B i e n n i a l R e p o r t 1 9 9 6 - 1 9 9 8 Forest Research Laboratory BIENNIAL REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS
Administration From the Director The FRL -- Working Collaboratively To Solve Problems
PROJECT SUMMARIES:
1. A History of Collaboration - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest 2. Projecting Future Markets - Timber Assessment Market Model (TAMM) Project 3. Extending the Life of Common Products - Wood Pole Research Cooperative 4. Growing Their Investment - Nursery Technology Cooperative (NTC) 5. Making Breeding More Efficient - Pacific Northwest Tree Improvement Research Cooperative (PNWTIRC) 6. Cooperating to Achieve Diverging Goals - Hardwood Silviculture Cooperative (HSC) 7. Doing Science to Meet Society's Needs - Coastal Oregon Productivity Enhancement (COPE) Program 8. Developing Methods for Interdisciplinary Research - Research Related to the Sustainable Forestry Partnership 9. Faster Growth, Less Pollution - Vegetation Management Research Cooperative 10. Using High Technology to Aid Fish Recovery - Eastern Oregon Stream Research 11. Extending into a New Niche - Tree Genetic Engineering Research Cooperative (TGERC) 12. Thinking Globally - Case Studies and "The Business of Sustainable Forestry" 13. Fighting Disease without Endangering the Environment - Swiss Needle Cast Cooperative (SNCC) 14. A Connecting Thread - Cooperative Forest Ecosystem Research (CFER) Program 15. Seeking the Causes of Change - Aspen Research 16. Preserving Wood to Preserve Forests - Supercritical Fluid Research
Resources for Research Research Expenditures by Funding Source Forestry Publications Audiovisual Programs
Forestry-Related Publications Short Courses and Workshops
Current Advisory Committee
Cover Page Administration
George Brown - Director
Bart Thielges - Associate Director
Roger Admiral - Assistant Director
Thomas McLain - Department Head, Forest Products
Logan Norris - Department Head, Forest Science
Steve Tesch - Department Head, Forest Engineering
John Walstad - Department Head, Forest Resources
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From the Director-
Solving Problems with Research -- The FRL at Work for Oregon
The Forest Research Laboratory was established by the Oregon State Legislature in 1941 to solve problems. The charge then was to obtain the highest utilization of the resource, meaning the timber resources of the state. One of the earliest projects was to provide the technology for reforesting the Tillamook Burn.
This long-standing tradition of research focusing on solving Oregon's problems continues today. The nature of the research has changed significantly as the problems have grown in complexity. The focus has shifted from the productivity of a single resource (timber) to understanding the relationships among the many resources of Oregon's forests that enrich the lives of Oregonians, and from making small sawmills more efficient to helping a complex primary and secondary manufacturing industry remain competitive in a global market. New technologies and advances in other disciplines have also changed what we research at the Forest Research Laboratory and how we do that research. But the basic commitments to solving problems and serving Oregon have not changed in the past half-century.
We believe that Oregon's investment in problem-solving forestry research has paid off handsomely in the development of new knowledge that guides the managers of Oregon's forests and forest products industries, assists policy makers, and informs Oregonians about our forest resources and our choices for the forests of Oregon's future. This Biennial Report describes some of these payoffs and demonstrates how the Forest Research Laboratory's problem-solving approach to research works for Oregon.
We hope that you will enjoy reading the research summaries in this Report. We also hope that you will contact the FRL for any further information that you might need on these studies or on any of the hundreds of other projects currently conducted by the scientific staff. Results of most FRL research projects are documented in the publications listed at the back of this Report. Many of those publications are available from the FRL on request, as noted for each entry in the list.
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THE FRL -- WORKING COLLABORATIVELY TO SOLVE PROBLEMS
In past FRL Biennial Reports we have mentioned the increase in issue- driven research by FRL scientists, as well as the challenges to funding of research that the FRL has faced during the past 10 years. Bath of these situations have contributed to an ever-increasing need to find new ways to conduct our research that will 1) make the final research products more valuable to Oregon's resources, industries, and citizens, and 2) maximize the return on each dollar spent and, where possible, increase the total funds available for FRL research.
One of the ways in which the FRL has addressed these situations is by increasing the amount of collaborative research that we do. Working with others helps to identify problems and issues that are significant for the state and the region, and it also helps to increase the effectiveness of the money spent and, in some cases, to make more funds available for focusing on these important concerns. All in all, true research collaboration generally leads to work that is more efficient, solutions that are more effective, and a shared feel-ing of “ownership” of the results that may extend beyond the FRL and the university to those who will use the results and gain from them.
Collaborative research comes in many Forms. Probably its simplest form is when two or more scientists decide to pool their talents and resources to address an issue or problem they consider to be impor-tant. A more formal collaboration might develop when an agency or industry actively seeks partners to expand its capability to effec-tively research a specific area that is critical to their operation(s). And perhaps the most focused and structured research collaborations are those that result from the activities of a consortium or cooperative in which the membership jointly identifies and prioritizes researchable issues and, by pooling resources and ideas, commis-sions and finances studies to resolve those issues.
From the hundreds of ongoing FRL projects, we have selected 16 to illustrate various types of collaborative research. These 16 represent current work in each of the five general areas of FRL research concentration: forest regeneration; forest ecology, culture, and pro- ductivity; integrated protection of forests and watersheds; evaluation of forest uses, practices, and policies; and wood processing and product performance. Another basis for selecting these projects is that they illustrate the FRL’s philosophy of balancing basic and applied research. They also emphasize the geographic scope of the FRL’s efforts; these projects address statewide, regional, and global challenges and opportunities.
Finally, these 16 projects represent both work that has been con-ducted for decades and work that was initiated only recently; studies that are narrowly focused and studies that are very broad in scope; research that is restricted to one discipline and research that in-volves people from other OSU units as well as outside agencies and institutions; work that is conducted primarily in the field and work that is conducted entirely in an OSU laboratory; and research with limited scope of time and space and research that relates to a complete life cycle (from selection and breeding to products).
Together, these 16 project summaries illustrate the wide variety of issues and problems addressed by FRL research, and highlight the broad array of scientific talent, sophisticated equipment and facili-ties, and other resources that are required to solve the many com-plex problems confronting Oregon's forest resources and industries.
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A History of Collaboration
Like the forest itself, work on the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest keeps growing and evolving. Until 1950, when timber cutting began, wildfire was the main source of disturbance. Research was done by just a few USDA Forest Service scientists in the 1950s and 1960s. Initially they focused on road engineering, logging methods for old-growth, and rapid forest regeneration. Then in the 1960s research focused on effects of logging on water yield, sediment loads, and nutrient losses from small watersheds.
The International Biological Program began at the Andrews Forest in 1970, and university researchers started to work there. In 1976 the Andrews Forest was designated a Biosphere Reserve as part of the UN's Man and the Biosphere Program; in 1980 it became a charter member in the National Science Foundation's (NSF's) Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Program, which currently includes 20 sites around the United States and two in Antarctica. Since 1980 the Andrews Forest has also been one of more than 230 sites measuring the chemistry of precipitation (especially for acid rain) for the National Atmospheric Deposition Program; the forest enjoys the purest precipitation of any site in the network.
For the past 30 years, researchers at the Andrews Forest have been driven by a fundamental curiosity about how forests and streams work. In the 1970s, the focus was how forest and stream ecosystems function (nutrient cycling, energy flow, community organization); in the 1980s, work in those areas continued, but other projects began to consider ecosystem management. For the 1990s, the focus has been landscape- scale studies and testing ecosystem management methods. Many past research projects established permanent study areas (watersheds, forest plots, stream reaches, and weather stations) for getting periodic measurements to examine trends in natural changes as well as effects of human activities. Since timber cutting began in 1950, about 30% of the forest has been logged, mostly by clearcutting. Now researchers have available young plantations of varying age and composition, as well as old-growth dominated by Douglas-fir. The presence of new stands among the older growth gives researchers known starting points for stand conditions, mixtures of species, stocking densities, and genetic makeup. Since the site was selected as an NSF-funded ecosystem study site, team research has been the norm. A team approach is necessary because the systems are so complex.
The Andrews Forest is part of the Willamette National Forest, but is administered jointly by OSU, the Forest Service's Pacific Northwest Research Station, and the Willamette National Forest. It is unique in the degree to which a university is actively involved in the research program at a Forest Service Experimental Forest. Elsewhere universities use Forest Service properties but fail to invest in them. Thus although other experimental forests have many university researchers, the universities are not helping to run them or contributing to maintaining the facilities. Those facilities at the Andrews Forest make it the third largest Forest Service research complex in the country. Only the Forestry Sciences Laboratory in Corvallis and the Forest Products Laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin, are larger.
The Andrews Forest is located about 50 miles east of Eugene, on the west slope of the Cascades. It includes 15,800 acres (6400 hectares) containing several small watersheds. This gives researchers access to both streams and riparian areas. Elevations range from 1350 to 5340 feet (410-1630 m), giving researchers further access to varied microclimates. Within the forest, researchers maintain long-term observations for basic meteorological and hydrological factors, vegetation development, stream habitat conditions, and other variables; many of the data sets are available through the Internet (http://www.fsl.orst.edu/lterhome.html).
Researchers come from 13 departments in four colleges at OSU, as well as the Forest Service, the US Geological Survey (USGS) Biological Resources Division, the Bureau of Land Management, the Environmental Protection Agency and its contractors, the Federal Highway Administration, and the USDA Agricultural Research Service. In addition, every year the forest hosts faculty and students from 10 to 30 other universities in the United States.
More than 50% of the researchers' funding comes from the NSF. Forest Director Art McKee (Forest Science) is proud of the high rate of NSF support. Projects receiving NSF funding must first prove themselves through rigorous peer review, and researchers must go through such review repeatedly with new and continuing projects. McKee notes that getting so much of their funding from NSF demonstrates that researchers on the Andrews Forest are a very competitive group, with many skills and talents. Their partnership reflects the breadth of their interest and talent; each researcher comes in with his or her own background and perspective, and all are brought together in their work on the forest.
Much of the research at the Andrews Forest is fundamental or basic, rather than focused on resolving particular problems. However, much has been quickly put into application. McKee is frequently asked for examples of how the basic research funded by NSF has been applied. The Andrews Forest has some outstanding success stories.
Mark Harmon's (Forest Science) work provides a classic example. Harmon's primary subject is carbon dynamics, including log decomposition, on which he is doing a long-term experiment. Before that experiment started, he and his colleagues conducted a literature review regarding the role of logs in temperate ecosystems. Even before the paper was published, drafts circulated among the people working at the Andrews Forest. Staff from the Willamette National Forest realized that the draft manuscript suggested that their practice of yarding slash from the cutting units to a single pile on the landing was problematic. The Willamette National Forest supervisor read the draft and agreed, and the forest changed policies to begin leaving slash where it fell. Thus the policy was changed even before Harmon's experiment was fully in place; that change would save $1 million per year on the Willamette National Forest and about $15 million per year across the West. Now, as a direct spin-off from the research, the Forest Service is drafting more specific regulatory language on how to handle coarse woody debris.
The Andrews Forest Stream Team's research into the role of coarse woody debris in streams has undergone a similar pattern. By having attended research discussions on the subject, national forest managers involved with the Andrews Forest learned that leaving logs in streams meant positive changes in stream structure, sometimes quite quickly. Even before hard copies of research results were ready to circulate, they changed agency policy.
In other projects, researchers are helping the forest assess and monitor new silvicultural practices, though getting results will take awhile. Several studies are using remote sensing to inventory, monitor, and model ecosystems at regional scales. For instance, Steve Garman (Forest Science) is doing simulation modeling of the effects of old and new logging practices on wildlife. Such modeling can provide many insights. At this point, results indicate that there may be many ways to move toward old-growth conditions, meaning that land managers may have more options than had been expected.
Research at the Andrews Forest is well-known in scientific circles. Over the forest's 50 years of existence, it has had more than 2500 publications. For the past decade, it has averaged about 100 publications per year. It has also been influential. Work on the forest has changed how forests and streams are managed in the Northwest. It has also affected how the state regulates private lands. Recent changes in the state's riparian regulations and in the State Forest Practices Act are heavily based on work in the Andrews Forest. At times, the change of policy has happened by circumventing the usual bureaucratic pathway. With an active partnership like the one at the Andrews Forest, such changes can happen quickly. This is one of the reasons that researchers choose to work at the Andrews Forest; the partnership has engendered a great deal of trust and willingness to take some risks.
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Projecting Future Markets
The Timber Assessment Market Model (TAMM) Project is still strong after 20 years. The project began at OSU in 1978 and continues to be active for faculty and students alike.
The model makes spatial market projections of US forest resources and industry over the next 50 years. It gives annual projections of volumes and prices in markets and estimates harvest and inventory by geographic region. Work on TAMM began in the mid 1970s, when the USDA Forest Service began to recognize that its policies had long-term and international effects that should be considered. The Forest Service commissioned a number of studies by economists and other researchers worldwide. Darius Adams (Forest Resources) got involved then, to show that computer models of the market and resource could be used to predict policy impacts. The model was first published in 1979, in FRL Research Bulletin 27.
TAMM is now the largest such model in regular use for any forest sector industry anywhere; it is even more complex than the models used to make global agroforestry predictions. Its complexity stems from the inclusion and integration of companion models that represent solid wood and timber, pulpwood, and fuelwood markets; originally part of the same model, they are now separate but linked.
Another complicating factor is the vast amount of data from diverse sources called on by the model. The resource data in the model are national; the market information is international. Among foreign countries, Canada (our biggest trading partner for wood and wood products) is modeled in most detail; the representation of trade across the Pacific or Atlantic has much less detail.
The most frequent use of the model is to project how various policies would affect resources and industry. The biggest user and the primary sponsor of the project is the Forest Service, but the Environmental Protection Agency, Bonneville Power Authority, Bureau of Land Management, and Wilderness Society have all made use of the model. Several companies have also used it. Originally a few companies kept their own versions of the model, but because of the complexity of the model and the trouble of keeping it up to date, in recent years they have preferred to use the resources available through the FRL.
To investigate the effects of a policy, researchers do dozens of runs, each time varying conditions or assumptions slightly, to figure out what the outcome means. Adams comments that letting the data in the model speak as much as it can without intervention, and interpreting it meaningfully, is an art; it requires the researcher's judgment, based on experience.
Reexaminations must be done fairly often; predictions change over time as markets change (new products come in, old products disappear, incomes rise or fall, consumer preferences change). As a result the project collaborators must constantly add new data and update the models.
Collaborators provide the data concerning the resource base, with information about forest inventories, and the models of tree growth and of the industries that use forest products. At OSU, Adams maintains the structure that integrates resource and market segments, as well as the resource and solid wood industry models. The Forest Service's Forest Products Laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin, maintains the pulp and paper model.
Data come from researchers across the country. Within the College of Forestry, Claire Montgomery (Forest Resources) provides housing forecasts for the model. Collaborators from the Forest Service's Pacific Northwest Research Station include several College of Forestry adjunct faculty; Richard Haynes is the Forest Service's timber assessment leader and provides policy input to the model; Ralph Alig provides land-use modeling, David Brooks develops international trade forecasts, and John Mills developed the timber inventory projection and coordinates the forest inventory data. At the Forest Service's Forest Products Laboratory in Madison, Peter Ince developed the pulp and paper model and Henry Spelter contributed the model of solid wood demand. Timber inventory data come from Forest Service research units around the country. Models of the Canadian timber industry and data for their implementation are developed through regular consultation with researchers on the Canadian Forest Service's Industry, Economics and Program Branch.
Early in the project, the choice of machine to run the model on was a problem, because of the complexity and the number of languages represented. (Each submodel works in its own way and in its own language, from PASCAL and FORTRAN to newer languages like C.) Although modern personal computers are now sophisticated enough to handle the model, the choice of operating platform is a continuing problem.
Another continuing challenge is constant change in the resource. A recent key change has been shifts in ownership, which TAMM must obtain from other sources. For example, the move of corporate investors into forest ownership was largely unforeseen 15 years ago but has changed the nature of forest management and expected yields, especially in the South and the Pacific Northwest. In addition, every decade tens of millions of acres shift into and out of forestry, from farming into forestry and back and from forestry into urban, developed, and special uses (which is not reversible). Those changes are hard to anticipate and can lead to major shifts in timber supply potentials.
One factor that has kept the project vital is that it is subject to some controversy. Modelers disagree about the model's assumptions regarding how much information is available to people as they make management decisions. TAMM has been based on the premise that people develop expectations of the future based exclusively on historical experience; a competing type of model assumes that people are able to predict the outcomes of their actions with essentially perfect accuracy. (This type is called an Òintertemporal optimization modelÓ.) In response to the controversy, Adams and his colleagues developed their own intertemporal optimization model, the Forest and Agricultural Sector Optimization Model (FASOM). Initial work on this model was funded by the Environmental Protection Agency, with assistance from the Forest Service. They are now incorporating some of its intertemporal capabilities into TAMM, especially to supplement its modeling of private forest management investment. Like TAMM, FASOM is a collaborative effort, involving researchers from other universities (Bruce McCarl of Texas A&M University), the Environmental Protection Agency (Steve Winnett), Forest Service (Ralph Alig), and private consultants (J.M. Callaway, now in Denmark).
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Extending the Life of Common Products
They may seem mundane, but utility poles and the wires they carry account for about half of the value of most utility companies. There are about 167,000,000 poles in use throughout the United States. For that reason, and because poles are shipped worldwide, they are a big market for Oregon forests. Both because of the investment they represent and because the loss of a pole can mean the loss of electricity to consumers, it is important to keep poles in service as long as possible.
Since 1960, FRL researchers Bob Graham (Professor Emeritus, Forest Products) and Jeff Morrell (Forest Products), with two or three research assistants and two to four graduate students, have been investigating methods for improving the service life of wood poles. Initially the work was primarily directed toward developing methods for arresting decay inside the poles, but the scope of the project has grown to include detection of decay and initial preventive treatments.
The project encompasses both laboratory and field tests within cooperating utility systems. The field tests give the researchers environmentally distributed data that they follow up on in their basic laboratory work. The combination allows them to identify suitable treatments, then follow up with field tests on actual utility lines.
In addition to advising the researchers about their areas of concern, the cooperators meet at two conferences each year to exchange information. One of these conferences is held in Reno, Nevada. The cooperative, in conjunction with the utility groups, has held this conference six times, and about 250 people per year have attended. The cooperative also sponsors an eastern conference in Binghamton, New York. Only two have been held so far, attended by about 120 people from the Northeast utilities. These conferences inform the utilities about proper care and treatment of wood poles, but they also provide the utilities with an opportunity to interact and discuss mutual problems, an activity that might otherwise be largely lost as a result of deregulation.
The research has also had tangible benefits, including the development of two new fumigants. But even the seemingly more esoteric parts of the project have been beneficial. A few years ago, post-doctoral researcher Don B. Miller spent 2 years studying how one fumigant decomposed. When there was a spill of that material into the Sacramento River, OSU was one of the few sources of information on how it would decompose, and researchers could show how quickly it would disappear, demonstrating that it was not a long-term threat to the environment.
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Growing Their Investment
Spending only $6,000 to get $100,000 worth of research each year is a big incentive for members to participate in the Nursery Technology Cooperative (NTC). That is one of the reasons that the cooperative has been going strong since 1982. Private companies and federal, state, and tribal agencies come together to conduct research into ways to improve the success of planting seedlings for reforestation.
Project Leader Robin Rose and Associate Director Diane Haase (both of Forest Science), along with graduate students, administer a variety of projects that relate to the concerns of the cooperators. Particular projects may be suggested by either the cooperators or scientists in the College of Forestry. Cooperators meet yearly to bring up issues, and the NTC staff develop ways to address them. On the other hand, NTC staff may also come up with a new idea that might be useful and propose it to the cooperators, asking if they would be interested in participating in a project. Currently the focus for several projects is fertilizer research.
Use of fertilizer on outplanted seedlings is potentially very valuable in field performance. Seedlings might gain a sufficient growth advantage to let them break through competing brush species. That advantage might even continue into the tree's later years, making it grow to harvestable size more quickly. Therefore researchers are testing fertilizer treatments both in the nursery and in the field, from Gold Beach on the southern Oregon coast, to the Warm Springs Indian Reservation on the east side of the Oregon Cascades, to Olympia, Washington, at the southern tip of Puget Sound. The researchers are testing not just different fertilizer formulas but also different application timings, different application rates, and different placement (e.g., in the hole or at the side of the tree).
In general, NTC projects are designed to improve nursery management, seedling quality, integrated pest management, and outplanting performance. Different growing media and means of sterilizing soil to rid it of pathogens and weed seed are two areas investigated recently. The cooperative conducted herbicide testing for more than a decade and has now pulled the results together into a single proceedings article. Such testing benefits the cooperating nurseries even when results are negative. For instance, a few years ago, cooperators were interested in an antitranspirant that offered the hope of protecting seedlings from water loss following outplanting. Research showed the antitranspirant to be ineffective; that knowledge saved the cooperators from spending money unnecessarily by buying a product that does not work.
Savings are not the only advantage of being a member of the cooperative. For many, an even greater benefit is the opportunity to interact at meetings, trade information freely, learn from each other about new things they are trying or plan to try, and help each other avoid redundant effort. Haase comments that the annual meeting feels like a group of friends together in an atmosphere of sharing information. In addition to the annual meeting in the fall, the cooperative holds a specialized integrated pest management meeting early each new year that is more narrowly focused for nursery managers.
The researchers also benefit. The graduate students involved in projects make contacts with agencies all over Washington and Oregon, giving them an advantage in seeking jobs after graduation. Haase herself joined the cooperative as a graduate student in 1989, becoming staff on completing her degree in 1991. For her, the benefit has been the variety inherent in her job. She works with many projects and many people, in the field, in the nursery, in the lab, and in the office. The work has never been boring.
The NTC is one of only two nursery cooperatives in the United States. Its cutting edge research has given it an international reputation, and incoming graduate students say that they came to OSU because it is the best place to be to study reforestation.
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Few independent forestry organizations can afford their own genetics research program. In addition, although the USDA Forest Service and some of the largest forest products companies have research staffs, maintaining a strong ongoing research effort in the specialized field of genetics is difficult. Consequently, Tom Adams (Forest Science) notes, an information gap between genetic researchers and tree breeders developed with cutbacks in research funding in the early 1980s. To close that gap, tree breeders in the Pacific Northwest sought assistance from the College of Forestry. As a result, the Pacific Northwest Tree Improvement Research Cooperative (PNWTIRC) was established in July 1983.
Nationwide, most tree improvement activities are conducted through cooperatives, including development of breeding plans, coordination of selection, breeding and testing of parents, and analyzing and interpreting data. A common secondary function is to conduct research supporting the applied breeding efforts. The PNWTIRC, however, differs from the usual university tree improvement cooperative. One major reason is that cooperative applied tree breeding in coastal Oregon and Washington is under the direction of the Northwest Tree Improvement Co-operative, a non-profit association of forest industries. The emphasis of the PNWTIRC is to provide research support for the Northwest Tree Improvement Co-operative and other public and private tree improvement programs in the Northwest.
The goal of the PNWTIRC is to enhance the efficiency of breeding efforts by addressing priority research needs. The selection of specific projects is not always easy, because member organizations differ in their priorities. Nevertheless, active involvement of the membership in project selection and development aids in reaching consensus.
At present, the PNWTIRC's research is focused on two major areas. The first, in which work has been under way for nearly 10 years, is understanding and making use of the genetics of adaptive traits of Douglas-fir. Genetic improvement emphasizes growth and wood quality, but researchers seek to improve these in ways that will not reduce the tree's adaptation. For Douglas-fir, hardiness to cold and drought is essential to the broad use of genetically improved varieties for reforestation. Artificial freeze-testing procedures developed by the PNWTIRC enable breeders to rank Douglas-fir families rapidly and accurately for their relative hardiness to fall and spring frosts. These procedures work well both in seedlings grown in nurseries and in sapling-age (10- to 15-year-old) trees in field tests. In fact, Adams reports, families rank similarly whether they are freeze-tested at the seedling or sapling stages.
Current projects are addressing ways to assess hardiness to summer drought. Again, hardiness at both the seedling and sapling stages is being investigated. Seedlings have been grown in a nursery at the FRL and subjected to three levels of summer watering, from abundant to very little water. Damage to water-conducting tissues and to seedling growth is being measured, and genetic controls on these traits are being evaluated. Drought-hardiness in sapling-age trees is assessed by investigating the impact of past drought years on annual growth rings, as determined by measuring growth rings in wood cores sampled from the trees. It remains to be proven, however, whether growth rings of sapling-age trees are sensitive enough to soil moisture conditions to be useful. Screening procedures for both cold- and drought-hardiness will ultimately be tested by ranking families using these procedures and then evaluating their performance in a variety of field environments.
Associate Director Thimmappa Anekonda (Forest Science) describes the PNWTIRC's second major focus as research directed at improving the efficiency of Douglas-fir seed orchards. In traditional orchards, stems are widely spaced to promote large crowns, and clones are intermixed to promote intermating through wind pollination. Unfortunately, some pollen is carried in from surrounding areas, and the genetic quality of the seed is reduced due to the partial pollination from non-orchard trees (referred to as pollen contamination). As much as 40% to 50% of the seed in wind-pollinated Douglas-fir orchards can be the result of pollen contamination. One recently initiated project, being conducted in collaboration with Steve Strauss (Forest Science), is to develop better methods of assessing levels of pollen contamination using molecular genetic markers.
The PNWTIRC is also investigating orchard technologies for the future. The Òmicro-orchardÓ is a new alternative from New Zealand and Australia, where it is being used by radiata pine breeders. Unlike traditional orchards, micro-orchards entail closer spacing, smaller trees, and more intensive management. Because trees are planted much more densely and are not allowed to grow more than 1-2 meters tall, crowns are easier to reach for culturing and seed collection. Furthermore, planting clones in rows facilitates collection of pollen and artificial pollination, which can dramatically reduce or even eliminate pollen contamination. Artificial pollination can also be used to produce specific crosses of parents for specialized purposes, such as hardiness to particularly stressful sites or specific wood properties. Researchers are not yet certain whether the cost of micro-orchards will be low enough and the seed yield high enough for their use to be feasible for Douglas-fir. However, the ability to eliminate pollen contamination and control mating is a huge potential benefit spurring this research effort.
Many PNWTIRC findings have had great significance for Douglas-fir breeding efforts in the region. For instance, past work on stem form and wood quality traits led to effective, cost-efficient methods of measurement and emphasized the importance of including ÒqualityÓ traits when selecting for orchard parents. Another example is the PNWTIRC's work on early testing, which has shown that seedling measurements can be effectively used to identify those families with the poorest potential for stem growth, so that the number of families tested in expensive field trials can be reduced. It is also likely that seedling tests will prove valuable for assessing the hardiness of families to cold and drought; the results of these tests can be used in deciding which families to plant on sites particularly susceptible to such stresses.
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Cooperating to Achieve Diverging Goals
From Coos Bay to Vancouver Island, researchers from the Hardwood Silviculture Cooperative are examining the growth of red alder. Their main project involves 26 variable-density plantations in western Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. At each site, cooperators planted large blocks at densities of 100, 230, 525, and 1200 trees per acre. Each block was then divided into plots of about an acre. One was left untreated as a control, two were thinned at different stages of growth, and a fourth was pruned rather than thinned. As Project Leader Dave Hibbs (Forest Science) notes, the sites cover not only a wide geographic range, but also a range of site qualities. From their investigations, researchers seek to discover where it is really appropriate to plant red alder, how fast it will develop, and how land managers can achieve their management goals most effectively.
The oldest of these plantations are about 10 years old. In getting this far, the cooperative has had to overcome a number of problems, the first being to establish a successful plantation. Regeneration from seed in the field proved very difficult, early plantations failed, and basic investigations into alder regeneration were needed. But now the efforts of the cooperative have created a data set on growth of managed red alder that may be second only to the data set for Douglas-fir on the west side of the Cascades. The plantations are finally reaching the age when they are most useful; the results of thinning and other treatments are just becoming apparent. As Hibbs notes, that means cooperators have had 10 years of investment and deferred gratification -- that is a long planning time for many businesses today.
The cooperative came together as a combination of industry and federal and state agency members, each with its own reasons for interest in red alder management. For instance, industry wants to grow alder for high-quality saw logs, while the USDA Forest Service wants to manage red alder to ensure biodiversity. What members have had in common is that they all want to grow red alder to meet their disparate objectives. To do so, they have invested in the cooperative in many ways: they provide the land used for plantations; the crews used for planting, thinning, and making measurements; and the funds that maintain the cooperative itself. The day-to-day work of the cooperative is carried out by faculty research assistant Alison Bower (Forest Science). She spends 60-70% of her time on the road among the sites, working with crews provided by the cooperators. Because the research is inherently labor-intensive, the help of these crews has been an enormous asset to the cooperative.
In addition to the 26 variable-density stands, the cooperative has four naturally regenerated stands and seven planted mixed-species stands, on which they do related studies. Naturally regenerated stands up to 15 years old and 5 to 10 acres in size were sought as a means of short- cutting some of the growing lag time before meaningful thinning results could be obtained. It came as a surprise to find only four naturally regenerating stands of the right age and size in the entire Pacific Northwest. Once the stands were identified, crews thinned them to specific densities. Although studies in these stands are not as controlled as those on the plantations because the sources of seed and original conditions are unknown, researchers are learning a lot.
The seven mixed plantations of alder and Douglas-fir are new plantations, and the proportions of the two species are varied experimentally. Scientists are looking at the interactions between these species, which are often competitors. One finding is that, in low proportions, alder can benefit the Douglas-fir when soil nitrogen levels are low, because the alder is a nitrogen-fixer. If red alder and Douglas- fir are planted as alternating crops, alder can improve fertility and thus growth of a subsequent plantation of Douglas-fir. Alder may also be a good alternative to conifers in areas infected with laminated root rot. Meanwhile, researchers continue to look for the right balance between species to maintain a beneficial relationship.
Although the cooperative has focused on red alder primarily, work on other hardwoods has begun. A two-year study of bigleaf maple regeneration was completed in 1997. As had happened with red alder, maple growth from seed failed, and nursery stock with large root systems and large-diameter stems did best.
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Doing Science to Meet Society's Needs
The recession of the early 1980s made community leaders and resource managers in the Oregon Coast Range think about the importance of forest-based resources to the local economies. In 1985, the College of Forestry held a series of meetings to identify the issues that concerned local citizens. Based on these and problem analysis workshops in 1986 to set priorities, Carl Stoltenburg (then FRL Director) and Bob Ethington (then director of the USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station), with an advisory council, decided research should focus on riparian zone management and regeneration- related practices.
The Coastal Oregon Productivity Enhancement (COPE) Program then started as a cooperative research and education program in 1987. Its broadly stated aim was to increase the benefits derived from the forest and stream resources of the Oregon Coast Range (from I-5 to the Pacific and from the California border to the Washington border). Resources there were abundant but employment tended to be only seasonal, family incomes were low, young people migrated from the area at a high rate, and balancing different resource uses caused conflict. Particular problems included declining anadromous fish populations, concern for wildlife and environmental quality, and worry over future timber supplies as the land base was lost; trade-offs among these values were poorly defined. Therefore research under the COPE Program was intended to enhance the economic and social benefits derived from forest and stream resources through a better understanding of Coast Range ecosystems and how to manage them.
The program, which was originally proposed by Dean George Brown, has been funded by the federal Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the Forest Service. It is coordinated by the College of Forestry and the Forest Service's Pacific Northwest Research Station and conducted by those organizations and the US Geological Survey Biological Resources Division's Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center in Corvallis. Steve Hobbs (Forest Science) has been program director since 1987.
Part of the appeal of this cooperative to so many organizations has been the fact that it involves both fundamental and adaptive research components. The fundamental component is responsible for basic research and the development of new information; the adaptive component was included to improve the communication of research results to cooperators and to conduct adaptive or applied research. It makes information available promptly, adapts existing research-based information to local conditions, and extends knowledge to the public. Furthermore, the adaptive research has been conducted from the Hatfield Marine Science Center in Newport, so researchers were readily accessible to local individuals and agencies. Thus COPE was intended to be a long-range program from the start and was designed so that results would be readily accessible to cooperators, not confined to scientific journals.
The COPE Program's original focus was biophysical aspects of riparian zone management and reforestation practices, but the program eventually expanded to include management of upslope second-growth and integrated management of riparian and upslope habitats. Because the Oregon Coast Range is in a mix of private and public ownership and contains a mosaic of even-aged stands, it is a good field laboratory for onsite research. Overall the COPE Program has conducted 62 studies; it has resulted in hundreds of publications and presentations, and scientists and cooperators have conducted many field trips together. The range of studies has been correspondingly wide.
Scientists conducting fundamental studies
developed ways to analyze and choose among regeneration alternatives looked at vegetation and landforms relative to the distribution of salmonids developed software to support decisions for reforestation established guidelines for managing major shrub and hardwood species looked at effects of different kinds of site preparation after 10-20 years of stand growth determined how understory vegetation reacts to thinning developed spatial databases and models to help understand the effects of management actions on resources looked at recreation management and how best to integrate that use with others looked at how tree regeneration and other management activities affect fish and wildlife habitat examined sites disturbed by flooding, windthrow, sheet erosion, and other natural processes to better understand the dynamics of riparian vegetation looked at how pastures versus forests serve to help keep nitrogen from reaching streams developed information to help people identify and manage slope stability looked at riparian wildlife diversity and habitat needs.
Because studies were intended to be long-term, some continue even as the COPE Program draws to a close. Walter Thies (Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station) began studying the susceptibility of coastal conifers to laminated root rot under the COPE Program; the study is expected to run to 2010. By that time, researchers hope to have developed management strategies that would minimize the impact of this root disease. Another offshoot of the COPE Program that will continue is the Coastal Landscape Analysis and Modeling Study (CLAMS). This multidisciplinary study uses satellite imagery to develop computer simulation models of changes in vegetation, habitat, and human activity across the entire Coast Range and how those are affected by different management policies. Based on the insights the models provide, researchers will consider whether current and proposed policies can achieve desired conditions.
Adaptive studies looked at more specific issues, such as
how commercial thinning regimes affect the overstory and understory vegetation and wildlife effects of fertilizing and pruning trees how to check response of riparian resources to management strategies influence of forest management on bat populations, bird abundance, and ecology.
One specific example of adaptive research is Bill Emmingham's (Forest Science) studies of conifer regeneration in riparian areas. Left untreated, conifer establishment is extremely slow and sparse in riparian areas dominated by red alder and salmonberry. Emmingham's research, and that of Sam Chan (Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station), has shown ways in which silvicultural treatments can be used to establish conifers in riparian areas. This research will have long-term benefits for fish and wildlife.
Many of the COPE Program's findings regarding riparian management have been incorporated into the state's Riparian Protection Rules. As a result of the work done by the COPE Program, our understanding of forest and stream ecosystems in the Oregon Coast Range and how to better manage them has increased dramatically. This effort was only possible because of consistent and strong support from a wide variety of organizations interested in cooperating to develop new information to better manage multiple resources.
Organizations that have provided support to the COPE Program include:
Federal agencies:
USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station USDA Forest Service Siskiyou National Forest USDA Forest Service Siuslaw National Forest USGS Biological Resources Division Bureau of Indian Affairs Bureau of Land Management US Fish and Wildlife Service State agencies: Oregon Department of Energy Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Oregon Department of Forestry Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development Oregon Department of Parks and Recreation Oregon Division of State Lands Oregon Forest Resources Institute Oregon State University, College of Forestry Tribal government: Confederated Tribes of the Grande Ronde
County governments:
Benton Clatsop Coos Curry Douglas Josephine Lane Lincoln Polk Tillamook Washington Yamhill Industry:Industry:
Bohemia Inc. Boise-Cascade Corporation Champion International Davidson Industries Diamond B Lumber Co. Georgia-Pacific Corporation Giustina Land and Timber Co. Howard-Cooper Corporation Hydraulic and Machine Services Inc. International Paper Co. James River Corporation Lone Rock Timber Co. Longview Fibre Co. McDonald Industries Oregon Inc. Menasha Corporation Pape Brothers Inc. Roseboro Lumber Co. Roseburg Resources Co. Ross Corporation RSG Forest Products Inc. Smurfit Newsprint Corp. Starker Forests, Inc. Stimson Lumber Co. Sun Studs Inc. Three-G Lumber Co. Weyerhaeuser Co. Wheeler Manufacturing Co. Willamette Industries, Inc. Willamina Lumber Co.
Local Groups:
City of Newport Clatsop Small Woodland Association Oregon Small Woodland Association
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Developing Methods for Interdisciplinary Research
Although the environmental debate in the Pacific Northwest seems unresolvable, researchers at OSU have been doing interdisciplinary research on campus in the hope of lending new understanding to the ongoing debate. In the College of Forestry, Steve Radosevich (Forest Science) enlisted colleagues Bruce Shindler (Forest Resources), Peter List (Philosophy), Sheila Cordray (Sociology), and Courtland Smith (Anthropology) to initiate the process, and the College provided seed money for what is now the Sustainable Forestry Partnership.
The project began as a series of weekly one-hour meetings; these initial academic discussions lasted almost two years. The group then assigned its researchers to start pulling information together on social, biophysical, environmental, and forest management impacts. The information was combined into a geographic information system (GIS) and a case study of forest management in the central Cascades.
One focus of the project is trying to explain changes in the forest and forest industry, by examining the context of existing information. None of the information being used is proprietary; it comes from such sources as satellite imaging, tax lots for ownership, and census data. From such data, Radosevich and his colleagues developed a three-dimensional topology of their subject area over time. This model illuminates the difference between federal and private ownership, with federal lands suffering from fragmentation of the forest, and private lands suffering overcutting and unexpectedly low regeneration. Researchers have also conducted several nationwide surveys to identify current regional and national attitudes about forest management practices.
In addition to its initial funding from the College of Forestry, the project has had funding from the US Department of State, under the Man and the Biosphere program. The newer Sustainable Forestry Partnership then sponsored a case study of the same areaÑthe McKenzie and Middle Fork of the Willamette rivers. This case study also provides a synthesis of issues, centering on sustainable forestry, over a longer history.
The team initially had to create a shared interdisciplinary language. Even though they all speak English, because of their academic disciplines the researchers often had different meanings for the same words and different words for the same meanings. To resolve that problem, they developed a matrix of spatial scales and disciplines that gave them the core for understanding one another's sciences.
The team also found they could not work just in the abstract; they needed to relate their discussion to a particular piece of ground. They chose the McKenzie and Middle Fork of the Willamette because it was an area for which they could get abundant information.
By developing new methods, the team hopes to clear the way for more interdisciplinary research. At present few agencies fund interdisciplinary research. One roadblock is the fact that interdisciplinary research is hard to evaluate; there are no established methods for the research. In the case of this project, researchers are having to develop the methods as they try to do the research. An encouraging development is new kinds of statistics that allow geographical and spatial comparisons that would not have been possible in the past.
To date, the research has necessarily focused on developing new, interdisciplinary methods. However, payoffs have come in several areas. An immediate one has been a change in the perspective of all involved. They have developed new perceptions, co-authored papers, and given joint talks. Many new classes across campus have resulted, with the interdisciplinary team teaching integrated classes.
Further down the road, researchers hope to use the methods they have developed to begin to understand the drivers of social and environmental change. With such an understanding, they believe, it would become possible to develop policies or incentives to direct change in ways the public wants.
Other areas for investigation include linking land-use patterns with social patterns. Immediate results should benefit land management agencies, landowners, and leaders of natural-resource-dependent communities. The team's long-term goal is to develop a methodology to predict land use, productivity, and the consequences of changes in land use, social and economic structures, and ecosystem properties and behavior.
The project has involved a lot of methodological research, to find better ways to do interdisciplinary research. Radosevich comments that, despite the difficulty of synthesizing so much diverse information, the cross-campus relationships have made it worthwhile.
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Faster Growth, Less Pollution
When an area has been deforested, whether by fire, disease, or cutting, the name of the game is to get the forest back. That is how Director Robin Rose (Forest Science) describes the purpose of the Vegetation Management Research Cooperative. To get the forest back, researchers conduct applied research on young plantations, from seedling establishment through crown closure, emphasizing management of competing vegetation. In contrast to many projects that seem to polarize commercial timber and environmental interests, the Vegetation Management Research Cooperative seeks to maximize survival, wood-crop biomass, and growth while protecting public resources.
They accomplish this by bringing together the best of what is known about seedlings with the best of what is known about vegetation control and the best of what is known about fertilization. The largest current project is the Ò2 meters in 2 yearsÓ study. Using slow-release fertilizer, researchers grew Douglas-fir to 2 meters tall in the first 2 years. Trees in the tests were given fertilizer for their first year or their first and second years (or, for the control, not at all). Competing vegetation was controlled in the first 2 or the first 3 years. The method has been demonstrated at six plots so far, in Rainier, Belfair, Forks, Cathlamet, and Mossyrock, Washington, and in Drain, Oregon; more plots will be established next year in Glenwood, Washington, and Fort Bragg, California.
These demonstrations have important implications. Current reforestation laws throughout the Pacific Northwest require that lands ravaged by fire, insects, disease, or cutting be successfully regenerated in 6 years. Specifically, the laws require that, before cutting can commence on a piece of land, adjacent cleared lands must have seedlings at specified ages or sizes. Improving seedling quality and advances in vegetation control are the ways growers have for making that happen.
Faster growth, as in the 2 meters in 2 years study, means less need for herbicide. Oregon law stipulates that trees must be Òfree to growÓ within 6 years of harvest. That requirement means the tree must have out-competed weed species sufficiently to eliminate the need for herbicide or other means of vegetation removal. This demonstration shows that trees may be free to grow in 2-3 years, rather than 6 years, which is a boon for the state for reducing herbicide use. And the project's implications are not just for corporate forestry. Faster growth against competing vegetation would also aid Christmas tree farming, reclamation after fires, and restoration of riparian zones. With additional testing (and different formulations), Rose expects the same method can also be used with native plants. Furthermore, fertilizer is applied right in the root zone and very little is needed per acre, because it is not broadcast over wide areas and not washed off. Thus pollution can be reduced. Since its establishment in 1993, the cooperative has conducted work in a variety of environments. The research stands range from the dry east side of the Cascades to the wet west side and from high to low elevations, extending from northern Washington to central California. Rose anticipates that the next step will be to take the research worldwide. Growers in Chile hope to use it on their Douglas-fir plantations. In Taiwan, it may be used to create monkey habitat in disturbed areas. In Africa it might help growers establish firewood lots. Firewood must be dense, but dense woods are often the slowest to grow Ð faster growth could allow more recovery. It could help in places like Thailand, where in the past bulldozers were used to remove competing vegetation, and with it much of the topsoil. Thus the information developed by the cooperative can be used internationally for conservation biology or restoration ecology; it serves both timber and environmental interests.
Other cooperative projects are more specific to the Pacific Northwest. One such project is the ongoing synthesis of information about the autecology of common problematic plants. For each species, researchers conduct a literature review and compile all that is known about how it grows and how it responds to different kinds of management. For instance, attempts to remove vine maple mechanically in fact spread it farther, because the stems take root wherever they touch the ground. This compilation of the science of vegetation management will be published as a book that will surely be a standard reference for land managers. By consulting it, someone who suffers a fire in an area where manzanita is common will know to replant trees quickly to beat out invading manzanita and thus avoid fighting it off after it has had a chance to establish itself. The two volumes drafted so far cover 10 species each, and another is planned that will cover 15 species. These volumes have been distributed to members of the cooperative, as one more benefit of membership.
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Using High Technology to Aid Fish Recovery
How can a stream running through the hot desert of eastern Oregon have occasional cold spots, with warm water both upstream and down? This anomaly showed up in 1994 when fisheries biologist Bruce McIntosh (Forest Science) started working with forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensor images representing the surface temperatures of stream, vegetation, and soil. Puzzled, McIntosh went to hydrologist Bob Beschta (Forest Engineering). They discussed the anomalies but could reach no conclusion without more data. At about that time, they responded to a call for proposals from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Science Foundation (NSF) Joint Watershed Research Program and developed a project that would help in understanding stream temperatures and factors affecting them in eastern Oregon.
Their initial concern was that thermal patterns of streams and adjacent land were anomalous. In some places the water seemed to be too cool, given adjacent temperatures, and those places, termed thermal refuges, are preferred by chinook salmon. That seems understandable, since at the hottest time of the year, stream temperatures might be at or above lethal temperatures for spring chinook salmon. The questions to be addressed were how the anomalies occur and whether they are natural or reflect human practices.
Given the complexity of the issues, the project is led by multiple principal investigators, each bringing a different expertise, along with a love for eastern Oregon. In addition to McIntosh and Beschta, biologists Hiram and Judy Li and Boone Kauffman (all in Fisheries and Wildlife) are investigating the distributions of fish, invertebrates, and vegetation. Geomorphologist Pat McDowell from the University of Oregon adds her skills in interpreting the geology.
Similar anomalies show up in other Oregon streams, even on the bigger ones, such as the Klamath River. But because many eastside streams have both high temperatures and limited salmon populations, research is being conducted on the Middle Fork of the John Day River. One of the reasons for choosing this area is that fish are holding on in these streams, and so the area offers hope for restoration of fish populations. However, much of the best fish habitat on the east side is in private ownership. This means that researchers are working on private lands, and management research is inappropriate. On the other hand, their work here helps to fill a research void; eastern Oregon has long been bypassed by researchers in favor of westside streams.
The researchers are examining a number of possible causes for the stream temperature anomalies. For instance, denser or different vegetation might shade some areas. Cool water from underground sources and springs might enter the stream at certain points. Many of the research methods involve high technology. They continue to use FLIR, a Department of Defense-developed imaging technology that offers great precision and accuracy. Ground-penetrating radar allows them to sense the depth to bedrock. Comparison of aerial photographs taken in 1939 and 1990 has allowed them to track historical changes in the environment and land use. Some 126 wells along three river reaches make it possible to trace patterns in groundwater temperatures. Researchers have also collected soil and vegetation data in the well fields. In addition, they have done traditional counts of fish and invertebrates along various reaches of the river, both warm and cool. Geographic information systems (GISs) let them overlay the different kinds of data, to make common patterns apparent.
As they learn about the local environmental patterns, the researchers have revised their hypotheses. For instance, some of the research effort has shifted direction to consider evaporative heat transfer. As afternoon winds come up, a local microclimate involving the wind and dry air often develops. To investigate this possibility, in 1998 researchers made micrometeorological measurements of relative humidity, wind, and air temperature, in the stream channel and in nearby riparian areas.
With these different kinds of research going on, coordination becomes important. It can be difficult to get all investigators out at once, and they have to be ready for anything because of the down time imposed by travel distances. Compensating for that are the advantages of collaboration. If they were not all working at the same sites, they would never be sure whether apparent differences were real or just the result of their different perspectives. By working together they can discuss issues across disciplines. Typically, when the collaborators reach a conclusion, it has inherent backing of all the disciplines. That not only grants it much greater credibility but also increases the likelihood that such conclusions will have an effect on future management of stream and riparian resources.
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Extending into a New Niche
Most biotechnology research is fundamental: the research ers simply seek new genes and new knowledge. What sets the Tree Genetic Engineering Research Cooperative (TGERC) apart is that it selects genes in consultation with growers to address their needs. In most cases, this means they start with genes known to control specific desirable traits in agricultural plants and apply them in forestry. Examples are genes to resist herbicides or insects that were proven in maize and soybeans that TGERC researchers are now testing in trees.
According to Director Steve Strauss (Forest Science), the cooperative's main objective is to start getting genetically engineered trees out into the real world. The work is extension-like in that TGERC staff help industry field-test products on their own lands. Staff create genetically engineered trees in the laboratory and then conduct field trials on industrial lands. The tests are necessary because sometimes a gene mechanism that works in one kind of plant fails in another. For example, graduate student Rozi Mohamed found that a disease resistance gene that was effective in tobacco was no help to poplar against diseases it faces in the Pacific Northwest.
All of the cooperative's work so far has been with poplars. Poplars were chosen because they are a burgeoning new crop in the region and especially amenable to genetic engineering. When the TGERC started in 1994, the cooperative's first task was to establish that gene insertion was even possible. Now the cooperative can do it with just about any kind of poplar and other work has taken precedence. Several projects seek to improve trees' resistance to insects, herbicides, and disease.
The new traits controlled by the genes are expected not only to reduce pest control costs, but also to improve poplar's environmental attributes. Understanding how the new genes will affect plantation sustainability is the subject of new, multidisciplinary research that involves economics, soils, and toxicology researchers at OSU.
The biggest current project, however, is developing ways to control the flowering of trees. Control is necessary both to make trees flower when breeders want them to and to keep them from flowering any other time. All tree breeders have an interest in controlling flowering so that they can cross desired varieties of trees without waiting the years it takes for trees to become sexually mature. Conversely, breeders do not want trees in production plantations to flower. In this way, newly introduced genes, or even conventionally bred hybrids, are prevented from having undesirable impacts on other lands as they spread through pollen and seed. Development of sexually sterile trees would relieve industry and farmers of the need to consider how each new gene might affect wild populations in each environment where the trees are planted. Because it is easy to produce poplars vegetatively, sexually sterile trees present no problems for practical use. And by freeing resources normally used for reproduction, the sterile trees may continue rapid growth during the normal flowering phaseÑwhen the growth of trees usually slows down.
As an incentive for industry to invest in TGERC research, OSU is patenting four new flowering-related genes from poplars that will be useful for genetic engineering of sterile trees. Industry members of the cooperative help pay for the patent process separately from their TGERC membership; in return they will pay very inexpensive licensing fees when the patents are approved. Those members who did not help support the patent process will still receive a reduced rate, but will pay about twice as much as the members who share in patent costs. Licenses are also available to nonmembers at higher rates. Having a license to use a patented gene gives industry confidence that it can use a new gene commercially at an affordable price.
However, because biotechnology is a young field, a number of patents are in effect that cover most of the methods and genes needed to produce a commercially useful transgenic tree. Forest industries are therefore working with biotechnology companies, such as TGERC member Monsanto, to gain access to the full suite of tools needed. Biotechnology companies like Monsanto see the cooperative as a place for their technology to be tested and developed into useful, credibly tested products for forest industries.
Usually, only the biggest companies do their own genetic engineering research, and then only on the biggest crops; very few forest or agricultural companies can afford their own biotechnology research laboratories. The cooperative can help fill the traditional land-grant university niche of doing research to help the smaller companies and farmers to gain access to new technology, such as developing better wheat for Northwest conditions or finding ways to protect fruit crops from disease. Perhaps even more important, though, is the fact that the collaboration of industries, government agencies, and the university represented in the TGERC helps to assure the public that this new technology is developed wisely and tested thoroughly.
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Thinking Globally
Worldwide, consumers are beginning to realize that their consumption has impacts in other regions and countries. As a result, they are increasingly looking for assurance that those impacts are socially and environmentally acceptable. For example, child labor has seen considerable press lately, and the apparel industry is responding by implementing third-party auditing of labor practices in their foreign factories. The forest industry faces similar societal pressures to assure consumers that its practices are not harming the environment.
In 1996, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation funded a series of case studies to document businesses practicing sustainable forestry to identify the impacts on corporate profitability and forest management. The project working group included more than 30 researchers from Pennsylvania State University, the University of California at Berkeley, and the University of Michigan. Weyerhaeuser and other private companies and non-government organizations were also involved. From the early expectation that sustainable forestry would be supported by premium prices customers might pay, researchers came to the conclusion that sustainable forestry involves many other benefits and is often simply good business practice.
Eric Hansen (Forest Products) got involved with this project because of the Sustainable Forestry Partnership's interest in developing a seminar series on forest certification. Steve Radosevich (Forest Science), who led the effort, wanted representation of the business side of the issues. At the same time, Hansen was working on developing an environmental marketing cooperative course in Finland and so could offer another perspective on sustainability and certification.
Third-party certification has been an important consideration in sustainable forestry. Support for certification in Europe has been developing quickly; that's necessarily a concern for the state, as Oregon's products could find themselves shut out of the market. With the OEDD (Oregon Economic Development Department), Hansen and his colleagues in the College of Forestry, the Oregon Department of Forestry, and elsewhere developed a white paper to inform the governor about certification and what it means. Hansen has continued related studies. The first cases were of forestry production in the United States and Scandinavia and retailing in the United States and the United Kingdom. It seemed the next step should be to study the other main player in Europe, the German publishing industry. The well-documented case studies illustrate company experiences in working toward sustainability and opportunities for conversion to sustainable practices.
Case studies are conducted quite differently from traditional empirical research. A significant element is building effective relationships with key people within the firm being studied. The Sustainable Forestry Partnership seminars had invited representatives of Collins Pine and Home Depot/Sainsbury's, giving Hansen connections to the people he needed to reach. For the case study of Collins Pine, researchers went onsite at four sites across the US; for the Home Depot study, they visited headquarters and stores in four states. For the UK study of the retailer Sainsbury's, they visited headquarters in London and stores there and in nearby areas. To study the big Swedish forest company, STORA, they spent a week at headquarters in Falun and at nearby locations. After each site visit, researchers and staff at the companies being studied exchanged many emails, letters, and phone calls to make sure the researchers had their facts straight. Among the several case studies, Hansen wound up with 100s of pages of transcripts of interviews, observations, and emails.
Projects like these require the joint efforts of many researchers. On these, Hansen worked with Steve Lawton (project manager) and Jim McAlexander, both of the OSU College of Business. From the College of Forestry came Stefan Weinfurter, who was at OSU for a year working on his senior thesis and is now back in Austria to finish his degree. Other participants included Rick Fletcher, Benton County Extension Forester, and John Punches, Douglas County Extension Forest Products and Forestry.
Hansen and his colleagues have now done several international presentations and many in the United States concerning experiences in marketing certified products; one was to the UN Economic Commission for Europe Timber Committee in Geneva, Switzerland.
Hansen and a colleague from Finland are now building on this past work to develop a discussion paper for the United Nations concerning what's happening in the US, Europe, and countries of the former Soviet Union with respect to forest certification. Beyond that, Lawton and Hansen are planning a conference on environmental marketing to be held in September 1999. The conference will inform industry about using environmental marketing strategies to compete better in the global market. Another planned project concerns the chain of custody of forest products, looking at how to track whether a given product really came from the forest specified, grown and processed under the required conditions. Establishing chain of custody takes careful controls at each processing point. The associated costs and challenges will be the focus of the study.
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Fighting Disease without Endangering the Environment
Swiss needle cast is a fungal disease whose only host is Doug las-fir. The fungus infects the tree through the needles. The infection eventually causes needles to turn yellow and fall off prematurely; a severely infected tree can lose all but the current year's needles. The disease is debilitating, slows the tree's growth, and makes it more susceptible to pests and competition from shrubs and other vegetation. Thus the tree is apt to die of secondary causes, though not of the infection directly. The problem is especially bad for Christmas trees, because their appearance is so important and so badly affected by the disease.
Though Swiss needle cast is a native disease, it has moved with the trees. It is now a problem in Europe, where it was first identified in Switzerland in the 1920s, New Zealand, and across the United States. A survey done on the Oregon coast in the 1930s found it already present, but the problem has worsened in recent years. The secondary effect of losing out to competing vegetation is especially problematic on the Oregon coast, where everything grows so quickly.
Two factors make Swiss needle cast an issue now. Much more Douglas- fir is growing today than grew years ago, so more trees can be affected. In addition, the disease does seem to have gotten worse in the 1980s. At that time it occurred primarily on trees brought in from non- local seed sources to reforest devastated areas. Local trees were apparently resistant, but the trees grown from seed brought in from other areas were introduced to the inevitably wetter conditions of the Oregon coast and were susceptible. However, since 1994, the disease has appeared even on trees with local origins.
Researchers in the Swiss Needle Cast Cooperative are looking beyond the use of fungicides for several reasons. Current fungicides are ineffective over a landscape, even though they do eliminate the fungus on individual branches or trees. The uneven terrain over the landscape makes application difficult and the timing of bud break is extended. (Bud break is the time when fungicide must be applied.) On a Christmas tree farm, all trees are at the same stage at the same time, and bud break occurs fairly simultaneously. For this reason, fungicide has so far been effective in that industry. However, spraying fungicide near riparian areas is environmentally unacceptable.
One alternative to the fungicide in current use is thinning the trees, to space them for vigor and health. The cooperative is establishing new experimental plots, on which they know the conditions of infection and basal area before thinning. The study is in only its second year; to get reliable information will take 5-10 years.
In addition to the work on new plots, the cooperative will do some retrospective work on existing thinned plots. The same people will work on both the retrospective studies and the new; by working as continuing teams, they ensure that all are on the same research path and not duplicating effort.
Recognizing the worsening problem of Swiss needle cast, and concerned about their limited options for fighting the disease, representatives of private industry decided that cooperative research was needed. Therefore industry representatives came to the College of Forestry and suggested development of a research cooperative to study the problem of Swiss needle cast.
The Swiss Needle Cast Cooperative started formally in January 1997, and research is expected to last for 5 years. After 5 years, the cooperators can decide whether it is necessary to extend the cooperative's efforts further. The cooperative currently includes 20 members, mostly from private industry. Among them, they represent all the major forest owners on the coast. In addition to private companies and state and federal land managing agencies, the Grande Ronde and Siletz tribes and Coos County are members.
Scientists are working together with industry representatives who have helped set up plots and given other assistance. The narrow focus of the project helps in the effort, because it is easier to make plans. In the future, researchers will look at fungicides not currently in use for this problem, in case they could overcome some of the problems of the current fungicide, at least in some situations, and allow a simpler, faster solution.
Research is led by faculty from the College of Forestry (in Forest Science, Forest Resources, and Forest Products) and from the College of Science (in the Botany and Plant Pathology Department). A faculty member from Washington State University, whose experience is working with Christmas trees, is doing research for the cooperative, and about six graduate students are also involved. Much of the work is done by the graduate students. Industry recognizes the cooperative as a good buy, because of time and energy that the graduate students give the projects. The graduate students benefit as well, getting real-world experience unmatched in the ivory tower.
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A Connecting Thread
The College of Forestry has had a number of collaborative research programs connected by an intellectual thread. As more is learned and as forest management evolves, new questions open up, leading to new areas of research. In the 1980s, the Forest-Intensive Research (FIR) Program dealt with forest regeneration in harsh conditions. Work on regeneration issues continued in the COPE Program, which is ending in 1998, but extended to riparian areas. A new program in 1997, the Cooperative Forest Ecosystem Research (CFER) program is now extending that research by conducting long-term ecosystem-based research that will facilitate management of forest ecosystems on public land.
CFER cooperators include the Bureau of Land Management's (BLM's) Oregon State Office, the US Geological Survey's (USGS's) Biological Resources Division's Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center (FRESC), the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF), and OSU's Colleges of Forestry and Agricultural Sciences. Within the BLM and ODF, many contact people facilitate coordination and implementation of research. In addition, BLM has committed roughly half of one staff member's time specifically to acting as liaison with the program.
To narrow the CFER program's initial research focus, in 1997 Jeff Smith (then of Forest Science), Bob Gresswell (Fisheries and Wildlife), and John Hayes (Forest Science) wrote a problem analysis, identifying research areas of interest and information needed to implement the Northwest Forest Plan on BLM land; a record of decision (ROD) for the plan imposed specific requirements on BLM that required a better knowledge of ecosystem functions. The information needed is broad; the problem analysis narrowed the scope of the program but remained quite broad to allow the new program to take shape according to the specific skills researchers brought to bear.
BLM had three initial areas of concern:
1) management of riparian areas, specifically for aquatic conservation, including development of buffersÑhow big should buffers be, and what management (if any) could be done in the buffers? 2) biodiversity of young stands and management for such diversityÑthe ROD carries specific constraints, but there are options within those constraints that must be considered, and the ecological ramifications of some approaches remain unclear.
3) management for species of special concernÑspecies were identified in the ROD for which little information was as yet available.
The CFER program took on the task of addressing these concerns. Although these issues as they relate specifically to the ROD are not concerns for the ODF, that agency is proposing new management strategies for similar goals and has joined the cooperative to gain the same kinds of information.
The research team is led by six principal investigators: John Hayes (Forest Science; also coordinator for the program), wildlife ecologist; Dave Hibbs (Forest Science), plant ecologist; Dan Edge (Fisheries and Wildlife), wildlife ecologist; John Tappeiner (FRESC), silviculturist; Ed Starkey (FRESC), wildlife ecologist; and Bob Gresswell (FRESC), aquatic ecologist.
Another important team member is information exchange specialist Betsy Littlefield (Forest Science). The cooperative program is putting a strong emphasis on information exchange. Not only do the researchers want to get information to managers promptly, they want a two-way exchange to ensure that they stay in touch with agency needs. The exchange has occurred in the form of field tours, symposia, and small group meetings. A Web site is being developed, as are a newsletter, a video on biodiversity in young forests, and a seminar series. This emphasis on information exchange reflects the program's research philosophy. The integrated interdisciplinary research is intended to be sensitive to the short-term needs of the cooperators within a long-term vision.
The research being done at present is all field oriented. (Summer 1998 was the program's first field season.) Much of the work is observational, especially studies concerned with old-growth. At the same time, a large experimental study is being planned in southwestern Oregon concerning manipulation of stand structure and the responses of plant and animal populations. That project also takes advantage of several experimental stands established in the Tillamook area 4-5 years ago under the COPE program and a series of plots established on BLM lands. More experimentation may be possible on species responses in riparian areas. Possibilities include examining different responses to the presence of hardwoods versus conifers in streams, and considering differences resulting from differences in thinning densities.
The geographic area covered by the CFER program is huge. At that landscape level, replication of observations is difficult. Nevertheless, the influence of landscape patterns on animal populations presents important management issues. The CFER program is tackling these issues in its studies. One component of this work is looking at the amphibians present in headwater streams, and how they are affected by landscape structure. The researchers are considering the landscape in terms of the management history of the basins, measuring characteristics of the area in a variety of ways so that they can tease apart the factors responsible for determining the presence and abundance of various species. In short, they start with simplified variables and coarse differences, and as they learn more they will move on to more complexity.
As the program develops, it is becoming increasingly integrated. Three primary focus areas are planned for 1999:
1) coarse woody debris in riparian ecosystemsÑPast management of riparian areas was driven in part by concerns over its effect on sedimentation and water temperature. More recently woody debris has been recognized as being important in the ways it modifies stream structure and creates spawning and rearing habitat for salmonids. Researchers are looking at how a stand's condition and characteristics influence its potential to produce such debris, how the wood gets into the stream, and what it does once there. Answering the questions requires knowledge about silviculture (stand structure and management), as well as knowledge about the role of wildlife in changing structure (for instance, beaver who cut trees and deposit wood into streams) and aquatic ecology (how coarse woody debris affects fish and invertebrates). Thus the mix of scientists in the program is well suited to the research.
2) stand management and biotic responses to management of stand structureÑResearchers are seeking to answer numerous questions: How does management influence structure? How did old-growth originally develop? How do plant species respond to different structural characteristics? How do animal populations respond to structure and to management activity? 3) landscape structureÑThere is a mix of theories about how the differences at the landscape scale affect vertebrates, and how this relates to fragmentation. However, because of the challenges of addressing questions at this scale, only a limited amount of data is available. Researchers are starting by considering how patterns vary at that scale for fish and amphibians.
The integration of CFER research is necessary because many resource- related problems are complex and interdisciplinary. Hayes notes that although as a wildlife researcher he might be able to draw up a workable research plan, by working closely with plant ecologists, silviculturists, and aquatic biologists, he can better address the issues as integrated research problems. By joining forces, the team gains a synergy, and the end product exceeds what the individuals could have accomplished separately.
According to Hayes, unless we pursue this kind of interdisciplinary work, we will simply be unable to address many of the big questions that influence the future of forestry in the region.
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Seeking the Causes of Change
Throughout the western US, aspen populations are declining. All states in the West have suffered from this decline, but as yet there is no consensus on the cause. Among the possible causes are the suppression of fire, browsing pressure from various ungulates, and site-specific or global climate changes.
Aspen have the greatest geographic range of any North American tree species. They are popular and esthetically pleasing because of their white bark, quaking leaves, and bright yellow fall color. They are an important source of fiber for wood products and help provide protection for watersheds and riparian areas. Aspen are also a key ecosystem component for wildlife and contribute to biodiversity.
There are several theories as to why aspen are declining in the West: Ungulates such as elk and cattle browse on aspen sprouts and may be suppressing regeneration. Elk also strip bark from larger trees, which gives pathogens a way in. Suppression of wildfires may let conifers encroach and shade out aspen stands. Climatic changes may play a role, either through regional fluctuations (such as extended drought) or through the phenomenon of global warming.
Despite the extent of the problems facing aspen, there has been almost no federal funding for aspen research since the mid-1980s. One exception is for Bill Ripple's (Forest Resources) collaborative aspen project, which since 1997 has been collecting information in Yellowstone National Park and elsewhere. Funding has come from a cooperative consisting of the National Park Service and the University of Wyoming. The National Park Service and the USDA Forest Service have also given Ripple and graduate student Eric Larsen (Geosciences) logistical support in the form of summer housing, field assistance, and access to relevant historical documents and aerial photos.
The OSU Research Council has provided additional funding, with which Ripple and Larsen have collected more data around Yellowstone, both within the park and in the neighboring Gallatin and Shoshone national forests. In addition, they recently conducted a field research day in Oregon's Umatilla National Forest, consulting with area foresters and wildlife biologists on the status of aspen in the Blue Mountains. Working in Yellowstone National Park has had several advantages for research. As one of the largest natural areas in the lower 48 states, Yellowstone is among the few places where researchers can study an area where cattle have never grazed. Past management practices are also well documented, and the researchers can call on Yellowstone's extensive archives for historical information. For example, the fire history of the park provides valuable data about the role of wildfire in aspen regeneration. Yellowstone has also maintained estimates of the size of its elk herd since the 1920s, which is useful in assessing the impacts of ungulate browsing on aspen.
In this project, Ripple and Larsen are analyzing changes in aspen stands through time and space. Aerial photographs from 1954 (1958 in the Gallatin and Shoshone national forests) and 1992 let them see change in aspen canopy coverage over time. Data from plots within the park are being compared to plots in the adjacent national forests to try to identify any significant differences. In the field, Larsen has established 2 m x 30 m belt transects to determine aspen overstory density, size class, degree of browsing pressure on sprouts, bark stripping of mature trees, and information on the size and intensity of conifer encroachment in aspen stands. They have collected aspen cores to determine stand ages and composition. The field work also included ground truthing the information obtained from aerial photos.
A related research area is a retrospective study of aspen data reported in a 1926 monograph by Edward Warren of Syracuse University (based on his 1921 fieldwork at Yellowstone). In 1998 Ripple and Larsen collected aspen cores from many of the same riparian areas visited by Warren in 1921. They then developed an age-structure analysis structure based on regression analysis of a tree's diameter at breast height and its age. By comparing their results with those reported by Warren, they can show changes in the structure over a 77- year period.
Preliminary analysis of the Yellowstone data suggests that there are significant differences between aspen populations in the park and those in the surrounding forests. As work continues, Ripple seeks to test additional hypotheses, such as the role of fallen trees from the 1988 fire in protecting young aspen from elk browsing pressure. Ripple also hypothesizes that wolf reintroduction may affect elk behavior enough to change browsing patterns and hence to change regeneration patterns for some aspen stands.
Ripple has set up a Web page (www.cof.orst. edu/cof/fr/research/aspen/) describing the work on the Umatilla National Forest and at Yellowstone. It also provides information about the biology and ecology of aspen and about their distribution. The page is especially valuable in that it allows people to contact Ripple directly with questions, comments, or requests for more information, making it not just a tool for distributing information, but also one for collecting and exchanging ideas from throughout the world.
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Preserving Wood to Preserve Forests
To preserve forest resources worldwide, we all need to be able to use wood longer. Making it last generally means we need to add some kind of preservatives. However, most wood is hard to treat with preservatives because it cannot be penetrated by the liquids. Treatment plants in Oregon and along the West Coast are at an economic disadvantage relative to East Coast plants, which use more permeable southern pine and so can process much more wood in a day (sometimes 8 times as much). In addition, there is growing worldwide political pressure against the use of preservatives that contain metallic compounds (e.g., chromated copper arsenate). This pressure may make current biocides unsuitable for use, and companies will have to move into new areas. Most possible replacements for the metallic biocides are organic compounds, but few of these are water soluble. Treatment with organic biocides in the form of supercritical fluids offers hope, because such fluids can penetrate wood as if they are gases.
Supercritical fluid treatments involve impregnating the wood with biocides at extremely high pressures. Normal commercial treatments use a pressure between 125 and 150 psi. In this project, researchers are working at 10 to 20 times those pressures. Liquid applied at such high pressures would simply crush the wood. Even supercritical fluids at such high pressure can crush some kinds of wood. The methods are still being developed and are as yet unproven. In general, the technology is considered too uncertain for any single company to risk a large investment. Therefore a number of chemical companies decided to work together with researchers in the College of Forestry to carry out the research.
The cooperative currently includes Chemical Specialties, Inc., Charlotte, North Carolina; Dow Agro Sciences, Indianapolis, Indiana; Janssen- Pharmaceutica, Washington's Crossing, New Jersey; Troy Corp., Florham Park, New Jersey; and Bayer, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. These chemical companies are large enough to take a broad view of the market. They also have strong European connections and recognize the need for alternatives to the current treatments. Other companies have expressed interest but not yet made commitments. Although the cooperating companies are big, the money each contributes is relatively small, about $10,000 each, so the risk of loss compared to the possible gain of a new technology is acceptable.
In the first year and a half of the cooperative's existence, the cooperators have advised researchers Jeff Morrell (Forest Products) and Keith Levien (Chemical Engineering) about their basic needs, but then left them to pursue the research. With graduate students Matthew Anderson and Philip Schneider (Forest Products) and Witoon Kittidacha (Chemical Engineering), plus visiting professor Gyu-Hyeok Kim (Korea University, Seoul, Korea), Morrell and Levien have started by looking at how pressure develops in wood, what happens with the pressures inside wood, and when collapse occurs. They argue that the first need is to understand the process, before considering specific chemicals. Thus the Forest Products researchers are looking at the fundamental behavior of the wood; the chemical engineers are examining the interactions between chemicals and the supercritical fluid. The OSU researchers know that other supercritical fluid treatments work; they have a patent for extraction using supercritical fluids that preceded the cooperative. Now they hope this project will open new possibilities.
For a project like this, collaboration is important. The research involves development in a largely unknown area, meaning that it is considered to have too high a risk of failure for competitive research awards. Consequently the only way the new processes will be investigated is by bringing sponsoring companies together. One of the deterrents and reasons that the work is considered risky is the high cost of the equipment. That high cost reflects the need to attain extremely high pressures. The cooperative is fortunate in having state-of-the-art facilities that were donated by Weyerhaeuser.
In spite of the risk that the process may never actually work, Morrell notes that it offers one of the few prospects for treating a wider array of woods, and thus a means for extending the service life of wood products and thereby conserving the world's forests.
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Resources for Research
As illustrated in the table and graph that follow, the FRL budget for the 1996-98 Biennium was heavily supported through outside grants and contracts. These are generally awarded to individual faculty members through competitive selection. The success of FRL scientists in obtaining such outside funds makes possible a great deal of important research that could not be carried out otherwise. Their success also leads to the FRL being consistently rated first among all universities in the nation in terms of federal and private funds received to support research in forestry and forest products.
A closer analysis of the portion of the FRL budget supported by outside grants and contracts shows where these funds originated. About 45% of this funding comes from federal agencies. The U.S. Department of Agriculture provides about half of the federal funding, followed by the U.S. Department of the Interior and the National Science Foundation. These "big three" federal agencies are followed by the National Aeronautic and Space Agency (NASA), the U.S. Department of Energy, and the Environmental Protection Agency.
In addition to contributing to the FRL through the Oregon Forest Products Harvest Tax, industry provides 7% of the FRL's annual budget directly, mainly through membership in the research cooperatives. Through the membership of its natural resources agencies in the research cooperatives, the State of Oregon contributes an additional 6% of the budget. The remaining 18% of the budget comes from other universities (through subcontracts to OSU), private foundations, and sales of goods and services.
Expenditures for collaborative research illustrate the significant impact of these activities on the annual FRL budget. In Fiscal Year 1997-98, about $4.5 million, approximately one-third of all grant and contract expenditures, were directly attributable to the research cooperatives, the COPE Program, and OSU-federal agency cooperative research agreements.
The proportion of the FRL budget that goes to collaborative research can be expected to increase in the future. As conducting research requires increasingly sophisticated facilities and equipment, and as the services of highly skilled scientific personnel become more expensive, collaborative research ventures will become an even more attractive means of maximizing productivity while reducing costs.
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Research Expenditures by Funding Source
Expenditures IncomeIncome SourceSource 1996-97 1997-98
1,870,000 1,950,000 State Appropriations (10%) (11%) Oregon Forest Products 1,886,000 1,780,000 Harvest Tax (10%) (10%) Federal Appropriation 680,000 680,000 (McIntire-Stennis) (4%) (4%) 13,646,000 13,835,000 Grants and Contracts (76%) (75%)
Total 18,082,000 18,245,000 Forestry Publications
Forest Regeneration Forest Ecology, Culture, and Productivity Integrated Protection of Forests and Watersheds Evaluation of Forest Uses, Practices, and Policies Wood Processing and Product Performance
Forest Regeneration Thies, W.G., and E.E. Nelson. 1997. Laminated root rot: new considerations Adams, W.T., V.D. Hipkins, J. Burczyk, and for surveys. Western Journal of Applied W.K. Randall. 1997. Pollen contamination Forestry 12:49Ð51. trends in a maturing Douglas-fir seed orchard. Canadian Journal of Forest Research Thies, W.G., C.G. Niwa, R.G. Kelsey, 27:131Ð134. (For. Res. Lab.) M. Loewen, and G. Joseph. 1997. Decline of ponderosa pine near Burns, Aitken, S.N., and W.T. Adams. 1996. Oregon: an interim report. P. 55Ð60 in Genetics of fall and winter cold hardiness of Proceedings, 44th Western International coastal Douglas-fir in Oregon. Canadian Forest Disease Work Conference, Hood Journal of Forest Research 26:1828Ð1837. River, Oregon. J.S. Beatty, compil. USDA Forest Service, Westside Forest Aitken, S.N., and W.T. Adams. 1997. Spring Insects and Diseases Technical Center, cold hardiness under strong genetic control in Sandy, Oregon. Oregon populations of Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii. Canadian Journal of Forest Wemple, B.C., J.A. Jones, and G.E. Research 27:1773Ð1780. Grant. 1996. Channel network extension by logging roads in two Birchler, T., D.L. Haase, and R. Rose. 1997. basins, western Cascades, Oregon. Use of vector diagrams for the interpretation Water Resources Bulletin of nutrient response in conifer seedlings. P. 32:1195Ð1207. (For. Res. Lab.) 246Ð247 in National Proceedings, Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations. T.D. Zhang, Y., and T.D. Schowalter. 1997. Landis and D.B. South, tech. coords. USDA Douglas-fir orchards: managing cone Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research and seed insects. Journal of Forestry Station, Portland, Oregon. General Technical 95(3):28Ð32. Report PNW-GTR-389. Evaluation of Forest Burczyk, J., W.T. Adams, and J.Y. Shimizu. 1996. Mating patterns and pollen dispersal in Uses, Practices, and a natural knobcone pine (Pinus attenuata Policies Lemmon.) stand. Heredity 77:251Ð260. Achterman, G.L, and M.R. Campbell. Chachulski, C.E., R. Rose, and D.L. Haase. 1997. The continuing evolution of the 1997. Manual for the propagation of Pacific Clean Water Act and its implications for Northwest native plants. P. 248Ð249 in natural resource development. P. 8-1 to National Proceedings, Forest and 8-48 in Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conservation Nursery Associations. T.D. Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Institute. Landis and D.B. South, tech. coords. USDA Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Foundation, Denver, Colorado. Station, Portland, Oregon. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-389. Adams, D.M., R.J. Alig, J.M. Callaway, B.A. McCarl, and S.M. Winnett. 1996. DiFazio, S.P., N.C. Vance, and M.V. Wilson. The Forest and Agriculture Sector 1996. Variation in sex expression of Taxus Optimization Model (FASOM): model brevifolia in western Oregon. Canadian structure and policy applications. USDA Journal of Botany 74:1943Ð1946. (For. Res. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Lab.) Research Station, Portland, Oregon. DiFazio, S.P., N.C. Vance, and M.V. Wilson. Research Paper PNW-RP-495. 60 p. 1997. Strobilus production and growth of Adams, D.M., R.J. Alig, B.A. McCarl, Pacific yew under a range of overstory J.M. Callaway, and S.M. Winnett. conditions in western Oregon. Canadian 1996. An analysis of the impacts of Journal of Forest Research 27:986Ð993. public timber harvest policies on private Dogan, B., A.S. …zer, A.G. GŸlbaba, E. forest management in the United States. Velioglu, A.H. Doerksen, and W.T. Adams. Forest Science 42:343Ð358. 1998. Inheritance and linkage of allozymes in Adams, D.M., R.J. Alig, B.A. McCarl, black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold.) from Turkey. S.M. Winnett, and J.M. Callaway. P. 249Ð256 in The Proceedings of 1998. The effects of factor supply International Symposium on In Situ Conservation of Plant Genetic Diversity. assumptions on intertemporal timber supply behavior: the cases of investable N. Zencirci, Z. Kaya, Y. Anikster, and W.T. funds and land. Canadian Journal of Adams, eds. Central Research Institute for Forest Research 28:239Ð247. Field Crops, Ulus, Ankara, Turkey. Adams, D.M., and R.W. Haynes. 1996. Fredrickson, E.A., and M. Newton. 1997. The 1993 Timber Assessment Market Efficient forest vegetation control with Model: structure, projections and policy herbicides: a decision tree model. P. 8Ð15 in simulations. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Proceedings, 18th Annual Forest Vegetation Northwest Research Station, Portland, Management Conference, Sacramento, Oregon. General Technical Report California. PNW-GTR-368. 58 p.
Ganio, L.M. 1997. Designing a nutrient study. Adams, D.M., and R.W. Haynes. 1997. P. 88Ð100 in Symposium Proceedings, Forest Long-term projections of the U.S. forest Seedling Nutrition from the Nursery to the sectorÑthe structure of the timber Field. D.L. Haase and R. Rose, coords. and assessment market model. P. 39Ð57 in eds. Nursery Technology Cooperative, Models Needed to Assist in the College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Development of a National Fiber Supply Corvallis. Strategy for the 21st Century: Report of a Workshop. R.A. Sedjo and A. Goetzl, Gray, A.N., and J.F. Franklin. 1997. Effects of eds. Discussion Paper 97-22. Resources multiple fires on the structure of southwestern for the Future, Washington, D.C. Washington forests. Northwest Science 71:174Ð185. Adams, P.W. 1997. Extension programs for landowners, foresters and Gray, A.N., and T.A. Spies. 1996. Gap size, decisionmakers on forest resource within-gap position, and canopy structure policy. P. 3Ð8 in Approaches to effects on conifer seedling establishment. Extension in ForestryÑExperiences and Journal of Ecology 84:635Ð645. Future Developments. Proceedings, Gray, A.N., and T.A. Spies. 1997. Microsite IUFRO Working Party S6.06-03 controls on tree seedling establishment in Extension, Freising, Germany. (For. Res. conifer forest canopy gaps. Ecology Lab.) 78:2458Ð2473. Aedo-Ortiz, D.M., E.D. Olsen, and L.D. GŸlbaba, A.G., E. Velioglu, A.S. …zer, B. Kellogg. 1997. Simulating a harvester- Dogan, A.H. Doerksen, and W.T. Adams. forwarder softwood thinning: a software 1998. Population genetic structure of Kazdagi evaluation. Forest Products Journal fir (Abies equitrojani Aschers. et Sint), a 47(5):36Ð41. (For. Res. Lab.) narrow endemic to Turkey; implications for in- Alig, R.J. 1997. Projecting land use shifts situ conservation. P. 271Ð280 in The involving timberland: multi-sector Proceedings of International Symposium on In approaches. P. 326Ð331 in Diverse Situ Conservation of Plant Genetic Diversity. Forests, Abundant Opportunities, and N. Zencirci, Z. Kaya, Y. Anikster, and W.T. Adams, eds. Evolving Realities. Proceedings, 1996 Central Research Institute for Field Crops, Society of American Foresters National Ulus, Ankara, Turkey. Convention, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Society of American Foresters, Bethesda, Haase, D.L. 1997. NTC: current seedling Maryland. nutrition research. P. 133Ð140 in Symposium Proceedings, Forest Seedling Nutrition from Alig, R.J., D.M. Adams, and B.A. the Nursery to the Field. D.L. Haase and R. McCarl. 1997. Evaluation of effects of Rose, coords. and eds. Nursery Technology forestry and agricultural policies on Cooperative, College of Forestry, Oregon forest carbon and markets. P. 755Ð775 State University, Corvallis. in The Productivity and Sustainability of Southern Forest Ecosystems in a Haase, D.L., and R. Rose, coordinators and Changing Environment. Ecological editors. 1997. Symposium Proceedings, Forest Studies 128. R.A. Mickler and S. Fox, Seedling Nutrition from the Nursery to the eds. Springer Press, New York. Field. Nursery Technology Cooperative, College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Alig, R., D. Adams, B.A. McCarl, J.M. Corvallis. 161 p. (Available for $20.00 from Callaway, and S. Winnett. 1997. Diane Haase, Nursery Technology Assessing effects of mitigation strategies Cooperative, Department of Forest Science, for global climate change with an Oregon State University, 020 Forestry intertemporal model of the U.S. forest Sciences Laboratory, Corvallis, OR 97331- and agriculture sectors. Environmental 7501.) and Resource Economics 9:259Ð274.
Haase, D.L., and R. Rose. 1998. Ten years of Alig, R., D. Adams, B. McCarl., J.M. herbicide testing in PNW forest nurseries. P. Callaway, and S. Winnett. 1997. 50Ð52 in Proceedings of the Western Society Assessing effects of mitigation strategies of Weed Science, Volume 51, Waikoloa, for global climate change with an Hawaii. intertemporal model of the U.S. forest and agriculture sectors. Critical Reviews Han, K.-H., M.P. Gordon, and S.H. Strauss. in Environmental Science and 1996. Cellular and molecular biology of Technology, Special Issue: Economics of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Carbon Sequestration in Forestry plants and its application to genetic 27(Special):S97ÐS111. transformation of Populus. P. 201Ð222 in Biology of Populus and its Implications for Bailey, C., P. Sinclair, J. Bliss, and K. Management and Conservation. Part I, Perez. 1996. Segmented labor markets Chapter 9. R.F. Stettler, H.D. Bradshaw, Jr., in Alabama's pulp and paper industry. P.E. Heilman, and T.M. Rural Sociology 61:475Ð496.
Hinckley, eds. NRC Research Press, National Bettinger, P., and R.J. Alig. 1996. Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Timber availability on non-federal land Ontario. (For. Res. Lab.) in western Washington: implications Han, K.-H., M.P. Gordon, and S.H. Strauss. based on physical characteristics of the 1997. High-frequency transformation of timberland base. Forest Products Journal cottonwoods (genus Populus) by 46(9):30Ð38. (For. Res. Lab.) Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 27:464Ð470. Bettinger, P., K.A. Bettinger, and K. Boston. 1998. Correlation among Han, K.-H., C. Ma, and S.H. Strauss. 1997. spatial and non-spatial variables Matrix attachment regions (MARs) enhance describing a cut-to-length thinning site in transformation frequency and transgene the Pacific Northwest, USA. Forest expression in poplar. Transgenic Research Ecology and Management 6:415Ð420. (For. Res. Lab.) 104:139Ð149. (For. Res. Lab.)
Harrington, T.B., and J.C. Tappeiner II. 1997. Bettinger, P., G.A. Bradshaw, and G.W. Growth responses of young Douglas-fir and Weaver. 1996. Effects of geographic tanoak 11 years after various levels of information system vector-raster-vector hardwood removal and understory data conversion on landscape indices. suppression in southwestern Oregon, USA. Canadian Journal of Forest Research Forest Ecology and Management 96:1Ð11. 16:1416Ð1425. (For. Res. Lab.) (For. Res. Lab.) Bettinger, P., J. Sessions, and K. Boston. Hermann, R.K. 1997. Die Situation der 1997. Using Tabu search to schedule Douglasie in Nordamerika. (The situation of timber harvests subject to spatial wildlife Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] goals for big game. Ecological Franco) in North America.) Mitteilungen aus Modelling 94:111Ð123. (For. Res. Lab.) der Forstlichen Versuchsanstalt Rheinland- Pfalz 41:9Ð29. (In German.) Bettinger, P., J. Sessions, and K.N. Johnson. 1998. Ensuring the Hibbs, D.E., and P.A. Giordano. 1996. compatibility of aquatic habitat and Vegetation characteristics of alder-dominated commodity production goals in eastern riparian buffer strips in the Oregon Coast Oregon with a Tabu search procedure. Range. Northwest Science 70:213Ð222. (For. Forest Science 44:96Ð112. (For. Res. Res. Lab.) Lab.)
Jeong, S.-C., A. Liston, and D.D. Myrold. Beuter, J.H. 1996. The evolution of 1997. Molecular phylogeny of the genus forest management and timber policies Ceanothus (Rhamnaceae) using rbcL and in the United States. P. 56Ð68 in ndhF sequences. Theoretical and Applied Experiences with Public Forest Genetics 94:852Ð857. Ownership and Joint Management Systems. Proceedings of the IUFRO Joseph, G., and R.G. Kelsey. 1997. Ethanol Forestry Conference, Pushkino, Moscow synthesis and water relations of flooded Region, Russia. F. SchmithŸsen, ed. Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco Forstwissenschaftliche BeitrŠge der (Douglas-fir) seedlings under controlled Professur Forstpolitik und Forstškonomie conditions. International Journal of Plant 17. Swiss Federal Institute of Sciences 158:844Ð850. (For. Res. Lab.) Technology, Zurich, Switzerland. Kavanagh, K.L., and J.B. Zaerr. 1997. Xylem Beuter, J.H. 1998. Legacy and promise: cavitation and loss of hydraulic conductance Oregon's forests and wood products in western hemlock following planting. Tree industry (revised and updated). Oregon Physiology 17:59Ð63. (For. Res. Lab.) Forest Resources Institute, Portland, Oregon. 56 p. Kelsey, R.G. 1996. Anaerobic induced ethanol synthesis in the stems of greenhouse- Bishaw, B. 1996. North America. P. grown conifer seedlings. Trees 10:183Ð188. 94Ð124 in Directory of International Training and Educational Opportunities Ketchum, J.S. 1997. Interactions between in Agroforestry. P. Rudebjer, ed. vegetation management and fertilizer International Centre for Research in applications. P. 118Ð124 in Symposium Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya. Proceedings, Forest Seedling Nutrition from the Nursery to the Field. D.L. Haase and R. Bishaw, B., R.E. Buckman, and J.D. Rose, coords. and eds. Nursery Technology Brodie. 1996. Land-use and socio- Cooperative, College of Forestry, Oregon economic survey to determine options State University, Corvallis. for agroforestry systems at watershed level, Alemaya Basin, Ethiopia. P. Ketchum, J.S., and R. Rose. 1998. Effect of 10Ð14 in Growing a Sustainable Future. several soil active herbicides used in forests of Proceedings, Fourth North American the Pacific Northwest on germination of Agroforestry Conference. J.H. several common hardwood species. P. 52Ð55 Ehrenreich, D.L. Ehrenreich, and H.W. in Proceedings of the Western Society of Lee, eds. University of Idaho, Moscow. Weed Science, Volume 51, Waikoloa, Hawaii. Bishop, G.D., M.R. Church, J.D. Aber, R.P. Neilson, S.V. Ollinger, and C. Daly. Knowe, S.A., W.I. Stein, and L.J. Shainsky. 1998. A comparison of mapped 1997. Predicting growth response of shrubs to estimates of long-term runoff in the clear-cutting and site preparation in coastal northeast United States. Journal of Oregon forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Hydrology 206:176Ð190. Research 27:217Ð226. (For. Res. Lab.) Bliss, J.C. 1996. The four "Ps' of forest Krutovskii, K.V., S.S. Vollmer, F.C. Sorensen, management. "Perspective" editorial. W.T. Adams, S.J. Knapp, and S.H. Strauss. Journal of Forestry 94(4):44. 1998. RAPD genome maps of Douglas-fir. Journal of Heredity 89:197Ð205. (For. Res. Bliss, J., H. Carey, C. Daly, D. Lab.) Markham, B. Meadows, and W.H. Moore. 1998. Will community-based Krutovskii, K.V., S.S. Vollmer, F.C. Sorensen, forestry really work? American Forests W.T. Adams, and S.H. Strauss. 1997. Effects 103(4):44Ð47. of megagametophyte removal on DNA yield and early seedling growth in coastal Douglas- Bliss, J.C., S.K. Nepal, R.T. Brooks, Jr., fir. Canadian Journal of Forest Research and M.D. Larsen. 1997. In the 27:964Ð968. (For. Res. Lab.) mainstream: environmental attitudes of mid-South NIPF owners. Southern Loucks, D.M., S.A. Knowe, L.J. Shainsky, and Journal of Applied Forestry A.A. Pancheco. 1996. Regenerating coastal 21(1):37Ð42. forests in Oregon: an annotated bibliography of selected ecological literature. Forest Bliss, J.C., M.L. Sisock, and T.W. Birch. Research Laboratory, Oregon State 1998. Ownership matters: forest land University, Corvallis. Research Contribution concentration in rural Alabama. Society 14. 122 p. (For. Res. Lab.) and Natural Resources 11:401Ð410.
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Andersen, C.P., R. Wilson, M. Plocher, and Canessa, E.A., and J.J. Morrell. 1997. W.E. Hogsett. 1997. Carry-over effects of Biological control of wood decay fungi. ozone on ponderosa pine root growth and I. Effects of exogenous carbon on carbohydrate concentrations. Tree Physiology effectiveness. Material und Organismen 17:805Ð811. 31:167Ð182. (For. Res. Lab.)
Bakke, P.D., and M.R. Pyles. 1997. Predictive Chang, A.B., and J.J. Morrell. 1997. model for nitrate load in the Bull Run Protection of cellulose string with Watershed Oregon. Journal of the American biocide/water repellent mixtures. Water Resources Association 33:897Ð906. International Research Group on Wood (For. Res. Lab.) Preservation, Stockholm, Sweden. IRG/WP 97-30148. 9 p. (For. Res. Lab.) Beschta, R.L. 1997. Restoration of riparian and aquatic systems for improved aquatic Chen, J., J.J. Karchesy, and R.F. habitats in the Upper Columbia River Basin. P. Gonz‡lez-Laredo. 1998. Phenolic 475Ð491 in Pacific Salmon and their diarylheptenones from Alnus rubra bark. Ecosystems; Status and Future Options. D.J. Planta Medica 64:74Ð75. (For. Res. Stouder, P.A. Bisson, and R.J. Naiman, eds. Lab.) Chapman & Hall, New York. Dawson-Andoh, B., and J. Morrell. Beschta, R.L. 1997. Riparian shade and 1997. Biological protection of freshly stream temperature: an alternative sawn sapwood from biological perspective. Rangelands 19(2):25Ð28. (For. discoloration: a review. P. 3Ð9 in Res. Lab.) Proceedings, Prevention and Discoloration in Hardwood and Bettinger, P., K.N. Johnson, and J. Sessions. Softwood Logs and Lumber. Forest 1998. Evaluating the association among Products Society, Madison, Wisconsin. alternative measures of cumulative watershed effects on a forested watershed in eastern DeBell, J.D., and B.L. Gartner. 1997. Oregon. Western Journal of Applied Forestry Stem characteristics on the lower log of 13:15Ð22. (For. Res. Lab.) 35-year-old western redcedar grown at several spacings. Western Journal of Brown, C.G., and L.D. Kellogg. 1996. Applied Forestry 12:9Ð15. (For. Res. Harvesting economics and wood fiber Lab.) utilization in a fuels reduction project: a case study in eastern Oregon. Forest Products DeGroot, R.C., J.W. Evans, P.G. Journal 46(9):45Ð52. (For. Res. Lab.) Forsyth, C.M. Freitag, and J.J. Morrell. 1998. Soil-contact decay tests using Buktenica, M.W., and G.L. Larson. 1996. small blocks. USDA Forest Service, Ecology of kokanee salmon and rainbow trout Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, in Crater Lake, Oregon. Journal of Lake and Wisconsin. Research Paper FPL-RP-571. Reservoir Management 12:298Ð310. (For. 7 p. Res. Lab.) Ethington, R.L., R. Gupta, and D.W. Busing, R.T., L.H. Liegel, and V.J. LaBau. Green. 1997. Visual stress grades of 1996. Overstory mortality as an indicator of dahurian larch lumber. Forest Products forest health in California. Environmental Journal 47(1):82Ð88. Monitoring and Assessment 42:285Ð295. Forrer, J.B., and J.W. Funck. 1998. DeBell, J.D., J.J. Morrell, and B.L. Gartner. Dielectric properties of defects on wood 1997. Tropolone content of increment cores surfaces. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff as an indicator of decay resistance in western 56:25Ð29. (For. Res. Lab.) redcedar. Wood and Fiber Science 29:364Ð369. (For. Res. Lab.) Forsyth, P.G., J.J. Morrell, and H. Chen. 1998. Rates of MITC release from Filip, G.M., and J.J. Morrell. 1996. Importing Basamid¨ applied with selected Pacific Rim wood: pest risks to domestic additives to Douglas-fir poles. Forest resources. Journal of Forestry 94(10):22Ð26. Products Journal 48(2):40Ð43. (For. Res. Lab.) Filip, G.M., and L. Yang-Erve. 1997. Effects of prescribed burning on the viability of Freitag, C.M., and J.J. Morrell. 1998. Armillaria ostoyae in mixed-conifer forests Use of gamma radiation to eliminate soils in the Blue Mountains of Oregon. fungi from wood. Forest Products Northwest Science 71:137Ð144. (For. Res. Journal 48(3):76Ð78. (For. Res. Lab.) Lab.) Funck, J.W. 1997. Overview of machine Garland, J.J., and D.J. Jackson. 1996. vision: applications in veneer and Planning woodland roads. Oregon State plywood manufacturing. P. 101Ð107 in University Extension Service, Corvallis. Conference Proceedings, Markets and Extension Circular 1118. 6 p. Manufacturing in Panels/Composites for 1997. The Fifth International Panel and Gerson, E.A., and R.G. Kelsey. 1997. Engineered Wood Technology Attraction and direct mortality of pandora Conference and Exposition, Atlanta, moths, Coloradia pandora (Lepidoptera: Georgia. Miller Freeman, San Francisco. Saturniidae), by nocturnal fire. Forest Ecology (For. Res. Lab.) and Management 98:71Ð75. (For. Res. Lab.) Garcia, C.M., M.Y. Giron, and J.J. Gerson, E.A., and R.G. Kelsey. 1997. Morrell. 1997. Fungal associates of Variation of piperidine alkaloids in ponderosa Buprestis langi Mannerheim colonizing (Pinus ponderosa) and lodgepole pine (P. stored Douglas-fir logs. International contorta) foliage from central Oregon. Research Group on Wood Preservation, Journal of Chemical Ecology 24:815Ð827. Stockholm, Sweden. IRG/WP 97-10220. (For. Res. Lab.) 6 p. (For. Res. Lab.)
Gerson, E.A., R.G. Kelsey, W.C. McComb, Gartner, B.L., H. Lei, and M.R. Milota. and D.W. Ross. 1998. Palatability of 1997. Variation in the anatomy and Coloradia pandora (Lepidoptera: specific gravity of wood within and Saturniidae) eggs to a rodent predator: between trees of red alder (Alnus rubra contributions of physical and chemical Bong.) Wood and Fiber Science characteristics. Environmental Entomology 29:10Ð20. (For. Res. Lab.) 27:709Ð716. (For. Res. Lab.) Gonz‡lez-Laredo, R.F., J. Chaidez- Gresswell, R.E., W.J. Liss, G.A. Lomnicky, Gonz‡lez, A.A. Ahmed, and J.J. E.K. Deimling, R.L. Hoffman, and T. Tyler. Karchesy. 1997. A stilbene xyloside 1997. Using mark-recapture methods to from Holodiscus discolor bark. estimate fish abundance in small mountain Phytochemistry 46(1):175Ð176. (For. lakes. Northwest Science 71:29Ð44. Res. Lab.)
Griffiths, R.P., J.A. Entry, E.R. Ingham, and Gonz‡lez-Laredo, R.F., and J.J. W.H. Emmingham. 1997. Chemistry and Karchesy. 1994. Polyphenols of microbial activity of forest and pasture Douglas-fir bark: structures, reactions riparian-zone soils along three Pacific and significance. Ubamari 31:19Ð40. Northwest streams. Plant and Soil 190:169Ð178. Gonz‡lez-Laredo, R.F., and J.J. Karchesy. 1996. Neolignan glycosides Haig, S.M. 1998. Molecular contributions to from Pseudotsuga menziesii. Planta conservation genetics. Ecology 79:413Ð425. Medica 62:582Ð583. (For. Res. Lab.)
Haig, S.M., R. Bowman, and T.D. Mullins. Gonz‡lez-Laredo, R.F., and J.J. 1996. Population structure of red-cockaded Karchesy. 1997. Structure and woodpeckers in south Florida: RAPDs significance of natural diarylheptanoids. revisited. Molecular Ecology 5:725Ð734. Revista Latinoamericana de Quimica Halaj, J., D.W. Ross, and A.R. Moldenke. 25(2):62Ð70. 1997. Negative effects of ant foraging on spiders in Douglas-fir canopies. Oecologia Gupta, R., R.L. Ethington, and D.W. 109:313Ð322. Green. 1996. Mechanical stress grading of dahurian larch structural lumber. Hansen, E.M., and P.B. Hamm. 1996. Forest Products Journal 46(7/8):79Ð86. Survival of Phytophthora lateralis in infected (For. Res. Lab.) roots of Port-Orford-cedar. Plant Disease 80:1075Ð1078. Gupta, R., and M. Vatovec. 1996. Evaluation of dahurian larch in Hansen, E.M., and K. Lewis, editors. 1997. mechanical connections. Forest Products Compendium of Conifer Diseases. APS Press, Journal 46(9):89Ð93. (For. Res. Lab.) St. Paul, Minnesota. 127 p. Hansen, E.N., and R. Bush. 1996. Hayes, J.P., and M.D. Adam. 1996. The Consumer perceptions of softwood influence of logging riparian areas on habitat lumber quality. Forest Products Journal utilization by bats in western Oregon. P. 46(10):29Ð34. (For. Res. Lab.) 228Ð237 in Bats and Forests Symposium. Research Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Hansen, E.N., R.J. Bush, and E.F. Fern. Forests, Victoria, British Columbia. Working 1996. An empirical assessment of the Paper 23/1996. dimensions of softwood lumber quality. Forest Science 42:407Ð414. Hayes, J.P., M.D. Adam, D. Bateman, E. Dent, W.H. Emmingham, K.G. Maas, and Hansen, E.N., and J. Morrell. 1997. Use A.E. Skaugset. 1996. Integrating research of anti-stain chemical treatments by the and forest management in riparian areas of western U.S. softwood lumber industry, the Oregon Coast Range. Western Journal of 1994. Forest Products Journal Applied Forestry 11:85Ð89. (For. Res. Lab.) 47(6):69Ð73. (For. Res. Lab.)
Hayes, J.P., S.Z. Guffey, F.J. Kriegler, G.F. Hansen, E.N., and J. Punches. 1997. McCracken, and C.R. Parker. 1996. The Oregon State University forest products genetic diversity of native, stocked, and marketing. P. 151Ð154 in Preparing for hybrid populations of brook trout in the the 21st Century: Value-Added southern Appalachians. Conservation Biology Marketing for Value-Added Wood 10:1403Ð1412. (For. Res. Lab.) Products. Proceedings of the IUFRO 5.10 Forest Products Meeting and Forest Ingersoll, C.A., M.V. Wilson, and W.G. Thies. Products Society, Tofino and Vancouver, 1996. Effects of Phellinus weirii gaps on early British Columbia. successional vegetation following timber harvest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research Hansen, E.N., and R. Smith. 1997. 26:322Ð326. Assessing educational needs of the forest products industry in Oregon and Ingham, E.R., and W.G. Thies. 1996. Virginia. Forest Products Journal Responses of soil foodweb organisms in the 47(4):36Ð42. (For. Res. Lab.) first year following clearcutting and application of chloropicrin to control He, W., W.J. Simonsen, H. Chen, and laminated root rot. Applied Soil Ecology J.J. Morrell. 1997. Evaluation of the 3:35Ð47. efficacy of selected thermal boron treatments in eliminating pests in freshly Ingham, E.R., and W.G. Thies. 1997. peeled Douglas-fir logs. Forest Products Changes in rhizosphere microflora and Journal 47(3):66Ð70. (For. Res. Lab.) microfauna 10 years following Douglas-fir live tree injection with chloropicrin or He, W., J. Simonsen, and J.J. Morrell. methylisothiocyanate. Canadian Journal of 1997. Investigation of bis-[1- Forest Research 27:724Ð731. (dimethylamino)-2-propanlato] copper (II) as a wood preservative. Forest James, R.R. 1997. Utilizing a social ethic Products Journal 47(11/12):69Ð74. toward the environment in assessing (For. Res. Lab.) genetically engineered insect-resistance in trees. Agriculture and Human Values Hong, S., and J.J. Morrell. 1997. 14:237Ð249. (For. Res. Lab.) Treatability of Douglas-fir heartwood with ACZA or CCA: effect of site, Johnson, S.L., G.E. Grant, F.J. Swanson, and silvicultural practice, and wood B.C. Wemple. 1997. Lessons from a flood: an properties. Forest Products Journal integrated view of the February 1996 flood in 47(10):51Ð55. (For. Res. Lab.) the McKenzie River basin. P. 159Ð167 in The Pacific Northwest Floods of February 6Ð11, Jin, Z., and J.J. Morrell. 1997. Effect of 1996: Proceedings of the Pacific Northwest mixtures of Basamid and metham sodium Water Issues Conference. A. Laenen, ed. on production of MITC in Douglas-fir American Institute of Hydrology, St. Paul, and southern pine. Holzforschung Minnesota. 51:67Ð70. (For. Res. Lab.)
Joseph, G., R.G. Kelsey, and W.G. Thies. Jing, Q., M. Chen, and C.J. Biermann. 1998. Hydraulic conductivity in roots of 1998. Octadecylamine as an internal ponderosa pine infected with black-stain sizing agent. Tappi Journal (Leptographium wageneri) or annosus 81(4):193Ð197. (For. Res. Lab.) (Heterobasidion annosum) root disease. Tree Physiology 18:333Ð339. Kent, S.M., R. Gupta, and T.H. Miller. 1997. Dynamic behavior of metal-plate- Kauffman, J.B., R.L. Beschta, N. Otting, and connected wood truss joints. Journal of D. Lytjen. 1997. An ecological perspective of Structural Engineering riparian and stream restoration in the western 123(8):1037Ð1045. United States. Fisheries 22(5):12Ð24. (For. Res. Lab.) Kim, G.-H., S. Kumar, E. Sahle Demessie, K.L. Levien, and J.J. Morrell. Kelsey, R.G., and G. Joseph. 1997. Ambrosia 1997. Bending properties of TCMTB- beetle host selection among logs of Douglas- treated southern pine sapwood using fir, western hemlock, and western red cedar supercritical carbon dioxide with different ethanol and a-pinene impregnation process. International concentrations. Journal of Chemical Ecology Research Group on Wood Preservation, 23:1035Ð1051. (For. Res. Lab.) Stockholm, Sweden. IRG/WP 97-40080. 7 p. (For. Res. Lab.) Kushla, J.D., and W.J. Ripple. 1997. The role of terrain in a fire mosaic of a temperate Laver, M.L., and S.W. Arvey. 1996. coniferous forest. Forest Ecology and Chemical brown staining of Douglas-fir Management 95:97Ð107. (For. Res. Lab.) wood: light and oxygen susceptibility of extractives. Forest Products Journal Lackey, R.T., and R.L. Blair. 1997. Science, 46(7/8):96Ð101. (For. Res. Lab.) policy, and acid rain. Renewable Resources Journal 15(1):9Ð13. Laver, M.L., and D.A.A. Musbah. 1997. Chemical brown staining of Douglas-fir Larson, G.L. 1996. Development of a 10-year wood: characterization of a wood limnological study of Crater Lake, Crater Lake enzyme extract. Forest Products Journal National Park, Oregon, USA. Journal of Lake 47(4):93Ð98. (For. Res. Lab.) and Reservoir Management 12:221Ð229. (For. Res. Lab.) Leavengood, S. 1997. Dimensional change computer software program. Larson, G.L. 1996. Overview of the limnology Oregon State University Extension & of Crater Lake. Northwest Science 70:39Ð47. Station Communications, Corvallis. (For. Res. Lab.) Extension Miscellaneous EM 8668. 10 p. (Software and manual available for Larson, G.L., C.D. McIntire, M. Hurley, and $15.00 from Publication Orders, M.W. Buktenica. 1996. Temperature, water Extension & Station Communications, chemistry, and optical properties of Crater Oregon State University, 422 Kerr Lake. Journal of Lake and Reservoir Administration, Corvallis, OR 97331- Management 12:230Ð247. (For. Res. Lab.) 2119.) Larson, G.L., C.D. McIntire, R.E. Truitt, M.W. Leavengood, S. 1998. Identifying Buktenica, and E. Karnaugh-Thomas. 1996. common Northwest wood species: a Zooplankton assemblages in Crater Lake, woodworker's guide. Oregon State Oregon, USA. Journal of Lake and Reservoir University Extension & Station Management 12:281Ð297. (For. Res. Lab.) Communications, Corvallis. Extension Luoma, D.L., and W.G. Thies. 1997. Stumps Miscellaneous EM 8688. 16 p. fumigated with chloropicrin: effects on (Available for $3.00 from Publication surrounding plants. Canadian Journal of Orders, Extension & Station Forest Research 27:1737Ð1745. (For. Res. Communications, Oregon State Lab.) University, 422 Kerr Administration, Corvallis, OR 97331-2119.) McIntire, C.D., G.L. Larson, R.E. Truitt, and M.K. DeBacon. 1996. Taxonomic structure Leavengood, S.A., and R.J. Love. 1997. and productivity of phytoplankton Educational tactics reaching small- to assemblages in Crater Lake, Oregon. Journal medium-sized wood products firms: of Lake and Reservoir Management what's working, what's not. In 12:259Ð280. (For. Res. Lab.) Proceedings, First International McIver, J.D. 1998. Economics and Conference on Value-Added Wood environmental effects of fuel reduction at Processing, Vancouver, B.C. Centre for Limber Jim. USDA Forest Service, Blue Advanced Wood Processing, Mountains Natural Resources Institute, La Vancouver, B.C. Grande, Oregon. Technical Note BMNRI-TN- 10. 12 p. Leavengood, S., and J.E. Reeb. 1997. Product and market opportunities for McIver, J.D., T.R. Torgersen, and N.J. Cimon. hybrid poplar wood in Oregon. Oregon 1997. A supercolony of the thatch ant State University Extension & Station Formica obscuripes Forel (Hymenoptera: Communications, Corvallis. Extension Formicidae) from the Blue Mountains of Miscellaneous EM 8667. 4 p. (Available Oregon. Northwest Science 71:18Ð29. for $1.00 from Publication Orders, Extension & Station Communications, McIver, J.D., and K. Yandell. 1998. Oregon State University, 422 Kerr Honeydew harvest in the western thatching Administration, Corvallis, OR 97331- ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). American 2119.) Entomologist 44:30Ð35. Lei, H., B.L. Gartner, and M.R. Milota. McIver, J.D., and A. Youngblood. 1997. The 1997. Effect of growth rate on the Blue Mountains Natural Resources Institute: anatomy, specific gravity, and bending partnerships that demonstrate the role of properties of wood from 7-year-old red silviculture in forest management. P. 181Ð185 alder (Alnus rubra). Canadian Journal in Communicating the Role of Silviculture in of Forest Research 27:80Ð85. (For. Res. Managing the National Forests. Proceedings Lab.) of the National Silviculture Workshop, Warren, Pennsylvania. Lei, H., M.R. Milota, and B.L. Gartner. 1996. Between- and within-tree variation Moldenke, A.R., and W.G. Thies. 1996. in the anatomy and specific gravity of Application of chloropicrin to control wood in Oregon white oak (Quercus laminated root rot: research design and garryana Dougl.). IAWA Journal seasonal dynamics of control populations of 17:445Ð461. (For. Res. Lab.) soil arthropods. Environmental Entomology 25:925Ð932. Liu, F.P., T.G. Rials, and J. Simonsen. Murray, M.S., and E.M. Hansen. 1997. 1998. Relationship of wood surface Susceptibility of Pacific yew to Phytophthora energy to surface composition. Langmuir lateralis. Plant Disease 81:1400Ð1404. 14:536Ð541.
Nelson, P.O., J.F. Reilly, and G.L. Larson. Liu, J., and J.J. Morrell. 1996. The role 1996. Chemical solute mass balance of Crater of chitinase in bioprotectant activity Lake, Oregon. Journal of Lake and Reservoir against wood staining fungi. Management 12:248Ð258. (For. Res. Lab.) International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Stockholm, Sweden. Newton, M. 1997. Vegetation management IRG/WP/96-10175. 11 p. (For. Res. in riparian habitats. P. 69Ð76 in Proceedings Lab.) of the Forestry and Rights-of-Way Conference, Integrated Vegetation Management Love R.J. 1997. Grow your own: Association, Portland, Oregon. judging return-on-investment. In Wood Technology Clinic & Show Proceedings, Norris, L.A. 1997. Address environmental Portland, Oregon. Miller Freeman, San concerns with real data. P. 213Ð218 in The Francisco. [irregular pagination.] Sixth International Symposium on Environmental Concerns in Rights-of-Way Love, R.J. 1998. Wood dust deserves Management. J.R. Williams, J.W. Goodrich- your attention. Klamath Ag Review, May Mahoney, J.R. Wisniewski, and J. Wisniewski, issue. eds. Elsevier Science, Ltd., Oxford, U.K. Mankowski, M., M. Anderson, and J.J. Norris, L.A. 1997. Herbicides, risks, and Morrell. 1997. Integrated protection of forestry. P. 78Ð82 in Proceedings, 18th freshly sawn lumber using Bacillus Annual Forest Vegetation Management subtilis and selected fungicide. Conference. Forest Vegetation Management International Research Group on Wood Conference, Redding, California. Preservation, Stockholm, Sweden. IRG/WP 97-10235. 7 p. (For. Res. Lab.) Olson, B.E., and R.G. Kelsey. 1997. Effect of Centaurea maculosa on sheep rumen McLain, T.E. 1997. Design axial microbial activity and mass in vitro. Journal of withdrawal strength from wood: I. Chemical Ecology 23:1131Ð1144. Wood screws and lag screws. Forest Products Journal 47(5):77Ð84. (For. Parry, D.L., G.M. Filip, S.A. Willits, and C.G. Res. Lab.) Parks. 1996. Lumber recovery and deterioration of beetle-killed Douglas-fir McLain, T.E. 1997. Design axial (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and grand fir (Abies withdrawal strength from wood: II. Plain- grandis) in the Blue Mountains of eastern shank common wire nails. Forest Oregon. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Products Journal 47(6):103Ð109. (For. Northwest Research Station, Portland, Res. Lab.) Oregon. General Technical Report PNW-GTR- 376. 24 p. Milota, M.R., and Q. Wu. 1997. Postsorting of hem-fir: a mill study. Forest Peck, R.W., A. Equihua-Martinez, and D.W. Products Journal 47(2):49Ð56. (For. Ross. 1997. Seasonal flight patterns of bark Res. Lab.) and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in northeastern Oregon. Pan- Morrell, J.J. 1996. Wood pole Pacific Entomologist 73:204Ð212. (For. Res. maintenance manual (1996 edition). Lab.) Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis. Research Pyles, M.R., and A.E. Skaugset. 1998. Contribution 15. 47 p. (For. Res. Lab.) Landslides and forest practice regulation in Oregon. P. 481Ð488 in Environmental, Morrell, J.J. 1996. Wood preservation: Groundwater, and Engineering Geology: an industry at a crossroads. P. 83Ð91 in Applications from Oregon. S. Burns, ed. Star Southeastern Section Workshop of Publishing Company, Belmont, California. Proceedings, Environmental Quality in Reams, G.A., M.M.P. Huso, R.J. Vong, and Wood Processing. Forest Products J.M. McCollum. 1997. Kriging direct and Society, Madison, Wisconsin. indirect estimates of sulfate deposition: a comparison. USDA Forest Service, Southern Morrell, J.J. 1997. New developments Research Station, Asheville, North Carolina. in remedial wood treatments. P. 65Ð79 Research Paper SRS-7. 8 p. in Proceedings, 1997 Utility Pole Structures Conference. Western Electric Ross, D.W., and G.E. Daterman. 1997. Power Institute, Portland, Oregon. Integrating pheromone and silvicultural methods for managing the Douglas-fir beetle. Morrell, J.J., C.M. Freitag, M.A. P. 135Ð145 in Proceedings, Integrating Newbill, A. Connelly, and H. Chen. Cultural Tactics into the Management of Bark 1998. Seven-year performance of glass- Beetle and Reforestation Pests. J.C. Gregoire, encapsulated methylisothiocyanate. A.M. Liebhold, F.M. Stephen, K.R. Day, and Forest Products Journal 48(1):65Ð71. S.M. Salom, eds. USDA Forest Service, (For. Res. Lab.) Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Morrell, J.J., C.M. Freitag, and A. Silva. Radnor, Pennsylvania. General Technical 1998. Protection of freshly cut radiata Report NE-236. pine chips from fungal attack. Forest Ross, D.W., and G.E. Daterman. 1997. Using Products Journal 48(2):57Ð59. (For. pheromone-baited traps to control the amount Res. Lab.) and distribution of tree mortality during Morrell, J.J., C. Freitag, and S. Unger. outbreaks of the Douglas-fir beetle. Forest 1998. Development of threshold values Science 43:65Ð70. (For. Res. Lab.) for boron compounds in above ground Ross, D.W., and G.E. Daterman. 1998. exposures: preliminary trials. Pheromone-baited traps for Dendroctonus International Research Group on Wood pseudotsugae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae): Preservation, Stockholm, Sweden. influence of selected release rates and trap IRG/WP/98-30179. 7 p. (For. Res. designs. Journal of Economic Entomology Lab.) 91:500Ð506. (For. Res. Lab.) Morrell, J.J., and B.L. Gartner. 1998. Ross, D.W., K.E. Gibson, R.W. Thier, and Wood as a material. P. 1Ð14 in Forest A.S. Munson. 1996. Optimal dose of an Products Biotechnology. A.M. Bruce and antiaggregation pheromone (3- J.W. Palfreyman, eds. Taylor & Francis, methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one) for protecting live London. Douglas-fir from attack by Dendroctonus Morrell, J.J., and R. James. 1997. Pole pseudotsugae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). disposal in the Pacific Northwest. P. Journal of Economic Entomology 27Ð36 in Proceedings, 1997 Utility Pole 89:1204Ð1207. (For. Res. Lab.) Structures Conference. Western Electric Ross, D.W., and C.G. Niwa. 1997. Using Power Institute, Portland, Oregon. aggregation and antiaggregation Morrell, J.J., K.L. Levien, E. Sahle pheromones of the Douglas-fir beetle to Demessie, and M.N. Acda. 1997. produce snags for wildlife habitat. Western Impregnating wood with biocides using Journal of Applied Forestry 12:52Ð54. (For. supercritical carbon dioxide: process Res. Lab.) parameters, performance, and effects on wood properties. American Wood- Ross, D.W., and H. Solheim. 1996. Douglas- Preservers' Association Proceedings fir and western larch defensive reactions to 93:367Ð384. Leptographium abietinum and Ophiostoma pseudotsugae. P. 224Ð227 in Dynamics of Morrell, J.J., C.S. Love, and H. Chen. Forest Herbivory: Quest for Pattern and 1998. Field performance of controlled Principle. W.J. Mattson, P. Niemela, and M. release chloropicrin. P. 129Ð138 in Rousi, eds. USDA Forest Service, North Proceedings, International Conference Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, on Utility Line Structures, Fort Collins, Minnesota. General Technical Report NC- Colorado. 183. Morrell, J.J., C.S. Love, S. Kumar, and Ross, D.W., and H. Solheim. 1997. C. Freitag. 1998. Effect of post-treatment Pathogenicity to Douglas-fir of Ophiostoma processing on leachability of ACZA- Pseudotsugae and Leptographium abietinum, treated Douglas-fir lumber. International fungi associated with the Douglas-fir beetle. Research Group on Wood Preservation, Canadian Journal of Forest Research Stockholm, Sweden. IRG/WP/98- 27:39Ð43. (For. Res. Lab.) 50109. 5 p. (For. Res. Lab.)
Rosso, P., and E.M. Hansen. 1998. Tree Morrell, J.J., M.A. Newbill, G.G. vigour and the susceptibility of Douglas-fir to Helsing, and R.D. Graham. 1998. Armillaria root disease. European Journal of Surface treatments protecting untreated Forest Pathology 28:43Ð52. Douglas-fir timbers from internal decay. Forest Products Journal 48(5):63Ð66. Ryan, R.B. 1997. Before and after evaluation (For. Res. Lab.) of biological control of the larch casebearer (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae) in the Blue Morrell, J.J., M.A. Newbill, and L.D. Mountains of Oregon and Washington, 1972- Lonning. 1996. Sapwood thickness of 1995. Environmental Entomology Douglas-fir poles: implications for 26:703Ð715. (For. Res. Lab.) treatment of a changing resource. American Wood-Preservers' Association Sallabanks, R., and J.D. McIver. 1998. Proceedings 92:193Ð204. (For. Res. Response of breeding bird communities to Lab.) wildfire in the Oregon Blue Mountains: the first three years following the Twin Lake fire, Morrell, J.J., S. Niemiec, and C.C. 1995-1997. P. 85Ð89 in Proceedings, Fire Brunner. 1996. Timber harvesting and and Wildlife Symposium, Spokane, utilization in the Blue Mountains region. Washington. P. 147Ð168 in Search for a Solution; Sustaining the Land, People, and Schowalter, T., E.M. Hansen, R. Molina, and Economy of the Blue Mountains. R.G. Y. Zhang. 1997. Integrating the ecological Jaindl and T.M. Quigley, eds. American roles of phytophagous insects, plant pathogens, and mycorrhizae in managed Forests, Washington, D.C. forests. P. 171Ð189 in Creating a Forestry for the 21st Century. The Science of Ecosystem Morrell, J.J., and A.F. Preston. 1997. Management. K.A. Kohm and J.F. Franklin, Limiting decay losses in wood-frame eds. Island Press, Washington, D.C. buildingsÑsetting the stage. Wood Design Focus 8(4):3Ð7. Sohngen, B.L., and R.W. Haynes. 1997. The Newbill, M., R. James, and J. Morrell. potential for increasing carbon storage in 1997. The super pole. P. 12Ð18 in United States unreserved timberlands by Proceedings, 1997 Utility Pole Structure reducing forest fire frequency: an economic Conference. Western Electric Power and ecological analysis. Climatic Change Institute, Portland, Oregon. 35:179Ð197. Panella, N.A., J. Karchesy, G.O. Thies, W.G. 1997. Laminated root rot. P. Maupin, J.C.S. Malan, and J. Piesman. 14Ð15 in Compendium of Conifer Diseases. 1997. Susceptibility of immature Ixodes E.M. Hansen and K.J. Lewis, eds. APS Press, scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) to plant- St. Paul, Minnesota. derived acaricides. Journal of Medical Entomology 34:340Ð345. Thies, W.G. 1997. Laminated root rot: a continuing problem in the Pacific Northwest. Punches, J. 1997. Marketing via the Western Forester 42(4):6Ð7. Internet: an overview of media, users, Thies, W.G. 1997. Laminated root rot: it still and access. In Wood Technology Clinic roams the back forty. Northwest Woodlands & Show Proceedings, Portland, Oregon. 13(3):16Ð17, 31. Miller Freeman, San Francisco.
Thies, W.G., and E.E. Nelson. 1996. Punches, J. 1998. The Internet as a Reducing Phellinus weirii inoculum by marketing medium. In Wood Technology applying fumigants to living Douglas-fir. Clinic & Show Conference Proceedings, Canadian Journal of Forest Research Oregon Convention Center, Portland, 26:1158Ð1165. Oregon. Miller Freeman, San Francisco.
Punches, J. 1998. Internet can serve industry as effective marketing tool. Wood Technology 125(4):30Ð33.
Punches, J., and R. Vlosky. 1998. Internet, intranets and extranets as business tools. In Proceedings, Wood Technology Clinic & Show Conference Proceedings, Oregon Convention Center, Portland, Oregon. Miller Freeman, San Francisco.
Punches, J., and R. Vlosky. 1998. Share data quickly, widely to boost business efficiency. Wood Technology 125(4):22Ð24.
Reeb, J.E., and J.G. Massey. 1996. Using customer-driven information to add value to lumber. Forest Products Journal 46(10):41Ð44. (For. Res. Lab.)
Rhatigan, R.G., J.J. Morrell, and G.M. Filip. 1998. Toxicity of methyl bromide to four pathogenic fungi in larch heartwood. Forest Products Journal 48(3):63Ð67. (For. Res. Lab.)
Riyanto, D.S., and R. Gupta. 1996. Effect of ring angle on shear strength parallel to the grain of wood. Forest Products Journal 46(7/8):87Ð92. (For. Res. Lab.)
Riyanto, D.S., and R. Gupta. 1998. A comparison of test methods for evaluating shear strength of structural lumber. Forest Products Journal 48(2):83Ð90. (For. Res. Lab.)
Sahle-Demessie, E., K.L. Levien, and J.J. Morrell. 1998. Impregnating porous solids using supercritical CO2. Chemical Technology 28(3):12Ð18.
Sahle-Demessie, E., J.S. Yi, K.L. Levien, and J.J. Morrell. 1997. Supercritical fluid extraction of pentachlorophenol from pressure-treated wood. Separation Science and Technology 32:1067Ð1085.
Scheffer, T.C., D.J. Miller, and J.J. Morrell. 1997. After 18 years, preservative dipping and brush treating continue to provide protection to shingles of western wood species. International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Stockholm, Sweden. IRG/WP 97-30156. 7 p. (For. Res. Lab.)
Scheffer, T.C., and J.J. Morrell. 1997. Ability of polyethylene boots to protect the belowground portion of small stakes against decay. Forest Products Journal 47(5):42Ð44. (For. Res. Lab.)
Schneider, P.F., C.M. Freitag, and J.J. Morrell. 1997. Decay resistance of saltwater-exposed Douglas-fir piles. Wood and Fiber Science 29:370Ð374. (For. Res. Lab.)
Schneider, P.F., and J.J. Morrell. 1997. Internal pressure development in Douglas-fir lumber during pressure treatment. International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Stockholm, Sweden. IRG/WP 97-40091. 7Êp. (For. Res. Lab.)
Shen, Y., and R. Gupta. 1997. Evaluation of creep behavior of structural lumber in a natural environment. Forest Products Journal 47(1):89Ð96. (For. Res. Lab.)
Shimada, K., D. Dumas, and C.J. Biermann. 1997. Properties of candidate internal sizing agents versus sizing performance. Tappi Journal 80(10):171Ð174. (For. Res. Lab.)
Silva, A.A., and M.L. Laver. 1997. Molecular weight characterization of wood pulp cellulose: dissolution and size exclusion chromatographic analysis. Tappi Journal 80(6):173Ð180. (For. Res. Lab.)
Simonsen, J. 1996. Utilizing straw as a filler in thermoplastic building materials. Construction and Building Materials 10:435Ð440. (For. Res. Lab.) Simonsen, J. 1997. Efficiency of reinforcing materials in filled polymer composites. Forest Products Journal 47(1):74Ð81. (For. Res. Lab.)
Simonsen, J. 1998. Lack of dimensional stability in cross-linked wood-polymer composites. Holzforschung 52:102Ð104. (For. Res. Lab.)
Simonsen, J., R. Jacobson, and R. Rowell. 1998. Properties of styrene- maleic anhydride copolymers containing wood-based fillers. Forest Products Journal 48(1):89Ð92. (For. Res. Lab.)
Simonsen, J., R. Jacobsen, and R. Rowell. 1998. Wood-fiber reinforcement of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 68:1567Ð1573. (For. Res. Lab.)
Simonsen, J., and T.G. Rials. 1996. Morphology and properties of wood- fiber reinforced blends of recycled polystyrene and polyethylene. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 9:292Ð302.
Smith, D., and J.J. Morrell. 1996. Preservation of wood and how it pertains to the cooling tower industry. CTI Journal 17(2):48Ð63.
Vatovec, M., T.H. Miller, R. Gupta, and S. Lewis. 1997. Modeling of metal-plate- connected wood truss joints: part IIÑapplication to overall truss model. Transactions of the ASAE 40:1667Ð1675. (For. Res. Lab.)
Wallace, K.A., and J.J. Karchesy. 1996. Reaction of catechin with N- hydroxymethylacetamide: a first model for cross-linking PVA co-polymers with tannins. Holzforschung 50:477Ð480. (For. Res. Lab.)
Wang, T., J. Simonsen, and C.J. Biermann. 1997. A new sizing agent: styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer with alum or iron mordants. Tappi Journal 80:277Ð282.
Wang, Y., J. Simonsen, C.P. Neto, J. Rocha, T.G. Rials, and E. Hart. 1996. The reaction of boric acid with wood in a polystyrene matrix. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 62:501Ð508. (For. Res. Lab.)
Willits, S., C. Brunner, and J.J. Morrell. 1997. Timber salvage and utilization in the inland Northwest. USDA Forest Service, Blue Mountains Natural Resources Institute, La Grande, Oregon. Technical Note BMNRI-TN-8. 4 p.
Wilson, J.B. 1997. Wood properties. P. 588Ð589 in McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology. 8th edition. Volume 19. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Wilson, K.P., M.L. Laver, and W.J. Frederick, Jr. 1997. The use of CREN to improve 13C-NMR spectra of compounds containing carbon atoms representative of organics dissolved in kraft black liquor. Wood and Fiber Science 29:171Ð177. (For. Res. Lab.)
Zauscher, S., and P.E. Humphrey. 1997. Orienting lignocellulosic fibers and particles by means of a magnetic field. Wood and Fiber Science 29:35Ð46. (For. Res. Lab.)
Zeng, Y., S. Randhawa, and J. Funck. 1996. An expert system for softwood lumber grading. Computers & Industrial Engineering 31:463Ð466. (For. Res. Lab.)
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Audiovisual Programs
The Forestry Media Center has been producing and distributing videotapes (V-T), films, and slide-tapes (S-T) since 1972. Nearly a million students in educational institutions, government agencies, and private industry throughout the world have used these audiovisual programs for training and education. Although most of the programs have been prepared for professional foresters and forestry students, many are of interest to small woodland owners, high school classes, other special groups, and the general public. In the past 2 years, specialists from the College of Forestry have completed 5 new programs. The Center now has over 121 presentations available for purchase or rent. For a complete listing, please contact:
Forestry Media Center Oregon State University 248 Peavy Hall Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5702 Phone 541-737-4702; Fax 541-737-3759 Internet Address: [email protected] Web Address: http://osu.orst.edu/Dept/fmc
Branching Out With Agroforestry 12 minutes Video Tape #1087 Introduces the concept of agroforestry, and explains the rationale for adopting it on private lands. Also shows examples of potential applications in the Pacific Northwest, and outlines some of the decisions that need to be made by landowners who may consider adopting various agroforestry practices. Audience: Landowners (primarily livestock operators) who are not currently involved with forestry, may have agroforestry potential on their property, and want to increase long-term income. Prices: Purchase $95, Rental $25 Technical Advisor: Rick Fletcher, Forestry Extension Agent. Author: Mark D. Reed, Forestry Media Center. Publication Date: 1997.
Thinning Young Stands 31 minutes Video Tape #1089 This video describes the early phases of an adaptive management project on the Willamette National Forest, where researchers from a number of disciplines are working together to find ecologically sustainable, economical, technically feasible, and socially acceptable ways of managing 50-year-old Douglas-fir plantations for a variety of outputs. To illustrate the wide range of research being conducted, the video includes interviews with silviculturists, wildlife biologists, soil scientists, a mycologist, a forest engineer, and a sociologist. Computer simulations and aerial footage show how the stands look before and after treatment. Audience: Land managers, resource specialists, forestry and natural resource students, and members of the public interested in forest management issues. Prices: Purchase $95, Rental $25 Contributing Scientists: Marganne Allen, Forest Engineering Dept.; James Boyle, Forest Resources Dept.; Joan Hagar and Matt Hunter, Forest Science Dept.; Jim Mayo, USDA Forest Service, Blue River RD; Dave Pilz, USDA Forest Service, PNW Research Station; Robert Ribe, Landscape Architecture, Environmental Studies and Regional Planning Dept., University of Oregon. Producer: Loren Kellogg, Forest Engineering Dept. Director: Mark Reed, Forestry Media Center. Publication Date: 1998.
The Huckleberry Story: Building a Bridge Between Culture and Science 20 minutes Video Tape #1097 ÒWiÕwnuÓÑthe big huckleberryÑis an important food source of Native Americans and is deeply rooted in their culture and heritage. As a result, maintaining the productivity of huckleberry fields is of vital concern throughout western North America. Through interviews with elders and council members of the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs Indians, and a USDA Forest Service scientist, this award- winning video explores cultural and scientific issues associated with the sustainable management of this important natural resource. Filmed entirely on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation in north-central Oregon. Audience: Anyone (including youth) interested in Native American use of forests. Prices: Purchase $95, Rental $25 Technical Advisors: Culture and Heritage Committee, Warm Springs Indian Reservation and Don Minore, USDA Forest Service. Author/Producer: Bodie Shaw and Edward C. Jensen, Forest Resources Dept. Publication Date: 1997.
Enhancing Lichens and Bryophytes in Young Forests 16 minutes Video Tape # 1098 Describes the important role that lichens and bryophytes play in forest ecosystems, and explains why these organisms are less common in young managed stands than in old-growth forests. Finally, it describes how forest managers can enhance diversity and abundance by protecting certain forest features that lichens and bryophytes depend on. Videotaped at the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest and other locations. Audience: Forest managers, students enrolled in forest ecology/management courses, and others who are concerned with biodiversity in young managed stands. Prices: Purchase $95, Rental $25 Author: Patricia S. Muir, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, OSU. Producer: Mark Reed, Forestry Media Center. Publication Date: 1997.
Conifers of the Pacific Northwest CD-ROM #1110 Introducing a new multimedia CD-ROM describing Pacific Northwest conifers. This interactive program combines a wealth of images, information, and opportunities for practice in a compelling, user- controlled learning environment. Features: Information on 12 genera and 29 species of conifers native to the Pacific Northwest, and three common ornamental conifers. Hundreds of identifying characteristics, products, uses, habitat and range, and other interesting facts available with a click of the mouse. Instant access to trees via common and scientific names. An easy-to-use multimedia dichotomous key for step-by-step identification of tree samples. An illustrated glossary of dendrological terms. Actual voice pronunciation of common and Latin names. Based on Oregon State University's best-selling Extension publication "Trees To Know in Oregon" (Jensen & Ross 1994), Conifers of the Pacific Northwest was extensively reviewed and tested to provide an effective new learning resource for both classroom and independent study. Audience: Forestry students (secondary and college level), resource professionals, and interested general public. Purchase price: $95 Authors/Designers: David Zahler and Edward C. Jensen, Forest Resources Dept. Multimedia Programmers: David Zahler, Forest Resources Dept.; Amanda Barstow and Jeff Hino, Forestry Media Center. Publication Date: 1998. Hardware requirements: Available for both Macintosh and IBM computers.
Visit Our Forestry Web Pages A complete and constantly updated web-page version of the Forestry Learning Materials Catalog is available at http://fmc.cof.orst.edu/index.php. This site includes updated information about new releases, additional material about the Forestry Media Center, and links to other forestry sites of interest. The FMC recently completed a web site entitled "Trees of the Pacific Northwest" (http://osu.orst.edu.instruct/for241/) designed to help identify the common conifers of this region. Based on a dendrology course offered at Oregon State University, the site features an illustrated dichotomous key, detailed information about conifers, and "mystery trees" to identify. The interactive dichotomous key quickly provides the user with a genus name, characteristics of the genus, and links to species pages for identification. Each species page contains detailed color photographs of tree characteristics, descriptive information, and distribution maps. Site authors: Betsy Littlefield and Edward C. Jensen, Forest Resources Dept.
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Forestry-Related Publications, 1996-1998
Alexander, L.F. 1996. A morphometric analysis of geographic variation within Sorex monticolus (Insectivora:Soricidae). University of Kansas Natural History Museum 88:1-54. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Allendorf, F.W., D. Bayles, D.L. Bottom, K.P. Currens, C.A. Frissell, D. Hankin, J.A. Lichatowich, W. Nehlsen, P.C. Trotter, and T.H. Williams. 1997. Prioritizing Pacific salmon stocks for conservation. Conservation Biology 11:140-152. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Anderson, J.D., C.C. Brunner, and S.U. Randhawa. 1996. Design and implementation of fuzzy logic controller for rough-mill wood parts recovery. International Journal of Flexible Automation and Integrated Manufacturing 4(3&4):255-271. (Dep. Ind. Manuf. Eng.)
Ayers, A.C., R.P. Barrett, and P.R. Cheeke. 1996. Feeding value of tree leaves (hybrid poplar and black locust) evaluated with sheep, goats and rabbits. Animal Feed Science and Technology 57:51-62. (Dep. Anim. Sci.)
Camacho, F.J., D.S. Gernandt, A. Liston, J.K. Stone, and A.S. Klein. 1997. Endophytic fungal DNA, the source of contamination in spruce needle DNA. Molecular Ecology 6:266- 271. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Camacho, F.J., D.S. Gernandt, A. Liston, J.K. Stone, and A.S. Klein. 1997. Molecular identification of contaminant fungal sequences. Molecular Ecology 6:983-988. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Carreira, J.A., and K. Lajtha. 1997. Factors affecting phosphate sorption along a Mediterranean, dolomitic soil and vegetation sequence. European Journal of Soil Science 48:139-149. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Carreira, J.A., K. Lajtha, and F.X. Niell. 1997. Phosphorus transformation along a soil/vegetation series of fire-prone, dolomitic, semi-arid shrub lands of southern Spain. Biogeochemistry 39:87-120. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Chastagner, G.A., R.S. Byther, A. Antonelli, J. DeAngelis, and C. Landgren, eds. 1997. Christmas Tree Diseases, Insects, and Disorders in the Pacific Northwest: Identification and Management. Washington State University Cooperative Extension, Pullman. Miscellaneous 0186. 154 p. (Dep. Entomol.)
Clason, T.R., P.F. Ffolliott, D.E. Mercer, S.H. Sharrow, P.A. Williams, and F.C. Zinkhan. 1997. Silvopastures: sustainable land use management systems. In AgroforestryÑAn Integrated Science and Practice. G.E. Garrett and B. Rietfield, eds. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin. (Dep. Rangel. Resour.)
Crawford, J.A. 1997. Importance of herbaceous vegetation to female sage grouse Centrocercus urophasianus during the reproductive period: a synthesis of research from Oregon, USA. Wildlife Biology 3:271. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Deimling, E.A., W.J. Liss, G.L. Larson, R.L. Hoffman, and G.A. Lomnicky. 1997. Rotifer abundance and distribution in the northern Cascade Mountains, Washington, USA. Archiv fŸr Hydrobiolgie 138:345-363. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Ebersole, J.L., W.J. Liss, and C.A. Frissell. 1997. Restoration of stream habitats in the western United States: restoration as reexpression of habitat capacity. Environmental Management 21(1):1-14. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Edge, W.D., J. Loegering, and P. Diebel. 1998. Principles of wildlife conservationÑtesting distance delivery methodologies. P. 202-205 in Proceedings of the Second Biennial Conference on University Education in Natural Resources. Natural Resources and Environmental Issues VII. C.G. Heister, compil. Utah State University, Logan. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Feibert, E.B.G., C.C. Shock, and L.D. Saunders. 1998. Groundcovers for hybrid poplar establishment. P. 72-77 in Malheur Experiment Station Annual Report, 1997. Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Corvallis. Special Report 988. (Dep. Crop Soil Sci.)
Freilinger, S., R. Gupta, and T.H. Miller. 1996. Dynamic performance of metal-plate connected wood joints. American Society of Agricultural Engineers International Meeting, Phoenix, Arizona. ASAE Paper 964114. 11 p. (Dep. Civil Constr. Environ. Eng.)
Freilinger, S., R. Gupta, and T.H. Miller. 1997. Cyclic performance of wood truss joints. P. 939-943 in Proceedings, Building to Last: Structures Congress IV. Volume 2. ASCE, Portland, Oregon. (Dep. Civil Constr. Environ. Eng.)
Gernandt, D.S., and J.K. Stone. 1997. Meria laricis, an anamorph of Rhabdocline. Mycologia 89:735-744. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Gernandt, D.S., and J.K. Stone. 1997. Molecular systematics of Rhabdocline and closely- related foliar pathogens. P. 61-65 in Proceedings, 44th Western International Forest Disease Work Conference, Hood River, Oregon. J.S. Beatty, ed. USDA Forest Service, Westside Forest Insects and Diseases Technical Center, Sandy, Oregon. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Gomez, D.M., and R.G. Anthony. 1996. Amphibian and reptile abundance in riparian and upslope areas of five forest types in western Oregon. Northwest Science 70:109-119. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Hansen, E.M. 1996. Swiss needle cast, Why here, why now? A problem analysis. Oregon Department of Forestry, [Salem]. 22 p. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.) Hansen, E.M. 1997. Winning the war against Phytophthora lateralis. P. 11-18 in Proceedings, 44th Western International Forest Disease Work Conference, Hood River, Oregon. J.S. Beatty, ed. USDA Forest Service, Westside Forest Insects and Diseases Technical Center, Sandy, Oregon. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Hansen, E.M., P.A. Angwin, T.A. Dreisbach, D. Gernandt, and M.G. McWilliams. 1998. Species limits for Phellinus weirii. P. 119-127 in Root and Butt Rots of Forest Trees. Ninth International Conference on Root and Butt Rots. C. Delatour, J.J. Guillaumin, B. Lung- Escarmant, and B. Marcais, eds. INRA Editions (France) Les Colloques No. 89. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Hansen, E.M., and K.L. Lewis, eds. 1998. Compendium of Conifer Diseases. APS Press, St. Paul, Minnesota. 101 p. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Harris, N.R., S.H. Sharrow, and D.E. Johnson. 1996. Use of low-level remote sensing to understand tree/forage spatial interactions in agroforests. Geocarto International 11:81- 92. (Dep. Rangel. Resour.)
Hoffman, R.L., W.J. Liss, G.L. Larson, E.K. Deimling, and G.A. Lomnicky. 1996. Distribution of nearshore macroinvertebrates in lakes of the northern Cascade Mountains, Washington, USA. Archiv fŸr Hydrobiologie 136:363-389. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Holah, J.C, M.V. Wilson, and E.M. Hansen. 1997. Impacts of a native root-rotting pathogen on successional development of Douglas-fir forests. Oecologia 111:429-433. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Issacs, F.B., R.G. Anthony, M. Vander Heyden, and C.D. Miller. 1996. Habits of bald eagles along the Upper John Day River, Oregon. Northwest Science 70:1-9. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Jones, C.G., R.S. Ostfeld, M.P. Richard, E.M. Schauber, and J.O. Wolff. 1998. Chain reactions linking acorns to gypsy moth outbreaks and Lyme disease risk. Science 279:1023-1026. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Karl, M.G., and P.S. Doescher. 1998. Ponderosa pine aboveground growth after cattle removal of terminal tissue. Journal of Range Management 51:147-151. (Dep. Rangel. Resour.)
Kauffman, J.B., D.L. Cummings, and D.E. Ward. 1998. Fire in the Brazilian Amazon. 2. Biomass, nutrient pools and losses in cattle pastures. Oecologia 113:415-427. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Keegan, T.W., and J.A. Crawford. 1997. Brood-rearing habitat use by Rio Grande wild turkeys in Oregon. Great Basin Naturalist 57:220-230. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Kent, S.M., R. Gupta, and T.H. Miller. 1996. Dynamic behavior of metal-plate-connected wood truss joints. P. 1-115 to 1-122 in Proceedings of the International Wood Engineering Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana. (Dep. Civil Constr. Environ. Eng.)
Kent, S.M., R. Gupta, and T.H. Miller. 1997. Earthquake effects on metal-plate-connected wood truss joints. P. 92-100 in Proceedings of Earthquake Performance and Safety of Timber Structures. Forest Products Society, Madison, Wisconsin. (Dep. Civil Constr. Environ. Eng.)
Klopfenstein, N.B., T.R. Clason, S.H. Sharrow, G. Garrett, and B.E. Anderson. 1997. Silvopasture: an agroforestry practice. USDA National Agroforestry Center, Lincoln, Nebraska. AF Note 8. 4 p. (Dep. Rangel. Resour.)
Krueger, W.C. 1998. Integrating utilization measurements into monitoring programs. P. 71- 72 in Stubble Height and Utilization Measurements: Uses and Misuses. Oregon State University Extension & Station Communications, Corvallis. Station Bulletin 682. (Dep. Rangel. Resour.)
Lattin, J.D. 1997. Terrestrial riparian arthropod investigations in the Big Beaver Creek Research Natural Area, North Cascades National Park Service Complex, 1995-96: Part 1. Hemiptera: Heteroptera. US Department of Interior, National Park Service, Pacific West Region, Seattle, Washington. North Cascades National Park Service Complex Special Publication. 50 p. (Dep. Entomol.)
Li, H.W., and J.L. Li. 1996. Fish community composition. P. 391-406 in Methods in Stream Ecology. F.R. Hauer and G.A. Lamaberti, eds. Academic Press, San Diego, California. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Li, Z., R. Gupta, and T.H. Miller. 1996. A practical approach to model wood truss roof assemblies. P. 1-259 to 1-266 in Proceedings of the International Wood Engineering Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana. (Dep. Civil Constr. Environ. Eng.)
Liston, A., W.A. Robinson, J.M. Oliphant, and E.R. Alvarez-Buylla. 1996. Length variation in the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region of non-flowering seed plants. Systematic Botany 21:109-120. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Loegering, J.P. 1997. Wildlife mortality and entanglement by discarded hip chain string. Wilson Bulletin 109:353-355. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
McCune, B., K.A. Amsberry, F.J. Camacho, S. Clery, C. Cole, C. Emerson, G. Felder, P. French, D. Greene, R. Harris, M. Hutten, B. Larson, M. Lesko, S. Majors, T. Markwell, G.G. Parker, K. Pendergrass, E.B. Peterson, E.T. Peterson, J. Platt, J. Proctor, T. Rambo, A. Rosso, D. Shaw, R. Turner, and M. Widmer. 1997. Vertical profile of epiphytes in a Pacific Northwest old-growth forest. Northwest Science 71:145-152. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
McCune, B., and R. Rosentreter. 1998. Macrolichens from Priest River Experimental Forest, Idaho. Evansia 14:37-42. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.) Miller, G.S., R.J. Small, and E.C. Meslow. 1997. Habitat selection by spotted owls during natal dispersal in western Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management 61:140-150. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Miller, R.F., and L.L. Eddleman. 1997. Temporal and spatial changes of sage grouse Centrocercus urophasianus habitat in the sagebrush ecosystem. Wildlife Biology 3:273. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Moldenke, A.F., R.E. Berry, J.C. Miller, and J.G. Wernz. 1997. Toxicity of acephate to larvae of gypsy moth as a function of host plant and bioassay method. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 84:157-163. (Dep. Entomol.)
Muir, P.S., and A.M. Shirazi. 1996. Effects of formaldehyde-enriched mists on Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco. and Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. Environmental Pollution 94:227-234. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Muir, P.S., A.M. Shirazi, and J. Patrie. 1997. Seasonal growth dynamics in the lichen Lobaria pulmonaria. Bryologist 100:458-464. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Neitlich, P., and B. McCune. 1997. Hotspots of epiphytic lichen diversity in two young managed forests. Conservation Biology 11:172-182. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Payer, D.C., and B.E. Coblentz. 1997. Seasonal variation in California bighorn ram (Ovis canadensis californiana) habitat use and group size. Northwest Science 71:281-288. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Peck, J.E., and B. McCune. 1997. Effects of green tree retention on epiphytic lichen communities: a retrospective approach. Ecological Applications 7:1181-1187. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Pelren, E.C., and J.A. Crawford. 1997. Blue grouse (Dendragapus obscurus) recruitment and weather relationships in northeastern Oregon, USA. Wildlife Biology 3:274. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Polasky, S., and H. Doremus. 1998. When the truth hurts: endangered species policy on private land with imperfect information. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 35(1):22-47. (Dep. Agric. Resour. Econ.)
Polasky, S., H. Doremus, and B. Rettig. 1997. Endangered species conservation on private land. Contemporary Economic Policy 15(4):66-76. (Dep. Agric. Resour. Econ.)
Prichard, A.K., D.D. Roby, T.R. Bowyer, and L.K. Duffy. 1997. Pigeon guillemots as a sentinel species: a dose-response experiment with weathered oil in the field. Chemosphere 35:1531-1548. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Pyle, W.H., and J.A. Crawford. 1996. Availability of foods of sage grouse chicks following prescribed fire in sagebrush-bitterbrush. Journal of Range Management 49:320-324. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Quijada, A., A. Liston, P. Delgado, A. Vazquez-Lobo, and E.R. Alvarez-Buylla. 1998. Variation in the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of Pinus rzedowskii revealed by PCR-RFLP. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 96:539-544. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Quijada, A., A. Liston, W.A. Robinson, and E.R. Alvarez-Buylla. 1997. The ITS region as a marker to detect hybridization in pines. Molecular Ecology 6:995-996. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Rainbolt, R.E., and B.E. Coblentz. 1997. A different perspective on eradication of vertebrate pests. The Wildlife Society Bulletin 25:189-191. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Rambo, T.R., and P.S. Muir. 1998. Forest floor bryophytes of Pseudotsuga menziesii-Tsuga heterophylla stands in Oregon: influences of substrate and overstory. Bryologist 101:116- 130. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Ransom, C.V., J. Ishida, and L.D. Saunders. 1998. Weed control for poplar tree establishment. P. 78-79 in Malheur Experiment Station Annual Report, 1997. Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Corvallis. Special Report 988. (Dep. Crop Soil Sci.)
Rose, C., and P.S. Muir. 1996. Relationships of green-tree retention following timber harvest to forest growth and tree species composition in the western Cascade Mountains, USA. Ecological Applications 71:209-217. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Rosenberg, D.K., B.R. Noon, J.W. Megahan, and E.C. Meslow. 1998. Compensatory behavior of Ensatina eschscholtzii in biological corridors: a field experiment. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76:117-133. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Rosenberg, D.K., B.R. Noon, and E.C. Meslow. 1997. Biological corridors: form, function, and efficacy. BioScience 47:677-687. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Rosenberg, D.K., J.R. Waters, K.T. Martin, R.G. Anthony, and C.J. Zabel. 1996. The northern flying squirrel in the Pacific Northwest: implications for management of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem in using population viability analysis in ecosystem management at Fundy National Park. Parks Canada-Ecosystem Science Review Reports 1. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Sanders, T.A., and W.D. Edge. 1998. Breeding bird community composition in relation to riparian vegetation structure in the western United States. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:461-473. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Schauber, E.M., W.D. Edge, and J.O. Wolff. 1997. Insecticide effects on small mammals: influence of vegetation structure and diet. Ecological Applications 7:143-157. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Schowalter, T.D. 1997. Forest ecosystem: invertebrates. P. 402-405 in McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology. 8th edition, Volume 7. McGraw-Hill, New York. (Dep. Entomol.)
Schowalter, T.D., Y.L. Zhang, and T.E. Sabin. 1998. Decomposition and nutrient dynamics of oak (Quercus spp.) logs after five years of decomposition. Ecography 21:3-10. (Dep. Entomol.)
Seely, B., and K. Lajtha. 1997. Application of a 15N tracer to simulate and track the fate of atmospherically-deposited N in the coastal forests of the Waquoit Bay watershed, Cape Cod, MA. Oecologia 112:393-402. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Seifert, K.A., P.W. Crous, and J.K. Stone. 1998. Revisiones Generum Obscurorum Hyphomycetum: Exosporina Oud. Sydowia 50:133-138. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Sharrow, S.H. 1996. Introducing agroforestry. Oregon Beef Producer 9(8):12-13. (Dep. Rangel. Resour.)
Sharrow, S.H. 1997. The biology of silvopastoralism. USDA National Agroforestry Center, Lincoln, Nebraska. AF Note 9. 4 p. (Dep. Rangel. Resour.)
Shirazi, A.M., and P.S. Muir. 1998. In vitro effects of formaldehyde on Douglas-fir pollen. Plant, Cell, and Environment 21:341-346. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Shirazi, A.M., P.S. Muir, and B. McCune. 1996. Environmental factors influencing the distribution of the lichens Lobaria pulmonaria and L. oregana in Oregon. Bryologist 99:12- 18. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Shock, C.C., E.B.G. Feibert, and L.D. Saunders. 1998. Irrigation management for hybrid poplar production. P. 64-71 in Malheur Experiment Station Annual Report, 1997. Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Corvallis. Special Report 988. (Dep. Crop Soil Sci.)
Sillett, S.C., and B. McCune. 1998. Survival and growth of cyanolichen transplants in Douglas-fir forest canopies. Bryologist 101:21-31. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Steidl, R.J., and R.G. Anthony. 1996. Responses of bald eagles to human activity during the summer in interior Alaska. Ecological Applications 6:482-491. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Sterner, R.T., C.A. Ramey, W.D. Edge, T. Manning, J.O. Wolff, and K.A. Fagerstone. 1996. Efficacy of zinc phosphide baits to control voles in alfalfaÑan enclosure study. Crop Protection 15:727-734. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.) Stone, J.K., D. Hildebrand, R. James, and S. Frankel. 1997. P. 59-69 in Alternatives to Methyl Bromide for Control of Soilborne Diseases in Bareroot Nurseries. Proceedings of the Third IUFRO Working Party on Diseases and Insects in Forest Nurseries. R.L. James, ed. USDA Forest Service, Northern Region 97-4, Missoula, Montana. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Stone, J.K., and O. Petrini. 1997. Forest endophytes. P. 129-140 in The Mycota, Volume V, Part B. Plant Relationships. K. Esser and P.A. Lemke, eds. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Stone, J.K., M.A. Sherwood, and G.C. Carroll. 1996. Canopy microfungi: function and diversity. Northwest Science 70:37-45. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Thrailkill, J.A., and L.S. Andrews. 1996. Presence of breeding northern goshawks in the Coast Range of Oregon. Journal of Raptor Research 30:248-249. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Thrailkill, J.A., E.C. Meslow, J.P. Perkins, and L.S. Andrews. 1996. Demography of northern spotted owls on the Eugene District of the Bureau of Land Management, Oregon. Studies in Avian Biology 17:53-58. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Tornberg, E.W., and T.H. Miller. 1998. Engineering Analysis for the Manufactured Home Anchoring Task Force. Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis. 88 p. (Dep. Civil Constr. Environ. Eng.)
Tyler, T., W.J. Liss, L.M. Ganio, G.L. Larson, R. Hoffman, E. Deimling, and G. Lomnicky. 1998. Interaction between introduced trout and larval salamanders (Ambystoma macrodactylum) in high-elevation lakes. Conservation Biology 12:94-105. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Valiela, I., P. Peckol, C. DÕAvanzo, J. Kremer, D. Hersh, K. Foreman, K. Lajtha, B. Seely, W.R. Geyer, T. Isaji, and R. Crawford. 1998. Ecological effects of major storms on coastal watersheds and coastal waters: Hurricane Bob on Cape Cod, MA. Journal of Coastal Research 14:218-238. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Vatovec, M., T.H. Miller, and R. Gupta. 1996. Finite-element analysis of the overall behavior of a metal-plate-connected wood scissors truss. American Society of Agricultural Engineers International Meeting, Phoenix, Arizona. ASAE Paper 964103. 19 p. (Dep. Civil Constr. Environ. Eng.)
Whytemare, A.B., R.L. Edmonds, J.D. Aber, and K. Lajtha. 1997. Influence of excess nitrogen deposition on a white spruce (Picea glauca) stand in southern Alaska. Biogeochemistry 38:173-187. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Williams, T.H., K.P. Currens, and G.H. Reeves. 1997. Genetic diversity of coastal cutthroat trout. Wild Trout IV:87-88. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Winton, L., B. Capitano, P. Rosso, W. Sutton, and E.M. Hansen. 1997. A devastating epidemic of Swiss needle cast in coastal Douglas-fir plantations. P. 66-67 in Proceedings, 44th Western International Forest Disease Work Conference, Hood River, Oregon. J.S. Beatty, ed. USDA Forest Service, Westside Forest Insects and Diseases Technical Center, Sandy, Oregon. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Winton, L.M., B. Capitano, P. Rosso, W. Sutton, J. Stone, and E.M. Hansen. 1998. A destructive Swiss needlecast epidemic in coastal Oregon Douglas-fir plantations. P. 18-24 in Foliage Shoot and Stem Diseases of Trees. Proceedings, IUFRO WP 7.02.02 Meeting. G. Laflamme, J.A. Berube, and R.C. Hamlin, eds. Laurentian Forestry Centre, Sainte Foy, QuŽbec. Information Report LAU-X-122. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Wolff, J.O. 1996. Coexistence of white-footed mice and deer mice may be mediated by fluctuating environmental conditions. Oecologia 108:529-533. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Wolff, J.O. 1996. Population fluctuations of mast-eating rodents are correlated with production of acorns. Journal of Mammalogy 77:850-856. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Wolff, J.O. 1997. Population regulation in mammals: an evolutionary perspective. Journal of Animal Ecology 66:1-13. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Wolff, J., and R. Davis-Born. 1997. Response of gray-tailed voles to odours of a mustelid predator: a field test. Oikos 79:543-548. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Wolff, J.O., T. Manning, S.M. Meyers, and R. Bentley. 1996. Population ecology of the gray-tailed vole, Microtus canicaudus. Northwest Science 70:334-340. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Wolff, J.O., E.M. Schauber, and W.D. Edge. 1996. Can dispersal barriers really be used to depict emigrating small mammals? Canadian Journal of Zoology 74:1826-1830. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Wolff, J.O., E.M. Schauber, and W.D. Edge. 1997. Effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on the behavior and demography of gray-tailed voles. Conservation Biology 11:945-956. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Zobel, D.B. 1998. Chamaecyparis forests: a comparative analysis. P. 39-53 in Coastally Restricted Forests. A.D. Laderman, ed. Oxford University Press, New York. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Zobel, D.B., and S.P. Singh. 1997. Himalayan forests and ecological generalizations. BioScience 47:735-745. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Zuercher, G.L., D.D. Roby, and E.A. Rexstad. 1997. Validation of two new total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) instruments for estimating body composition of live northern red-backed voles Clethrionomys rutilus. Acta Theriologica 42:387-397. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Back Short Courses and Workshops
The Forest Research Laboratory, in cooperation with other departments and units in Oregon State University's College of Forestry, offers an extensive array of continuing higher education, technology transfer, and training workshops, short courses, and conferences each year. The participants come from a broad spectrum of the forest community, including mid-career silviculturists and forest professionals, forest technicians and practitioners, mill managers and supervisors, logging specialists, contractors, other natural resource specialists, industry foresters, and private landowners.
During the 1996-1997 and 1997-1998 academic years, 45 courses were offered and attended by a total of 2,644 people. All courses were carefully budgeted to be fully supported by participant fees or outside grants and contracts.
The various courses offer participants up-to-date forest research information and training and a forum for discussing and evaluating current forestry issues. They also keep open a vital channel of communication about application of the Laboratory's research findings and future research needs. Increasingly, many programs are co-sponsored by other forestry and natural resource agencies and organizations, providing further links to the users of research information.
The following list shows the number and diversity of courses offered over the last two years.
Year and Title Attendance 1996 - 1997
Advanced Variable Probability Sampling 34
Commercial Thinning and Harvest Planning for Skyline Operations 44
Forest Business and Tax Series (2 sessions) 65
Gluing Workshop for Secondary Wood Products 15
How to Dry Lumber for Quality and Profit 51
Intensive Management 106
Lumber Quality Control 31 Lumber Quality Leadership 15
Managing Forest Ecosystems 25
Mapping from Aerial Photography 22
Northeast Utility Pole Conference (with exhibitors) 107
Plywood Manufacturing 52
Pressure Treated Wood 39
Salmon and Watershed Educational Opportunities Workshop (2 sessions) 229
Sawing Technology 54
Selling Forest Products 19
Symposium on Thinning in Westside Forests 181
The 10th International Stream Habitat Workshop 169
Turkish Ministry of Forestry Study Tour 12
Unevenaged and Long Rotation (2 sessions) 127
Variable Probability Sampling 23
Western Forest Genetics Association Meeting 97
1997-98 Attendance
Advanced Variable Probability Sampling 31
Commercial Thinning and Harvest Planning for Skyline Operations 41
Ecology and Silviculture Education for Loggers (2 sessions) 19
Forest Business and Tax Series 57
How to Dry Lumber for Quality and Profit 59
Inter-University Forum on Sustaining Forest Ecosystems 60
IUFRO: Interdisciplinary Uneven-aged Symposium and Field Trip 149
Lumber Quality and Process Control 28
Lumber Quality Leadership 23
Mapping from Aerial Photography 22
Mushroom and Managers 20
Natural Resources Institute Decision Making and Systems Thinking for Natural Resource Professionals 32
Plywood Manufacturing 49
Pacific Northwest Forest Rangeland Soil Organism Symposium 237
Second Review Session on Assumptions for the 25 1999 Resources Planning Act Assessment 145 Seedling Nutrition 14 Selling Forest Products 45 Swiss Needle Cast Cooperative Annual Meeting 44 Unevenaged Management in the Pacific Northwest 27 Variable Probability Sampling
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Current Advisory Committee
Richard Baldwin Dan M. Dutton L.L. Stewart President President and CEO P.O. Box 10293 Oak Creek Investments Stimson Lumber Company Eugene, OR 97440-2293 97 Constantine Place 520 SW Yamhill Street, Suite Office: 541-484-3371 Eugene, OR 97405-9551 308 FAX: 541-341-4606 Office: 541-344-8519 Portland, OR 97204-1326 FAX: 541-343-3488 Office: 503-222-1676 Robert F. Turner FAX: 503-222-2682 Senior Vice President Dave Bowden Jeld-Wen Senior Vice President John Foster P.O. Box 1329 Timber Department Managing Partner Klamath Falls, OR Longview Fibre Company Oregon Tree Farms, Ltd. 97601-0268 P.O. Box 667 P.O. Box 537 Office: 541-882-3451 Longview, WA 98632- Estacada, OR 97023-0537 FAX: 541-885-7454 7428 Office: 503-630-7333 Office: 360-575-5107 FAX: 503-630-7334 Sara Vickerman FAX: 360-575-5932 Director Richard E. Hanson West Coast Office Deborah M. Brosnan Vice President Defenders of Wildlife President Western Timberlands 1637 Laurel Street Sustainable Ecosystems Weyerhaeuser Company Lake Oswego, OR Institute 16703 SE McGillivray Blvd, 97034-4755 0605 SW Taylors Ferry Suite 220 Office: 503-697-3222 Road Vancouver, WA 98683-3418 FAX: 503-697-3268 Portland, OR 97219-3053 Office: 360-891-3368 Office: 503-246-5008 FAX: 360-891-3388 Robert W. Williams FAX: 503-246-6905 Regional Forester Duane C. McDougall USDA Forest Service, Jim Brown President and CEO Region 6 State Forester Willamette Industries, Inc. P.O. Box 3623 Oregon Department of 3800 First Interstate Tower Portland, OR 97208- Forestry 1300 SW Fifth Avenue 3623 2600 State Street Portland, OR 97201-5667 Office: 503-808-2201 Salem, OR 97310-0340 Office: 503-227-5581 FAX: 503-808-2210 Office: 503-945-7211 FAX: 503-273-5604 FAX: 503-945-7212 Elaine Y. Zielinski Howard Sohn (Chair) State Director Barbara Craig President Bureau of Land Stoel, Rives, Boley, Jones Sun Studs, Inc. Management & Grey P.O. Box 1127 P.O. Box 2965 900 SW 5th Ave., Suite Roseburg, OR 97470-0257 Portland, OR 97208- 2300 Office: 541-673-0141 2965 Portland, OR 97204-1268 FAX: 541-440-2516 Office: 503-952-6026 Office: 503-294-9166 FAX: 503-952-6390 FAX: 503-220-2480
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