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Tourism and Community Development in Madison, Indiana

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Tourism and Community Development in Madison, Indiana SummerFall 20062004 Volume 17,16, Issue 91 Tourism and Community www.IIRA.org Development in Madison, Indiana by John Staicer1 Charles Kuralt (1972), best known for his acclaimed “On Indiana. To walk through Madison’s leafy streets is the Road” series of television “essays” and arguably to vow faithfulness to this regal lady forever. Any America’s most famous “professional tourist” (MBC 2006), city with a Federal-style house like the one Judge once wrote . Jeremiah Sullivan built at Poplar and Second in 1818 could make a claim to royalty; Madison has For me the princess of the rivers (sorry, St. Louis; dozens of other houses almost as old and fine. forgive me, Memphis) is unquestionably Madison, Background on the “Princess of the Rivers”2 Madison (pop. 13,000) is the county seat of Jefferson County from Kentucky made Madison an important gateway to (pop. 39,000) on the Ohio River in largely rural southeast the Underground Railroad for hundreds and perhaps Indiana, midway between Cincinnati, Ohio, and Louisville, thousands of enslaved African-Americans.3 Kentucky. It is the largest city within a 35-mile radius and a regional hub for commerce, industry, health care, and tourism. The historic part of the city is on a fairly level, crescent-shaped tongue of Ohio River bottomland, approximately two miles long and three quarters of a mile wide, and is encircled by heavily wooded 400-foot high bluffs (City of Madison 2006; Madisonindiana.org 2002). The city dates from 1809, but by 1824, it had been incorporated as a town. By the 1830s, it was among the most populous, and one of the wealthiest communities in the state partly because of its access to transportation, including the Michigan Road, the first state-funded highway connecting the Ohio River with Lake Michigan, and the Madison-Indianapolis Railroad, the first in the state. Both were constructed in the 1830s, and by the 1850s, Madison was second in the west only to Cincinnati as a packer and shipper of hogs. Its location on the Ohio River across Madison from Kentucky Hills 1 The author is Executive Director of Historic Madison, Inc., a position he has held since April 2003. 2 The background information and history of Madison, Indiana, comes from the excellent “Historical Background” chapter in The Early Architecture of Madison, Indiana by Windle and Taylor (1986). 3Underground Railroad Network to Freedom Application Form, The Underground Railroad Network to Freedom Program, National Park Service, July 2004, application for the Georgetown district of Madison. Application was prepared by Jeannie Regan- Dinius, Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology, and is on file in the Division office. Georgetown is recognized by the National Park Service as the first Underground Railroad Network to Freedom District in the United States. By the start of the Civil War, Madison’s transportation edge Many early buildings were modernized in the late 19th was gone because railroads had supplanted the Ohio River century, however, with facelifts of cast iron storefronts and as a transportation artery and, not surprisingly, Madison’s pressed tin cornices and window hoods—many of which economic preeminence was gone as well. Population still exist today. In some ways, poverty or lack of economic growth slowed and then stabilized, causing the city to prosperity preserved Madison. settle into a lull that lasted through the 1930s. The city shared in the nationwide suburban boom after Nonetheless, Madison’s early and vigorous growth resulted World War II. New neighborhoods of ranch homes and in a wealth of fine early commercial and residential buildings commercial strip development were constructed on a in the Federal, Classic Revival, and early Victorian styles. hilltop above the old town, creating a bi-level community The economic downturn eliminated any pressure to tear with the historic town below and the new developments on down these well-constructed old buildings and build new. bluffs surrounding the original city. Tourism Development Madison has had a long history of attracting visitors and the modern era of automobile-related heritage tourism in major performers such as P.T. Barnum and Jenny Lind, the Madison. famed Swedish Nightingale. The Indiana State Fair was held in Madison in 1855. One explanation for its success in attracting tourism is the community’s prime and beautiful location on the Ohio River. In 1920, the State of Indiana created Clifty Falls State Park (2006) to preserve “a bit of original Indiana,” which now includes 1,416 acres, including the “Big Clifty Falls, with its narrow valley, sheer cliff and plunging water falls” (Big Clifty, over 70 feet) and the Clifty Inn on a scenic escarpment in the park overlooking Madison and the Ohio River. The state also purchased the James F. D. Lanier mansion in 1925; this was the first state- owned historic site in Indiana. The community embraced state ownership as an important step in saving one of the community’s most stunning and revered architectural achievements. Local business leaders also constructed several hotels in the city to accommodate a growing Lanier Mansion tourism industry. The next major event benefiting tourism took place after World In the late 1920s, the Madison-Milton Bridge across the War II as the suburban boom was in full swing in Madison and Ohio River connected Madison with Milton, Kentucky, across the nation. In 1948, John and Ann Windle purchased creating a new automotive route for those traveling from the Shrewsbury House. This structure is somewhat smaller but Indianapolis and points north to Frankfort, Kentucky, and no less refined than the Lanier Mansion. The Windles saved points south. The bridge was, for many years, the only Ohio it from becoming a rooming house. In 1960, John Windle and River road crossing between Cincinnati and Louisville, a group of like-minded community leaders formed Historic which provided Madison with a new transportation and Madison, Inc., one of Indiana’s earliest historic preservation tourism-related edge over neighboring communities. organizations. Its early successes paved the way for the Taken together, the state park, the Lanier mansion, new continued growth of tourism based on our community’s hotels, and the bridge provided the early infrastructure for history and fine early architecture.4 4Information for “Tourism Development” and “Historic Madison, Inc.” comes from the Historic Madison, Inc., archives. 2 Historic Madison, Inc. Historic Madison, Inc. (HMI), understanding the strong ties on traditional downtown commercial districts. Main Street between preservation and economic development, has been coordinators adopted a comprehensive approach to this the catalyst in creating a broad-based historic preservation problem. Richard Moe (2004), President of the National constituency. A major accomplishment was the Secretary of Trust for Historic Preservation, hailed Madison as a “national the Interior’s designation in 1973 of the Madison National trendsetter” (p. H4) in the preservation movement. Register Historic District (MNRHD). Including more than 2,000 historic structures on 133 blocks, MNRHD is the Other important achievements and honors made possible largest such district in the State of Indiana. HMI was the by community-wide preservation include the following: local support organization for the application. • The National Park Service designation of two National Historic Landmark properties: the Lanier Mansion and the Shrewsbury-Windle House. • Urban Initiatives named Main Street a Great American Public Place in 1995. • The National Trust for Historic Preservation recognized Madison in 2001 as one of 12 Distinctive Destinations in the United States. • The National Trust selected the Schroeder Saddletree Factory restoration, a property of Historic Madison, Inc., as a National Preservation Award winner. • The National Park Service designated Madison’s historic Georgetown neighborhood as America’s first Network to Freedom district in 2004, in recognition of its significant role in the Underground Railroad movement. The State of Indiana installed an Madison’s Historic Business District Indiana Historical Marker describing Georgetown’s importance in aiding freedom seekers. In 1977, the National Trust for Historic Preservation selected Madison as one of three Main Street Pilot project In addition, three movies—The Town (U.S. Office of War communities (including Galesburg, Illinois, and Hot Springs, Information, 1943), Some Came Running (MGM, 1958), South Dakota), with the HMI executive director as the Main and Madison (MGM, 2005)—have been filmed in Madison, Street coordinator. The goal of the project was to find a way further increasing its exposure as a tourist destination. to counter the effects of suburban strip mall development Tourism as a Development Strategy Madison’s history provides a framework for understanding Today, the tourism industry is among the leading economic the economic development strategies used to capitalize on engines in the community (which also include manufacturing, a city’s beauty and charm for developing heritage tourism— health care, and retail business), generating $50.3 million especially the use of organizations that have evolved to annually and supporting 1,092 jobs according to a study by support tourism. Cultural heritage tourism, according to the the Madison Area Convention and Visitors Bureau (Madison National Trust for Historic Preservation (2006), “is traveling to Courier 2006).
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