Hey ladies! Time to move on from composers to instruments… after all… someone had to play the music that those guys wrote! So first you will be introduced to the four families and their instruments, then the orchestra and its layout. There are some worksheets you must complete to help you familiarise yourself with this work. We will mark it at our lesson in 2 weeks time. There are also plenty of awesome videos on YouTube where they show you how these instruments are made. So if you want to, (not compulsory!) go check it out! Type in: How ……. (instrument) is made I have also included African and Indian Music as well as Western Form (Sonata Form, Concerto and Symphony)

Stay healthy and safe!

Mrs. fin Instrument families All instruments are divided into four different categories, based on:

String Brass Instruments Instruments

Woodwind Percussion Instruments Instruments

Find the Instrument instruments Wordsearch listed below the wordsearch

Flute Harmonica Recorder Oboe Guitar Viola

Cornet Saxophone Bazooka Accordian Panpipe Clarinet

Bagpipe Zither Piccalo Ocarina Fiddle Snare The smaller the instrument, the Brass higher it plays.

Instruments The bigger the instrument the lower it plays.

A is a musical instrument that you play by vibrating your lips into a (that is placed against your mouth) to pro- duce high or low notes (this is called buzzing). No sound will come out if you just blow air through it! Interestingly, it does not matter whether the instrument are made of brass, as long as it works the way explained above. Brass instruments can be gold, rose gold or silver in colour.

Trombone List any other instruments considered to be Brass Instruments

French

Horn

Trumpet

Tuba Single reed: Clarinet, Woodwind Saxophone

Instruments Double reed: Oboe, Bassoon

Woodwinds are a type of musical instrument that produces sound when a musician blows air into or across the mouthpiece. Mouthpieces are placed inside the mouth and air is blown into the mouthpiece (with the exception of the flute, which is played blowing air down into the mouthpiece which is placed against the bottom lip). They get their name from the fact that most of them were once made of wood. Today they are made of other materials which includes metal or plastic. List any other instruments considered to be Woodwind Instruments

Flute Bassoon Alto Saxophone

Oboe

Clarinet Fine bows for vio- lins can use up to String 150 horse hairs. Instruments

All stringed instruments produce a sound by strings vibrating. Musicians do this by rubbing a bow against them, striking them, or plucking them. There are three ways that strings can produce different notes:

• Length - Longer strings vibrate slower making a lower note than shorter strings. • Weight - Heavy, thick strings make lower notes than lighter, thin strings. • Tightness - A tight string makes a higher sound than a loose string. The strings are usually made from nylon thread or steel wire.

DID YOU KNOW: Most civilizations have produced some kind of stringed instrument.

Bow List any other instruments considered to be String Instruments Violin Cello

Viola Harp

Guitar

Double Bass Confusing Fact: The piano and harp can be classified as Percussion either a String or as a Percussion Instruments instrument!

Percussion instruments are musical instruments that generally are used to establish rhythm (that is why they are also called the rhythm section). Percus- sion instruments make a sound when they are struck, shaken, scraped, plucked, or rubbed. Some percussion instruments can play melodies. These are called tuned percussion instruments. They include: xylophone, glockenspiel, vibra- phone, tubular bells and timpani. Untuned percussion instruments include: bass drum, side drum (snare drum), maracas, castanets, cymbals, tambourine, claves and many more. Xylophone List any other instruments considered to be Woodwind Instruments

Maracas Drums

Piano

Tambourine

Triangle

Cymbals Mix Match Colour in the instrument bubbles using the code below: * String Instruments - Yellow * Percussion Instruments - Red * Woodwind Instruments - Blue * Brass Instruments - Green Jumbled

. Noise The oboe and bassoon uses Clue 1 Clue 6 this reed. Single Reed Brass instrument players must do this with their lips to make a sound.

The way in which a player Clue 2 Clue 7 applies their mouth to the Tuned Untuned mouthpiece. Percussion Percussion Uses 150 strands of horse

hair.

Use the clue cards to ? These rhythm instruments can Clue 3 Clue 8 play different notes. Double Reed Buzzing

Big instruments produces a ...

Lower notes on a string instru- Clue 4 Clue 9 ment is produced by a... Violin Bow Low Sound The player of this instrument

blows down to make a sound.

Clue 5 Clue 10 The timpani is an example of... Thick String Flute

The clarinet and saxophone

answer the questions and write down the number uses this reed. Do you know your definitions

The Orchestra

An orchestra is a large group of musicians who play together on a variety of string, wind and percussion instruments. A large orchestra is sometimes called a symphony orches- tra (about 100 players) and a small orchestra is called a chamber orchestra (between 30 and 40 players). The number of players will depend on what music they are playing and the size of the stage where they are playing.

Leading the group of musicians in the conductor. He/she helps the players to play together, to get the right balance so that everything can be heard clearly, and to encour- age the orchestra to play with the same kind of feeling

The instruments of the orchestra are organized into families and that is how they sit in the orchestra.

Build it Can you fill in where the different instruments of the orchestra sits? Also colour in the different instrument families using the following colours. Read the story for some clues!

As the Meastra (female conductor) of your very own orchestra it is important to know where your sections sit so you can help them while playing the pieces. Colour in the Brass, the Woodwinds, the Strings and the Percussion From left to right we start in the front with the smallest string instruments and move over to the biggest string instruments. The harpist sits in her own little block! The Flutes and oboes sits behind the violas and behind them is the clarinets and bassoons. In the second back row we have the French horns, , and , all in one row! Lastly,, we have the loudest section of them all! Listening list

Did you listen to the following songs?

There will be an assessment on listening skills where you will have to identify wether its solo instrument with accompaniment or only orchestral, and if orchestral, which instrument group plays the melodic line.

G O O D L U C K … A N D HAPPY LISTENING

(These are examples of what I will give you in the assessment— listen carefully—its best to close your eyes and trust your ears!)

Orchestral Solo—accompanied 1. Pirates of the Caribbean 1. Clarinet

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zTc2hD2npA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F0CCo4Eoj88 2. Rhapsody in Blue 2. Guitar

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ynEOo28lsbc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6AZy-gEnXrk 3. Romeo and Juliet 3. Trombone

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Od7gx3Dc-U https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nV_uKxGPF_I

Solo—Unaccompanied Solo & Orchestra

1. French : 1. Alto Saxophone

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQ-D8_q-Abs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XGL7cs8mf0A 2. Flute 2. Violin

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jG-Jyj25ieo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WPi7LrQ1rNg 3. Cello 3. Trumpet

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aA0MHmwsq8U https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1eyZAedhY4

What do you think—Where does Bolero fit in? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dZDiaRZy0Ak ______What is THAT A S y m p h o n y A symphony is a musical composition usually written A C o n c e r t o by composers for orchestra. It is a work usually con- A Concerto (plural concerti or concertos), is sisting of three to four movements, with the first move- a musical composition for a solo instrument per- ment in sonata form. Symphonies are composed for forming with an orchestra or smaller ensemble. an orchestra consisting of a string section, brass, woodwind & percussion instruments (Between The soloist stands or sits in front of the orchestra 30 to 100 musicians!) Symphonies are notated in so that the soloist can be heard over the orches- a musical score, which contains all the instrument tra or ensemble accompanying him or her. parts. Orchestral musicians play from parts which con- Today, concertos are written for pretty much any tain just the notated music for their own instrument. solo instrument. During the Classical period, how- Some symphonies also contain vocal parts. ever, there were fewer instruments available and The four-movements were: several that hadn't been invented yet. Composers 1 an opening sonata or allegro typically wrote concertos for keyboard instru- ments, like the piano, or for the instruments of the 2 a slow movement, such as adagio orchestra, like the violin, cello, or wind instru- 3. a minuet or scherzo with trio ments. 4. an allegro, rondo, or sonata A Classical concerto is a longer piece of music and is broken into three movements. A movement is a shorter piece that is put together with other movements in order to create a large, S o n a t a F o r m lengthy piece such as a concerto. The three movements of a concerto usually alter- Sonata refers to the layout of a musical compo- nate in tempo, or speed, with the first and third sition and more specifically to the form of the movements using a faster tempo, and the second 1st movement. Sonata form was started during the late Baroque era, dominated many forms of using a slower and more lyrical tempo. The first compositions during the Classical era & was de- movement uses Sonata Form. fined to concert music in the Romantic era.

Pieces for orchestra uses sonata are referred to as concertos or symphonies. A regular sonata form is built in three sections: • The exposition, where the main melodies are Did you know... stated • The development, where musical ideas are You do NOT clap between the movements, developed only at the end of the entire piece • and The recapitulation, where the exposition is restated in the tonic key. (3 or 4 movements later!)

Think Quick Where does a soloist stand when they play?

Name the four movements of a Symphony?

Name the three sections of Sonata form? True or False:

There are no concertos

written for Saxophone.

Name the three movements of a Concerto?

Sonata Form was started during the

————————-

period. Indian Music There are lots of different types of Indian music. Most of the music is similar to Western music types. Pop, classical, and folk are all included. India’s classical music has a history originating hundreds of years ago and it is still popular in In- dia today, as religious inspiration or for entertainment purposes. India has differ- ent ethnic groups, speaking their own languages and has different cultural tradi- tions.

The tal, or tala, is a repeating rhythmic pattern, The Raga is also a pattern, but it differs from Western scales or melodies. usually played by the tabla. It usually has between six and sixteen beats. The Ragas are sort of a mix of scales and melodies. beats are grouped into small sections in the pat- They have particular ascending and descending tern. The first note in the pattern is called a ‘sam’. It patterns. shows the beginning & end of improvisation, so it Ragas are used to symbolize the time of day, is often emphasized or made to sound louder. season, mood or special occasion.

A drone is a note that’s either held or repeated Improvisation is when the player throughout a piece of music. It’s usually the tonic does not have a prepared piece or note. an incomplete piece of music, and they make up notes as they go Today, the drone is played by an electrical box, along. but traditionally, it is played using the tanpura, which is also known as the Tambura. Its sort of like composing your own song. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLaGwYge1QA&list=PLHP7L5NbxAOrC2fCHyUUiT7fV16d6SbC5 - Indian Pop Music Song https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCV7_LcEruw - Classical Indian Music https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8JjOJmFZ78k - Raga and Tala explanation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6B4xo6zYdk - Sitar Instrumental African

MusicAfrican music is a very important part of life in Africa. It is a part of religious ceremonies, festivals, and social rituals. Songs are used for all the important events in a person's life (birth, coming of age, marriage, and death). They are used for curing the sick, bringing rain, and religious dances. Many Africans believe that music serves as a link with the spirit world. Everyone plays an active part in the musical life of the community. Music is ultimately tied to the things that are most important to the welfare of the people. X h o s a m u s i c Kaapse klopse Xhosa traditional music places a strong emphasis on The Kaapse Klopse festival that takes place every year on 2 group singing and hand clapping as accompaniment January and it is called Second New Year. Around 13,000 peo- to dance. Drums is not as important in Xhosa music ple take part in bright colours, either carrying colourful umbrellas as it is in other African cultures & music. Instruments or playing an array of musical instruments. It has been a custom since the mid-19th century. The instruments used are guitar, include rattles, whistles, flutes, mouth-harps and mandolin, banjo, cello, violin, double bass, and the ghoema stringed instruments made of bow & a resonator. (small Malay drum). Traditional Xhosa Song: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zEoYl4Ok6Ks Daar kom die Alibama: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KW_jillvuVg Modern Xhosa Wedding Song:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6gov_d5NxdE Parade Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nCfM_KodH3o

G u m b o o t D a n c i n g z u l u m u s i c The dancers wear wellington boots. The boots can Zulu music incorporates rhythm, melody and harmony, also have bells on them so they ring as the dancers known as isigubudu' (which can be translated as converging stamp on the ground. Gumboot dancing uses the horns on a beast, with tips touching, reflects inner feelings). concepts of polyrhythm and total body articulation, Instruments included the tsonga (horn), ingugu (a friction drum), drawing from the cultural dances of the African work- nkoka (drum), pedi (flute), venda (musical bow and stick), dem- ers that worked in the mines. It is a percussive dance ba (thumb piano) and umfece (ankle rattles). made by idiophones or autophones (objects of the everyday life vibrating by themselves). Traditional Zulu Dancing: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HxhhF_nHxIs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOjWa1a0ObY Johnny Clegg: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Ca2uVZuiY0 Characteristics of African Music:

Melodies are short & simple. African music uses short bits of melody that are repeated over and over. Singers or instru- mentalists may change them at will, so that the performance becomes a theme with many variations. When performing, one person may begin to improvise, or make up a special version of the melody while the other singers continue the original melody. Often, several voices will sing different melodies at the same time. Africans also sing in rounds. The accompaniment may consist of chords or short melodic patterns that are repeated continually. African

C o n t i n u e s ... Music Find the names of these African 7 instruments: 1

1 2 8 2

3 3

4 9

4 5

6

10 7 5

8

9 11 6 10

11