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Historische Frauenforschung in Japan

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Historische Frauenforschung in Japan Monographien Herausgegeben vom Deutschen Institut für Japanstudien Band 35, 2003 Andrea Germer Historische Frauenforschung in Japan Die Rekonstruktion der Vergangenheit in Takamure Itsues „Geschichte der Frau“ (Josei no rekishi) Monographien aus dem Deutschen Institut für Japanstudien Band 35 2003 Monographien Band 35 Herausgegeben vom Deutschen Institut für Japanstudien Direktorin: Prof. Dr. Irmela Hijiya-Kirschnereit Anschrift: 3-3-6 Kudan-Minami Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 102-0074, Japan Tel.: (03) 3222-5077 Fax: (03) 3222-5420 E-Mail: [email protected] http:Âwww.dijtokyo.org Umschlagbild: Takamure Itsue und ihr Ehemann Hashimoto Kenzô Anfang der 1950er Jahre. Mit auf dem Bild: Tonko (Mit freundlicher Genehmigung von Hashimoto Shizuko) Bibliografische Information Der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http:Âdnb.ddb.de abrufbar. Das vorliegende Werk wurde 2001 als Dissertation an der Ruhr-Universität Bochum angenommen. © IUDICIUM Verlag GmbH München 2003 Alle Rechte vorbehalten Druck: Offsetdruck Schoder, Gersthofen Printed in Germany ISBN 3-89129-504-9 Meinen Eltern, Bernhard Ferdinand Germer † 2003 und Gertrud Rosa Germer, geb. Ambs 5 VORWORT Historische Frauenforschung ist eine noch junge Disziplin in den Ge- schichtswissenschaften, wenngleich schon immer auch Frauen in Herr- scherpositionen zum Gegenstand der Geschichtsschreibung wurden. In Japan war es, wie in westlichen Ländern, ein weiter geschichtstheoreti- scher Weg, bis Frauen als Angehörige des „anderen“ Geschlechts histo- riographische Beachtung fanden. Neuerdings, und dies ist theoretisch konsequent, werden auch Männer als Angehörige eines Geschlechts wahrgenommen. Die Kategorie Geschlecht – als historisch kontingentes, soziales Rollenarsenal verstanden – ist somit auch in Japan zu einem essentiellen Instrument der historischen Analyse avanciert. Dies sind wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Entwicklungen der letzten bei- den Jahrzehnte, die stark vom westlichen feministischen Wissenschafts- diskurs beeinflußt wurden. Daß es in Japan eigene und innovative Ent- wicklungen in der Historischen Frauenforschung gegeben hat, zeigt der vorliegende Band sowohl in seiner gründlichen Einleitung in Geschichte und Problematik der Historischen Frauenforschung in Japan als auch in der detaillierten Vorstellung und theoretischen Analyse eines ihrer Hauptwerke. Dabei wird keinem Separatismus das Wort geredet, viel- mehr wird deutlich, daß und in welcher Weise sich japanische Autorin- nen und Autoren der Frauengeschichtsschreibung mit westlichen Impul- sen auseinandersetzten. Im Hauptteil dieses Bandes legt Andrea Germer eine wissenschaftsge- schichtliche Untersuchung der von der Pionierin der japanischen Frauen- geschichtsforschung, Takamure Itsue (1894–1964), verfaßten „Geschichte der Frau“ (Josei no rekishi) vor. Diese sich über tausend Seiten erstreckende universalgeschichtliche Studie übte auf die Entwicklung der Histori- schen Frauenforschung und innerhalb der zweiten japanischen Frauen- bewegung großen Einfluß aus, und Takamures historische Thesen sorgen bis heute für kontroverse Diskussionen unter Historikerinnen und Histo- rikern. Mit der Analyse des Werkes und seiner Einordnung in den biogra- phischen, politischen sozialen und wissenschaftlichen Kontext leistet Germer einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Geschichtstheorie und insbesondere zur Theorie der Historischen Frauenforschung, zur japanischen Wissen- schaftsgeschichte und zur Ideengeschichte des modernen Japan. Historische Frauenforschung betreibt Germer selbst in mehrfacher Hinsicht. Die Rekonstruktion des Lebens der Dichterin, der zunächst anarchistisch, späterhin nationalistisch und schließlich pazifistisch argu- 7 Irmela Hijiya-Kirschnereit mentierenden Theoretikerin und Historikerin Takamure Itsue sowie der gesellschaftlichen und politischen Umstände zur Zeit der Entstehung von Josei no rekishi im Rahmen der Werkanalyse sind für sich genommen wichtige Beiträge zur japanischen Frauengeschichte. Einen systematisier- ten Überblick zentraler Thesen der Historischen Frauenforschung in Ja- pan bieten die in der Analyse von Josei no rekishi behandelten Themen- komplexe „Die Ehe“, „Die Mütter“, „Liebe, Sexualität und Prostitution“ sowie „Die weibliche Kultur“ und deren kritische Diskussion. Hier zeich- net Germer in großer Klarheit den Geschichtsentwurf Takamures nach, verdeutlicht die Logik und das Innovative in Takamures Darstellungen, relativiert, kontextualisiert und problematisiert ihre Rekonstruktionen aber auch durch Verweise auf den heutigen historiographischen For- schungsstand, den zeitgenössischen Kontext und auf den gegenwärtigen feministischen Theorie- und Geschichtsdiskurs. Takamure Itsues Geschichtsdeutungen ordnen sich teilweise auch in den Zusammenhang des aktuellen Themas der nationalen Selbstbehaup- tungsdiskurse in Asien ein, einen derzeitigen multidisziplinären For- schungsschwerpunkt am Deutschen Institut für Japanstudien. Germer spricht von der „janusgesichtigen Fähigkeit“ Takamures, Frauenge- schichte in ihren größeren gesellschaftlichen und nationalen Zusammen- hang zu stellen. Einerseits gelingt es dieser nämlich, die geschlechtlichen Implikationen aller sozialen, wirtschaftlichen und politischen Phänome- ne und Entwicklungen herauszustellen, andererseits nimmt sie mit ihrem Postulat einer „weiblichen Kultur“ teil an einem „vergeschlechtlichten kulturellen Diskurs“, der sie besonders während des Krieges anfällig für nationalistische und imperialistische Ideologien machte – Positionen, die sie auch nach dem Krieg nicht ausdrücklich revidierte. Erstmalig wird so mit diesem Band Leben und Werk einer der wich- tigsten Autorinnen und Autoren der japanischen Frauengeschichtsfor- schung in Form einer Monographie in einer europäischen Sprache er- schlossen. Er vermittelt Zugänge zu einer einflußreichen und politisch zugleich höchst kontrovers diskutierten Persönlichkeit der japanischen Frauenbewegung des 20. Jahrhunderts. Darüber hinaus jedoch dürfte er mit seinen theoretischen und methodologischen Reflexionen inspirierend auf die Historische Frauenforschung wirken, in Europa, in Japan und darüber hinaus. Dies jedenfalls ist Andrea Germers eindrucksvoller Stu- die zu wünschen! Tôkyô, im Oktober 2003 Irmela Hijiya-Kirschnereit 8 Inhaltsverzeichnis INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Vorbemerkung und Danksagung. 13 Verfahrensfragen. 15 1EINLEITUNG . 17 1.1 Geschlechtliche Dimensionen von Geschichtsschreibung. 17 1.2 Quellenlage und Forschungsstand . 20 1.3 Konzeptionelle Herangehensweise . 23 2BIOGRAPHISCHES ZU TAKAMURE ITSUE . 26 2.1 Kindheit und Jugend . 26 2.2 Die Tôkyôer Jahre. 32 2.3 Das Haus im Wald, 1931–1945 . 40 2.4 Das Haus im Wald, 1945–1964 . 49 3HISTORIOGRAPHIE . 52 3.1 Historik . 52 3.2 Frauengeschichte – allgemeine Überlegungen . 58 3.3 Westliche Historische Frauenforschung . 61 3.3.1 Pionierinnen . 61 3.3.2 Moderne Historische Frauenforschung . 67 3.3.2.1 Frauengeschichte und Politik . 67 3.3.2.2 Geschlecht als Kategorie . 68 3.3.2.3 Historische Frauenforschung als akademische Disziplin . 73 3.3.2.4 Politik oder Geschichte? . 76 3.4 Historische Frauenforschung in Japan . 78 3.4.1 Frauen in der japanischen Geschichtsschreibung . 79 3.4.2 Pionierinnen und Pioniere der Frauengeschichte . 83 3.4.3 Frauengeschichte der Nachkriegszeit . 86 3.4.4 Wer schreibt Frauengeschichte? . 88 3.4.4.1 Frauengeschichte von Männern. 88 3.4.4.2 Laienforschung, Volkskunde und Lokal- geschichte . 91 3.4.5 Frauengeschichte-Debatten der 1970er Jahre . 96 9 Inhaltsverzeichnis 3.4.6 Neuere Historische Frauenforschung der 1980er Jahre . 99 3.4.7 Tendenzen der 1990er Jahre: Frauengeschichte oder Geschlechtergeschichte . 101 3.4.8 Frauengeschichte im asiatischen Kontext . 106 3.5 Historische Frauenforschung im internationalen Vergleich . 108 3.5.1 Frauengeschichte, Frauenforschung, Frauen- bewegungen . 109 3.5.2 Geschichtliche Perspektive und kulturelle Verortung . 113 4JOSEI NO REKISHI („DIE GESCHICHTE DER FRAU“) . 117 4.1 Entstehungsbedingungen und Zeitgeschichte . 117 4.1.1 Frauen in der japanischen Nachkriegsgesellschaft . 118 4.1.2 Takamure Itsues Prozeß des Schreibens . 124 4.2 Konzeptionelle Werkanalyse . 129 4.2.1 Die Vorworte . 130 4.2.2 Gesamtschau, Aufbau und Themen . 136 4.2.3 Quellen und Methoden . 152 4.2.3.1 Historischer Ansatz – Gegenwartsbezüge . 154 4.2.3.2 Interdisziplinarität . 156 4.2.3.3 Mythenexegese. 157 4.2.4 Geschichtliche Periodisierung . 161 4.2.4.1 Die Relativierung von Engels’ Thesen . 162 4.2.4.2 Takamures Periodisierung . 172 4.3 Thematische Analyse. 184 4.3.1 Die Ehe . 184 4.3.1.1 Von der Gruppenehe zur Besuchsehe. 188 4.3.1.2 Von der Einheirat des Mannes zur Einheirat der Frau . 193 4.3.1.3 Politische Heiraten, Ehebruch und Scheidung . 202 4.3.1.4 Exkurs: Universalgeschichtliche Vergleiche. 209 4.3.1.5 Die Ehe seit der Meiji-Zeit . 212 4.3.1.6 Die Historisierung der Ehe. 216 4.3.2 Die Mütter . 221 4.3.2.1 Die Matriarchatsidee und ihre Ursprünge . 222 4.3.2.2 Die „mütterlichen Verhältnisse“ der Frühzeit . 226 4.3.2.3 Die „Clan-Mutter“ Himiko und das hime-hiko- System . 231 4.3.2.4 Oya – die Alten und die Eltern . 245 4.3.2.5 Mutterschaft seit der Muromachi-Zeit . 248 10 Inhaltsverzeichnis 4.3.2.6 Mutterschaftskonzepte seit der Meiji-Zeit: Die „gute Ehefrau und weise Mutter“ . 253 4.3.2.7 Das Mütterliche als politische Kraft im 20. Jahrhundert. 260 4.3.2.8 Die Ambivalenz des Maternalismus. 265 4.3.3 Liebe, Sexualität und Prostitution . 271 4.3.3.1 Die Geschichte der Liebe in Europa
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