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Spotkanie Orędzia Ewangelii Z Kulturą Japonii W Kontekście Zmieniającej Się Metody Misyjnej

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Spotkanie Orędzia Ewangelii Z Kulturą Japonii W Kontekście Zmieniającej Się Metody Misyjnej Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach Wydział Teologiczny Ks. Mariusz Pasternak Spotkanie orędzia Ewangelii z kulturą Japonii w kontekście zmieniającej się metody misyjnej Praca doktorska z misjologii napisana na Wydziale Teologicznym Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach pod kierunkiem ks. prof. dra hab. Jana Górskiego Katowice 2018 Spis treści Wykaz skrótów ........................................................................................................ 5 Wstęp ....................................................................................................................... 7 Rozdział I Początki chrześcijaństwa w Japonii ..................................................... 13 1. Życie i działalność św. Franciszka Ksawerego ............................................. 13 a. Franciszek Ksawery w Kagoshimie .......................................................... 15 b. Misja w Hirado, Yamaguchi i Kioto .......................................................... 17 2. Działalność misjonarzy Towarzystwa Jezusowego ....................................... 22 a. Duszpasterskie wskazania i zalecenia ....................................................... 26 b. Problem terminologii katolickiej i pierwsze nawrócenia .......................... 29 3. Rozwój chrześcijaństwa i Kościoła ............................................................... 36 a. Reorganizacja misji – ks. Alessandro Valignano ....................................... 37 b. Studium języka japońskiego i kształcenie japońskiego duchowieństwa ... 40 c. Pierwsi japońscy wysłannicy w Europie ................................................... 43 Rozdział II Czasy prześladowań i ukrycia ............................................................ 49 1. Zagrożenia i trudności w życiu Kościoła ...................................................... 49 a. Rywalizacja potęg europejskich ................................................................ 54 2. Męczeństwo japońskiego Kościoła ............................................................... 59 a. Męczeństwo Wojciecha Męcińskiego ........................................................ 64 3. Życie japońskich chrześcijan w ukryciu ....................................................... 66 a. Powstanie na półwyspie Shimabara .......................................................... 68 Rozdział III Okres odrodzenia i rozwoju chrześcijaństwa .................................... 79 1. Ujawnienie się ukrytych chrześcijan ............................................................. 79 a. Zakazy i zastraszanie wiernych ................................................................. 86 2. Odrodzenie i rozwój chrześcijaństwa ............................................................ 91 3 a. O. Marc de Rotz i o. Germain Testevuide .................................................. 96 b. Ustanowienie hierarchii biskupiej ........................................................... 101 c. Kościoły protestanckie i Kościół prawosławny ....................................... 104 3. Kościół wobec tragedii Hiroszimy i Nagasaki............................................. 108 a. Budowa katedry w Hiroszimie ................................................................. 111 b. Świadkowie tragedii wojny ..................................................................... 113 Rozdział IV Odnowa Kościoła w czasach współczesnych .................................. 119 1. Perspektywy i zagrożenia wzrostu Kościoła ............................................... 119 a. Działalność społeczna Kościoła katolickiego .......................................... 122 b. Zagrożenia polityczne dla życia religijnego ............................................ 129 2. Wizyta Jana Pawła II w Japonii ................................................................... 133 a. Nauczanie Kościoła o pokoju i odpowiedzialności ................................. 135 b. Przesłanie pokoju dla japońskich chrześcijan i Japonii ........................... 138 c. Modlitwa i działanie owocem wizyty papieża ......................................... 142 3. Pastoralne i ewangelizacyjne projekty Kościoła.......................................... 147 a. Ewangelizacja w rodzinie, parafii, diecezji.............................................. 153 b. Ekumenizm i pastoralne programy .......................................................... 158 Zakończenie ......................................................................................................... 165 Bibliografia .......................................................................................................... 171 Summary .............................................................................................................. 183 4 Wykaz skrótów BMiss - Breviarium Missionum. CBCJ - Konferencja Episkopatu Japonii. ChL - Jan Paweł II, Adhortacja apostolska Christifideles laici. DA - Sobór Watykański II, Dekret o apostolstwie świeckich. DB - Dekret o pasterskich zadaniach biskupów w Kościele Christus Dominus. DE - Sobór Watykański II, Dekret o ekumenizmie Unitatis redintegratio. DM - Sobór Watykański II, Dekret o działalności misyjnej Kościoła. DRN - Deklaracja o stosunku Kościoła do religii niechrześcijańskich. DWR - Sobór Watykański II, Deklaracja o wolności religijnej. EE - Jan Paweł II, Adhortacja apostolska, Eccelsia in Asia. EG - Papież Franciszek, Adhortacja apostolska Evangelii Gaudium. EN - Paweł VI, Adhortacja apostolska Evangelii nuntiandi. FABC - Federacja Konferencji Biskupów Azjatyckich. KDK - Konstytucja duszpasterska o Kościele w świecie współczesnym Gaudium et spes. KK - Sobór Watykański II, Konstytucja dogmatyczna o Kościele Lumen gentium. KL - Sobór Watykański II, Konstytucja o liturgii świętej Sacrosanctum Concilium. KL - Sobór Watykański II, Konstytucja o liturgii świętej Sacrosanctum Concilium. KPK - Kodeks Prawa Kanonicznego. MN - Monunenta Nipponica. NCC - Krajowa Rada Chrześcijańska. NICE - Narodowa Konwencja dla Ewangelizacji. NICE - Pierwsza Narodowa Konwencja dla Ewangelizacji. NMI - Jan Paweł II, List apostolska Novo millennio ineunte. 5 PT - Jan XXIII, Encyklika Pacem in terris. RH - Jana Pawła II, Encyklika Redemptor hominis. RMis - Jan Paweł II, Encyklika Redemptoris mission. SODEPAX - Komisji ds. Społeczeństwa, Rozwoju i Pokoju. UUS - Jan Paweł II, Encyklika ut unum sint. VD-Benedykt XVI, Encyklika Verbum Domini. VOC - Holenderska Kompania Wschodnioindyjska. WCC - Światowa Rada Kościołów. ZMis - Zeszyty Misjologiczne Akademii Teologii Katolickiej. Do zapisu wyrazów japońskich stosuje się międzynarodową transkrypcję Jamesa Curtisa Hepburna. Samogłoski a, i, u, e, o wymawia się tak samo jak w wyrazach polskich, a te z górną kreską wymawia się z podwójnym iloczasem i zapisuje z kreską: ē – wym. [ee], ō – wym. [oo], ū – wym. [uu]. Spółgłoski zapisywane jako ch, j, sh, ts, w, z, y wymawia się jak polskie ć, dź, ś, ts, u/ł, dz, j. Popularne nazwy geograficzne (np. Kioto, Tokio) i terminy japońskie, które weszły na stałe do języka polskiego (np. kimono, szogun, szinto), zapisuje się w wersji spolszczonej. 6 Wstęp „Z okazji Jubileuszu Roku 2000 czcigodny Jan Paweł II na początku nowego tysiąclecia ery chrześcijańskiej stanowczo podkreślił potrzebę odnowienia zobowiązania, by nieść wszystkim orędzie Ewangelii «z takim samym entuzjazmem jak pierwsi chrześcijanie»” (NMI 58). „Ewangelia jest głoszona wszystkim narodom. Kościół «z natury swojej jest misyjny, ponieważ bierze początek z misji Syna i misji Ducha Świętego, zgodnie z zamysłem Boga Ojca» (DM 2). Taka jest «łaska i właściwe powołanie Kościoła; wyraża najprawdziwszą jego tożsamość. Kościół jest dla ewangelizacji»” (EN 14)”1. Orędzie Ewangelii było głoszone narodowi japońskiemu w XVI wieku, misjonarze przybyli do tego kraju o kulturze innej niż w Europie, tam też dokonało się dzieło ewangelizacji, dlatego tytuł niniejszej pracy brzmi: Spotkanie Orędzia Ewangelii z kulturą Japonii w kontekście zmieniającej się metody misyjnej. Spotkanie chrześcijaństwa z kulturą Dalekiego Wschodu trwa już kilka wieków, dlatego, by zrozumieć dzisiejszą sytuację chrześcijaństwa, trzeba przypomnieć początek misji, przeanalizować kolejne etapy, dojść do czasów nam współczesnych. „Misje odnawiają Kościół, wzmacniają wiarę i tożsamość chrześcijańską, dają życiu chrześcijańskiemu nowy entuzjazm i nowe uzasadnienie. Wiara umacnia się, gdy jest przekazywana! Nowa ewangelizacja ludów chrześcijańskich znajdzie natchnienie i oparcie w oddaniu się działalności misyjnej”2. Jak uczy nas Jan Paweł II, misje są ważne dla nas, dla Kościoła. Ewangelizacja Japonii jest dowodem, że Ewangelia jest zawsze aktualna. Wyraz „ewangelia” oznacza „dobrą nowinę”, chodzi o szczególną dobrą nowinę, 1 Por. Benedykt XVI, Orędzie na Światowy Dzień Misyjny 2011, „L’ Osservatore Romano” 3/2011, s. 4. 2 RMis 2. 7 pochodzącą z określonego źródła i dotyczącą konkretnego tematu. Jest to orędzie, które Bóg polecił ogłaszać całej ludzkości. Każdy człowiek rodzi się i wzrasta w konkretnym narodzie, kulturze i społeczeństwie, gdzie spotyka się z systemem wartości i wierzeń religijnych. Kultura jest częścią naszej tożsamości i bogactwa duchowego. Dlatego, aby w spotkaniu z drugim człowiekiem zapewnić wzajemny szacunek i ducha dialogu, należy uwzględnić kulturowy kontekst, z którego on pochodzi. Jak poucza nas Konstytucja duszpasterska o Kościele Soboru Watykańskiego II, Gaudium et spes, także Bóg dostosował się do poziomu człowieka i „przemawiał do swego ludu stosownie do stanu kultury właściwego różnym epokom”3. Kościół w swej pracy ewangelizacyjnej wychodzi ku człowiekowi,
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