified R. occidentalis, R. vulgaris, and R. section Candidae, contradicting the view that Gastrocybe is flavofibrillosus on Santa Cruz Island. We have collected R. synonymous to Galeropsis in the Strophariaceae. Due to the occidentalis on Santa Rosa Island. In the nearest mainland unique etiolated and viscid morphology of G. lateritia and the native pine stand, the primary species identified is an consistent isolation of a bacterium in the Chrysobacterium group undescribed species of R. subg. Amylopogon, but no species from G. lateritia cultures, it is hypothesized that G. lateritia from this subgenus have been identified on the islands. specimens may represent diseased specimens of a Conocybe Preliminary analysis of nrIGS sequences of R. occidentalis from closely related to North American C. lactea/C. crispa. Poster Point Reyes, Mendocino, and the islands suggest that the island populations form a distinct group from the northern HANSEN, E.M. Dept. Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State California populations. Contributed Presentation Univ., Corvallis OR 97331. Fungal invasions of North America. The first humans to arrive in North America, perhaps 20,000 *GUCIN,F. and BUNYARD, B.1 Dept. Biology, Fatih Univ., years ago, undoubtedly brought exotic fungi with them. Some Istanbul, 34900, Turkey; 2Dept. Biology, Ursuline College, fungi may have been carried deliberately, but certainly many Pepper Pike, OH 44124. A comparative account of the more arrived as hitch hikers. Today the story continues, only poisonous mushrooms biodiversity of Turkey and Northeast magnified millions fold, as people and cargo move in the global North America. economy. Most introductions must fail; a few “succeed” Mushroom poisonings are reported every year in Turkey. spectacularly, with devastating consequences to North The primary reason for this is that local persons may be American agriculture and native flora. How many others have unfamiliar with poisonous mushrooms and are unable to arrived unnoticed, and simply blended in to the established distinguish between edible and poisonous mushroom mycoflora? Can we even recognize them? Do we care? Is it species. Eighty eight taxa of poisonous mushrooms occur in possible to predict what fungi will become invasive, and under Turkey. These are listed here together with their locations what conditions? The initial response to economically and and local names as well as poisoning syndromes such as: ecologically damaging introductions was often vigorous, but Phalloides syndrome (ten species, one variety), Muscarine was usually futile. In agriculture high crop values allow syndrome (nine species), Pantherina syndrome (three fungicide and resistance programs and crop production species), Gyromitra syndrome (seven species), Coprinus continues. In forests, however, chestnut blight, white pine blister syndrome (one species), Psilocybin syndrome (four species), rust, and Dutch elm disease continue unabated, 100 or so years after Paxillus syndrome (two species), Gastrointestinal syndrome introductions, although hypovirulence and resistance breeding (31 species). Futhermore, there are cases of mushrooms that programs have recently energized control programs. Eradication of may be poisonous if consumed raw (12 species) and mush- new introductions has worked, and is an important tool where early rooms with suspected constituents (five species), as well as detection gives it a chance. Symposium presentation those reported to be poisonous if consumed with alcoholic drinks (three species). Similar poisoninig accidents have been HAWKINS, L.K. and BRANTLEY, E.A. Penn State Univ., reported from Northeast parts of North America, but are less Mont Alto, PA 17237. Bring a microbe to class! common. This study demonstrates a comparison of these Undergraduate coursework at many institutions has moved findings. Poster away from organism-centered courses (microbiology, botany, zoology) to courses focused on levels of organization 31 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
(molecules and cells, populations and communities). Biology strategies to avoid these responses in host plant species differ at Penn State made this shift several years ago, along with a with different pathogens and, for a model rust fungus, include move from ‘canned’ labs to investigative labs. From our reducing the signaling between the plant cell wall and cytosol, perspective, these curricular shifts have had mixed results. and in a susceptible host genotype, suppressing the transcrip- While students are learning more about how science is done tion of certain plant genes. At this same early stage of infection through the process of creating and conducting their own lab in a resistant genotype, the fungus induces gene transcription projects, it has become a struggle to keep them from over- that appears necessary for the hypersensitive death of the looking microbes entirely. This poster will present some lab invaded cell a few hours after the fungus has entered into the projects that can be used in lower division courses to cell lumen. Symposium presentation introduce students to the exciting world of fungi and other microbes. In addition to helping students approach questions *HEMMES, D.E.1 and DESJARDIN, D.E.2. 1Biology Dept., Univ. scientifically, these projects serve to spark an interest in and Hawaii, Hilo, HI 96720; 2Dept. Biology, San Francisco State appreciation of microbial diversity and ecology. Poster Univ., San Francisco, CA 94132. A preliminary listing of Lepiota from the Hawaiian Islands. HEATH, I.B., GUPTA, G. and TORRALBA, S. Biology Dept., Lepiota are common on lawns, in composted wood chips, York Univ., Toronto, ON M3J 1P3. Membrane flow and cycling in pastures, and in windward, nonnative forests on all the in tip growth. Hawaiian Islands. Chlorophyllum molybdites, Leucocoprinus Hyphal tip growth is a multicomponent system involving fragilissimus, and Lepiota barsii are representative species massive, highly focused exocytosis of Golgi apparatus-derived found on lawns. Leucoagaricus naucinus is wide spread in vesicles contributing both plasma membrane (PM) and cell wall pastures, whereas L. hortensis is found on fairways of golf to the expanding tip. The cytoskeleton is involved in delivery of courses. Lepiota meleagris, L. besseyi, Leucocoprinus vesicles to their sites of exocytosis, but the factors regulating birnbaumii, and L. lilacinogranulosus inhabit wood chip correct fusions are essentially unknown in any hyphae. In other mulch. Vegetation zones where various Lepiota species have organisms, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, appropriate been collected include coastal Casuarina forests, windward fusions between vesicles and their target membranes is valleys dominated by Aleurites moluccana, Mangifera indica, regulated, at least partially, by a family of proteins known as and Pithecellobium saman, and higher elevation Acacia koa SNAREs. We have examined the genomes of Neurospora forests with an understory of Psidium cattleianum. Forest crassa and other hyphal fungi and identified a range of species include Lepiota acutesquamosa, L. castanea, and L. SNAREs similar to those characterized in Saccharomyces fusciceps. The Lepiota collected thus far appear to represent cerevisiae. The characteristics, partial distributions and likely introduced species, but one Cystolepiota is found in native functions of these will be discussed. A related aspect of tip rainforests and may represent a native species. A complete growth is the maintenance of the correct balance between the inventory of Lepiota species collected in Hawaii thus far and synthesis of PM and cell wall. One component of this question their respective habitats will be presented. Poster is the possibility of endocytosis being available to reduce the surface area of PM, should the amount produced exceed that *HENK, D.A. AND VILGALYS, R. Biology Dept., Duke Univ., required to line the expanding cell wall. Previous observations Durham NC 27708. Genetic diversity and structure in on hyphal species have been interpreted to demonstrate Septobasidium curtisii, a fungal symbiont of scale insects. endocytosis, but our observations on Neurospora crassa Septobasidium curtisii lives symbiotically with scale hyphae provide contrary data, suggesting that during normal insects and is common in the southeastern United States. The hyphal growth, endocytosis is not a major factor in the growth fungus forms black colored incrustations over colonies of scale process. Symposium presentation insects infecting some but not all. Hyphae from multiple infected insects fuse to form a single fungal colony. The mode HEATH, M.C. Botany Dept., Univ. of Toronto, ON M5S 1A1. of infection is not known in S. curtisii but in other species of Resistance- and susceptibility-determining interactions Septobasidium it is thought that young insects are infected between biotrophic fungal pathogens and their host or only by fungal spores and the fungi effectively disperse as nonhost plants. spores attached to insects. If this is the case in S. curtisii then Biotrophs such as powdery mildew fungi and the basid- fungal colonies could be composed of multiple genetic iospore-derived stage of rust fungi commonly invade plants individuals derived from numerous single spore infections of directly into epidermal cells. In nonhost plants, penetration scale insects, and limited dispersal would lead to population frequently fails in association with potentially defensive local differentiation at small spatial scales and congruent patterns of responses in and on the plant cell wall. The nature of these genetic structure in host insects. Here we use DNA sequence responses may vary with the type of fungus and may or may data from multiple loci to determine patterns of genetic diversity not involve communication with the cell cytoplasm. Fungal in single colonies and across geographic and host ranges in S. 32 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
curtisii. Sequence data from five loci in single spore isolates *HOFSTETTER, V.1,2, MONCALVO, J.-M.2, CLEMENCON, H.1, show that colonies are composed of a single heterokaryotic and VILGALYS, R.2. 1Dept. Ecology, Univ. Lausanne, CH-1015 individual that produces recombinant spores. Preliminary Lausanne, Switzerland; 2Dept. Biology, Duke Univ., Durham, NC data from collections across the southeastern United States 27708. Multigene phylogeny of the Lyophylleae (Agaricales, indicate that populations of S. curtisii are differentiated at Basidiomycetes). small and large spatial scales and are congruent with host Current classifications of the Lyophylleae and the impor- genetic structure. Contributed presentation tance of siderophilous granulation in the basidia for the classification of agaricoid fungi were evaluated using nucle- *HERR, J.R.1, METHVEN, A.S.2 and MILLER, S.L.1. 1Dept. otide sequence data from both nuclear and mitochondrial Botany, Univ. Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071; 2Dept. Biological ribosomal genes. Results show that the family Entolomataceae Sciences, Eastern Illinois Univ., Charleston, IL 61920. Searching is sister group of a clade composed of the tribes Lyophylleae, for apomorphic characters in the genus Lactarius: which Termitomyceteae and Tricholomateae pro parte. Results also characters support phylogenetic clades for North America? suggest that the Lyophylleae-Termitomyceteae clade is Taxonomy often depends on a suite of characters that may possibly paraphyletic with respect to Tricholomateae. Within not be consistently useful at all levels, even within a single the Lyophylleae, the genera Lyophyllum and Calocybe, and the genus. Many taxonomists have debated the characters used to sections commonly adopted to divide Lyophyllum have all been separate infrageneric taxa in the genus Lactarius. In an effort to found to be artificial. rDNA sequence data identified four main determine useful taxonomic characters for species of North groups within the Lyophylleae that are also supported by American Lactarius, we explored 107 macro- and micromorpho- ecological and/or morphological characters. However, ribosomal logical and ecological characters for cladistic analysis. By genes alone do not completely resolve basal relationships integrating morphological and molecular data sets and mapping between these groups. To further examine natural relationships characters across resultant phylogenies, character importance among these taxa, we are currently producing sequence data from was determined for subgenera and sections found in North several protein coding genes (e.g., ATP6, RPBI and II and EF1- America. While many characters were not taxonomically alpha). Results of separated and combined phylogenetic analyzes significant, others were taxonomically informative. The Subge- using data from these different genes will be presented. Poster nus Plinthogalus was highly supported by pileus cuticle morphology, pileus and stipe pigments, and spore ornamenta- *HOLMES, M.T.1 and LI, C.Y.2. 1Holmes Enviro, 2876 SW tion height. Developed lamellar pseudocystidia, pileus zonations, Westhills Rd., Philomath, OR 97370; 2Forest Service, Forestry and presence of colored latex upon emergence were apomorphic Sciences Laboratory, Corvallis, OR 97331. Fungal Effects: traits for the Section Dapetes. The differentiation between subgen- Multiple roles of soil fungi in early Douglas-Fir Forest and era Tristes and Piperites was not strongly supported by any specific Long-Term Ecological Processes. morphological characters. Taxonomic character importance across Mt. Hebo located in the Oregon Coastal Range has the genus will be discussed. Contributed presentation experienced very slow regeneration after a series of burns during the early 1930’s. An adaptive management program has *HERRERA, J. and STOEV, B. Div. Science, Truman State Univ., been adopted to more fully understand Long-Term Ecological Kirksville MO 63501. Microfungal community structure of Processes (LTEP). In very poorly developed soil the soil biota stored Sporobolus cryptandrus seeds in rodent burrows. are critical to transforming nutrients into plant available forms. Seeds of the desert grass, Sporobolus cryptandrus, are Prior to thinning and replanting treatments, the soil fungal selectively infected by several species of microfungi that biomass was considerably low. Some fungi attached to tree inhabit the burrows of the banner-tailed kangaroo rat roots and parent material demonstrate the ability to solubilize (Dipodomys spectabilis). This infection generally decreases rocks. We found that fungal isolates demonstrated rock the seeds’ viability and ability to germinate within days after weathering ability and the release of nutrients. The numbers of the seeds are stored below ground. Seeds stored by kanga- beneficial nematodes were also low in this poorly developed roo rats in September contain several species of microfungi soil but species richness was very high, possibly indicating an by early October. However, microfungal communities important role of soil nematodes in nutrient cycling processes. inhabiting the endosperm, embryo and pericarp of S. Our future direction is to better understand LTEP after a thinning cryptandrus seeds contained different proportions of a and replanting treatments that include mixed hardwoods and conifer different suite of microfungal species. We suspect that plant species. The density and complexity of soil biota responsible kangaroo rats may be selectively facilitating some species of for belowground processes are being investigated. Poster fungi to infect different anatomical regions of stored seeds, and that these fungi may be able to sterilize the seed and *HORWATH, W.R.1, IDOL, T.W.1, SOUTHWORTH, D.2, increase the palatability and/or nutritional value of the seed. LINDAHL, A.3, SNYDER, S.3, and ALLEN, M.F.3 1Dept. of Contributed Presentation Land, Air and Water Resources, Univ. California, Davis, CA 33 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
95616; 2Dept. Biology, Southern Oregon Univ., Ashland, OR The facility had been vacated for 6 months and failure of a 97520; 3Center for Conservation Biology, Univ. California, sump pump in the mechanical room during this period had Riverside, CA 92521. Comparison of nitrogen isotope signa- resulted in massive fungal growth on various surfaces in the tures of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal fungi associated facility. Air, wipe, contact plate, and bulk samples were collected with oaks. throughout this facility. Very high fungal levels were detected The natural abundance ratio of the stable isotopes of on wipe and bulk samples (106 CFU/in2 and 107 CFU/g, nitrogen (delta 15N/14N) has shown that mycorrhizal fungi respectively). Outdoor fungal levels were 102 CFU/m3 with transfer isotopically depleted N to host plants. Mycorrhizal Cladosporium as the predominant fungi. However, indoor plants in Alaskan deciduous and coniferous forests have lower fungal burden was at least 100 times greater than that of natural abundance values than their associated fungi. Our goal outdoors. The predominant fungi recovered indoors were was to determine whether sporocarps likely to be mycorrhizal Aspergillus (A. versicolor included), Penicillium, and differ from those of saprotrophic fungi. We measured isotopic Stachybotrys chartarum. The facility went through a decon- ratios for sporocarps near Quercus garryana in southern tamination project, which included removal of contaminated Oregon and near Quercus agrifolia in southern California. materials and cleaning of the affected areas. Elevated fungal Natural abundance values in sporocarp tissues ranged from - levels (105 CFU/m3) were detected during removal of fungal 0.23 to 18.56‰ with averages for fleshy fungi, likely to be contaminated materials. Air sampling results after final cleaning mycorrhizal, higher than those from smaller, thinner sporocarps, showed that airborne fungal levels in the facility were similar to likely to be saprotrophic. Natural abundance 15N values for those of outdoors (224 and 230 CFU/m3, respectively). More- Gasteromycetes and Ascomycetes (Tuberales and Pezizales) over, surface fungal burden in this facility was not different from were within the range for those of fleshy fungi. Possible that of a reference building. Symposium presentation explanations for higher 15N values in mycorrhizal fungi include access to different pools of soil nitrogen, transfer of isotopically *IDOL, T.W., HORWATH, W.R., VERDI, E. and LAWR, C. Univ. depleted N to host plants, or enzymatic isotope fractionation California., Davis, CA 95616. A simple method for following within the fungi. This would provide evidence of access to specific 13C and 15N movement in mycorrhizal plants in the field. soil N pools or processing and transport of nitrogen compounds The movement of C and N through mycorrhizal plants has and might help identify mycorrhizal fungi and their function in been extensively studied in the laboratory, however, difficulties accessing soil resources or within mycorrhizal networks. Poster in labeling plants in the field has produced mixed results in determining C and N movement among plants. We present a *HUGHES, K.W. AND PETERSEN, R.H. Dept. of Botany, Univ. simple method for labeling mycorrhizal grasses and forbs in the Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996. Populations of north temper- field simultaneously with C-13 and N-15 to follow C and N ate basidiomycete fungi. movement through mycorrhizal connections. A 1% solution of Clades were identified within several widely distributed dual-labeled urea (90 atom percent C-13, 10 atom percent N-15) biological species of temperate wood-rotting basidiomycete was applied to absorbant paper attached to a 30 x 30 cm flat fungi using DNA sequences of the ribosomal ITS region and acrylic plate. Two plates were then clamped around a narrow RFLP patterns based on these sequences. In North America, row of grasses and forbs in the field and left in place for 3 hours clades corresponded to geographical regions as follows: 1. beginning around sunrise. Care was taken to avoid contamina- Western clade (Pacific coast); 2. Southern clade (Costa Rica, tion of the soil and adjacent plants with the isotope solution. Mexico and the South Western US); 3. East-central clade Movement of the labeled C and N throughout the plant, mycor- (Eastern and Central USA). The Southern and East-central rhizae, soil, and surrounding plants was tracked over the first 5 days clades may represent populations separated by the last ice age and then periodically for the next several weeks. Preliminary results and they overlap in the southeastern US (Georgia and vicinity). suggest this method causes minimal disturbance or harm to the East-central clades are most closely related to European labeled plants, does not significantly alter long-term plant N collections. The Western clade has elements which correspond concentration, and is an effective means for introducing labeled C to an Asian clade. The western desert seems to be an effective and N into mycorrhizal plants in the field. The results of labeling barrier to gene exchange between the Pacific region and the grasses in a California oak-woodland will be presented. Poster central to eastern USA. Contributed presentation *INDERBITZIN, P., HARKNESS, J., and BERBEE, M.L. Dept. HUNG, L.-L. US Public Health Service, Federal Occupational Botany, Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4. Health, Philadelphia PA 19106. Fungal contamination in a Evolution of mating type gene arrangement in the genus recreational facility - a case study. Stemphylium (Ascomycetes). An indoor environmental quality investigation was In this study we are investigating distribution and arrange- initiated in a recreational facility due to onset of employees’ ment of the mating type genes MAT-1 and MAT-2 in 96 isolates health symptoms after a 15-minute exposure in the facility. of the genus Stemphylium. The mating types were assessed 34 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
with primer sets amplifying the diagnostic alpha and HMG addition, an interactive spore and sporocarp “key” based largely on boxes of the MAT-1 and MAT-2 genes respectively. For most of microscopic characteristics is included to aid in sample identifica- the isolates, both MAT-1 and MAT-2 genes could be demon- tion. For these keys, users must evaluate a sequence of characteris- strated. In the genus Cochliobolus, which is closely related to tics to continually narrow the generic choices by a process of Stemphylium, the occurrence of both mating type genes in one elimination. Also included is a brief overview of truffling and truffle isolate is indicative of homothallism. In homothallic species of ecology, as well as a short movie featuring Jim Trappe speaking Cochliobolus, MAT-1 and MAT-2 are arranged in different about his experiences truffling. A demonstration of the features of ways. In Stemphylium, several species are known homothallics, this CD will be given. Contributed presentation including S. vesicarium, and the anamorph of the type species of Pleospora, S. herbarum. MAT-1 and MAT-2 were present in JACOBSON, D.J., DETTMAN, J.R., TURNER, E. PRINGLE, A.J., both S. vesicarium and S. herbarum. The remaining 94 isolates KASUGA, T. and TAYLOR, J.W. Dept. Plant and Microbial included in this study belonged to 17 other species, as well as a Biology, Univ. California, Berkeley, CA 94720. Comparing number of yet undescribed species. For some of these isolates, biological and phylogenetic species recognition in Neurospora. only one mating type gene could be amplified. The distribution We are using Neurospora to provide a benchmark for of mating type genes and their arrangement was mapped into recognizing fungal species. We have compared Biological phylogenetic trees inferred from ITS, partial GPD, and EF-1a Species Recognition (BSR) using mating tests with Phyloge- sequences. We used phylogenetic analyses to investigate whether netic Species Recognition (PSR) using concordance of gene heterothallism or homothallism was the ancestral state in genealogies in a phylogeny of all the conidiating Neurospora Stemphylium, and how many times a switch from homothallism to species. Simultaneously, BSR was examined by crossing N. heterothallism or vice versa occurred. Contributed presentation crassa, N. intermedia, and putative N. crassa/N. intermedia hybrids in an experiment independent of any phylogenetic *IVORS, K.L.1, HAYDEN, K.1, GARBELOTTO, M.1 and RIZZO, results. Mating success from 894 crosses was used to circum- D.M.2. 1Dept. of Environmental Science, Policy and Manage- scribe reproductively isolated groups. Statistical comparisons ment - Ecosystems Science Division, Univ. California, Berkeley, showed a very strong correlation between BSR and PSR with at CA 94720; 2Dept. of Plant Pathology, Univ. California, Davis, least five species within the N. crassa/N. intermedia complex. CA 95616. AFLP analyses of Phytophthora ramorum. However, two important areas of incongruence should be Phytophthora ramorum, the causal agent of Sudden Oak noted. First, in both N. crassa and N. intermedia, two or more Death (SOD), is a newly described species with a relatively phylogenetic species were recognized in a single biological broad host range. It is presumed to be an introduced aggressive species, indicating that genetic isolation can precede reproduc- pathogen in the United States and is responsible for the tive isolation. Second, two biologically recognized species were mortality of at least 3 species of native California oaks (Quercus found in a single N. crassa phylogenetic species, indicating that spp.), and tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflora). Amplified Fragment reproductive isolation can occur before genetic isolation can be Length Polymorphism (AFLP) analyses were conducted to detected. Neither method of species recognition proved determine the genetic variability and sub-structuring of this superior to the other, but when combined, species recognized pathogen isolated from different hosts and locations in North by either method are, in nature, on a trajectory to genetic and America and Europe. Sixty isolates collected from 11 California reproductive isolation and deserving of the species rank. Poster and Oregon counties and 8 host species were compared with isolates collected from Germany and The Netherlands. The *JACOBSON, K.M. and JACOBSON, P.J. Dept. Biology, results and implications of these population analyses will be Grinnell College, Grinnell IA 50112. The effects of flood fre- discussed. Contributed presentation quency on mycorrhizal associations of Populus fremontii var. wislizenii in dryland riparian forests. *JACOBS, K.M., CASTELLANO, M. CAZARES, E., LUOMA, Flood regimes in dryland rivers have been severely altered D.L., and TRAPPE, J.M. Dept. Forest Science, Oregon State by levees and dams, dramatically affecting the integrity of Univ., Corvallis OR 97331. The truffle-like fungi of North riparian forests. Our studies along 3 rivers in southwestern NM Temperate forests. address the ecological importance of flooding and, as a part of This multimedia CD is a new digital guide produced to aid this effort, we are examining riparian mycorrhizal communities. mycologists in identifying truffles and truffle-like fungi to the The relative distributions of AM and EM associations with P. genus level. Learning to identify the spores or sporocarps of fremontii var wislizenii have been characterized at sites truffle-like fungi strictly from the literature or from black and experiencing frequent (every 1-2 years) or infrequent (>10 white photographs is a difficult task. This CD provides years) flooding on the Gila and Mimbres Rivers (unaltered flow hundreds of high-resolution color images of representative regimes) and the Rio Grande (highly regulated flow regime). spores and sporocarps as well as a written description for each Under natural flow conditions, EM colonization predominated of the 99 truffle-like genera found in North Temperate forests. In at sites that flood frequently, whereas AM colonization was 35 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
significantly greater at sites that flood infrequently. In contrast, there JUMPPONEN, A., NEISES, D.N. and JOHNSON, L.C. Div. was no significant difference in colonization levels between the Rio Biology, Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS 66506. Soil and Grande sites within the levee (frequently or infrequently flooding). rhizosphere fungal communities in tallgrass prairie charac- All had significantly higher levels of EM colonization than a site terized by PCR and downstream cloning. outside the levee that has not flooded for >50 years. EM coloniza- To assess fungal communities in soil and rhizosphere, 24 tion levels were also significantly greater on the Rio Grande than at cores were sampled (Konza Prairie Biological Station, Manhat- any of the sites on the two unregulated rivers. We propose that the tan, KS). DNA was extracted from roots and soils, and a ca. 800- critical effect of altered flow regimes on mycorrhizal communities is a bp fragment of fungal small subunit of the ribosomal RNA gene change in soil texture, affecting moisture dynamics and nutrient was PCR-amplified. The amplicons were cloned and different availability. Contributed presentation RFLP phenotypes sequenced. Root samples yielded 83 (49 ascomycetous, 27 basidiomycetous and 7 zygomycetous) and *JAMES, T.Y. and VILGALYS, R. Dept. Biology, Duke Univ., soil samples 99 sequences (1 chytridiomycetous, 63 ascomycet- Durham NC 27708. The mating-type loci of Pleurotus djamor: ous, 30 basidiomycetous and 4 zygomycetous). The 182 cloning and allelic polymorphism. sequences had divergence > 2% suggesting that they are Mating in tetrapolar hymenomycetes is controlled by two distinct taxa. Ascomycetes represented a wide variety of orders unlinked loci, termed A and B mating-type loci. Surveys of (90–100% similar to Chaetothyriales, Dothideales, Erysiphales, mating-type in natural populations of Pleurotus spp. have Eurotiales, Helotiales, Hypocreales, Onygenales, suggested that these fungi may have a unique organization of Ophiostomatales, Pezizales, Phyllachorales, Pleosporales, mating-type loci. Unlike many mushroom species, Pleurotus Saccharomycetales, Sordariales, and Xylariales in GenBank). spp. have a lower diversity of A mating-types than B mating- Basidiomycetes represented mainly Agaricales and types. Furthermore, while it is clear that the B mating-type locus Cantharellales (95–99% similar to Tricholomataceae, is comprised of two subunits, alpha and beta, the A mating-type Entolomataceae, and Clavariaceae in GenBank). Zygomycetes locus may consist of only a single subunit. In this study, we use represented Glomales and Mucorales (92–99% similarity). On a positional based approach to partially clone and sequence the A this level of resolution (approximating order level), few cloned and B loci in the pantropical mushroom Pleurotus djamor. We sequences were specific to roots or soils. This method allows report on the polymorphism at the mating-type loci using genetic broad characterization of fungal communities in environmental crosses and PCR and entertain the hypothesis that Pleurotus samples on a gross taxonomic level but its use may be fairly djamor has an unusual A mating-type organization. Poster limited in testing explicit hypotheses. Symposium presentation
JONESON, S.L. University of Washington. Determining KAMINSKYJ, S.1, SNOOK, L.2, MA, H.2 and DAHMS, T.2. species pairs and sister taxa in the Ramalina almquistii 1Dept Biology, Univ Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK S7N 5E2; species complex. 2Dept Chemistry, U Regina, Regina SK S4S 0A2. Fine structure The Ramalina almquistii complex of four lichenized fungal of Aspergillus nidulans hypA1 morphogenetic mutant walls species are defined by a small yellowish-green fistulose thallus grown at 28° and 42°. and saxicolous habit. Members include R. almquistii Vain., R. At 28° Aspergillus nidulans hypA1 has wildtype growth rjabuschinskii Savicz, R. scoparia Vain., and a terricolous form. producing narrow tubular hyphae, but at 42° its growth is non- In addition, R. scoparia is the only member that completely polarized leading to wide, tapered cells. TEM shows that 42° lacks ascoma, pycnidia and meiospores, instead producing hypA1 walls are four-fold thicker than 28°, with thickness asexual diaspores. The differences between members are further increasing in subapical regions. This is most noticeable after blurred by morphological plasticity, and shared secondary downshift from 42° to 28°. The 42° hypA1 growth pattern chemistry that once divided them definitively. Interspecific implies its walls remain plastic, whereas subapical walls of relationships were determined by constructing phylogenetic wildtype hyphae are expected to be inextensible. Can a trees from nuclear ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer difference between 28° and 42° walls of hypA1 strains be regions (ITS), and beta-tubulin sequences. Samples of all four detected at the wall surface? hypA1 mutants were prepared for members were taken from throughout their sympatric range. The cryo-SEM after growth at 28°, 42° or downshift. Surprisingly, ITS tree supports R. almquistii and R. scoparia as a species pair. the wall surface was similar for all three growth regimes: a finely The beta-tubulin tree supports R. almquistii as a monophyletic pebbled texture, and no evidence of stretching or insertion of clade, but cannot resolve the sister taxa. Unlike other phylogenetic additional material at 42°. However, even cryo-SEM might not studies of lichenized species pairs, a combined data set of the two fully reveal the living surface. Atomic force microscopy gene regions give strong support for R. almquistii and R. scoparia depends on interactions between a probe and a surface to as independent species and sister taxa. This combined with the lack create a topographical map. Unlike SEM, AFM surfaces needn’t of sequence divergence within R. almquistii suggests that it is be gold-coated, likely improving resolution. AFM can also give synonymous with R. rjabuschinskii and the terricolous form. Poster chemical information about the surface, and potentially can 36 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
monitor dynamic changes as a fungal hypha grows past a fixed being conducted on seeds of P. andromedea. Seeds from scan point. Here we show that AFM images show the same plants growing on R. arctostaphyli are being tested sepa- growth textures in fixed cell hypA1 walls as are seen with cryo- rately from seeds from plants associated with R. salebrosus in SEM. Contributed presentation order to determine if maternal mycorrhizal association affects seed germination. Contributed presentation *KEIRLE, M.1, HEMMES, D.E.2, and DESJARDIN, D.E.1. 1Dept. Biology, San Francisco State Univ., San Francisco, CA 94132; *KENNEDY, P.G., IZZO, A., and BRUNS, T.D. Dept. Plant & 2Biology Dept., Univ. Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720. Diversity of Microbial Biology, Univ. California, Berkeley CA 94720. the coprini of the Hawaiian Islands. Common mycorrhizal networks and host specificity patterns More than twenty species of coprophilous and lignicolous in a mixed evergreen California forest. members of the genus Coprinus sensu lato have been collected To investigate patterns of mycorrhizal host specificity in a within the Hawaiian Archipelago. Preliminary identification of mixed evergreen California forest, we sampled the mycorrhizal collections was made using macroscopic and microscopic community in three adjacent Douglas fir-tanoak stands on Mt. basidome features, habit, and ecology. Dung collections were Tamalpais. Eighteen 10 x 30 cm cores (six per site) were collected made using moist chamber techniques to fruit coprini from cow, and mycorrhizal root tips were identified using molecular horse, and goat dung. The most common dung inhabiting taxa techniques (PCR, RFLP, and DNA sequencing of the rDNA ITS include: Coprinus cordisporus, C. sterquilinus, Coprinopsis region). We found 168 unique RFLP types, 88 specific to cothurnata, C. pseudoradiata, C. stercorea, and Coprinellus Douglas fir, 58 specific to tanoak, and 22 associated with both pellucidus. Wood-rotting coprini were collected from wood hosts. Only 39 of the RFLP types were encountered in multiple chip piles and from fallen logs and include: Coprinopsis cores; 14 specific to Douglas fir, three specific to tanoak, and 22 cinerea, C. lagopus, Coprinellus curtus, C. disseminatus, C. associated with both hosts. Of the species for which host micaceus, C. radians, and C. truncorum. An unidentified specificity could be determined (those encountered more than species in Stirps Friesii is common and widespread on a variety once), multi-host fungi had the highest frequency and abundance. of monocot substrata including banana and Heliconia stumps For the 22 RFLP types associated with both hosts, 13 were present and coconut fronds and infructescenses. Several grassland and on both hosts within at least one core. This suggests Douglas fir sand-dwelling coprini were collected including Parasola plicatilis. and tanoak may be connected by common mycorrhizal networks in A member of the genus Podaxis, a xerophytic Coprinus comatus the field. Additionally, our results indicate that multi-host species ally, is also common in arid regions of the islands. Poster may be more abundant than host-specific species in a mixed evergreen California forest. Contributed presentation *KEMP, J.L., BRUNS, T.D., and BIDARTONDO, M.I. Dept. Plant & Microbial Biology, Univ. California, Berkeley, CA 94720. *KERRIGAN, J.L., STONE, J.K., and CAPITANO, B. Dept. Specificity of seed germination in the epiparasitic plants Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis OR Sarcodes sanguinea and Pterospora andromedea in response 97331. Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii infection, colonization, to fungi in the genus Rhizopogon. and pseudothecial development: Unique characteristics and The epiparasitic plants Sarcodes sanguinea and implications on host-pathogen interactions. Pterospora andromedea are non-photosynthetic and obtain Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii, causal organism of Swiss carbon from green plants through a shared mycorrhizal fungus. needle cast, is known only to infect Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga The association between epiparasite and fungus is highly menziesii). The fungus colonizes needles both epiphytically specific. In nature, S. sanguinea is found in association with a and internally. Ascospore germ tubes enter through stomata, single species of fungus, Rhizopogon ellenae, while P. developing into hyphae that grow intercelullarly; penetration andromedea associates with either Rhizopogon salebrosus or through cell walls has not been observed. Intercellular hyphae Rhizopogon arctostaphyli. These three species of Rhizopogon are often appressed or adhered to internal cell walls, and hyphal are members of section Amylopogon. Previous research has tip swellings have been observed. Although no anamorph is shown that seeds of either epiparasitic plant will germinate if known, the appearance of distinctive phialide-like cells has put in contact with a fungus belonging to Amylopogon, and will been observed directly under stomata. These cells give rise to not germinate if placed on a fungus from outside the genus spherical pseudothecial initials, which subsequently occlude Rhizopogon. The purpose of this research was to determine if the stomata, push through the cuticular wax, and extend above germination can occur on Rhizopogon species that are not in the needle surface. A large proportion of these pseudothecial section Amylopogon. S. sanguinea germinated on all three of initial cells germinate, producing hyphae that grow on the the Amylopogon species tested, but failed to germinate on needle surface, fusing with hyphae or growing to stomata and species outside section Amylopogon. Thus, germination is pseudothecia. Epiphytic growth continues beyond section specific but shows a lower degree of specificity than pseudothecial maturation, heavily colonizing needle surfaces. adult S. sanguinea plants. A similar experiment is currently This epiphytic proliferation and lack of intracellular penetration 37 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
suggest the fungus gains its nutrition from the apoplast. It is wood wafer (6.5 mm/day) at 25°C. The fungus produced believed that disease symptoms, which include chlorosis, perithecia on MEA from a single spore, suggesting that it is premature needle abscission, and growth loss, are due to a homothallic species. We amplified the full length of ITS rDNA reduction in productivity by the physical blockage of stomata. regions and partial beta-tubulin gene by PCR and sequenced Contributed presentation the amplicons. Sequence comparison through DNA database search showed that the fungus had high sequence homology *KERRIGAN, J.L.1, STONE, J.K.1, and MANTER, D.K2. 1Dept. with known Ophiostoma fungi. The details of its physiology Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis OR and phylogenetic analyses will be further discussed. Poster 97331 USA,2 USDA Forest Service, PNW Research Station, Corvallis OR 97331. Distribution of Phaeocryptopus KING, E.L.1, JUMPPONEN, A.1, HERRERA, J.2 and KRAMER, gaeumannii, causal organism of Swiss needle cast, and its C.L.1. 1Kansas State Univ., Div. Biology, Manhattan, KS 66506; effects on carbon dioxide flux in a natural forest ecosystem. 2Div. Science, Truman State Univ., Kirksville, MO 63501. Swiss needle cast is a foliar disease of Douglas-fir Sampling and PCR-detection of fungi in indoor air. (Pseudotsuga menziesii) caused by Phaeocryptopus Fungal spores are well-known allergens and respiratory gaeumannii. The fungus is endemic to the Pacific Northwest irritants. An integral aspect to determine indoor air quality is where it commonly occurs with little apparent detrimental effect. enumeration and identification of the airborne spores. We In the coastal forests and plantations, however, an epidemic has describe a cyclone sampler, which allows collection of a dry- occurred for about the last twelve years. Visual symptoms of deposit particle sample and estimation of particle numbers in the disease are chlorosis and defoliation, and it is believed that volumetric air samples. We are currently testing different the major impact of P. gaeumannii is due to the physical sampler configurations and estimating sampling efficiency with blockage of stomata by the pseudothecia. To gain a better respect to particle size. Our preliminary data indicate that the understanding of the distribution and physiological impacts of sampler collects > 99 % of large particles (estimated by pine the pathogen under natural conditions, investigations are being pollen; 40-100 µm in size) but has lesser efficiency for smaller carried out at an inland site, the Wind River Experimental Forest particles (estimated by Lycoperdon sp. spores; 3-6 µm in size). in Washington. Using an 87-meter tall canopy crane, detailed Using indoor air samples, we have also tested different DNA investigations are being made in an old-growth stand at the extraction methods, which rely on beating tissue samples with Wind River Canopy Crane Research Facility. Fungal biomass either ceramic beads or shearing particles. Commercially and incidence are being measured in relation to stand, tree, and available UltraClean extraction system (Molecular Biology needle age and canopy position by means of TaqMan real-time Laboratories Inc., Carlsbad, CA) consistently outperformed PCR and pseudothecial counts. Stomatal conductance and gas other methods. We are currently processing these environmen- exchange rates are being measured in young (25 years old) and tal samples further and will estimate detection levels by PCR old-growth (500 years old) trees across a range of infection levels and/or nested PCR, identify fungi from mixed populations of and canopy positions to better understand the dynamic relationship PCR products by sequencing, and assess congruence between between the quantity of P. gaeumannii in the foliage, gas exchange pure culture and PCR estimates. Symposium presentation rates, and disease symptoms. Contributed presentation KJOLLER, R.1 and *BRUNS, T.D.2 1Dept. Mycology, Univ. *KIM, J.-J., KIM, S.H., BREUIL, C.1 and KIM, G.-H.2 1Dept. of Copenhagen, DK-1353 Copenhagen, Denmark; 2Dept. Plant and Wood Science, Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4. Microb. Biol., Univ. California, Berkeley, CA, 94720. Spatial 2Dept. Forest Resources and Environmental Sciences, Korea patterns in Rhizopogon spore bank communities in California Univ., Seoul 136-701, Korea. Characterization of an pine forests. Ophiostoma fungus causing deep brown-stain in pines. We have sampled spatial variation in Rhizopogon A fungus causing deep brown-stain in logs and lumber was sporebank communities in California pine forests. Four of the isolated from Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis during a five sites were located in isolated forests of coastal Pinus 2000-2001 survey of sapstain fungi in Korea. The fungus was muricata, and one was located in a Pinus ponderosa forest in found to be the most commonly occurring sapstain species in the southern Sierra Nevada Mountains. Coastal locations the two tree species. The fungus was considered as an sampled most of the natural range of Pinus muricata, and Ophiostoma species since it grew on malt extract media distances between sites varied from 65 to 500 km. Within each amended with cycloheximide and produced dark perithecia with site soil was collected from four plots 10, 100, and 1000 m apart. neck. This fungus was distinguished from other Ophiostoma Soils were then bioassayed by growing Pinus muricata species by a Phialocephala-like anamorph, which has seedlings in them for 6 to 8 months. A total of 173 Rhizopogon conidiogenous cells (phialides) including collarette. On MEA cultures were isolated from mycorrhizal root tips; these were the fungus produced reddish dark brown mycelia that mostly screened by ITS RFLP and identified by ITS sequence analysis. immersed. The fungus grew fast both on MEA (12 mm/day) and Members of all the major pine-associated sections were 38 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
represented within the isolates. Each site yielded two to six saprophytic species found are widely distributed and similar to Rhizopogon species groups. In some sites species composi- those found in other habitats in western North America. tion was similar among all four plots, but in others composi- Symposium presentation tion differed widely between plots. Principal components analysis showed that plots within a site were usually KUHRTS, A.M.1, HUANG, J.K.2, *GESSNER, R.V.1, and clustered, and that composition of the Sierra Nevada site was KEUDELL, K.C.1. 1Dept. Biological Sciences, 2Dept. Chemistry, more similar to Northern Coastal sites than to Southern sites Western Illinois Univ., Macomb, IL 61455. Metal ions enhance that were geographically closer. R. occidentalis and R. the bioconversion of oleic acid to hydroxyoctadecenoic and evadens, the most widespread species, were found in four of dihydroxyoctadecenoic acids by Kluyveromyces marxianus and the five sites. Members of the R. arctostaphyli clade often Pseudomonas aeruginosa. showed endemic sequence variants. Contributed presentation Oleic acid is biotransformed in a synergistic fermentation with Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL Y-8281 and Pseudomo- *KLICH, M.A., CARY, J.W., BELTZ, S.B. and BENNETT, C.A. nas aeruginosa (WIU-JS) to 7-hydroxy-8-octadecenoic acid USDA/ARS Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans after 12 hours incubation and 7, 10 dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic LA 70124. A molecular comparison of aflatoxin/ acid after 24 hours incubation. It has been determined from thin sterigmatocystin biosynthetic pathways of four Aspergillus layer chromatography that a substance from K. marxianus species. enhances the bioconversion of oleic acid with P. aeruginosa. The genes for biosynthesis of the mycotoxins aflatoxin This substance is likely not a protein since the activity still (AF) and sterigmatocystin (ST) are both clustered and are occurred after heat treatment. When the whole cells of the yeast similar in structure and function. However, for A. parasiticus were subjected to sonification, however, the biotransformation and A. nidulans, which produce AF and ST respectively, the did not take place. It has been found that treatment with Triton arrangement of the genes in the cluster is different and the X100 and lysozyme is a more gentle method for breaking cells. amino acid sequence of the individual genes can be quite Tests have shown that the addition of EDTA to Triton treated different. Two species not closely related morphologically to A. yeast cells inhibits the bioconversion of oleic acid. These parasiticus produce AF, A. ochraceoroseus and A. results suggest that a metal ion, made available by K. venezuelense. The order of the genes in the A. ochraceoroseus marxianus, acts as a cofactor for the enzyme responsible for cluster is more similar to that of A. nidulans than A. parasiticus. bioconversion of oleic acid by P. aeruginosa. Poster Within genes, the % amino acid sequence similarity of A. ochraceoroseus to A. parasiticus or A. nidulans was roughly *LANDIS, F., GARGAS, A. and GIVNISH, T. Botany Dept., equivalent to that of A. parasiticus to A. nidulans, except for Univ. Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706. The plant tree, roots and the regulatory gene aflR, for which the A. ochraceoroseus to A. clades: Mycorrhizae and plant phylogeny. nidulans similarity level was twice that of A. parasiticus to A. Most plants obtain at least some nutrients through hyphae of nidulans. DNA of A. venezuelense probed with genes of the mycorrhizal fungi, and these symbioses appear to date back to the other three species did not hybridize at all to some of the genes, early days of plants’ land colonization. Since then, several mycor- but when hybridization occurred, it was stronger with genes rhizal types have evolved, each type allowing exploitation of from A. ochraceoroseus and A. nidulans than those from A. different nutrient pools and habitats, yet limiting the symbionts’ parasiticus. These data indicate that the AF biosynthetic ranges to areas of mutual occurrence. As mycorrhizae play pathways for A. ochraceoroseus and A. venezuelense are more important roles in community and ecosystem ecology, understand- closely related to that of the ST-producer A. nidulans than to ing the evolution of different mycorrhizal states allows researchers the AF-producer A. parasiticus. Poster to connect plant evolution, community and ecosystem ecology. Recent substantial advances in our understanding of plant *KROPP, B.R.1 and HUTCHINSON, L.J.2 1Dept. Biology, Utah phylogeny and mycorrhizae in general prompted a re-evaluation of State Univ., Logan, Utah 84322; 2Dept. Botany, Univ. Manitoba, previously published reports. We mapped available mycorrhizal Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2. The mycorrhizal status of Cercocarpus data onto current phylogenetic models of the plant kingdom. The and a preliminary assessment of its associated mycoflora. resulting trees show some interesting patterns, such as a concentra- Cercocarpus is a small genus of woody shrubs in the tion of ectomycorrhizae in the Eurosids, and they also reveal Rosaceae that occurs in semi-arid regions of western North significant gaps in our knowledge. The trees, overlays, and America. Although drought frequently hampers mycological evolutionary commentary are available on the web (http:// work in these areas, nearly a decade of collecting has begun to www.wisc.edu/botit/MPP/Index.htm) to provide a practical tool for yield information on the macrofungi associated with teaching about mycorrhizae to systematists and ecologists of all Cercocarpus woodlands. C. ledifolius has been shown to form levels. These comparative data also provide suggestions for future ectomycorrhizae and a number of its putative mycorrhizal research leading to elucidation of the biological mechanisms associates appear to be unique. On the other hand, most of the underlying evolution of these symbioses. Poster 39 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
*LANSING, J.L. and ALLEN, M.F. Univ. California, CA 92521. the evaluation. This PCR-based assay enables detection of of P. Mycorrhizal fungi of Pinyon pine and Juniper in central New sclerotioides from alfalfa root tissue and in soil samples in a Mexico. single day, including extraction of DNA, compared to standard Mycorrhizal fungi are important components of the arid and methods that require up to 60 days for identification using nutrient limited Pinyon pine and Juniper ecosystem. The artificial media. Contributed presentation arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) of Juniperus monosperma, and the ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) of Pinus edulis, were moni- *LARSEN, R.C.1, VANDEMARK, G.J.1, HOLLINGSWORTH, tored for three years under ambient and nitrogen fertilized C.R.2, GRITSENKO, M.A.3, and GRAY, F.A.2. 1USDA-ARS, (100kgN/ha/yr) conditions at the Sevilleta, LTER in New Prosser WA; 2Dept. Plant Science, Univ. Wyoming, Laramie Mexico. Mean percent AM colonization varied significantly WY; 3Dept. Plant Pathology, Washington State Univ., Pullman with date (1998=73% > 2000=43% > 1999=19%; p<.01). Fertilized WA. PCR-based SCAR markers for the detection and plots had greater colonization in 1999 (26% vs. 11%, for identification of Phoma sclerotioides, the cause of brown root fertilized vs. control respectively; p=”.06).” ECM tips per meter rot disease of alfalfa. root varied significantly with year (1998=”90,” 1999=”158,” Brown root rot of forage legumes is caused by the soilborne 2000=”80;” p<.01). Fertilized plots had lower mean ECM fungal organism Phoma sclerotioides. The disease has caused colonization (63) than control plots (95) in August 2000 severe mortality rates in alfalfa crops grown in southwest (p=”.04).” However, the opposite appeared to be true in plots Wyoming. In order to circumvent the lengthy process required where water was most limiting due to shallow, rocky soil. Here for proper identification of the pathogen, a fast and efficient fertilization tended to increase colonization (88 vs. 58 in 1998 method using DNA sequence characterized amplified regions (p=”.2)” and 188 vs. 119 in 1999 (p=”.15)” for fertilized vs. (SCARs) was developed. Initially, five RAPD primers amplified control; respectively). ECM tips from Pinyon pine were sampled products in PCR reactions specific to 19 isolates of P. for molecular analysis of ITS region in August 2000. The sclerotioides. SCAR primer pair PSB12 designed from a resulting 499 diversity of ECM was low at the scale of an individual tree (5-7 RAPD sequence amplified a 499 bp product specific to P. RFLP types) but cumulative richness increased as more trees sclerotioides but no product was produced from P. medicaginis or were added. Eight trees within a 30x30m area had an average of P. betae. A 499 bp amplification product was also produced from 20-25 types and 6 plots (48 trees) collectively had 65 RFLP root tissue known to be infected with the fungus as verified by types. Contributed presentation microscopic examination. A similar PCR product was obtained from soil samples collected from fields with an established infection of of LARSEN, R.C.1, VANDEMARK, G.J.1, HOLLINGSWORTH, P. sclerotioides on alfalfa. The SCAR primer pair did not amplify C.R.2, GRITSENKO, M.A.3 and GRAY, F.A.2. 1USDA-ARS, products in other soilborne root rotting microorganisms included as Prosser, WA; 2Dept. Plant Science, Univ. Wyoming, Laramie controls in the evaluation. This PCR-based assay enables detection WY; 3Dept. Plant Pathology, Washington State Univ., Pullman of of P. sclerotioides from alfalfa root tissue and in soil samples in a WA. Development of PCR-based SCAR markers for the single day, including extraction of DNA, compared to standard detection and identification of Phoma sclerotioides, the cause methods that require up to 60 days for identification using artificial of brown root rot disease of alfalfa. media. Contributed presentation Brown root rot of forage legumes is caused by the soilborne fungal organism Phoma sclerotioides. The disease has caused *LEACOCK, P.R.1, MUELLER, G.M.1, SCHMIT, J.P.2 and severe mortality rates in alfalfa crops grown in southwest MURPHY, J.F.3. 1Dept. Botany, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL Wyoming. In order to circumvent the lengthy process required 60605; 2Dept. Plant Biology, Univ. Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; for proper identification of the pathogen, a fast and efficient 3Deep Springs College, HC 72 Box 45001, Dyer, NV 89010. method using DNA sequence characterized amplified regions Effects of prescribed burning on macrofungi in an oak (SCARs) was developed. Initially, five RAPD primers amplified woodland community near Chicago, IL. products in PCR reactions specific to 19 isolates of P. Management techniques, such as removal of invasive sclerotioides. SCAR primer pair PSB12 designed from a species and burning, are used to restore native plant communi- resulting RAPD sequence amplified a 499499 bp product specific to ties. Little is known about the effects on fungi during restora- P. sclerotioides but no product was produced from P. tion of natural communities. Six years of quantitative data on medicaginis or P. betae. A 499 bp amplification product was the diversity and abundance of macrofungi have been obtained also produced from root tissue known to be infected with the from four 0.1 ha plots of native oak woodland. The sites are rich fungus as verified by microscopic examination. A similar PCR in macrofungi with a list growing past 300 taxa. A third are product was obtained from soil samples collected from fields ectomycorrhizal, primarily associated with the white and red with an established infection of of P. sclerotioides on alfalfa. oaks. To examine the initial impact of fire on the fungal commu- The SCAR primer pair did not amplify products in other nity, data from an actively managed site (3 yrs baseline, 3 yrs soilborne root rotting microorganisms included as controls in treated) are being compared with those from an equivalent, 40 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
nearby site that is not being managed. Initial findings show growth rate, and sequencing ribosomal DNA, or/and beta several fungi with marked differences in occurrence following tubulin genes. We confirmed that Ophiostoma clavigerum and two spring burns. The wood saprobe Pholiota polychroa is O. montium were frequently associated with D. ponderosae and clearly pyrophilous, with a surprising increase in fruiting each wood. We also have found Leptographium species and other year on downed branches in burned areas, and unobserved in fungal isolates, which need to be further identified. Once unburned sites. Armillaria gallica, a weak pathogen and isolates are identified, their physiological characters including saprobe, displayed a dramatic increase in fruiting in a plot virulence will be also examined. Poster having many killed invasive shrubs. We see no deleterious impact on macrofungi based on observations of fruiting. We *LIM, Y.W., LEE, J.S., SUNG, H.Y., RYU, C.S., and JUNG, H.S. anticipate that reduced shrub cover and increased oak regenera- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, tion will promote greater fungal diversity as the woodland Korea. Phylogenetic analysis of Phellinus linteus and related becomes more diverse in age structure. Contributed presentation taxa based on ITS sequences. Phellinus linteus has been famous for its anti-tumor *LEBEL, T.1 and CLARIDGE, A.W.2. 1Royal Botanic Gardens activity and has been treated as an important herb medicine in Melbourne, South Yarra 3141 VIC; 2NSW National Parks and Korea. For its medicinal value, this fungus has been sold at Wildlife Service, 6 Rutledge St., Queanbeyan 2620 NSW. The high prices and mushroom-growers tried to cultivate it for effects of disturbance (logging) on food resources (hypogeal commercial purpose. However, P. linteus was originally fungi) of the long-footed potoroo. described from Nicaragua and is distributed in tropical and The rare and endangered long-footed potoroo (Potorus subtropical regions. Dai recently revealed that the Asian longipes) is a specialist, consuming a large diversity and fungus was in fact P. baumii, a fungus closely related to P. quantity of truffle-like fungal fruit bodies all year round. Studies linteus. Due to the need of accurate identification for these of Victorian populations suggest that the long-footed potoroo species, ITS sequences of three Trichaptum species for will utilise second growth forests, though mature, multi-aged outgroups and sixty one specimens of 21 Phellinus species for forests are the preferred habitat. However several studies from ingroups were analyzed using the parsimony assay. Phellinus North America and Australia suggest that re-growth forests linteus and P. baumii formed a monophyletic clade and were have a lower diversity and abundance of truffle-like fungi. The intermingled one another. However, P. linteus collected from multi-age, patchwork of logging compartments in the South subtropical to tropical regions formed a genetically long East Forests National Park, New South Wales provide an ideal distance from the main clade of the P. linteus complex, which site for closer examination of the effects of disturbance on was fully supported by the bootstrap value of 100%. Phyloge- truffle-like fungal diversity and species composition post netic analysis showed that the P. linteus complex consisted of logging. Three different regeneration age classes (5-10 yrs, 15- eight clades on the basis of its geographical and cultivational 20 yrs and +100 yrs) and two vegetation types (Silvertop Ash origins and suggested that P. baumii and P. linteus are in the and Monkey-Gum dominated) were examined. Results from two process of geographical speciation. Poster autumn and two spring samplings will be presented. Implica- tions for management of food resources of the long-footed *LINDAHL, A.E.1, EGERTON-WARBURTON, L.M.1, BLEDSOE, potoroo will be discussed. Symposium presentation C.S.2, SOUTHWORTH, D.3, RIZZO, D.M.2, and ALLEN, M.F.1. 1Univ. California, Riverside CA 92521; 2Univ. California, Davis *LEE, S., KIM, S.H., KIM, J.-J., and BREUIL, C. Dept. Wood CA 95616; 3Southern Oregon Univ. Ashland OR 97520. Shifting Science, Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4. connections: The succession of ecto- and arbuscular mycor- Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with Mountain Pine Beetle. rhizal networks on seedlings of three oak species. In British Columbia, Mountain Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus Some oak species show the surprising capacity of hosting ponderosae) currently affects 5.7 hectares of forest and the both ecto- and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and might total value of timber at risk is estimated at 12.5 billion dollars. thus, over time, form associations with fungi of differing The beetle feeds on tree phloem and carries fungi. The fungi function. In this study, we observed that oak seedlings stain the sapwood and disrupt the transportation of water to establishing among AM grasses are usually colonized with AM the crown of trees, which accelerate tree death. The stained- fungi. In contrast, seedlings that establish under a mature oak wood has a reduced value. Although a fair amount of informa- canopy become colonized with ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi, the tion has been gathered about the Mountain Pine Beetle many preferred mycorrhizal partner. This trend was observed in three questions remain unresolved about the pathogenicity and oak species (Quercus agrifolia, Q. garryana, and Q. douglasii) diversity of the fungi. In this study, we will present the result of transplanted into a southern Californian oak (Q. agrifolia) a fungal survey carried in 2001 across BC at the following sites: ecosystem. Seedlings planted into the grassland showed low Willams Lake, Princeton, Anahim Peak and Kamloops. Fungal EM and AM similarity with those planted under established isolates are identified by examining morphological characters, oaks, while seedlings under the canopy shared their mycorrhizal 41 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
communities with mature trees. The morphotyping results deep in Dennis’s collection. This raises the question: what is M. indicated a high similarity of EM fungi among neighboring margarita sensu Dennis? A gelatinous subhymenium, spore oaks, and these trends were confirmed with RFLP analysis. dimensions, and inflated cheilocystidia are consistent with M. Our results suggest that oaks seedlings transplanted into a subepipterigia, which Murrill also described from Jamaica, but grassland ecosystem largely failed to link into the mycorrhizal the narrow gelatinous pellicle in Dennis’ collection excludes networks of the mature oaks, and thereby failed to benefit that species. Mycena chlorinosma Sing., described from Costa from these shared fungal connections. Additionally, the Rica, resembles Dennis’ Venezuelen taxon except for the strong diversity and identity of mycorrhizae associated with chlorine odor, a thicker gelatinous pellicle, and a non-costate transplanted seedlings appeared to be regulated by position basal cup. Mycena chlorophorus also resembles Dennis’ of planting, and not by any preferential differences between collection and is reported from S. America, but it differs in odor the three oaks species. Contributed presentation and microscopic features. A recent, inodorous collection by AS from Venezuela resembles Dennis’ collection, but has larger spores, *LINDEMUTH, R. and LUMBSCH, H.T. Botanical Institute, narrower cheilocystidia, and simple or coralloid rather than Univ. Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany. The major groups of diverticulate pileocystidia. It and Dennis’s Venezuelan collection loculoascomycetes (Ascomycota) - a molecular approach. may represent undescribed species. Contributed presentation Loculoascomycetes are defined by ascoma development and ascus type. Previous molecular studies have shown that LONGCORE, J.E. Dept. Biological Sciences, Univ. Maine, Orono they consist of two unrelated groups, the Chaetothyriomycetes ME 04469. Isolate 136, a multipored Rhizophydium. and Dothideomycetes. We used new sequences of nu SSU-, nu The entire mitochondrial genome and the SSU rRNA gene LSU-, and mt SSU-rDNA from 42 species to investigate the of the chytrid Rhizophydium sp. (isolate 136) have been phylogeny of Dothideomycetes. Combined data sets were sequenced. Its mitochondrial genome has represented the analysed phylogenetically in different ways and constrained Chytridiales in analyses, and analyses of nuclear ribosomal topologies tested with parametric bootstrapping. The majority sequences of chytrids group isolate 136 with other of loculoascomycetes examined seem to belong to the order Rhizophydium species. Phylogenetic information, however, Pleosporales. They are pseudoparaphysate and representa- lacks utility without ecological and morphological data. Isolate tives form a well-supported clade - including Melanommatales, 136 was recovered from pollen placed with a soil sample from which separation can be rejected. Pleosporales itself can be Maine. It produces sporangia with robust rhizoids and many divided molecularly in at least three monophyletic subgroups. axes, discharges zoospores through multiple papillae, and forms The relation of Pleosporales to other ascomycete classes has asexual resting spores. Its zoosporic ultrastructure is typical for also been investigated. Further the relationship of representa- members of the Rhizophydium clade, except that it lacks a tives of other orders are examined. Our preliminary results give rumposome. An electron-opaque spur, similar to those of first indications that also Dothideomycetes sensu Eriksson & closely related species, lies near the kinetosome. This Winka are not monophyletic. The exclusion of the lichenized Rhizophydium species is one of a group of similar, confusing ascomycetes groups Pyrenulales and Arthoniales from species that discharge zoospores through multiple pores. To Dothideomycetes is supported and relations of these to delineate such similar chytrids, light microscopic information Pleosporales, Sordariomycetes and Lecanoromycetes will be about new, or newly cultured, species should document: early, shown. The use of the mitochondrial SSU gene in ascomycetes intermediate, and mature developmental stages; rhizoidal phylogeny will be demonstrated. Contributed presentation branching, attachment to the thallus and tips; sporangial discharge mechanism, and zoospores. Photographs are *LODGE, D.J.1, SUBERO, A.2, and ITURIAGA, T.3. 1Center for presented for isolate 136 and diagnostic features are compared Forest Mycology Research, USDA-FS, FPL, Luquillo PR 00773, with those of other multi-pored Rhizophydium spp. Poster 2Inst. Urologico San Roman, Caracas, Venezuela, 3Depto. de Biologia de Organismos, Univ. Simon Bolivar, Sartenejas, *LUOMA, D.L. and EBERHART, J.L. Dept. Forest Science, Baruta, Edo. Miranda, Venezuela. Mycena margarita and Oregon State Univ., Corvallis OR 97331. Conservation of similar species in the Caribbean Basin. biodiversity: effects of green-tree retention on Mycena margarita was described by Murrill from Jamaica, ectomycorrhizal fungi. and redescribed by Smith. Dennis reported it from Venezuela The Demonstration of Ecosystem Management Options and Trinidad, but noted a difference in spore width. Dennis (DEMO) project replicates six green-tree retention treatments in described the lamellae as free, whereas the type had lamellae six blocks. Treatment effects on mycorrhizal fungi, vegetation, adnate to a collar. Examination of the Venezuelen collection wildlife, insects, soils, hydrology, and social perceptions were revealed the presence of a costate, marginate cup at the stipe studied. Ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi were sampled on three of base, features absent in M. margarita. Furthermore, Murrill’s the DEMO blocks. Prior to tree felling, one spring and one fall type has a gelatinous pellicle 150-200 µm deep versus 9-16 µm set of 350 cc soil cores were collected from each study unit for 42 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
mycorrhizal root assessment. A full year after trees were cut, phological studies on specimens collected in the oak forests in soil cores were again collected in the fall and the following the Talamanca Mountains of southern Costa Rica have revealed spring. EM roots were sorted into morphotypes, and relative six species in Rhodocollybia and 21 in Gymnopus. Most frequency of each morphotype in a core was determined. 188 represent previously described tropical - subtropical species EM morphotypes were described from the soil cores. The like G. neotropicus, G. lodgeae, G. fibrosipes, and R. turpis Abundance-based Coverage Estimator attempts to account for reported from South America and the Caribbean, but some are species that are present in a population but not observed in the considered to be of temperate origin, such as G. confluens, G. sample. Coverage is defined as the sum of the probabilities of dryophilus, and R. prolixa var. distorta. Presence of such encounter for the species observed, taking into account species diverse fungal taxa from the north and south, especially those present but not observed. The cumulative number of EM types associated with oak forests, put perceivable importance to the was estimated for each treatment. Fewer EM types per soil core biotic exchange that took place over the Central American in the most heavily cut areas translated into a severe reduction Isthmus in recent geologic times. Sequences from the ITS1- in the rate at which species accumulated. The rarer species were 5.8S-ITS2 nrDNA region were obtained for most of these disproportionately affected in the heavily cut areas and EM tropical specimens and have been used to generate a phyloge- biodiversity was greatly lowered, especially as compared to netic tree. Costa Rican species, including newly proposed moderately thinned areas. Contributed presentation species, are highlighted to show their relationship to those from temperate locations. Current taxonomic placement of these taxa *MARTIN, E. and McCUNE, B. Dept. Botany and Plant based on morphological characteristics is also analyzed. Poster Pathology, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis OR 97331. Habitat models for survey-and-manage lichen species in the Western MAY, G.S., and UT M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Div. Oregon Cascades. Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Box 54, Houston, TX We used a non-parametric species occurrence modeling 77030. Controlling conidial germination and hyphal morpho- program (SpOcc), to develop habitat models for survey-and- genesis in Aspergillus nidulans. manage lichen species in the western Oregon Cascades. The asexual lifecycle of Aspergillus nidulans begins with a Models for estimating the probability of occurrence of rare spore called the conidium. Conidia contain a single nucleus and lichen species were based on habitat and climate data from 543 are metabolically inactive. We have been investigating the lichen community plots (0.4 ha). For example, the most important environmental signals that lead to spore germination and the predictors for the occurrence for the rare endemic cyanolichen, signal transduction pathways used. We have conducted a Nephroma occultum, include: the basal area of conifers, genetic screen for germination defective mutants of Aspergillus potential direct incident radiation, elevation, maximum tempera- nidulans. This screen identified a number of genes that ture in August, mean temperature May through September, and function in spore germination. The majority of the genes moisture stress during the conifer growing season. Compara- identified in this genetic screen encoded proteins involved in tively, the occurrence of Pseudocyphellaria rainierensis, protein biosynthesis. This shows that protein synthesis is another Pacific Northwest endemic lichen, is best estimated by essential for spore germination. Additional experiments using a the mean temperature from May through September, heat load mutant form of rasA demonstrated that RAS signaling plays a index, stand structure, annual precipitation, and the coefficient role in conidial germination. We have also been studying the of variation of July and December precipitation. Habitat models role of class I myosin (MYOA) in polar hyphal growth. We contribute to a greater understanding of the ecology and showed that the class I myosin gene was essential for establish- distribution of species. Our models will help focus survey ing and maintaining polar hyphal growth. Additional experi- efforts for rare species to areas of high probability of species ments showed that this MYOA also functions in endocytosis occurrence. These models can also be used to predict the and septation. These studies suggest a more general role for the impacts of different land management strategies on these class I myosin of Aspergillus nidulans in hyphal morphogenesis. I species over time. Contributed presentation will report on our recent experiments studying MYOA functions in hyphal growth and morphogenesis. Symposium presentation *MATA, J.L., HUGHES, K.W. and PETERSEN, R.H. Dept. Botany, Univ. Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996. The Genera *McGEE, D.N., EBERHART, J.L. and LUOMA, D.L. Dept. Gymnopus and Rhodocollybia in the southern oak forests of Forest Science, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis OR 97331. Costa Rica. Ectomycorrhizae of Inocybe species. Floristic and monographic studies in the genera Gymnopus The integrated Demonstration of Ecosystem Management and Rhodocollybia in Europe and in northeastern United States Options (DEMO) project is designed to test the ecological have been compiled recently (Halling, 1983; Antonín & effects of alternatives to clear-cutting in six locations. Soil cores Noordeloos, 1997). Such studies have been scarce, however, for were gathered from these sites in order to quantify these collybioid species collected in tropical locations. Mor- ectomycorrhiza(EM)diversity. The taxonomic identity of EM 43 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
root tips can be determined by the use of restriction fragment following species have been observed: Ascochyta sp., length polymorphism (RFLP) of DNA. A database of unknown Coniothyrium sp., Leptosphaeria lonicerae, Leptosphaeria EM morphotypes was created that contains corresponding ITS sp., Phomopsis sp., Phoma exigua var. viburni, Phoma sp., RFLP patterns. Mushrooms and truffles were also collected Pleospora herbarum, and Sirophoma singularis. The purpose of from the sites. Many of these mushrooms have not been this presentation is to list the fungi known to occur on Viburnum identified to species because of insufficient taxonomic keys for spp. and to illustrate some of the more interesting ones. Poster certain groups. Inocybe is a large genus that is poorly under- stood taxonomically, but is ecologically important in our forests. *METHVEN, A.S.1, MORT, M.E.2, HUGHES, K.W.3, and DNA was extracted from 114 Inocybe collections and amplified PETERSEN, R.H.3. 1Dept. Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois using PCR. The PCR product was used to create ITS RFLP Univ., Charleston, IL 62910; 2Dept. Ecology and Evolutionary patterns. These patterns were then compiled into a database for Biology and the Museum of Natural History and Biodiversity comparison and delineation of taxonomic groups. EM Research Center, Univ. Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045; 3Botany morphotypes can then be matched to sporocarp taxonomic Dept., Univ. Tennessee. Interspecific hybrids of Flammulina. groups by comparing the EM morphotype database to the Laboratory generated interspecific hybrids of Flammulina sporocarp database. Nearly 40 different RFLP patterns have (Basidiomycetes, Agaricales, Tricholomataceae) were examined been identified from Inocybe sporocarps. Of these, 10 have by RFLPs of the nrDNA internal transcribed spacer regions been shown to match a specific root morphotype. Poster (ITS1 and ITS2). Digestion with two restriction enzymes, Hae III and Bst F51, distinguished among the interspecific hybrids and *McKAY, D.1, SMITH, J.E.1, LeFEVRE, C.2. 1USDA Forest produced distinctive RFLP signatures. Results of these analyses Service, Pacific NorthWest Research Station, Corvallis, OR; reveal a complicated pattern of ITS evolution; additivity and 2Dept. of Forest Science, Oregon State Univ, Corvallis OR concerted evolution were observed in the ITS hybrids. Poster 97331. DNA files of stalked and stalk-less fungi from the H.J. Andrews LTER site. *MIADLIKOWSKA, J. and LUTZONI, F. Dept. Biology, Duke Preceding the application of molecular tools to investigate Univ., Durham, NC 27708. New approach to an old problem - ectomycorrhizal (EM) community structure, nearly 4600 resolving the Peltigera canina species complex (Peltigeraceae, collections of mushrooms and truffles were identified and dried. lichenized Ascomycota). More than 260 species from our four-year study in the western The Peltigera canina species complex represents the most Cascade Range of Oregon in the H.J. Andrews Long Term recently derived section within the genus Peltigera. Morphology Ecological Research Site await the next chapter in their journey. and secondary compounds were the only taxonomic evidences We are now obtaining molecular fingerprints from these species used to circumscribe species forming this complex of highly that will help us reveal the identities of EM symbionts hidden polymorphic group of foliose lichens. To evaluate the putative belowground. Sequence information of the complete internal morphospecies within the canina complex, maximum parsimony transcribed spacer (ITS) region will be submitted to GenBank. (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analyses were The ITS region will also be characterized by restriction fragment conducted on separate and combined ITS and LSU nrDNA length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis using primers ITS-1F and sequences for 17 recognized species and eight potential taxa, ITS-4 and restriction enzymes HinfI, DpnII, and AluI. Molecular represented by 65 individuals. Patterns of variation in length and data of this type is essential for increasing our understanding of structure found within a hypervariable region of ITS1 were used as EM fungal community dynamics. One application will be to supplementary data for delimiting genetic boundaries among determine whether or not fungi we see in old-growth forests are closely related species. In addition to the coded characters derived present in younger managed forests on tree roots but not seen as from ambiguously aligned portions of alignments (INAASE), 24 sporocarps. Such knowledge contributes to our understanding of coded discrete characters were provided by the ITS1 marker. Based habitat factors that influence sporocarp occurrence. Poster on optimal topologies we found complete concordance between phylogenetic and morphological species circumscription for 13 McKEMY, J.M. USDA-APHIS, Systematic Botany and Mycology Peltigera species from this complex. Phylogenetic distinctness Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705. Fungi occurring on Viburnum, with a between North American and European populations of the new species of Lewia and its anamorph Alternaria. morphologically uniform species P. degenii was detected and highly Viburnum is imported into the US for decorative use in supported. Our results confirm recognition of three newly proposed bouquets and for propagation and sale in the nursery industry. undescribed species. No evidence for recombination was found A number of fungi have been found associated with these within the P. canina complex. Contributed presentation Viburnum spp. as a result of inspection by USDA Animal and Plant Inspection Service. In 2001 an undescribed species of *MICALES, J.A.1, BANIK, M.T.1, NORTON, K.L.1, and Lewia and its Alternaria anamorph were discovered in a GRAHAM, R2. 1 USDA-FS, Forest Products Laboratory, shipment being exported by The Netherlands. Additionally, the Madison WI; 2USDA-FS, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 44 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
Moscow ID. Brown-rot fungi associated with thinning plots in *MILLER, S.L.1 and HENKEL, T.W.2. 1Dept. Botany, Univ. northern Idaho. Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071; 2Dept. Biological Sciences, Many overstocked stands in the western United States Humboldt State Univ., Arcata, CA 95521. Biology and molecu- require aggressive thinning to reduce fire hazard, but some lar ecology of subiculate Lactarius species from Guyana. slash needs to stay on the forest floor for nutrient recycling and To date four species of Lactarius that produce basidiomata the regeneration of soil organic matter via decay. Four different from well developed subiculae have been collected from the thinning treatments were put into place in northern Idaho Pakaraima mountains of Guyana. Three of these, L. panuoides, during April, 1999 that retained increasing quantities of slash in L. multiceps and L. brunella are pleurotoid. An additional contact with the soil. Samples of lightly and moderately undescribed species is centrally stipitate from a short stipe. decayed slash were collected and cultured for identification of Depending on the species, the subiculum can vary in size from brown-rot fungi at 5 and 15 months after thinning. Cultures several square centimeters to nearly 1000 square meters, and were identified by sequencing the large ribosomal subunit of can cover rocks, soil, roots, saplings and tree trunks. Although the nuclear ribosomal DNA amplified with primers LROR and all of these species have been shown to form ectomycorrhizae, LR16. Sequences were compared to published sequences and several appear to be detrimental to recruitment of saplings, with to those of reference cultures of known western brown-rot many dead or dying saplings observed covered by the fungi from the Center for Forest Mycology Research’s culture subiculum. A plaque-like slime phase has been found in collection. Five-month old slash yielded cultures of Postia association with at least two of these fungi, and molecular placenta, P. rancida, Antrodia serialis, A. heteromorpha, and techniques have shown that this is an early stage in develop- A. sinuosa. Postia rancida was the only brown-rot fungus ment of the subiculum. The subiculae in L. panuoides and L. positively identified on slash 15 months after treatment, brunella are extensive and thick, measuring up to 15-20 cm although many cultures of white-rot fungi and non-Basidi- deep. The inner portions of the subiculum appear to be well omycetes were obtained. Statistically rigorous collections are humified material and outer layers indicate a coexistence or planned for autumn of 2002. Poster competition with algae and bryophytes. A visual tour of these fungi, along with descriptive data, molecular documentation of MILLER, S.L. Dept. Botany, Univ. Wyoming, Laramie, WY their phylogeny, ectomycorrhizal status and life-history will be 82071. Comparative biogeography of the Russulaceae: presented. Contributed presentation mycofloras of west Africa and the Guiana Highlands of South America. MILLS, D. Dept. of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon South America and Africa, once united by the superconti- State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2902. Pigment forma- nent Pangea, share many similarities in geologic history, tion in Ustilago hordei: A natural reporter system for paleofloras and faunas, and modern plant and animal studies of signal transduction and pathogenesis. biogeography. Ectomycorrhizal leguminous host trees such The intensely pigmented teliospores of Ustilago hordei as Brachystegia and Gilbertodendron in Africa and Dicymbe produced on susceptible cultivars of barley contain deposits in South America are interesting disjuncts. While several of a melanin-like pigment. Pigmentation of haploid sporidial genera of saprotrophic macrofungi, including Thamnomyces cells representing different races of this pathogen is influ- and Polydiscidium, are known to be disjuncts between South enced by the medium pH, thiamine and the second messen- America and Africa, little is known regarding the distribution ger, cAMP. Sporidial cell morphology is associated with and similarities in ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with elevated levels of cAMP whereas mycelial growth is corre- leguminous hosts. Collections of Russulaceae members in the lated with cAMP deficiency. Dimorphic switching is essential genera Russula and Lactarius, collected during multiyear for pathogenesis. Elevated cAMP was shown to transiently expeditions to Korup National Park in Cameroon west Africa repress pigment formation, whereas the cAMP phosphodi- and the Guiana Highlands of western Guyana, were used in esterase inhibitor isobutryl-3-mehtyl xanthine completely this study. The fungi were identified to species and the floras represses pigment formation. Expression of the G alpha compared directly at the subgenus, section and subsection subunit gene FIL1 from a multicopy plasmid also transiently levels. ITS sequence data were used to construct phylog- represses pigment formation, whereas expression of the enies for each genus and to assess biogeographic connect- cloned mutant allele, FIL1Q206R, which ostensibly renders the edness. Annulate species of Russula in the section gene constitutively active, completely blocks pigment Heterophyllae and members of the subgenus Plinthogali of formation. Knowing that overexpressed genes of the cAMP Lactarius are well represented in both regions. Results from signal transduction pathway affect pigment formation, a wild- cladistic biogeography, sequence analysis and ordination type strain that produces dark pigmented sporidia was methodologies will be presented. Other interesting ectomy- transformed with a genomic library of its DNA cloned into a corrhizal disjuncts will be briefly discussed. Contributed multicopy plasmid. Genes that up and down regulate pigment presentation formation including those of the cAMP-mediated signal 45 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
transduction pathway, as well as those directly involved in growth depends upon two fundamental processes: the exertion the melanin biosynthetic pathway have been identified. of force by the hyphal apex, and the degree to which the Contributed presentation substrate is degraded by secreted enzymes. The relative importance of mechanics versus enzymes varies from species- *MOLINA, R.1 and HORTON, T.2 1US Forest Service, Forestry to-species and substrate-to-substrate, but unless the food Sciences Laboratory, Corvallis, OR 97330, 2State Univ. New source is liquified in advance of the growing fungus, its hyphae York, College Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse must apply force to overcome the physical resistance of their NY13210. Recent advances in understanding mycorrhizal surroundings. This is the Golden Rule of Invasive Growth. specificity phenomena: ecological implications. Recent innovations in experimental design and instrumentation Plant-fungal associations in mycorrhizal symbioses have are providing reliable data on the relative importance of co-evoloved over millennia. Due to the diversity of mycorrhizal mechanics and enzymes for a variety of fungi (members of fungi and plant associations, as well as the variety of environ- Kingdom Fungi and Stramenoplia), including saprobes, ments they inhabit, they have developed a broad range of phytopathogens, and human pathogens. A progress report specificities that reflect co-adaptation and long-term fitness. from one of the pair of laboratories engaged in this research Strategies can range from strong specialization, e.g., tight plant- effort is offered in this presentation. Symposium presentation fungus specificity, to broad generalist tendencies, e.g., wide host ranges and ecological amplitude. Many patterns in *MUNKACSI, A.1, BAKKEREN, G.2, MAY, G.1. 1Dept. Plant mycorrhizal specificity phenomena reflect evolutionary and Biology, Univ. Minnesota, St. Paul MN; 2Agriculture and Agri- ecological strategies shared within genera and families of fungi Food Canada, Summerland BC. Phylogenetic versus biological and plants. This paper reviews basic concepts in mycorrhizal speciation in the Ustilaginales. specificity phenomena, and focuses on recent advances provided The evolution of host-parasite associations between by the enhanced resolution of molecular tools in documenting field Ustilaginales and their Poaceae hosts can be studied by associations at the root level. Symposium presentation comparing organismal phylogenetic histories. The fungal phylogeny is not as well-known as the plant host phylogeny. A *MOMANY, M., SHAW, B.D., and LIN, X.. Dept. Plant Biology, previously published ITS phylogeny of 11 Ustilaginales species Univ. Georgia, Athens GA 30605. Roles of Aspergillus nidulans did not separate 8 of these species that are parasitic on different swo genes in polar growth. hosts and in some cases, interfertile. These observations Filamentous fungi employ two distinct growth modes. question the usefulness of host range as a taxonomic character. When spores break dormancy, they grow isotropically, adding To investigate the evolutionary relationships between the 11 new cell wall material uniformly in every direction. Later they species, we collected DNA sequence from the integenic spacer switch to polarized growth, with new cell wall material forming region of rDNA and the following protein-coding genes: RNA the emerging germ tube. We have identified and characterized polymerase 2, translation elongation factor-1 alpha, glyceralde- five temperature-sensitive A. nidulans mutants (swo mutants) hyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase 3, and that show defects in polar growth. The initial switch from adenosine triphosphatase 6. Phylogenetic analyses of these isotropic to polar growth requires establishment of an axis of loci yielded a phylogeny that was used to infer species polarity that anticipates the location of germ tube emergence and boundaries and evolutionary congruence between host- involves the products of swoC, swoD, and swoF. After polarity is parasite phylogenies. The multigene phylogeny also provided established, the swoA gene product is needed to maintain the axis of preliminary evidence to infer that host-parasite evolutionary polarity so that the germ tube emerges. The swoH gene product is relationships are a result of biogeographical differences, required for continued hyphal extension. We have cloned the swoA, coevolution, host jumping, domestication of host plants, or a swoC, swoF, and swoH genes by complementation of the tempera- combination thereof. Poster ture-sensitive phenotypes. The polarity establishment genes swoC and swoF likely encode an rRNA processing enzyme and an MURRIN, F. Dept. Biology, Memorial Univ. Newfoundland, N-myristoyltransferase, respectively. The polarity maintenance gene St.Johns, NF A1B 3X9. Ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes swoA likely encodes a protein mannosyl transferase. The hyphal associated with Balsam Fir in Terra Nova National Park, extension gene swoH likely encodes a nucleoside diphosphate Newfoundland. kinase. Symposium presentation Increasing environmental stress and accompanying changes in biodiversity foreshadow a decline in stability of MONEY, N.P. Dept. Botany, Miami Univ., Oxford, OH 45056. The ecosystems world wide. Terra Nova National Park is Canada’s golden rule of invasive growth: How almost every fungus feeds. most easterly national park and it protects remnants of the The penetration and dissolution of solid food materials by ancient Appalachian Mountains alongside the Atlantic coast. invasive hyphae is a defining feature of the diverse microorgan- In the Park, Balsam Fir stands are being replaced by Black isms referred to as fungi. In biomechanical terms, invasive Spruce as a result of natural and anthropogenic activities, 46 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
decreasing biodiversity within the boreal forest. Our long-term isolates from lisianthus based on phylogenetics and to generate goal is the quantitative study of ectomycorrhizal fungal a database of F. avenaceum sequences useful for purposes of communities associated with Balsam Fir within the Park and the taxonomy, management and control. Isolates of F. avenaceum assessment of disturbance on these communities and on forest from lisianthus from the United States and other diverse hosts structure. Because so little is known about the fungi of the Park, and localities were included in the study. We sequenced or of the island of Newfoundland, our short-term goal is to portions of two protein coding genes, translation elongation produce species descriptions and a regional key to the species factor 1-alpha and beta-tubulin and carried out a phylogenetic of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms associated with Balsam Fir. From analysis. Both genes analyzed showed all F. avenaceum approximately 500 collections made during the 2000 and 2001 isolates to be monophyletic with strong bootstrap support and collecting seasons, over fifty species of mushrooms were identified no significant incongruence among gene geneologies. Isolates which belong to genera known to form ectomycorrhizae. Species of from lisianthus were scattered within the clade and did not form Cortinarius, Russula, Lactarius and Amanita were most common. a distinct group. Pathogenicity tests of F. avenaceum isolates from Three species, Russula paludosa, Lactarius subdulcis and other hosts showed the ability to cause crown and stem rot, Cantharellus tubaeformis were the most broadly encountered. This suggesting that any isolate of F. avenaceum may be pathogenic to on-going work should give a strong basis for future quantitative lisianthus regardless of its host origin. Contributed presentation studies on disturbance effects in the Park. Poster *NORVELL, L.L.1 and EXETER, R.L.2. 1Pacific Northwest *NALIM, F.A.1, MCGOVERN, R.J.2, ELMER, W.H.3, and Mycology Service, Portland, OR 97229; 2USDI-BLM Salem GEISER, D.M.1. 1Dept. Plant Pathology, Penn State Univ. District Office, Salem OR 97306. The epigeous ectomycorrhizal University Park, PA 16802; 2Dept. Plant Pathology, Univ. basidiomycete Douglas-fir fungal community in “peace” and Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; 3Dept. Plant Pathology and “war.” Ecology, Conn. State Ag. Expt. Stn, New Haven, CT 06504. New In 1998, our research team launched two concurrent 5-year clades of the Fusarium solani species complex associated with species richness studies of Oregon Douglas-fir forest fungi. tuber rot of caladium. Target species included all “epi-ecto” + 40 flagged “epi- The Fusarium solani species complex is a highly diverse, nonecto” basidiomycetes. In the Polk County chronosequence cosmopolitan group of species lineages representing a wide study, we sample permanent strip transects in 25yo, 55yo, and variety of plant and animal diseases. Tuber rot of caladium is 150yo stands bi-weekly during the fall/spring fruiting seasons. one such disease, the cause of serious declines in caladium The Benton County density management study comprises tuber production in recent years. We investigated the evolution- adjacent 65yo stands thinned in 1999 following 5 different ary origins of F. solani isolates associated with caladium tuber rot regimes: untreated (~400 trees/ha), thinned (3 stands with ~300, outbreaks in Florida by using multi-locus phylogenetics. A portion ~200, or ~100 residual trees/ha), or regeneration-cut (0 residual of the beta tubulin (bena) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha trees/ha). Of 4,050 collections to date, 291 and 227 target (tef) genes were sequenced in 69 isolates and a subset of 22 isolates species have been identified from the chrono and density were chosen to sequence the internal transcribed spacer regions studies respectively, of which ~70% are Agaricales, ~20% (ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene. A combined analysis Russulales, ~5% Gomphales, ~3% Boletales, and ~1.5% showed three new clades associated with caladium within the Cantharellales. The Cortinariaceae comprise ~84% of the Agaricales, mostly northern hemisphere clade of the F. solani species complex. and Cortinarius, Inocybe, and Russula are the most species-rich Correlation between phylogeny, pathogenicity and fungicide target genera. In the density study’s 2nd year after treatment, post/ resistance will be discussed as well as implications for taxonomy pre-treatment species richness ratios were significantly depressed in and control. Contributed presentation the heavily thinned stands yet surprisingly high in lightly thinned stands. Absence of adequate monographs has meant frequent re- NALIM, F.A.1, ELMER, W.H.2, McGOVERN, R.J.3, SEIJO, T.E.3 evaluation of species identifications and led to development of and *GEISER, D.M.1. 1Dept. Plant Pathology, Penn State Univ.; identification keys based on individual research papers and 2Dept. Plant Pathology and Ecology, Conn. State Ag. Expt. Stn; extralimital monographs. Poster 3Dept. Plant Pathology, Univ. Florida Gulf Coast Education and Research Center. Low levels of phylogenetic structure in *NOUHRA, E., SPATAFORA, J., CASTELLANO, M. and Fusarium avenaceum from lisianthus and other hosts. CAZARES, E. Dept. Forest Science, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. is globally distributed OR 97331. Molecular phylogeny of the genus Ramaria. among a wide range of plant hosts. Recent severe outbreaks of The phylogeny of the genus Ramaria, also known as crown and stem rot of lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) have “coral fungi” and additional related taxa were examined via been attributed to F. avenaceum. Identification of F. avenaceum phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial small and nuclear large currently requires microscopic analysis of morphological subunits of ribosomal DNA plus ATPase subunit 6 DNA characters in culture. Our goal was to characterize F. avenaceum sequence data. Related taxa included the genera Clathrus, 47 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
Clavariadelphus, Gautieria, Gomphus, Hysterangium, Kavinia forest soil as supplemental mycorrhizal inoculum. A second and Pseudocolus. The mitochondrial small subunit rDNA, provided experiment included salal, silver fir, and western hemlock. On information about the polyphyletic origin of the genus. Nuclear harvesting, roots were examined for mycorrhizal colonization. In large subunit rDNA was used to test generic, subgeneric and both experiments lake bottom sediments were effective sources selected species concepts for Ramaria. ATPase subunit 6, provided of ericoid, ecto- and VA- mycorrhizal inoculum. The dominant additional information about the placement of Ramaria within the ectomycorrhizal fungus colonizing Douglas fir was Rhizopogon Gomphales. Parsimony analysis of these combined datasets parksii; Douglas-fir had better colonization than the other two indicated the paraphyletic nature of Ramaria within the Gomphales. ectomycorrhizal hosts. Addition of unpasteurized forest soil These results suggest that several other related taxa were derived increased the diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungal species in from a “ramariod” ancestral form. Poster both bioassay’s. Lake Mills sediments contain mycorrhizal fungal propagules. Addition of forest soil increases the OBRIEN, H., JACKSON, J., JOHNSON, J., PARRENT, J., diversity of ectomycorrhizal symbionts and likely would MONCALVO, J.-M. and VILGALYS, R. Dept. Biology, Duke Univ., increase the success of vegetation restoration efforts, particu- Durham NC 27708. Fungal community analysis using environmen- larly for Pinaceae. Symposium presentation tal genomics. We applied culture-independent methods developed for *OH, E.-S. and HANSEN, M.E. Dept. Botany and Plant Pathology, bacteria to assess fungal community diversity across three different Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331. Mechanisms of resistance forest types within the Duke Forest without relying on fruitbody in Port Orford cedar to Phytophthora lateralis. collections. Samples representing litter, O, A, and B soil horizons Phytophthora lateralis, an exotic, virulent pathogen, was were investigated by direct DNA extraction from 50 pooled samples first reported in Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis and cloning of DNA libraries from PCR fragments for both variable lawsoniana) in Seattle-area nurseries in 1923. The pathogen (ITS) and conserved (18S) regions within the rDNA genes. Ca. 1600 now causes severe root disease to native Port Orford cedar ITS sequences were produced and sorted using BLAST searches. (POC) in the forests of southwestern Oregon and northern ITS sequences with > 80% similarity to fungal groups for which California. A few resistant POC trees have been identified and extensive taxonomic databases are already available were further are the basis of a program of breeding for resistance. We analyzed phylogenetically. Two hundred 18S sequences were compared infection and disease development in susceptible and produced, and a global phylogenetic analysis was conducted to resistant selections. Initial infections are in fine roots, by motile place them in a broader framework within Eukarya. Results showed zoospores spread via water. Encysted zoospores penetrate that species diversity is extremely high, with a large proportion of roots, with hyphae growing between and into the cortical cells. unique sequence types. Fungi, especially ectomycorrhizal basidi- There are differences in zoospore attraction, frequency of omycetes, comprise 50-75% of eukaryotic diversity in all samples. penetration, and growth rate of the pathogen between suscep- We are currently in the process of developing automated tible and resistant POC individuals. Genetic and histological databasing and bioinformatic tools to improve our ability to evidence suggests that in some POC resistance results from a characterize fungal communities. Given the relative ease of hypersensitive response controlled by one or a few genes, sequence data collection, these tools should enable cross-platform while in other trees resistance results from a more general comparisons of microbial biodiversity studies, including functional slowing of pathogen growth in roots. Poster ecology and changes in microbial communities. Poster *OSMUNDSON, T. W. and CRIPPS, C.L. Dept. Plant Sciences O’DELL, T.E.1, and SCHREINER, E.G.2. 1US Dept. of the Interior, and Plant Pathology, Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT 59717. BLM, Grand staircase-Escalante National Monument; 2USGS- Studies in Rocky Mountain alpine species of Laccaria BRD, Olypmic Penninsula Field Station. A greenhouse bioassay (Basidiomycota, Agaricales, Tricholomataceae). for AM and EM inocula in sediments from Lake Mills Reser- Documenting the diversity of gilled fungi in the North voir, Olympic National Park: preliminary assessment prior to American alpine zone is a primary goal of the National Science dam removal and ecosystem restoration. Foundation Biotic Surveys and Inventories - sponsored Rocky Olympic National Park management is concerned over the Mountain Alpine Mycota project. As part of this project, a potential difficulty of reintroducing native plants to areas detailed study of the taxonomy, distributions, and ecology of currently inundated if a dam is removed from the Elwha River. A Rocky Mountain alpine Laccaria species was conducted using requirement for most plant species, mycorrhizal fungi are material collected at field sites situated above treeline in potential limiting factor for plant establishment. We investigated Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado. Several Laccaria species the occurrence of mycorrhizal inoculum in reservoir bottom are common components of the alpine mycota, appearing to be sediments using a greenhouse bioassay. Douglas fir or white important ectomycorrhizal symbionts of the alpine dwarf clover were planted in tubes filled with sediment either pasteurized willows Salix reticulata and S. arctica and shrub willows S. or unpasteurized or sediment plus pasteurized or unpasteurized planifolia and S. glauca. Four taxa were identified on the basis 48 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
of macro- and micromorphological characters: L. montana, L. on morphology are not biologically meaningful. For example, some pumila, L. cf. bicolor and L. cf. laccata var. pallidifolia. Of fungal species considered host specific infect a wide host range these taxa, L. montana is reported only from the MT and WY while the same host plant may be infected by more than one alpine sites, L. cf. bicolor and L. cf. laccata var. pallidifolia morphologically similar but genetically distinct fungus. Whether or only from CO, and L. pumila from all three states. L. proxima, not those genetic differences correlate with a differing ability to collected at a subalpine site close to the MT/WY field sites and cause plant disease is still unknown. Thus, decisions regulating the in association with Salix shrubs, was not found above treeline introduction of fungal infected plant material present a challenge to in MT/WY. Ribosomal ITS DNA sequence data are currently plant quarantine organizations. This challenge can be met with an being collected and analyzed to study biogeographic and increased knowledge of fungal systematics in which fungal species phylogenetic relationships in cooperation with Dr. Gregory Mueller, are defined by combining morphological, biological, and genetic The Field Museum, Chicago. Contributed presentation characteristics. This knowledge will serve as the basis for providing biologically meaningful fungal names as well as accurate identifica- *OUTERBRIDGE, R.1 and BERCH, S.M.2. 1Univ. Victoria, BC tion systems, which are vital to safeguarding plant resources and V8W 2Y2; 2BC Ministry of Forests, Glyn Road Research conserving plant diversity worldwide. Symposium presentation Station, Victoria, BC V8W 3E7. Conifer species, site type, and macrofungus diversity and abundance. PARRENT, J.L., MONCALVO, J.-M., JACKSON, J.A., We used a 40 year old species and spacing trial on south JOHNSON,J. and VILGALYS, R. Dept. Botany, Duke Univ., Vancouver Island to study the effect of conifer species on Durham NC 27708. The influence of elevated atmospheric macrofungus diversity and abundance. The trial was estab- carbon dioxide on community diversity and structure of lished and maintained by the BC Ministry of Forests to examine ectomycorrhizal fungi. the performance of western redcedar, western hemlock, Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) are the dominant members of Douglas-fir, and Sitka spruce across a range of sites. During the soil fungal community in temperate forests. As such, the spring, summer and fall of two consecutive years, we carried EMF community will play an important role in carbon sequestra- out biweekly forays to three sites to determine species and tion and forest productivity as atmospheric CO concentrations abundance of macrofungi. We identified all macrofungi, continue to rise. Because elevated CO increases2 fine root saprobic and mycorrhizal, in 16 contiguous subplots in two exudation and production, EMF community2 diversity may also plots/conifer species/site. We found that both conifer species increase due to greater substrate availability. Greater supplies of and site quality affect the composition of the macrofungus mineral nutrients (N & P) are required at higher CO concentra- community. Douglas-fir supported the greatest overall tions to sustain increased host primary productivity.2 These macrofungus diversity, but western hemlock had the greatest nutrients are provided largely by EMF. Functional diversity in diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Sitka spruce stands were nutrient translocation by EMF species in concert with increased characterized by a distinctive community of litter-decomposing host demand may alter EMF community structure rather than Mycena species. Western redcedar supported the second- increase community diversity. To test these competing hypoth- greatest diversity of saprobes. In general, the poor, dry hillside eses we used DNA sequence-based methods to compare site produced a greater diversity and abundance of mycorrhizal community diversity and structure between elevated and and saprobic macrofungi than did the rich, wet valley-bottom ambient CO plots at the Free Air CO enrichment (FACE) site. The preference of commercially important macrofungi, e.g. experimental2 site. Fruiting bodies, mycorrhizae2 and soil samples Cantharellus formosus, for particular site types and conifer were collected to assess community diversity. For analysis of species can be used in forest planning that includes non-timber community structure, a random subset of active mycorrhizal forest products. Contributed presentation root tips was harvested from 36 soil cores. Sequences of the ITS region of the rDNA were generated to determine species PALM, M.E. and ROSSMAN, A.Y. US National Fungus identity. Diversity indices and relative abundances were Collections. USDA-APHIS, Systematic Botany and Mycology computed to determine whether elevated CO alters EMF Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705. Systematics and the study of diversity or structure. Symposium presentation2 invasive fungi. Preventing the introduction of plant pathogens into new PAWLOWSKA, T.E. and *TAYLOR, J.W. Dept. Plant and regions is critical for conserving plant diversity throughout the Microbial Biology, Univ. California, Berkeley, CA 94720. world. This activity relies on baseline data about the fungi Organization of genetic variation within individual spores of already present in an area and the ability to distinguish these arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. fungi from potential new introductions. Until recently, fungal Polymorphism of rDNA arrays within individual spores of species have been identified primarily using morphological arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomales) inspired generally criteria on which quarantine decisions are based. Recent data believed yet unproven speculation that these fungi are largely have shown that, for some groups of fungi, taxa defined solely heterokaryotic. We tested this hypothesis using monoxenically 49 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
cultured Glomus etunicatum from a maize field in CA. In addition to strides have been made at the ATCC based on this novel way the rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region, a putative gene encoding catalytic of thinking. For the past 2 years ATCC has been undergoing a subunit of DNA polymerase alpha (POL) was identified as a major internal evolution. Every aspect of collection maintenance variable genetic marker. To test for homo- vs. heterokaryosis, we and distribution is now part of an all encompassing manufactur- examined variant sorting of the two markers in sibling spores formed ing database called an Enterprise System. This computer based in cultures initiated from single spores. The markers were PCR- business management tool is capable of archiving, retrieving, amplified from individual spores, cloned and sequenced. In our and updating information for each item in addition to schedul- initial screen, we detected 16 variants of POL. We analyzed 16 to 200 ing work, planning materials, and monitoring inventory, sales, POL clones per spore in 20 spores representing four single-spore and customer service. The greatest benefit of this new system cultures. The pattern of POL variant sorting in these cultures was is consistency and documentation. By streamlining the flow of consistent with the homokaryotic model of nuclear organization. data, customers, customer service technicians, and ATCC Similar analysis of the rDNA ITS region (16 to 40 clones per spore in biologists have accurate information at their fingertips. The 22 spores from five single-spore cultures) revealed four ITS variants, implementation of this Enterprise System will lead to better whose sorting pattern also indicated homokaryosis. The presence inventory management, more accurate shipping dates, and of distinct ITS variants within individual nuclei may imply that ultimately, increased customer satisfaction. The poster will concerted evolution, which is responsible for homogenization of cover in detail the application of this industrial computer based dispersed rDNA arrays in genomes of other organisms, does not system to ATCC’s biological processes. Poster operate efficiently in Glomales. Contributed presentation PITT, J.I. CSIRO Food Science Australia, North Ryde, NSW PETERSON, S.W.1, PEREZ, J.2, VEGA, F.E.3 and INFANTE, F.2. 2113, Australia. From pure culture to PCR: 100 years of 1National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA, Penicillium taxonomy. Peoria, IL 61604; 2El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Penicillium was described by Link in 1809, but because Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km 2.5, 30700 Tapachula, fruiting structures are ephemeral, little taxonomic progress was Chiapas, Mexico; 3Insect Biocontrol Laboratory, USDA, made until pure culture techniques began to be used. Notable is Beltsville, MD 20705-2350. Diversity of Penicillium species P. duclauxii Delacroix, described in 1891and still in culture more associated with the coffee berry borer in Chiapas, Mexico. than 100 years later. Charles Thom first monographed the genus The coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei (CBB) causes in 1910, and provided the first key. Kenneth Raper in 1949 great damage to coffee crops around the world. Borer eggs are laid introduced the use of more than one medium, and preservation in developing coffee berries, and the larvae feed on tissue of the by freeze drying. In 1973, Pitt introduced the use of colony berry. It has been hypothesized that fungal growth in insect galleries diameters to assess growth; his monograph in 1979 used three provides exogenous sterols needed for the development of the media and three temperatures as standard, adding “gross insect, that the galleries provide a sheltered habitat for the fungus physiology” to morphological taxonomy. This was perhaps as and that a mutualism exists between fungus and beetle. We isolated far as traditional taxonomy could go. Many new approaches fungi from the cuticle of the adult CBBs and examined the galleries have been tried since. The most important was the use of of infested coffee berries using SEM. We isolated a number of secondary metabolites by Frisvad and Filtenborg in the 1980s, Penicillia identifiable as P. olsonii, P. crustosum, and P. citrinum. We which provided very good correlations with morphology. In the also found a homogeneous group of isolates that are phenotypi- 1990s, molecular techniques began to be used, first by John cally distinct from known Penicillium species. Large differences Taylor, then Steven Peterson and others. Most results have between the ITS and partial 28S rDNA sequences of the CBB reinforced classical taxonomy. Nomenclatural changes have also associated group and sequences from cultures of ex type Penicil- occurred, from Raper’s concept that sexual states were unimportant, lium species suggest that these isolates represent a new species. to suggested total integration into ascomycete genera. A measure SEM photographs of the CBB galleries reveal plentiful growth of a of nomenclatural stability has been achieved through “Names in monoverticillate Penicillium species whose phenotype matches Current Use”. In the past 100 years, much has been achieved, but that of the new species, and SEM photographs of adult CBB cuticle much remains to be done. Contributed presentation reveal the presence of conidia indistinguishable from those of the new species. Poster *PRINGLE, A. and TAYLOR, J.W. Dept. Plant and Microbial Biology, Univ. California, Berkeley CA 94720. Survival of the PHILLIPS, A.N. American Type Culture Collection, 10801 fittest? Measuring evolutionary success in fungi. University Boulevard, Manassas, VA 20110. Bioreagents in The unique biologies of filamentous fungi may illuminate an industrial enterprise system advances in bioproduction evolutionists’ understanding of processes as diverse as and manufacturing at the ATCC. sexuality, selection and mutualism. However progress has been To most scientists the terms manufacture and industry do slowed by misunderstandings related to the measurement of not evoke thoughts of a biological nature, however, great fungal fitness. Fitness is generally defined as survival and 50 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
reproduction. Elements complicating the measurement of have no influence (commensalism) on host fitness. However, certain survival and reproduction in filamentous fungi include the studies indicate that individual fungi may express multiple symbiotic difficulty of defining an “individual”, complicated life cycles lifestyles. We investigated the ability of plant pathogenic and unusual genetics. Plant pathologists have avoided some of Colletotrichum species and lifestyle-altered mutants to express these complications by focusing on single aspects of the fungal non-pathogenic lifestyles. Several of these species life cycle, for example, the urediniospores of Puccinia graminis. asymptomatically colonized plants not known to be hosts and Plant population biologists have grappled with the difficulties expressed either mutualistic or commensalistic lifestyles. Fungi that associated with measuring fitness in taxa that are both sexual expressed mutualistic lifestyles had expanded host ranges and and asexual; their discoveries may prove useful to mycologists. conferred disease resistance, drought tolerance, and/or growth In this poster we hope to elucidate the problems associated with enhancement to hosts. The benefits conferred by mutualists was measuring fitness in fungi by discussing how fitness has been dependent on the genotype of the host. The results indicate that defined by plant pathologists and plant population biologists, and the outcome of symbiosis is controlled by the host’s physiology. where fitness has been usefully measured in non-pathogenic fungal Successive colonization studies indicated that the ability of populations. We hope to stimulate a dialogue on IF and HOW one symbionts to colonize hosts is dependent on previous colonization fungus may be considered more fit than a second. Poster events and the lifestyles expressed by the initial colonizing fungi. Symposium presentation *REDBERG, G.L.1, HIBBETT, D.S.2, AMMIRATI, J.F.3, and RODRIGUEZ, R.J.3,4. 1Walla Walla College, College Place, WA RIZZO, D.M.1, GARBELOTTO, M.2, DAVIDSON, J.M.1, IVORS, 99324; 2Dept. Biology, Clark Univ., Worcester, MA 01610; 3Dept. K.2. 1Dept. Plant Pathology, Univ. California, Davis, CA 95616; Botany, Univ. Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; 4U.S. Geological 2Dept. Environmental Science, Policy and Management, Survey, BRD, WFRC, 6505 NE65th, Seattle WA. Bridgeoporus Ecosystem Science Division, Univ. California, Berkeley, CA nobilissimus: phylogeny and genetic diversity through PCR 94720. Phytophthora ramorum: an emerging pathogen of many amplification of mitochondrial and nuclear rDNA. hosts in California and Oregon forests. Bridgeoporus nobilissimus was placed on the Oregon Phytophthora ramorum is a recently described species that Natural Heritage program’s endangered species list in 1995 (as has been found as the cause of a lethal canker disease of Oxyporus nobilissimus) making it the first fungus to be listed tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus), coast live oak (Quercus by any private or public agency. As of 1997 less than 50 agrifolia), and black oak (Q. kelloggii) in coastal areas of sporocarps of B. nobilissimus had been located, many of them central California and southern Oregon. In addition, P. ramorum in various states of decline. Genetic studies of B. nobilissimus has been found to cause foliar and twig blights on an additional have not been reported nor have the spores been successfully 11 plant species from seven families. P. ramorum has also been germinated under laboratory conditions to date. We have recovered from Rhododendron and Viburnum in Germany and anlayzed the genetic diversity and phylogeny of B. The Netherlands. Sequences of the nuclear rDNA ITS region nobilissimus. DNA was extracted from spores collected from found P. lateralis to be the closest Phytophthora species. The individual fruiting bodies representing geographically distinct geographic origin of P. ramorum is currently unknown, but populations in Oregon and Washington. Spore samples collected AFLP analysis of California populations suggest that it is most contained low levels of bacteria, yeast and a filamentous fungal likely an exotic species. The above-ground nature of the species. Using taxon-specific PCR primers, it was possible to disease suggests wind-blown rain or rain splash as possibly the discriminate between rDNA from bacteria, yeast, and B. most common mechanism for pathogen dispersal. Foliar and nobilissimus. Nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region twig hosts (e.g., Umbellularia californica, rhododendron, tan sequences of B. nobilissimus were compared between individuals oak) may serve as ready sources of rain-dispersed inoculum. representing six populations and were found to have less than 2% Sporangia of P. ramorum are caducous and easily disperse in variation. These sequences were also used to design dual and water. Consistent with these results, P. ramorum has been nested PCR primers for B. nobilissimus-specific amplification. The recovered from rain, soil, litter, and stream water from woodlands mitochondrial small sub-unit rDNA sequences were used for with infected trees. In order to prevent further spread of P. ramorum phylogenetic analysis that supported placement of B. nobilissimus outside its current range, quarantines have been enacted by a in the hymenochaetoid clade. Contributed presentation number of government agencies. Symposium presentation
*RODRIGUEZ, R.J.1,2, REDMAN, R.S.1,2, and COOLEY, K.I.2. 1Dept. ROBERSON, R.W. Dept. Plant Biology, Arizona State Univ., Botany, Univ. Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; 2U.S. Geological Tempe, AZ 85287. An examination of cytoplasmic phenotypes Survey, BRD, WFRC, 6505 NE65th, Seattle, WA 98115. Friend or in dynein deficient hyphae. foe: fungi that express multiple symbiotic lifestyles. Light and transmission electron microscopy were used to Plant symbiotic fungi are generally thought to express one study the organization and dynamics of the hyphal cytoplasm lifestyle that may increase (mutualism), decrease (parasitism), or of ro mutants (ropy; ro-1, ro-3)in Neurospora crassa and nud 51 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
mutants in Aspergillus nidulans (nuclear distribution; nudA, *ROSSMAN, A. Y. and CASTLEBURY, L.A. Systematic Botany nudC). These genes encode subunits of either cytoplasmic and Mycology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705. dynein or the dynein activator complex dynactin. In wild-type Families in the Diaporthales: a new look based on LSU nuclear cells a well-defined Spitzenkörper (Spk) dominated the rDNA. cytoplasm of the hyphal apex. Small vesicles exhibited The ascomycete order Diaporthales includes a number of anterograde and retrograde motility in subapical regions. plant pathogenic fungi, the most notorious of which is Hyphae contained abundant microtubules that were aligned Cryphonectria parasitica, the chestnut blight fungus. mostly parallel to the growing axis of the cell. Most mitochon- Relationships among genera in the Diaporthales were evaluated dria and nuclei maintained a constant position in the advanc- as a basis for the recognition of families and to provide a ing cytoplasm. Dynein deficiency caused disruption of taxonomic framework for the asexually reproducing microtubule organization and function and thus to cytoplas- diaporthalean fungi. Major lineages within the Diaporthales mic order and organelle motility. These perturbations were determined by sequence analysis of the large subunit impacted negatively on the organization, stability and (LSU) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. Results suggest the function of the Spk, which led to severe reduction in growth presence of at least six lineages within the Diaporthales. These rate and, in some cases, altered hyphal morphology. Mecha- lineages are recognized as the Gnomoniaceae sensu stricto that nisms of microtubule disruption and other cytoplasmic may or may not include the Melanconidaceae sensu stricto, the phenotypes that result from the ro and nud mutations will be Schizoparme complex that could be recognized as the suggested and discussed. Symposium presentation Sydowiellaceae, a new family to be proposed that includes the Cryphonectria-Endothia complex, the Valsaceae, the *REDMAN, R.S.1,2, RODRIGUEZ, R.J.1,2, COOLEY, K.I.1, Diaporthaceae and the Pseudovalsaceae. In addition a number of SHEEHAN, K.B.3, HENSON, J.M.3. 1U.S. Geological Survey, teleomorphic and anamorphic taxa fall within the Diaporthales but BRD, Western Fisheries Research Center, 6505 NE 65th Street, were not allied with any of the major lineages. Poster Seattle, WA 98115; 2Dept. Botany, Univ. Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-5325; 3Dept. Microbiology and the Thermal Biology *SAENZ, G.S.1, SCHOCH, C.L.1, BERBEE, M.L.2, and Institute, Montana. Staying cool and hydrated in geothermal TURGEON, B.G.1. 1Dept. Plant Pathology, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, soils: plant adaptation to environmental stresses and the role NY 14853; 2Dept. Botany, Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver, BC of symbiotic fungi. V6T 2C9. Evolutionary comparison of sexually and asexually Dichanthelium lanuginosum is a perennial grass of reproducing Cochliobolus and Bipolaris spp. using four geothermal soils in Yellowstone National Park. Ninety eight genomic sequences. percent of the plants examined were colonized with a symbi- An understanding of mechanisms and direction of evolu- otic fungus identified by molecular and morphological tion of reproductive strategies can be gained by comparing analyses as a species of Curvularia (designated Csp.1A15). sequences corresponding to different genes or intergenic The fungus resided in seed coats, roots, and leaves but regions in fungi that differ in reproductive capability. Ideally, surface sterilized seeds produced fungus-free plants. Both these sequences should resolve relationships between closely the fungus and the plant had greater heat tolerance when related species. To gain a better understanding of evolution of grown symbiotically rather than separately. Symbiotic D. sexual versus asexual fungi, we have sequenced fast-evolving lanuginosum was also drought tolerant compared to non- MAT genes and their flanking regions, a protein coding gene for symbiotic controls. It appears that symbiosis allowed both primary metabolism, GPD, and an intergenic region between the plant and fungus to adapt to geothermal soils. Several vacuolar ATPase and a GTP binding protein, from two species other plant species were asymptomatically colonized with of sexually reproducing Cochliobolus and two of asexually Csp.1A15 including watermelon, tomato, wheat, and reproducing Bipolaris. The MAT region is a reference point for arabidopsis. Watermelon and tomato plants colonized with determining whether an asexual fungus is clonal or has the Csp.1A15 had significantly greater temperature and drought potential to reproduce sexually, since if not functional, MAT is tolerances compared to non-symbiotic control plants. predicted to accumulate mutations due to lack of selection. Symbiotic wheat and arabidopsis plants did not have thermal Sequence analysis of MAT in B. sacchari and B. sorghicola tolerance but did have significant drought tolerance com- revealed that these genes are like MAT of Cochliobolus and pared to non-symbiotic plants. The ability of Csp.1A15 to thus should be able to regulate sexual reproduction. Further- confer mutualistic benefits to these unrelated plant species more, the MAT genes, although evolving at a faster rate than suggests that the genetic mechanisms controlling the most genes, are highly conserved within a species and thus outcome of symbiosis are highly conserved and pre-date the serve as a marker for species boundaries. Results from three divergence of monocotyledonous and dicotyledenous plants. genes reveal that B. sacchari is two species. Combined analysis Contributed Presentation of four genic regions will be discussed. Contributed presentation
52 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
SCHADT, C.W., LIPSON, D.A. and SCHMIDT, S.K. Dept. EPO *SHAW, B. D., and MOMANY, M. Dept. Plant Biology, Univ. Biology, Univ. Colorado, Boulder CO 80309. Analysis of the Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. Polar growth genes swoA, a temporal dynamics of fungal communities in alpine tundra protein mannosyl transferase, and swoF, an N-myristoyl soils associated with Kobresia myosuroides using rDNA transferase, from Aspergillus nidulans. cloning, sequencing and phylogenetic methods. Establishment and maintenance of polarity is essential for Recent work on the microbial ecology of alpine tundra hyphal growth in filamentous fungi and is necessary for locations suggest that there may be seasonal shifts of microbial disease in many pathosystems. Germination of Aspergillus populations between the winter snow covered period and the nidulans conidia involves isotropic (nonpolar) expansion summer plant growing season. To investigate the identity of through the first two nuclear divisions. Subsequent growth is fungi inhabiting these soils ITS & LSU rDNA cloning and polar with production of a germ tube and establishment of sequencing were used to phylogenetically compare fungal vegetative growth. The A. nidulans swo mutants are defec- communities from soils collected before, during and after tive in one or both stages of polar growth during the process snowmelt. The resulting clones were primarily associated with of spore germination. A. nidulans swoAp is a protein the Ascomycota, although representatives of the mannosyl transferase, a protein responsible for the first stage Basidiomycota and Zygomycota were also observed. Many of of O-glycosylation. The temperature-sensitive allele is the Ascomycete clones fall into two well supported phyloge- truncated due to introduction of a stop codon before a netic groups that were not closely associated with any known predicted membrane span important for protein function. sequenced group of Ascomycetes. One of these groups is swoFp is an N-myristoyl transferase, a protein responsible for primarily associated with summer, snow-free soils from the the co-translational addition of a small fatty acid to the N- growing season, and the other group is associated primarily terminus of its substrate thereby giving it higher affinity for with soils collected under snow and during snowmelt. association with the membrane. The mutation in the tempera- Ectomycorrhizal fungi previously shown to dominate the roots ture-sensitive allele changes a conserved aspartic acid at 369 of the sedge Kobresia myosuroides, are rare in the bulk soil to a tyrosine. The wild type D369 appears to stabilize a beta environment between tussocks of K. myosuroides. This study strand bend through two hydrogen bonds and an ionic shows the diversity soil fungi in these environments and interaction. A proteomics approach is being taken to eluci- suggests some of the most prominent fungi in these soils may date the substrates of both swoAp and swoFp. Contributed represent novel organisms or at least important fungi that presentation remain understudied in there rDNA. Contributed Presentation SIMPSON, N.B.1, HOSAKA, K.2, SPATAFORA, J.W.2, and *SEIDL, M.T.1 and NEEDHAM, D.. 1Dept. Botany, Box COLGAN, W. III1. 1School Biological Sciences, Louisiana 351330, Univ. Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, 2USDA, Mt. Tech Univ., Ruston LA 71270; 2Dept. Botany and Plant Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Mountlake Terrace, WA Pathology, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis OR 97330. The use 98043. Strategic surveys for fungi in Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie of mtATP-6, mtSSU and nucLSU genes in phylogenetic and Olympic National Forests. analyses of the order Phallales. The National Forest Plan (NFP) provides for management The order Phallales, is a morphologically diverse and of habitat for late-successional and old-growth forest related widely dispersed taxon of gasteroid fungi, typified by the species within the range of the northern spotted owl. The “stinkhorns”. Though some species are endemic to specific NFP is a comprehensive ecosystem management strategy locations, the Clathraceae and Phallaceae are global in utilized by the USDA Forest Service and the USDI Bureau of distribution, presumably due to relatively long distance Land Management. The Record of Decision (ROD) is the dispersal by winged arthropods. Both groups possess legally binding document for the NFP and currently requires morphologically distinct features, but many traits overlap the strategic surveys to be conducted for all species on the current taxonomic boundaries. Although Phallaceae and survey and manage list. The January 2001 ROD lists 209 Clathraceae are currently considered sister groups, this species of fungi within survey and manage standards and overlap may indicate that one group may be nested within the guidelines. This plan covers the geographic areas of northern other, thus rendering one family paraphyletic. We are California, Oregon and Washington. In Washington state this currently conducting phylogenetic analyses of nucleotide includes Wenatchee, Gifford Pinchot, Olympic and Mt. Baker- sequence data of nuclear rDNA and mitochondrial rDNA and Snoqualmie National Forests. Beginning in 2001, strategic ATP6 loci to test familial and generic concepts of Phallales surveys were conducted in the spring and fall seasons for the sensu stricto . The results of these multi-gene analyses will latter two forests. Results and an overview of the surveys for be used to determine if current taxonomy is representative of the Olympic and Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forests will the natural phylogeny of the organisms and to develop be presented. Poster hypotheses regarding character evolution. Poster
53 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
SMITH, G.W. Dept. Biology, Univ. South Carolina, Aiken SC. widespread nature of this symbiosis and its potential impacts Aspergillosis of gorgonians. on oak woodlands, relatively little is known about the ecology In 1996, sea fans were found to be degrading throughout of oak ectomycorrhiza. In this preliminary study the objective the Caribbean. Although limited epizootics of gorgonian corals was to inventory the fungal species present in a blue oak had been previously reported, this one was more widespread woodland at the UC Sierra Foothills Research Station near and diseased populations occured from Mexico to Bermuda. Marysville, California. In December 2001, we began surveys of The pathogen was determined to be Aspergillus sydowii. epigeous and hypogeous ectomycorrhizal fruiting bodies. Strains of A. sydowii were isolated from diseased sea fans and Specimens were collected, marked, and mapped on a 200 x 400 meter compared with referance strains. HPLC profiles indicated peaks plot throughout the winter months of 2001 and 2002. Fungal from pathogenic strains not found in referance strains. Inocula- specimens were identified to species level using macroscopic and tion experiments showed that only strains showing these peaks microscopic morphological characters. Here we present data about were pathogenic. Additional strains obtained from African dust fruiting phenology, species composition, and species distribution were found to produce the characteristic HPLC peaks and for a diverse assemblage of fungal symbionts. We compare the inoculations on healthy gorgonians resulted in disease. Other fungal species composition of the Sierra Research Station site with species of gorgonians (sea plumes and sea pens)have recently two other oak-dominated sites (Shipley reserve in Southern found with aspergillosis also caused by A. sydowii. Results California and Wetstone reserve in Southern Oregon). Poster indicate that this pathogen may be distributed throughout the Eastern US, South America and the Caribbean via dust SOON GYU HONG, JI-YOUNG MIN, and KYUNG SOOK BAE. originating in the Sahara. Symposium presentation Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Korea Res. Inst. Bio- *SMITH, J.E.1, MOLINA, R.1, HUSO, M.2, LUOMA, D.2, science and Biotechnology, #52 Oun-dong Yusong-ku, Taejon MCKAY, D.1, CASTELLANO, M.1, LEBEL, T. 3 and 305-333, Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis of the genus VALACHOVIC, Y.1. 1USDA Forest Service, PNW Research Pleurotus and related species based on mitochondrial small Station, Corvallis OR; 2Dept. Forest Science, OSU, Corvallis OR; subunit rDNA sequences. 3National Herbarium of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens Phylogenetic relationships of Pleurotus spp. and related Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; 4Agriculture and Natural species were inferred from mitochondrial small subunit rDNA Resources, UC Davis, Eureka CA. Community structure of the sequences. The genus Pleurotus made a monophyletic group stalked and stalk-less in aging Douglas-fir forests. except that Lentinus levis and Panellus stipticus were included Knowledge of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal communities in the Pleurotus group. The genus Pleurotus was divided into improves our ability to maintain fungal species diversity. Our seven monophyletic groups. The group 1 contained P. study examined changes in species richness, abundance, and cornucopiae, P. euosmus, and P. citrinopileatus. The group 2 composition of mushrooms and truffles among successional included P. calyptratus, P. ostreatoroseus, P. incarnates, P. forest age classes of Douglas-fir dominated stands in the djamor, P. flabellatus. L. levis and P. stipticus made the third Cascade Range of Oregon. Over 4 fall and 3 spring seasons, monophyletic group. Two strains of P. australis made a mushrooms and truffles were collected from three replicate stands in monophyletic group neighboring the group 5 containing P. each of three forest age classes (young, rotation-age, and old- fuscosquamulosus, P. cystiosus, and P. abalonus. P. dryinus made a growth). We found (1) high EM species richness in Douglas-fir sister group to the group 7 that was composed of P. populinus, P. dominated stands (2) a similar number of EM fungal species among subareolatus, P. pulmonarius, P. opuntiae, P. eous, P. floridanus, P. forest age classes, (3) a change in abundance of some dominant sajor-caju, P. florida, P. eryngii, P. sapidus, P. ostreatus, and P. species as forest stands age, and (4) a greater likelihood for species columbinus. It was found that V1, V2, V4, V6, V8, and V9 domains unique to an age class to occur in old-growth stands. Seventeen showed insertion/deletion mutations from the alignment based on species (6% of the total) accounted for 79% of the total sporocarp the secondary structure model. In particular, V1, V4 and V9 domains biomass. Thirty-six percent of the species were unique to an age had large insertion/deletion events. Poster class. Our results suggest that all age classes of forests are important for maintaining the biological diversity of EM fungi and SUDAKIN, D.L. 333 Weniger, Corvallis, OR 97331. Toxigenic the organisms they support. Contributed presentation Fungi and Mycotoxins in the Indoor Environment. Toxigenic fungi are ubiquitous in the outdoor environment. SMITH, M.E. Dept.Plant Pathology, Univ. California, Davis CA The presence of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in the indoor 95616. Studies of ectomycorrhizal fungal community in a environment has been the subject of increasing public health Northern California blue oak woodland. concern. The purpose of this study is to review the scientific The term mycorrhiza, or “fungal root,” refers to the common literature to identify fungal species and mycotoxins that have symbiotic relationship between fungi and the roots of most been associated with health effects in epidemiological studies. plant species. Specifically, oaks are known to associate with A Medline search of peer-reviewed publications with search hundreds of species of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Despite the terms “fungi,” “indoor,” “mycotoxin,” “toxigenic,” and “building.” 54 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
identified 54 publications. The fungi most frequently implicated concentration increased. Further studies are underway to included Stachybotrys chartarum, Aspergillus versicolor, and assess the efficacy of post treatment chemicals for limiting unspecified Trichoderma and Penicillium spp. The most renewed fungal attack. Poster frequently isolated mycotoxins included macrocyclic and non- macrocyclic trichothecenes, sterigmatocystin, and citrinine. No TAYLOR, A.F.S. Dept. Forest Mycology and Pathology, SLU, study reported the presence or quantification of mycotoxins in Uppsala, Sweden. Testing island theories on islands. air samples. Thus, the ubiquitous nature of toxigenic molds and We investigated the ectomycorrhizal fungal communities on mycotoxins includes the indoor environment, and the human islands of different sizes in two lake systems in northern Sweden health implications of their presence indoors is not well defined. with a view to examining the relationship between increasing island Mycologists can make a significant contribution towards size and species richness. Communities were assessed both clarifying this relationship by improving the understanding of aboveground as sporocarps and belowground as mycorrhizas on indoor fungal ecology, and by defining those factors that may the roots of the dominant tree hosts. Identification of the fungi on affect the production of mycotoxins by toxigenic fungi in the the roots was done using RFLP and ITS sequence analysis. In indoor environment. Poster general, species richness was high both above and belowground. Variation in the distribution and abundance of morphotypes both *SUH, S.-O.1, McHUGH, J.V.2, and BLACKWELL, M1. 1Dept. within and among islands was also high, with the majority only Biological Sciences, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803; being found on single islands. No relationship was found between 2Dept. Entomology, Univ. Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. Yeasts from the numbers of morphotypes found and island area but it was clear the gut of basidiocarp-feeding beetles. that sample size had a major influence upon the number of One hundred new species of yeasts have been discovered morphotypes detected. There was, however, a clear positive in the gut of basidiocarp-feeding beetles. Isolations from relationship between species richness as determined from sporo- beetles collected primarily along the northern coast of the Gulf carps and island area. The data support the habitat diversity theory of Mexico and at Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Some of island biogeography which states that species richness is a sampling of target beetles occured repeatedly at different function of the number of available habitats on an island and rejects lacalities and in different months. The yeasts were isolated on the equilibrium hypothesis which predicts that species density acidified YMA which selected against most bacteria, and few should increase with increasing island area. The study also fungal species other than saccharomycetalean yeasts were highlights the problems in sampling these highly species rich and isolated. Controls were used to distinguish between gut yeasts spatially heterogeneous communities. Symposium presentation and yeasts occurring on the beetle outer surface. Yeasts from the beetle surface probably were acquired from the substrate *THACKER, J.R.1, HENKEL, T.W.2, AIME, M.C.3, MONCALVO, and are closely related to previously described yeasts. Based J.M.1 and VILGALYS, R.V.1. 1Box 90338, Duke Univ., Durham, NC on the use of the controls, we believe that many of the gut 27708; 2Dept. Biological Sciences, Humboldt State Univ., Arcata, CA yeasts usually are undescribed species using criteria of DNA 95521; 3Dept. Plant Sciences, Oxford Univ., South Parks Road, comparisons and metabolic tests. The project is described more Oxford OX1 3RB, UK. Probing the Amazonian soil mycota. fully at [http://lsb380.plbio.lsu.edu/beetlebellyfolder/ Little is known about the soil mycota of tropical rain forests, beetlebelly]. Contributed presentation which are thought to hold much undiscovered fungal diversity. We have undertaken the first PCR-based analysis of tropical soil, which TAYLOR, A. and MORRELL, J.J. Dept. Wood Science and should allow sampling of the full diversity of fungi present in soil, Engineering, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331 Effects of including unculturable, non-fruiting, and infrequently-fruiting fungi. bleach treatment on elimination of mold fungi from wood surfaces. DNA extractions were performed on soil samples gathered from Molds on wood are an increasingly important building both the litter and organic horizon layers of a monodominant issue. While bleach washes are commonly recommended for ectotrophic forest stand and a neighboring species-rich non- mold removal, there is suprisingly little information the effec- ectotrophic mixed forest stand in the uplands of Guyana. Species tiveness of these treatments. The ability of bleach and other diversity and relative abundance was compared to annual fruitbody mold removal treatments to brighten wood and eliminate surface census data for the same forest stands. Taxonomic identifications fungi was assessed on Pinus ponderosa sapwood lumber were facilitated by comparisons with fungal sequence databases of heavily colonized with mold and sapstain fungi. The boards the Duke Forest Microbial Observatory and GenBank. Sequence were subjected to bleach solution, water washes or a no-wash divergence between tropical and temperate soil fungi will be used to control, then each sample was assessed for degree of discolora- give some indication of the cryptic fungal phylodiversity in tropical tion and tape samples were taken and cultured on malt extract forests. These data will be used to assess the degree of endemism agar. Bleach concentrations up to 20 % had no effect on surface that might be expected for tropical fungi and whether tropical soils appearance, but fungal floria appeared to shift from Tricho- are a significant reservoir for the world’s estimated 1.5 million fungal derma spp to slower growing dematiaceous species as bleach species. Contributed presentation 55 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
*TORZILLI, A.1, SIKAROODI, M.2, CHALKLEY, D.3 and Austrogautieria, Descomyces, Gymnopaxillus, Mycoamaranthus, GILLEVET, P.2. 1Biology Dept., George Mason Univ., Fairfax VA Setchelliogaster. Aroramyces and Mycoamaranthus also occur in 22030; 2Dept.Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason Africa and the latter genus in the Indian subcontinent as well. More Univ., Fairfax VA 22030; 3American Type Culture Collection, collecting is needed to confirm generic endemism to individual Manassas VA 20110. Analysis of salt marsh fungal communities Gondwanan continents. Contributed presentation by amplicon length heterogeneity (ALH) fingerprinting. Shoots from various salt marsh plants were collected, asepti- TRAPPE, M.J. Dept. Environmental Science, Oregon State Univ., cally homogenized and filtered through a series of sieves to collect a Corvallis OR 97331 Ecology and host associations of Craterellus 106 µM-particle fraction which then was plated on isolation medium. tubaeformis in western Oregon. DNA extracted from the 106 µM-particle fraction (total fungal DNA), The association of Craterellus tubaeformis with late seral from fungi growing out of individual particles (culturable fungi) and stands and coarse woody debris in the Pacific Northwestern United from pure cultures identified microscopically (culturable and States was quantified by repeated surveys of 64 stands in the sporulating) were amplified with fungal-specific primers for the SSU western Oregon Coast and Cascade ranges. The research found rDNA or the ITS rDNA and subjected to ALH fingerprinting. SSU that stand age and well-decayed (class 4 & 5) coarse woody debris rDNA did not provide sufficient length variability to distinguish (CWD) are significant to the probability of Craterellus tubaeformis between individual fungi. Analysis of ITS amplicons resolved 7 out occurrence but not to biomass productivity. The abundance of of 9 pure cultures of fungi identified microscopically from Spartina class 4 & 5 CWD is particularly important to the probability of alterniflora, with two genera being indistinguishable from each Craterellus tubaeformis occurrence in stands less than 100 years of other but distinct from the other 7. Individual genera also were age. Class 4 & 5 CWD was the substrate for 88% of Craterellus resolved when mixtures of their amplified DNAs, or DNAs amplified tubaeformis collections across all stands. Slope, elevation, or aspect from a mixed extraction of the 9 fungi, were fingerprinted. A different were not significant to Craterellus tubaeformis productivity. fingerprint was observed for fungal DNA amplified from Spartina, Mycorrhizal host associations with western hemlock, Douglas-fir, suggesting that fungi identified from culturing may not represent Sitka spruce, and chinquapin were identified using restriction the dominant species in the natural community. A better correlation fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing. Although was observed between Spartina fingerprints and those of pooled, Craterellus tubaeformis has a broad potential host range in western particle-associated fungi. Differences in fingerprints observed for Oregon, it is over six times more likely to occur in stands with a the different hosts will be discussed. Symposium presentation western hemlock component than those without. Differences in genetic sequences and habitat associations between Craterellus *TRAPPE, J.M.1, DOMINGUEZ, L.2, CASTELLANO, M.3, tubaeformis populations in western North America, eastern North CAZARES, E.1, LEBEL, T.4, CLARIDGE, A.W.5 1Dept. Forest America, and Europe suggest there may be several distinct species. Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-5752; Contributed presentation 2Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal, Universidad Nacional di Cordoba, Argentina; 3U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Pacific VALENTINE, L.L., FIEDLER, T.L., PETERSEN, C.A., HART, A. Northwest Research Station, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR BERNINGHAUSEN, H.K. and SOUTHWORTH, D. Dept. Biology, 97331; 4National Herbarium of Victoria, Birdwood Avenue, South Southern Oregon Univ., Ashland OR 97520. Fungal associates of Yarra, Victoria 3141, Australia; 6New South Wales National Parks Quercus garryana: correspondence between ectomycorrhizae and and Wildlife Service, Threatened Species Unit, Southern Directorate, sporocarps. PO Box 2115, Queanbeyan NSW 2620, Australia. Hypogeous fungi Although certain fungi regularly associate with oaks and and the Gondwanan connection. selected fungi form ectomycorrhizae on oaks, correspondence Floristic and mycological ties between the Gondwanan between below-ground ectomycorrhizae and above-ground breakaways (Australia, the Indian subcontinent, New Zealand, New sporocarps is unknown. Our goals were (1) to describe diversity of Caledonia, South America and Africa) are well recognized. Relation- the ectomycorrhizal community on Quercus garryana and (2) to ships of the hypogeous mycota between these once connected but compare the sporocarp and the ectomycorrhizal communities. We now widely separated land masses have particular interest, because examined ectomycorrhizal morphotypes on Quercus garryana their spore dispersal requires animal vectors and is unlikely to span in southern Oregon. We sampled soil cores at distances of half even relatively narrow ocean barriers. Accordingly, hypogeous canopy, canopy, and outside the canopy. We collected genera endemic to the Southern Hemisphere Gondwanan conti- sporocarps over two years. Using fungal specific primers ITS1- nents can be inferred as evolved after separation of Gondwana from F and ITS4 and restriction enzymes HinfI and TaqI, we amplified Pangaea. Genera endemic to individual continents can be inferred as DNA via PCR to compare ectomycorrhizae with each other and evolved after the Gondwanan breakup. We have unearthed several with sporocarps. Over 40 ectomycorrhizal morphotypes were hypogeous genera, previously thought to be restricted either to recognized (http://www.sou.edu/biology/biocomplex/ Australia or South America, in native forests of both places: Main.htm). Nearly 100 species of sporocarps were found: 72% Ascomycota: Gymnohydnotra. Basidiomycota: Aroramyces, Basidiomycetes including fleshy Agaricales and resupinate 56 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
Aphyllophorales, and 28% Ascomycetes including hypogeous isolates, the amount of pathogen DNA in the resistant check Tuberales and Pezizales. Five ectomycorrhizae were identified: WAPH-5 was significantly less than in either of the susceptible one was Cenococcum geophilum; four had RFLP patterns checks, Saranac and WAPH-1. Similarly, the assay demon- similar to two truffles, to Peziza, and to Boletus zelleri. strated that significantly less A. euteiches DNA was detected in Correspondence between ectomycorrhizae and sporocarps was the roots of a resistant pea line than in a susceptible line. A low suggesting that not all mycorrhizal fungi produce sporo- similar assay has been developed for Phytophthora carps or that many fungi produce few or short-lived mycor- medicaginis, which also causes root rot in legumes. These rhizae. Supported by NSF Grant DEB-9981337. Poster assays may be useful for breeding programs to select among plants that appear phenotypically similar based on visual *VANDEGRIFT, V.E., CHEN, H., and HARMON, M.E. Dept. assessment of disease symptoms. Contributed presentation Forest Science, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis OR 97331. Fungal diversity within decomposing woody roots in Oregon. *VELLINGA, E.C. and BRUNS, T.D. Dept. Plant and Microbial Previous studies have indicated that roots from five tree Biology, Univ. California, Berkeley, CA 94720. Patterns in species across an environmental gradient in Oregon, decom- phylogeny, morphologically based classification, and distribu- pose at different rates. Molecular techniques were employed to tion of Agaricaceae. examine saprotrophic fungi from roots of these tree species to The family Agaricaceae is monophyletic, but harbours a see if differences in the fungal communities explain root morphologically diverse group of fungi: habit (agaricoid, decomposition rates. Root samples were retrieved from trees cut secotiaceous and gasteroid), and spore colour (white, brown, seven to fifteen years prior to sampling. Hyphae samples were black, green, blue, and pink), are among many characters which collected directly from roots, and fungi were cultured from root vary greatly. Developmental characters, like velar structure and chips. To analyze genetic diversity of the samples, Internal tramal composition, are shared by monophyletic groups within Transcribed Spacer-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism the family, whereas habit, spore colour and shape often vary (ITS-RFLP) patterns were evaluated. Nei and Li similarity index within a clade. The latter characters were widely used in existing analyses were used to compare differences in fungal composi- classifications based solely on morphology. For instance, tion based upon ITS-RFLP types between tree species and Melanophyllum, formerly classified close to Agaricus, belongs sites. DNA sequences of the nuclear large and small subunits to the same clade as Cystolepiota, sharing the epithelioid velum were used to illustrate potential taxonomic relationships universale, but differing in spore colour. Many western North between samples. Two hundred distinct ITS-RFLP patterns American species appear to be local, a pattern also reflected in were recognized from fungal samples. Similarities in ITS-RFLP the higher plant flora. An example is Lepiota spheniscispora of types of hyphal and cultured samples between sites ranged central coastal California, whose sister taxon, L. magnispora is from 0 to 7%, from 0 to 13% between tree species, from 0 to 11% widespread throughout the Northern Hemisphere. An explana- between harvest stands, and from 0 to 67% between individual tion for this interesting pattern is being sought in linking stumps. The most common RFLP patterns were sequenced and geological events with the phylogenies. Our understanding of most matched with the Mortierellaceae and Mucoraceae families such phylogenetic and distribution patterns is hampered of the zygomycetes. Contributed presentation because many species are undescribed. This is true for numerous western North American species, even those with big *VANDEMARK, G.J. and BARKER, B.M. USDA-ARS, Prosser, conspicuous basidiocarps as in the genus Macrolepiota. WA 99350. Discrimination of alfalfa populations for resistance Contributed presentation to Aphanomyces euteiches using a real time fluorescent polymerase chain reaction assay with bulked plant samples. *VOTH, P. and MAY, G. Dept. Plant Biological Sciences, Univ. A PCR assay using a set of specific primers and probe Minnesota, St. Paul MN 55108. Population genetic study of a (TaqMan) was developed to quantify the amount of dsRNA killer virus associated with the plant pathogen, Aphanomyces euteiches DNA in alfalfa plants exhibiting Ustilago maydis. varying levels of disease severity. The study included two Ustilago maydis, commonly known as corn smut, causes isolates of race 1 and two isolates of race 2 of A. euteiches. infections on vegetative and reproductive tissues of corn. Analysis of individual plants and bulked plant samples of Associated with U. maydis is a cytoplasmically inherited standard check populations with each isolate resulted in dsRNA mycovirus that produces a toxin that is lethal to other Spearman rank correlations between pathogen DNA content U. maydis individuals. This tripartite association between the and disease severity index (DSI) ratings that were greater than plant, fungus, and virus creates an interesting dynamic of 0.75 and highly significant (P=0.001). In experiments with both interactions. Each strain of virus is immune to its own toxin and race 1 isolates, the amount of pathogen DNA present in the exhibits both cytoplasmic and nuclear resistance. Strains of resistant check WAPH-1 was significantly less than in the killer virus that do not produce any toxins but retain resistance susceptible check Saranac. In experiments with both race 2 are known as non-killer strains. Previous studies have shown 57 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
that RNA viruses have fast rates of evolution, which could mitochondrial rDNA and genes encoding RNA polymerases provide a means to examine evolution due to changes in the were used to examine relationships both within Sparassis and geography and the tripartite interactions. Comparisons of viral between Sparassis and members of the polyporoid clade, such lineages between and within North and South America bestow as Polyporus, Postia, Grifola, Laetiporus, Phaeolus and a means to determine whether the evolutionary changes are due Piptoporus. Preliminary results suggest that 1) There are three to geographic expansion of the host or independently estab- morphologically distinct species in Sparassis (S. spathulata, S. lished populations. U. maydis can also infect teosinte, the brevipes, and S. crispa), which can be distinguished on the ancestor of maize, which is endemic to Meso America. A basis of status of the fruiting bodies, presence of clamp comparison of viral lineages found on U. maydis on maize and connections, and spore size; and, 2) Sparassis, Phaeolus, and teosinte, respectively, present an approach to understanding Laetiporus form a monophyletic group, which is united by the viral evolution in response to evolution in just on member of production of a brown rot and the frequent habit of growth as a the tripartite interaction. Poster root and butt rot on living trees. Poster
*WALKER, J.F.1, MILLER, O.K., JR.1, HORTON, J.L.1, BEIER, WEBER, N.S. Dept. Forest Science, Oregon State Univ., C.1, CLINTON, B.D.2 and NILSEN, E.T.1. 1Dept. Biology, Virginia Corvallis OR 97331. Mycological diversity in a Corvallis, Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061; 2USDA Forest Service Coweeta Oregon yard. Hydrologic Laboratory, Otto, NC 28763. Distribution of I have been tracking the diversity of “easily” findable fungi ectomycorrhizal fungi on tree seedlings grown in gradients of in a quarter-acre wooded lot in Corvallis starting 1988. In ericaceous shrubs in the Appalachian Mountains. autumn 1997 I started observing fruiting patterns in detail, both Potential ectotrophic symbionts (ECM) of tree seedlings are spatially and temporally, and fruiting body longevity. As of late similar in sites with versus without dense thickets of the winter 2002 approximately 300 non-lichenized and lichenized ericaceous shrub Rhododendron maximum (Rm) when fungi and myxomycetes have been found; the level of precision compared based on sporophore distributions. However, in identification varies. Data on development and longevity of seedlings are poorly colonized by ECM in the presence of Rm fruiting bodies and fruiting patterns of selected species will be thickets. To resolve this apparent conflict between ECM presented. Special emphasis will be given to the Pezizales (e.g., sporulation and seedling root colonization, ECM species Sarcoscypha, Plectania, Helvella, and Morchella), jelly fungi composition on seedling roots across gradients through ericoid (e.g., Exidia, Pseudohydnum, and Tremella), species described shrub thickets is being assessed. We are currently extracting from Oregon, and fungi I have not been able to identify. and analyzing ECM ITS region rDNA from seedlings planted in Contributed presentation situ along gradients of two ericaceous shrub species in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Initial results indicate the *WESTMORELAND, S.1, VOLK, T.J.1, and MONTE, A.. 1Dept. presence of a Laccaria sp., a Tomentella sp., an Amanita sp., Biology and 2Dept. Chemistry, Univ. Wisconsin, La Crosse WI and several boletalean ECM. However, we suspect a great deal 54601. A morphological, pigment, molecular and musical study more diversity will be discovered as processing continues. of Hydnellum (Basidiomycota, Thelephoraceae). Finally, we hope to present correlations between seedling ECM, Hydnellum is a genus of stipitate hydnaceous fungi that ericoid shrub density, host tree influence, light availability, and can be recognized by their brown, ornamented basidiospores, edaphic conditions in relation to seedling suppression in leathery texture, and indeterminate, mycorrhizal growth habit. ericoid shrub thickets. Contributed presentation Although previous taxonomic works have been useful, there are many disagreements between authors as to the correct *WANG, Z., BINDER, M. and HIBBETT, D.S. Dept. Biology, delimitation and placement of Hydnellum species. For instance, Sackler Science Center, Clark Univ., Worcester, MA 01610. some authors may consider two species conspecifics where as Phylogeny and biogeography of the cauliflower fungus others consider them separate species. Since there has been Sparassis and other brown-rot basidiomycetes inferred from only one limited taxonomic study of Hydnellum in the past rDNA and RNA polymerase gene sequences. fifteen years, a re-examination of the species with modern Sparassis sp (cauliflower fungi) are broadly distributed in taxonomic methods is warranted. For that reason we have the northern hemisphere. Sparassis sp show extensive morpho- undertaken morphological, chemical (pigment), and molecular logical variety, especially when materials from China are studies of Hydnellum species. The macroscopic and microscopic compared with collections from North America and Europe. We characteristics have been compared to published descriptions of have been studying the taxonomy of Sparassis from East Asia, the species. A total of 79 collections, 13 species, have been North America and Europe based on both morphological and examined for macromorphology and micromorphology. Two molecular data. DNA was extracted from 25 collections of collections of each species have been examined for the occurrence Sparassis from China, Japan, the USA, Canada, Germany, the of thelephoric acid, aurantiacin and atromentin. Finally, partial DNA United Kingdom, France, Switzerland and Finland. Nuclear and sequencing was done on two collections of each species, and was 58 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
used to confirm the final placement of Hydnellum species. An random distribution. These results indicate that traditional random original song about Hydnellum will be included. Contributed or stratified random sampling methods may not truly capture the presentation variability in AMF species richness and composition present in urban landscapes. Poster *WHITBECK, K.L.1, CASTELLANO, M.A.1, SPATAFORA, J.W.2, CAZARES, E.1 and TRAPPE, J.M.1 1Dept. of Forest WILSON, A., DESJARDIN, D.E.1, and HORAK, E.2 1Dept. Biology, Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97333; 2Dept. San Francisco State Univ., San Francisco, CA 94132; 2Geobotanical of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Institute ETH, Herbarium, Zollikerstrasse 107, Ch-8008 Zurich, Corvallis OR 97333. Systematics of the genus Gymnomyces Switzerland. A monograph of Gymnopus from Java and Bali. (Russulales, Basidiomycota). Eighteen species of Gymnopus sensu stricto are reported from Gymnomyces is an ectomycorrhizal genus of basidiomycetes the islands of Java and Bali, Indonesia. Collections were made in classified in the Russulales. It produces hypogeous or truffle-like West Java, from the botanical gardens of Bogor and Cibodas, and sporocarps with published molecular phylogenetic data supporting from the vicinity of Mt. Salak and Mt. Halimun. Collections from the that the genus is most closely related to Russula. Currently, five island of Bali were made from the Kebun Raya Botanical garden and species are listed in the Record of Decision (ROD) of the Northwest around Lakes Brattan and Tamblingan. Macroscopic descriptions Forest Plan and are designated as species of concern. As part of a were made from fresh material and microscopic descriptions were broader based research initiative to better understand species made from the dried collections at San Francisco State University. boundaries and phylogenetic diversity of ROD-listed fungi, we are Four species resemble taxa described by Corner from Malaysia conducting a partial regional monograph of the Pacific Northwest- including: Marasmius termiticola, M. aurantiipes, M. nonnulus var. ern Gymnomyces species with particular emphasis on the G. attenuatus, and M. purpureicollous. Nearly one sixth of the brunnescens – G. californicus complex and related species recently collections were determined to be Gymnopus menehune, originally recombined from Martellia. Methodology includes use of RFLP described from Hawaii by Desjardin, Halling, & Hemmes. Currently analyses and phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ITS rDNA sequence there are 13 species without names, with at least ten of these most data combined with traditional microscopy. Preliminary ITS rDNA likely being new to science. Poster data suggest that fewer phylogenetic species may exist than in current hypotheses based solely on descriptive morphology. *WINTON, L.M., HANSEN, E.M., and STONE, J.K. Dept. Botany Continued and expanded sampling will be conducted to further test and Plant Pathology, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis OR 97331. and refine the species boundaries in the G. brunnescens – G. Population structure suggests reproductively isolated lineages of californicus complex and results will be presented. Contributed Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii. presentation A survey of genetic diversity and population structure of the Douglas-fir needle pathogen Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii was *WHITCOMB, S.A. and STUTZ, J.C. Dept. Plant Biology, conducted using single-strand conformational polymorphisms Arizona State Univ., Tempe AZ 85281. Small-scale spatial (SSCP) to screen for variability in mitochondrial and nuclear patterns of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity in an housekeeping genes. Thirty populations representing collections experimental urban landscaped site. from within the natural range of Douglas-fir in North America, as Soil microbes often exhibit strong spatial structuring at several well as sites worldwide where the tree was planted as an exotic were scales, rendering random sampling techniques useless, yet no sampled. Sequencing of the SSCP variants revealed that the method studies have examined spatial patterns of arbuscular mycorrhizal accurately detected both single nucleotide and insertion/deletion fungal species at scales less than 50 m. In the current study, we polymorphisms, so sequence information was used to construct hypothesized that AMF species richness and composition in an multilocus gene genealogies and to test various hypotheses of experimental urban landscaping site would exhibit non-random recombination (outcrossing) and clonality (selfing). We found that spatial patterns. Two 9.6 m x 9.6 m human-managed permanent long- P. gaeumannii in the region of severe Swiss needle cast disease in term monitoring plots were established at the Desert Botanical western Oregon is subdivided into two reproductively isolated Garden and were planted with woody plants typically used in xeric sympatric lineages. Low genotypic diversity with overrepresented landscaping in Phoenix. Soil samples were taken at 25 points in each genotypes in both lineages suggests a predominantly selfing plot in a regular grid pattern and used to establish trap cultures. reproductive mode. One lineage has nearly worldwide distribution, AMF spores were then extracted and identified. Species richness occurring throughout much of the Pacific Northwest as well as and composition patterns were examined with spatial statistics. locations outside the natural range of Douglas-fir. The second Results from one plot indicate that species richness varied from zero lineage is restricted to the coastal region of Oregon. The abundance to six species per sampling point. Species richness values were of the second lineage was positively correlated with disease negatively autocorrelated, revealing a non-random distribution. severity in young plantations in the epidemic area. Contributed Most individual species were randomly distributed across the plot, presentation but one species was more dispersed than would be expected with a 59 MSA ~~ ABSTRACTS
*WINTON, L.M., STONE, J.K., and HANSEN, E.M. Dept. Botany *WORRALL, J.J. and SULLIVAN, K.F. Forest Health Management, and Plant Pathology, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis OR 97331. The Rocky Mountain Region, USDA Forest Service, Gunnison CO systematic position of Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii. 81230. Widespread damage caused by Davisomycella ponderosae Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii, causal agent of the Douglas-fir on ponderosa pine on the San Juan National Forest. foliar disease Swiss needle cast, is the only known pathogenic Expanding areas of increasingly severe spring discoloration of species of this genus. While coelomycetous Rhizosphaera form ponderosa pine have been observed across the San Juan National species have been accepted as anamorphic states of Forest of southern Colorado for the past several years. Most of the Phaeocryptopus, this relationship has never been conclusively discoloration is on older needles. In some areas, trees now carry established. Current classifications place Phaeocryptopus in the only two years of needles because the discolored needles are cast. Venturiaceae (Pleosporales), typified by the apple-scab pathogen We have identified the needle-cast fungus Davisomycella Venturia inaequalis. All core members of this family have ponderosae (Staley) Dubin & Staley (Rhytismatales: hyphomycetous anamorphs. We sought to confirm these relation- Rhytismataceae) on discolored needles in all affected areas that we ships by means of phylogenetic analyses of the small (SSU) and visited. Sampling in 2001 indicated that sites with the greatest large (LSU) subunits of nuclear ribosomal (nrDNA) gene se- defoliation tended to have a south-southeast aspect and were on quences. Cladistic analyses indicated that both the genus upper slopes. Hilltops had significantly greater discoloration than Phaeocryptopus and the family Venturiaceae, as currently defined, most other slope positions. Climate records indicate that 1999 was are unnatural groups. Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii and P. nudus, an unusually wet growing season and 2000 was extremely hot and type of the genus, are more properly disposed in Euantennariaceae dry. This fungus may infect needles during their first year, then (Capnodiales) and Dothioraceae (Dothideales), respectively. Form cause a latent infection for several years until an event such as species of Rhizosphaera are very closely related to P. nudus but not drought triggers its development and consequent needle mortality to P. gaeumannii. Ordinal placement of the Venturiaceae was and fruiting. It is surprising that this fungus, capable of causing unresolved, but the family is apparently not included in the such widespread and severe damage, was not described until 1964 Pleosporales, Dothideales, or Capnodiales. Contributed presenta- and has scarcely been reported since then. Contributed presenta- tion tion
WOLPERT, T.J. Dept. of Botany and Plant Pathology, Cordley ZITOMER, N.C. and VOLK, T.J. Dept. Biology, Univ. Wisconsin, La Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331-2902. The Crosse WI 54601. Isolation and identification of novel compounds host selective toxin, victorin, and its induction of programmed and antibiotics from basidiomycota fruiting bodies. cell death. Fungi are known to produce a variety of active metabo- The overall objective of the studies conducted in our laboratory lites, including many pharmaceutically useful compounds is to understand what changes occur in a plant host as a conse- such as cephalosporins, cyclosporin, and lovastatin. Most, if quence of microbial infection that results in the expression of either not all, of these compounds have been isolated from disease resistance or susceptibility. A major component of these deuteromycetes or non-fruiting mycelia from other fungi. This studies has involved an investigation of a disease called Victoria project widens the scope of the search for new compounds blight of oats that is caused by a host selective toxin-producing by focusing on fruiting bodies. Fungi from vulnerable or fungus, Cochliobolus victoriae. Toxin production by the fungus is highly competitive niches have been our focus. These required for pathogenesis. In the host, toxin sensitivity and include the little studied Corticiaceae (crust fungi), the consequently, disease susceptibility, is controlled by the dominant polypores, as well as young primordia of other Vb gene and homozygous recessive plants are both toxin insensi- Basidiomycota. Also of interest are those fungi that cannot tive and resistant to the fungus. Thus, the effect of toxin appears to yet be grown in laboratory conditions. Our approach was to dictate susceptibility in this interaction. Furthermore, the Vb gene collect and identify the basidiomata, then extract them with cannot be genetically resolved from the Pc-2 gene, which confers methylene chloride. This extract was next tested via the brine resistance to the crown rust pathogen, Puccinia coronata and shrimp bioassay, then bacterial assays. The first bioassay mutations in toxin sensitivity simultaneously affect rust resistance. uses highly sensitive brine shrimp (Artemia Salinas), which Thus, it is appears that the Vb gene and the Pc-2 gene may be are sensitive to any metabolically active chemical disturbance identical. These observations indicate that the toxin can elicit both in their habitat. The bacterial bioassay involved soaking disease resistance and susceptibility responses. Recently, we have sterile disks of filter paper in the extracts and placing those shown that the toxin, victorin, induces a programmed cell death disks on plates of various bacteria, then observing for zones (PCD) response that shares the characteristics of apoptosis. of inhibition. Our promising extracts will next be separated Consequently, understanding how victorin acts should provide and identified using a variety of chromatographic methods as insight into both plant disease resistance and susceptibility and well as mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. an event perhaps more fundamental, the regulation of PCD. We present preliminary findings of such compounds. Poster Symposium presentation 60 MYCOLOGICAL NEWS
Visiting Russian Mycologist rooms, and space for researchers to work. submitted on-line at any time from (See their web site at < www.gsmit.org >). February 15, 2002 through April 30, 2003. Dr Larissa Vasilyeva, a mycologist from Anyone interested in participating in the For more information visit the web site: the Far East Branch of the Russian blitz should contact Steve Stephenson
Chester R. Benjamin, PhD Members on the Move Dr. Chester R. Benjamin, Leader, Mycology Investigations, Jack Murphy 1960-1970, USDA Crops Research Division, died April 20, 2002 at the age of 79 in Silver Spring, MD. He took over Dr. John (Jack) Murphy has accepted appointment as Assistant leadership of the U.S. National Fungus Collections (BPI) in Professor of Biology at Linfield College, McMinnville, Oregon. His Beltsville, Maryland and the associated research programs primary teaching responsibilities there will include Mycology, following the retirement of John A. Stevenson. Dr. Benjamin Conservation Biology, and Environmental Science. He is looking studied with G.W. Martin working on the sexual states of forward to collaboration with the Oregon Mycological Society and Aspergillus and Penicillium and received his Ph.D. in 1955 other northwestern mycologists. from University of Iowa, Iowa City. Prior to coming to After April 15, please direct correspondence to the Department Beltsville, he was a research mycologist at the Culture of Biology, Linfield College, McMinnville, Oregon 97128. My email Collections Investigations, Fermentation Laboratory in address there will probably be
Mid Atlantic States Mycological Conference (MASMC) National Fungus Collections, Beltsvile, Maryland April 20, 2002
1. Hope Miller; 2. Deborah Fravel; The Participants 3. Antoinette Frederick; 4. Rebecca Bennett; 5. Jennifer Frazer; 6. Kimberly Smith; 7. Karen Snyder; 8. Priscila Chaverri; 9. Orson K. Miller Jr.; 10. Kanthi Balakrishna; 11. Rytas Vilgalys; 12. Dave Farr; 13. Paula DePriest; 14. Anne Osano; 15. Lisa Castlebury; 16. David Padgett; 17. Ellen Farr; 18. Miao Mindy Liu; 19. Susan Snitras-Meyer; 20. D. Jean Lodge; 21. Nikki O’Neill; 22. Mike McCana; 23. Jeff Janso; 24. Rebecca Abler; 25. Houng Park; 26. Kathie Hodge; 27. Bingsheng Lu; 28. Amy Rossman; 29. JR Managbanag; 30. Jim Zhou; 31. David Chalkley; 32. Kathryn Bushley; 33. Karen Snetselaar; 34. Jeri Parrent; 35. Aarthi Gopinathan; 36. Jason Thacker; 37. Lena Jonsson; 38. Steve Abler; 39. Aimee Sheer; 40. Erin McCray; 41. John McKemy; 42. Bonny Dodson Dearborn ; 43. Ted Ahti; 44. Fred Frederick; 45. Gary Samuels; 46. Dennis Drehmel; 47. Dennis Shevlin; 48. Jonathan Hulvey; 49. Jim White; 50.Pete Letcher; 51. Omon Isikhuemhen; 52. John Walker; 53. Steve Rehner; 54. Mary Palm; 55. Keith O’Brian; 56. Mauritz Anderson; 57. Joe Bischoff; 58. Jian Bao; 59. Mark Miller; 60. Eric Boehm; 61. Daniel Henk; 62. Austen Ganley; 63. Tim James; 64. Dennis Gray
62 MYCOLOGICAL NEWS concl’d MASMC con’t
The 20th Annual Mid Atlantic States The employees of the Mycology Conference (MASMC) was held Systematic Botany and at the Systematic Botany and Mycology Mycology Laboratory, Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD on USDA-ARS who organized this year’s MASMC. From April 20-21,2002. Over 70 participants left to right: front row - enjoyed a full day of talks that covered all Dave Farr, Karen Snyder, aspects of mycology. Dr. Jean Lodge, Priscila Chaverri, Amy USDA Forest Service, Puerto Rico, pre- Rossman, Ellen Farr; sented a stimulating talk entitled In Search middle row - Aimee Sheer, of Biogeographic and Evolutionary Roots John McKemy, Erin Among Neotropical Fungi at the evening McCray, Mary Palm, Jose banquet. While no morels were found on Hernandez; third row - the field trip, the observation of a blue Gary Samuels, Lisa Castle1.bury, Bing-Sheng heron rookery was an exciting bonus. Lu. -- Dave Farr THE MYCOLOGIST’S BOOKSHELF
In this issue we review Atlas of Clinical Fungi, 2nd edition by GS de Hoog, J. Guarro, J. Gené and MJ Figueras, feature books received from February through April 2002, and list previously featured books received since October 2001. Reviews are needed for several books if you have the time over the next several months. Please check the list, send me an Email at [email protected] and I will try to accommodate your request as soon as possible. Please keep in mind that books are listed even though they may not have been received from the publisher as of yet. John Zak, BOOK REVIEW EDITOR REVIEW
TLAS OF CLINICAL FUNGI, 2nd edition. 2000. GS de Hoog, J. The Atlas treats 397 species implicated in infections of warm- AGuarro, J. Gené and MJ Figueras. Centraalbureau voor blooded animals. The classification system followed is up-to-date, Schimmelcultures, Fangal Biodiversity Center Utrecht, The separating the Kingdom Eumycota into four divisions: Chytridio- Netherlands, 1160pp. Price: 95.00 Euro. mycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, each divided into different categories. In addition, a simple explanation of A main goal of this book is to illustrate the diversity of pathogenic groups no longer included in the Kingdom Fungi is given, treating and opportunistic fungi and, at the same time, to stimulate the Oomycota and Mesomycetozoa in the informal category interest in their identification. Additionally, the “Atlas of Clinical “Pseudofungi.” General lifecycles are provided for all described Fungi” should standardize the use of correct nomenclature for groups. The taxonomic position of all fungi described in the fungal agents by providing a full nomenclature of each species in Atlas is provided in tables, figures, and text, with teleomorph order to clarify the use of many obsolete names. A checklist is and anamorph connections listed when available. Chapters on provided of every fungal species that has appeared in the medical Clinical Pathology, Natural Ecology and General Techniques literature. While many of these fungi are known to be saprobic, the recommended for the study of this group of fungi, enhance this number of clinically relevant saprobic fungi is increasing rapidly in book. immuno-compromised patients. Because many saprobic fungi are often difficult to identify, they have been listed several times in the Species are grouped into different categories based on literature under different names. As a result, many fungal infections general morphological characteristics. Taxonomic keys are have often been incorrectly linked to a specific fungus. The “Atlas provided for each group. The number of genera and species of Clinical Fungi” will help to correct misidentification of those treated within each of these hierarchies is: 1) Zygomycota, 28 fungal agents. species and 13 genera, not including Rhinosporidium (which is treated in the Mesomycetozoa), and Pneumocystis (in the Information for each fungal species treated in the book is Archiascomycetes); 2) yeasts and yeast-like fungi distributed presented in an organized and easy-to-use way, providing precise as follows: basidiomycetous yeasts, 5 genera and 25 species, and simple data on how to identify each species. Physiological archiascomycetes, 1 genus, 1 species, and ascomycetous characteristics are provided for making differential diagnoses of yeasts, 5 genera and 28 species; 3) filamentous Basidiomycota: yeasts infections. Moreover, the pathogenicity of each 2 genera, 2 species; 4) Ascomycota producing fruit bodies in species is described, along with its BSL (BioSafety Level), culture: 21 genera, 21 species; 5) Coelomycetes: 11 genera, 22 appropriate references, and instances of exceptional cases. 63 THE MYCOLOGIST’S BOOKSHELF con’t species; 6) Hyphomycetes 91 genera and 268 species divided as yet uncertain, is included. The last 90 pages of the book are into: black yeasts and their relatives, dematiaceae-anamorphic dedicated to References and to the Index. Pleosporales, dermatophytes-dimorphic Onygenales and their This Atlas fills an important gap in presenting, in a most relatives, and the rest of the hyphomycetes. A general key to comprehensive, detailed, and up to-date way, a huge amount of the medically relevant genera of hyphomycetes is presented, information that, until now, was scattered throughout the with 118 species treated. Generic keys are given for each of the literature on fungi that cause infections of humans. This book Hyphomycete groups. will be required for medical mycologists throughout the world, Hyphomycete genera are treated alphabetically in more than as well as for any mycologist interested in fungal pathogens 600 pages, with generic descriptions, information about and other saprobic fungi now emerging as agents of systemic teleomorphs, differential diagnosis and pathogenicity. Addition- mycoses. It is a must for all libraries, hospitals, clinics, laborato- ally, for each genus, species keys are given and, when available, ries, and medical doctors dealing with any kind of fungal phylogenetic species trees are provided. For each species, two diseases. As well, researchers in any field (systematic, ecology, pages of information on colony characteristics after two weeks biochemistry, biotechnology, genetics, secondary metabolite growth at room temperature on one of the recommended production, pharmaceutics, and many others) dealing with identification media, full nomenclature, microscopic descrip- these fungi, will need this book in order to accurately identify tions, information on the teleomorph, physiology, pathogenic- and recognize the organisms they are working with. ity, molecular diagnosis maps of parts of the ribosomal operon, All this impressive amount of information is presented in a literature data, antimycotic susceptibility, selected references, well-bound hardcover 1126 page book. Paper quality is the best, and sometimes differential diagnosis are provided in each case. and most impressive is the photographic standard. It is a book made Each species is beautifully and accurately illustrated with clear to last and stand the intense use it will undoubtedly be given!! drawings, superb light microscopy and SEM photographs. -- Teresa Iturriaga, PhD In addition, six pages of a useful glossary of terminology Departamento Biología de Organismos used in the Atlas are provided. A 20-page Index of doubtful Universidad Simón Bolívar names and unconfirmed clinical cases of fungi that have been Caracas, Venezuela reported as etiological agents of disease, but whose identity is
BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED FEBRUARY THROUGH APRIL 2002 § Dictionary of the Fungi, 9th edition. 2001. PM Kirk, PF § Fungi as Biocontrol Agents: Progress, Problems, and Cannon, JC David, and JA Stalpers (eds.). CABI Bioscience, Potential. 2001. T Butt, C Jackson, and N Magan (eds.). CABI Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey, TW20 9TY, UK, www.cabi.org, Bioscience, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey, TW20 9TY, UK. 655 pp. Price not confirmed. Review in progress. 416 pp. Price not confirmed. Review needed. § Fungal Pathogenesis: Principles and Clinical Applica- § Tropical Mycology: Volume 1. Macromycetes. 2001. R tions. 2002. RA Calderone, and RL Cihlar (eds.). Marcel Watling (ed). CABI Bioscience, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Dekker, Inc., 270n Madison Ave., New York, NY. 10016, http:// Surrey, TW20 9TY, UK. 208 pp. Price not confirmed. Review www.dekker.com, 762 pp. Price: $195 US. Review needed. in needed.
PREVIOUSLY LISTED BOOKS FROM OCTOBER 2001
§ A Laboratory Guide To Common Penillium Species, 3rd § The Amanita caesarea-Complex. Bibliotecheca ed. 2000. JI Pitt, Copies available from Dr. JI Pitt, Food Science Mycologica No 187. 2001. G Guzman and F Ramirez-Guillen. J Australia, 16 Julius Avenue, Riverside Corporate Park, Delhi Cramer in der Gebruder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, D- Road, PO Box 52, North Ryde NSW, 1670 Australia, 14129, Berlin, Germany, 66pp, Price: Unknown. Reviewer [email protected], 197 pp. Price: $65 US needed. including shipping. Review in Inoculum 53 (2). § Atlas of Clinical Fungi, 2nd edition. 2000. GS de Hoog, J. § Advances in Verticillium: Research and Disease Guarro, J. Gené and MJ Figueras. Centraalbureay voor Management. 2000. EC Tjamos, RC Rowe, JB Heale, DR Schimmelcultures, Padualaan *, Utrecht, NL-3584 CT, The Fravel (eds.). APS Press, 3340 Pilot Knob Road, St. Paul, MN Netherlands, 1126 pp. Price: $95.00 Euro. Review in this issue 55121-2097, [email protected], 376 pp. Price: $54 US. Requested of Inoculum. from publisher.
64 THE MYCOLOGIST’S BOOKSHELF con’t
§ Basic Biotechnology, 2nd edition. [email protected], or APS Press Europe § Fungal Associations, The Mycota 2001. C Ratledge and B Kristiansen Branch Office, Brokestraat 47, B-3001, Vol 9. 2000. B Hock (ed). Springer-Verlag (eds.), Cambridge University Press, The Heverlee, Belgium, New York, Inc, 175 Fifth Avenue, New Eddinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, [email protected], 448 pp. York, NY 10010, textbooks@springer- UK, 568 pp. Price: $45 US. Review needed. Price: $99 US. Requested from publisher. ny.com, 250 pp. Price: $159 US. (Hard- cover). Requested from publisher. § Bio-Exploitation of Filamentous § Current Advances in Mycorrhizae Fungi. 2000. SB Pointing and KD Hyde Research. 2000. GK Podilla and DD § Fungal Conservation: issues and (eds.), Fungal Diversity Press, The center Douds, Jr (eds). APS Press, 3340 Pilot Solutions. 2001. D More, MM Nauta, for Research in Fungal Diversity, Knob Road, St. Paul, MN 55121. 214 pp. SE Evans, and M Rotheroe (eds.), Department of Ecology & Biodiversity, [email protected]. Price: $38. Book Cambridge University Press, The Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, requested from publisher. Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 2RU, UK, www.cambridge.org, 262pp. § Road, Hong Kong SAR, China, The Deuteromycetes: Mitosporic Price: $95 US. Review in progress. Fungi Classification and Generic Key. [email protected], Price: $100 US. + § Fungal Protoplasts: A Biotechno- $16 for air mail. Requested from publisher. 2000. E Kiffer and M Morlet. Science Publishers Inc. PO Box 699, Enfield, NH logical Tool. 2000. D Lalithakumari, § Candida and Candidiasis. 2001. RA 03748. The book is a translation of: Les Science Publishers, Inc, PO Box 699, Calderone (ed). ASM Press. PO Box 605, Deuteromycetes Classification et Cles Enfield NH 03748, [email protected], 184 Herdon, VA 2017, [email protected], d’Identification Generique. 1997. Text pp. Price: $50 US. Review needed. 472 pp. Price: $100 US. Review needed. updated by the authors for the English § Fungal Strategies of Wood Decay edition in 1999. 273 pp. Price: $85 US. § in Trees. 2000. FWMR Schwarze , J Cell Biology of Plant and Fungal Tip Reviewed in Inoculum vol 52(6): 33. Growth. 2001. A Geitmann, M Cresti, Engels, and C Mattheck. Springer- and I B Heath (eds). NATO Science § Dictyostelium: Evolution, Cell Verlag New York Inc, 175 Fifth Ave., Series I. Life and Behavioural Sciences, Bioilogy, and the Development of New York, NY 10010, link@springer- IOS Press, Nieuwe Hemweg 6B, 1013 BG Multicellularity. 2001. RH Kessin and J ny.com, 220 pp. Price: $54 US. Book Amsterdam, Netherlands, www.iospress.nl, Franke, Cambridge University Press, requested from publisher. 241pp, Price: unknown. Review needed. The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge § Funghi Ipogei d’Europa. 2000. A CB2 2RU, UK. Price : $90.00 US. Montechhhi and M sarasini. § Check List of Hong Kong Fungi. Review in Inoculum 53(2). Fondazione centro Studi Micrologici 2000. BS Lu, KD Hyde, WH Ho, JE dall’ Associazione Micologica Taylor, KM Tsui, MKM Wong, Y Zhou § A Dictionary of Plant Pathology 2nd Bresadola, PO Box 296, 36100 Vicenza, and DQ Zhou (eds.), Fungal Diversity edition. 2001. P Holliday. Cambridge Italy, 714 pp. Price: unknown. Review in Press, The center for Research in Fungal University Press, The Edinburgh progresss. Diversity, Department of Ecology & Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK, Biodiversity, Kadoorie Biological www.cambridge.org, 536pp. Price: § Funghi Ipogei d’Europa. 2000. Sciences Building, The University of Hardback - $120 US, Paperback - $45 Associazione Micologica Bresadola , Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong US. Review needed. Via A. Volta, 46 - 38100 Trento, Italia SAR, China, [email protected], Book requested from publisher. § Dimorphism in Human Pathogenic 376 pp. Price: $20 US. + $8 for air mail. and Apathogenic Yeasts. 2000. JF Ernst § Fungi in Bioremediation. 2001. GM Requested from publisher. and A Schmidt (eds.). S Karger Publish- Gadd (ed.), Cambridge University Press, § Common Florida Mushrooms. 2000. ers, Inc., 26 West Avon Road, POBox The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge J Kimbrough. University of Florida 529, Farmington, CT 06085, 246pp, Price: CB2 2RU, UK, www.cambridge.org. Institute of Food and Agricultural $109 US. Review needed. Price: $120 US. Review needed. Sciences (IFAS), Building 116, PO Box § Flora Agaricina Neerlandica: § Fusarium: Paul E Nelson Memo- 110810, Gainesville, FL 32611-0810, Volume 4. Strophariaceae, rial Symposium. 2001. BA Summerell, J [email protected], 342 pp. Price: Tricholomataceae. 2000. C Bas, THW Lesilie, D Backhouse, WL Bryden, and $20 US + shipping. Review needed. Kuyper, NE Noordeloos, and EC LW Burgess (eds.), APS Press, 3340 § Colletotrichum: Host Specificity, Vellinga (eds.). AA Balkema Uitgevers Pilot Knob Road, St. Paul, MN 55121- Pathology, and Host-Pathogen Interac- B.V., Postbus 1867, NL-3000 BR 2097, [email protected], 408 pp. Price: tion. 2000. D Prusky, S Freeman, and M Rotterdam, Nederlands, $59 US. Book requested from publisher. Dickman (eds.). APS Press, 3340 Pilot [email protected], 191 pp. Price: Hfl Knob Road, St. Paul MN 55121-2097. 2.2. Review in progress. 65 THE MYCOLOGIST’S BOOKSHELF con’t
§ Genera of Ascomycetes from Palms. Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 Netherlands
§ Palm Microfungi. 2000. J Frolich and Paracer and V Ahmadjian, Oxford Univer- Hernandez, AN Garcia Aldrete, F Alvarez KD Hyde (eds.), Fungal Diversity Press, sity Press, 2001 Evans Road, Cary, NC and M Ulloa (eds.), Instituto De Biologia, The center for Research in Fungal Diversity, 27513, 304 pp. Price: $35 US (Softcover). Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Department of Ecology & Biodiversity, Book requested from publisher. Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The DF, 413pp. The book is written in Spanish § Synopsis of Fossil Fungal Spores, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, and contains a series of presentations that Mycelia and Fructification. 2000. RM Hong Kong SAR, China, cover topic as diverse as “Molecular Katgutkar and J Jansonius. Order from: [email protected], Price: $100 US. + systematics and evolution of cultivated Vaughn M Bryant, Jr., Secretary AASP $16 for air mail. Requested from publisher. plants”, “Biodiversity and conservation of Foundation, c/o Palynology Laboratory, corals”, and the “World and regional § The Rainbow Beneath my Feet: A Texas A&M University, College Station, TX diversity of mushrooms.” Contact Book Mushroom Dyer’s Field Guide. 2001. AR 77843-4352, [email protected], 423pp. Review Editor if interested in this book. Bessette and AE Bessette. Syracuse Univer- Price: $33 US. Reviewed in Inoculum 52 sity Press, 621 Skytop Rd, Suite 110, (3):74-75. § Structure and Function in Agro- Syracuse, NY 13244-5290, sumweb.syr.edu/ ecosystem Design and Management. 2001. § Yeasts: Characteristics and Identifica- su_press/, 176pp. Price: Unknown. Review M Shiyomi and H Koizumi (eds.). CRC Press tion. rd needed. 3 edition. 2000. JA Barnett, RW LLC, 2000 NW Corporate Blvd., Boca Payne, D Yarrow. Cambridge University Raton, FL 33431, www.crcpress.com, 435 § Slayers, Saviors, Servants, and Sex: Press, The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge pp. Price: $65.00 US. An Expose of the Kingdom Fungi. 2001. D CB22RU, UK. 1139 pp. Price: $320 US § Moore. Springer Verlag Customer Service, Hardback. Review needed. Editors Note: Dr. Robert Lichtwart has PO Box 2485, Secaucus, NJ 07096, informed me that: The Revised Edition of the Trichomycestes: Fungal Associates of [email protected]. Price not con- OF RELATED INTEREST ... firmed. Book requested from publishers. Arthrodpods is available to anyone at the § Enfoques Contemporaneos para el following website: www.nhm.ukans.edu/ § Symbiosis: An Introduction to Estudio de la Biodiversidad. 2001. HM ∼fungi. Review in progress. Biological Associations, 2nd edition. 2000. S MYCOLOGICAL CLASSIFIEDS Read the Classifieds for announcements of courses, employment, postions available, and mycological goods and services offered or needed. 2002 Mycology Seminar at the Dr. Donald H. Pfister is the Asa Gray Mold Testing and Identification Humboldt Institute on the Coast Professor of Systematic Botany at Harvard Services of Maine! University where he is also Director of the Harvard University Herbaria and Curator of Identification and contamination Advanced Mycology, July 20 - 26 the Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium control for Indoor air quality, Insectaries, Food technology, Spawn This seminar is designed for students of Cryptogamic Botany. He teaches technology, Plant diseases. ASTM & who have a basic knowledge of fungi and mycology and lichenology at Harvard and Mil-Spec fungal resistance materials want to develop further skills in identifica- also has designed a course for non-science testing for aerospace, controlled tion, microscopic examination, and study of majors on the Biology of Trees and Forests. environments and environmental fungi. It will give students an opportunity to His research involves the systematics, engineering. 10% discount for regular study selected fungi in-depth in the field phylogeny, and biology of a group of and sustaining MSA members. Email and in the lab. Students will learn to develop Ascomycota, the Discomycetes.
67 CALENDAR OF EVENTS
Event dates and descriptions precede event locations (italic boldface), contacts (plain font), and Email/Websites (bold face, no brackets). Those wishing to list upcoming mycological courses, workshops, conventions, symposia, and forays in the Calendar should submit material formatted as shown below and include complete postal/electronic addresses.
th 2002 (June 9 - 14). 8th New Phytologist 2002 (August 11-17). 7 International Havana,CUBA Symposium. Mycological Congress (IMC VII) Carlos Borrot, President Helsinki, FINLAND DETAILS Second Circular: Inoculum 53(1):15 mailto:[email protected] Robin Sen Oslo, NORWAY http://bioagro.cigb.edu.cu [email protected] Leif Ryvarden, Botany Dept Phones: 53-7-218008, 53-7-218466 Biological Institute 2002 (June 16 - 20). Pitt on Penicillium. Box 1045 th DETAILS: Inoculum 53(2):23-24. 2003 (January 28-30). 9 International New Orleans, LOUISIANA Blindern, N-0316 Norway Fusarium Workshop. South Cental Office 47.22854623 FAX 47.22856717 DETAILS: Inoculum 52(2): 16 National Laboratory Training Network [email protected] Sydney, AUSTRALIA 504-568-2081 http://www.uio.no/conferences/imc7/ Brett Summerell Fax: 504-568-2083 Royal Botanic Gardens [email protected] 2002 (October 10 -13). NAMA Annual Mrs Macquaries Rd. Foray. 2002 (June 22 - 26). 2002 MSA Annual Sydney, New South Wales, 2000, Australia DETAILS: Inoculum 53(2):16. Meeting. +61 2 9231 8189 FAX +61 2 9241 1135 Diamond Lake, OREGON Corvallis, OREGON [email protected] Keith Egger, Chair Judy Rogers Program Committee namyco.org 2003 (July 27 - 31). 2003 MSA Annual [email protected] Phyllis Cole Meeting. [email protected] Pacific Grove, CALIFORNIA 2002 (July 27 - August 1). International Union rd of Micorbiology Societies (IUM). 2002 (November 4-8). 3 Asia-Pacific 2003 (August 17-23). Fourth International Symbiosis Congress. DETAILS: Inoculum 52(5): 26. International Mycological Conference Paris, FRANCE DETAILS: Inoculum 53(3):61 on Biodiversity and Biotechnology http://www.iums-paris-2002.com/ Halifax, NOVA SCOTIA Kunming, Yunnan, CHINA David Richardson th 2002 (August 4-9). 4 International Congress Dr. Dequn Zhou, Secretary 902-420-5493 (phone) on Systematics & Ecology of Myxomycetes Southwest Forestry College [email protected] DETAILS: Inoculum 53(1):15 Kunming, Yunnan, China 650224 http://people.bu.edu/dzook/ Brussels, BELGIUM Phone: ++86-871-3862737 2004. MSA Annual Meeting. [email protected] J. Rammeloo, PhD Asheville, NORTH CAROLINA Director, National Botanic Garden of Belgium 2002 (November 24-29). Biotecnologia President of the ICSEM-4 Congress 2005. MSA Annual Meeting. Habana 2002. “Agro-Biotech in the Secretariat, Domein van Bouchout HAWAII New Mellennium.” B-1860 Meise, Belgium DETAILS: Inoculum 52(6):31. [email protected]
Change of Address Send all corrections of directory information, including e-mail addresses, directly to Allen Press Mycological Society of America Vox 800.627.0629 (US and Canada) Attn: Linda Hardwick, Association Manager or 785.843.1221 PO Box 1897 [810 E 10thSt] Fax 785.843.1274 Lawrence, KS 66044-8897 Email [email protected]
Note: Members may also submit directory corrections via the form included in the MSA directory via the MSA Home Page: http://www.msafungi.org
68 inoculum MSA Endowment Funds
The Newsletter Contributions of the Mycological I wish to contribute $______to the following named fund(s): Society of America ____Alexopoulos ____Korf Supplement to Mycologia ____Barksdale/Raper ____Luttrell Volume 53, No. 3 ____Bigelow ____Thiers June 2002 ____Butler ____Trappe Inoculum is published six times a year and mailed with Mycologia, the Society’s journal. Submit copy to the ____Denison ____Uecker Editor as email (in the body, MS Word or WordPerfect ____Fitzpatrick ____Wells attachment in 10pt Tms Rmn font), on disk (MS-Word 6.0,WordPerfect, *.tif. *.jpg), or hard copy. Line drawings ____Fuller and sharp glossy photos are welcome. The Editor reserves the right to edit copy submitted in accordance with the policies of Inoculum and the Council of the Mycological Society of America. Research Funds Other Funds
Donald G. Ruch, Editor ____Backus Graduate Award ____Alexopoulos Prize Department of Biology Ball State University ____Martin-Baker ____Uncommitted Endowment Muncie, IN 47306-0440 765.285.8829 Fax: 765.285.8804 ____A.H. & H.V. Smith Award ____Other (specify) [email protected] MSA Officers I wish to pledge $______a year for ______years President: Timothy J. Baroni PO Box 2000, Dept. Biological Sciences SUNY College _____ to the following fund (s) ______Cortland, NY USA 13045 607.753.2725 _____ to some other specified purpose [email protected]
President -Elect: John W. Taylor _____ to the uncommitted endowment 111 Koshland Hall, Dept. Plant Biology University of California Berkeley, CA USA 94720-3102 510.642.5366 Name: [email protected] Address: ______Vice President: Carol A. Shearer Rm. 265 Morrill Hall 505 S. Goodwi, Dept. Plant Biology ______University of Illinois Urbana, IL USA 6180 ___ Check ____ Credit Card (Visa, MC, etc): ______217.333.2796 [email protected] Credit Card No. ______Exp. Date: ______Secretary: Lorelei L. Norvell PNW Mycology Service 6720 NW Skyline Blvd. Signature: ______Portland, OR USA 97229-1309 503.297.3296 [email protected] Please send this completed form and your contribution to: Treasurer: James J. Worrall Forest Health Management Judi Ellzey, Chair, MSA Endowment Committee USDA Forest Service Biological Sciences, 216 N. Colorado Street Gunnison, CO USA 81230 The University of Texas at El Paso 970.641.0471 El Paso, TX 79968-0519 [email protected]
Past President: Orson K Miller, Jr. Please make checks payable to the [email protected] or [email protected] Mycological Society of America
69 SUSTAINING MEMBERS OF THE MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA The Society is extremely grateful for the continuing support of its Sustaining Members. Please patronize them and, whenever possible, let their representatives know of our appreciation.
Amycel Spawn Mate Fungi Perfecti Novartis Pharma Ag Attn: Dr. Donald Betterley Attn: Paul Stamets, President Attn: Dr. Christine Moeller P.O. Box 189 P.O. Box 7634 Lead Finding Unit Watsonville, CA 95077-0189 Olympia, WA 98507 CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland Producers of quality Agaricus and Ph: (360) 426-9292 Fax: (360) 426-9377 www.novartis.com specialty mushroom spawn, compost [email protected] nutrient supplements and other technical www.fungi.com Novartis Seeds services for commercial mushroom Innovators in the domestication of wild Attn: Dr. David Kendra production. edible fungi. 317 330th St. Stanton, MN 55018-4308 BASF Corporation Genencor International, Inc. Producers and distributors of agricultural Attn: Dr. Hilisa Esteban Attn: Dr. Michael Ward seeds. Quakerbridge Rd 925 Page Mill Rd P.O. Box 400 Palo Alto, CA 94304 Novozymes Biotech Inc. Princeton, NJ 08543-0400 Ph: (650) 846-5850 Fax: (650) 845-6509 Attn: Dr. Wendy Yoder www.basf.com/index.html www.genencor.com 1445 Drew Avenue A global company producing high-value- At Genencor International, we utilize the Davis, CA 95616 added chemicals, plastics, colorants, full power of modern biotechnology to www.novozymes.com dispersions, automotive, and industrial deliver unique solutions to complex Novozymes Biotech, Inc. emphasizes coatings, crop protection agents, pharma- problems faced by health care, agricultural, research in identifying and engineering new ceuticals, fine chemicals, oil and gas. and industrial chemical industries. industrial enzymes as well as improving the manufacturing process for new and existing BCN Research Laboratories Lane Science Equipment Corporation enzymes. Attn: Dr. Emilia Rico Nancy Zimmerman, President P.O. Box 50305 225 West 34th St., Suite 1412 Paradigm Genetics, Inc. Knoxville, TN 37950 New York, NY 10122-1496 Attn: Dr. John Hamer [email protected] www.lanescience.com P.O. Box 14528 Complete line of mushroom storage Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-4528 Biolog, Inc. cabinets, especially herbarium cabinets, Pfizer Inc. Attn: Brian Sunkel airtight for permanent protection. 3938 Trust Way Attn: Dr. Liang H. Huang Hayward, CA 94545 Lilly Research Laboratories Central Research Div. www.biolog.com Attn: Dr. Paul Skatrud Eastern Point Rd Biolog manufactures and sells microbio- Lilly Corporate Center Groton, CT 06340 logical identification systems. Their Indianapolis, IN 46285 Fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals by systems have the capability to identify over means of microorganisms. 2,000 species of aerobic and anaerobic Merck & Company Inc. Phillips Mushroom Farms, L.P. bacteria, yeast, and filamentous fungi. Attn: Dr. Jon Polishook Merck Research Laboratories Attn: Tina Ellor Carolina Biological Supply Company P.O. Box 2000 1011 Kaolin Rd Attention: Thomas Register Rahway, NJ 07065-0900 Kennett Square, PA 19348 2700 York Rd www.phillipsmushroomfarms.com Burlington, NC 27215 Mycotaxon Ltd [email protected] Serving science education since 1927. Attn: Dr. R.P. Korf North America’s largest grower, packer, P.O. Box 264 and shipper of specialty mushrooms, Dupont Agricultural Products Ithaca, NY 14851 including many Certified Organic varieties. Attn: Dr. Richard Howard www.mycotaxon.com Experiment Station E402/2231 Publishers of Mycotaxon, an international Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. Powder Mill Rd journal of the taxonomy and nomenclature Attn: Dr. James A. Berry Wilmington, DE 19880-0402 of fungi and lichens. Research and Product Development P.O. Box 1004 Mycotech Biological Johnson, IA 50131-1004 Attn: Larry Robertson, President World leader in genetic research for 2484 FM 39N agriculture. Jewett, TX 75846-4961 www.mycotechbiological.com
70 SUSTAINING MEMBERS OF MSA con’t
Rohm and Haas Co. Sylvan America Inc. Unicorn Imp & Mfg Corp. Attn: Dr. Willie Wilson Attn: Dr. R.W. Kerrigan, Director Attn: Lou Hsu,Vice President 727 Norristown Rd Research Department Library P.O. Box 272,113 Hwy 24 Spring House, PA 19477 West Hills Industrial Park Commerce, TX 75429 Specialty monomers, industrial biocides, Kittanning, PA 16201 [email protected] and agricultural chemicals. www.sylvaninc.com www.unicornbags.com Specialists in large-scale production of Producers of autoclavable /micro-vented Schering-Plough Research Institute pure fungal inocula for biotechnology and bags for mycological and microbiological Attn: Dr. Eric W. Boehm commercial mushroom industries. research since 1991. K15-B421 2015 Galloping Hill Road Triarch Incorporated Uniroyal Chemical Company, Inc. Kenilworth, NJ 07033-0539 Attn: P.L. Conant, President Attn: Dr. Allyn R Bell Pharmaceutical research and development. P.O. Box 98 Crop Protection R&D Ripon, WI 54971 70 Amity Rd Quality prepared microscope slides, Bethany, CT 0652 catalog-listed, or custom-prepared to your Producers of crop protection/production specifications. chemicals, fungicides, insecticides, miticides, herbicides, plant growth regulants, and foliar nutrients.
You are encouraged to inform the Sustaining Membership Committee of firms or foundation that might be approached about Sustanining Membership in the MSA. Sustaining members have all the rights and privileges of individual members in the MSA and are listed as Sustaining Members in all issues of Mycologia and Inoculum.
Mycological Society of America — Gift Membership Form Sponsoring a gift membership in MSA offers tangible support both for the recipient of the membership as well as for mycology in general. Providing both Mycologia and Inoculum, a gift membership is an excellent way to further the efforts of our mycological colleagues, especially those who cannot afford an MSA membership. In addition to a feeling of great satisfaction, you also will receive a convenient reminder for renewal of the gift membership the following year. I want to provide an MSA Gift Membership to the following individual: Name ______Institution ______Complete Address ______Phone______FAX ______Email ______
Please send renewal notices to: (YOUR name) ______
(YOUR address) ______Phone______FAX ______Email ______
I agree to pay $80* for this membership by check (payable to MSA, drawn on US bank) _____ VISA____ Mastercard_____ Acct. #______Name (as it appears on card)______Exp. date______Send this form to: MSA Business Office, PO Box 1897, Lawrence KS 66044 or FAX to 785.843.1274, Attn: Processing Department *If this membership is given after June 1, please add $10 to cover postage for past issues.
71 An Invitation to Join MSA THE MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2002 MEMBERSHIP FORM
(Please print clearly)
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_____ Regular $ 80 (includes Mycologia and MSA Newsletter, Inoculum) _____ Student $ 40 (includes Mycologia and MSA Newsletter, Inoculum -- Must include endorsement from major professor or school) _____ Family $ 80 + $20 for each additional family member (fill out form for each individual) (includes one copy of Mycologia and two copies of Inoculum) _____ Life Member $ 1,000 (one-time payment; includes Mycologia and Inoculum) _____ Sustaining $ 250 (benefits of Regular membership plus listing in Mycologia and Inoculum) _____ Associate $ 40 (includes only Inoculum) _____ Emeritus $ 0 (benefits of Regular membership except Mycologia; $40 with Mycologia)
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_____ Cell Biology – Physiology (including cytological, ultrastructural, metabolic regulatory and developmental aspects of cells) _____ Ecology – Pathology (including phytopathology, medical mycology, symbiotic associations, saprobic relation- ships and community structure/dynamics) _____ Genetics – Molecular Biology (including transmission, population and molecular genetics and molecular mechanisms of gene expression) _____ Systematics – Evolution (including taxonomy, comparative morphology molecular systematics, phylogenetic inference, and population biology)
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72