DOCSLIB.ORG

Additional Praise for the Innovators

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Additional Praise for the Innovators Additional Praise for The Innovators: “A sprawling companion to his best-selling Steve Jobs . The Innovators is the most accessible and comprehensive history of its kind.” —The Washington Post “[A] sweeping and surprisingly tenderhearted history of the digital age . absorbing and valuable.” —New York Times Book Review “Riveting, propulsive and at times deeply moving. The Innovators is one of the most organically optimistic books I think I’ve ever read.” —JeffreyCopy Goldberg, The Atlantic “[A] masterful book.” —San Francisco Chronicle “If anyone in America understands genius, it’s Walter Isaacson.” —Salon.com “Sharing their joy, [Isaacson] captures the primal satisfaction of solving problems together and changing the world.” —Bloomberg Businessweek “If you think you know everything about computers, read The Innovators. Surprises await on every page.” Tulane —Houston Chronicle “[A] tour d’horizon of the computer age . [The Innovators] presents a deeply comforting, humanistic vision of how a succession of brilliant individuals, often working together in mutually supportive groups, built on each others’ ideas to create a pervasive digital culture in which man and machine live together in amicable symbiosis.” —Financial Times 2P_Issacson_Innovators_CV_DN.indd 1 7/20/15 10:09 AM “A portrait both of a technology, and the culture that nurtured it. That makes it a remarkable book.” —Christian Science Monitor “Steve Jobs’s biographer delivers a fascinating, informative look at the quirky ‘collaborative creatures’ who invented the computer and Internet.” —People “[T]his is the defining story of our era, and it’s here told lucidly, thrillingly.” —The Guardian “Walter Isaacson is the best possible guideCopy to this storm.” —Bryan Appleyard, The Sunday Times “Isaacson’s book offers a magisterial, detailed sweep, from the inven- tion of the steam engine to the high-tech marvels of today, with pro- files of the great innovators who made it all happen.” —Forbes “A masterpiece.” —Daily News (Bowling Green, Kentucky) “If anyone could compress all that into a readable narrative, it would be Isaacson.” Tulane —Dallas Morning News 2P_Issacson_Innovators_CV_DN.indd 2 7/20/15 10:09 AM ALSO BY WALTER ISAACSON Steve Jobs American Sketches Einstein: His Life and Universe A Benjamin Franklin Reader Benjamin Franklin: An AmericanCopy Life Kissinger: A Biography The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made (with Evan Thomas) Pro and Con Tulane 2P_Issacson_Innovators_CV_DN.indd 3 7/20/15 10:09 AM HOW A GROUP OF HACKERS, GENIUSES,Copy AND GEEKS CREATED THE DIGITAL TulaneREVOLUTION 2P_Issacson_Innovators_CV_DN.indd 4 7/20/15 10:09 AM THE INNOVATORS Copy WALTER TulaneISAACSON SIMON & SCHUSTER PAPERBACKS NEW YORK LONDON TORONTO SYDNEY NEW DELHI 2P_Issacson_Innovators_CV_DN.indd 5 7/20/15 10:09 AM Simon & Schuster Paperbacks An Imprint of Simon & Schuster, Inc. 1230 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10020 Copyright © 2014 by Walter Isaacson All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions there of in any form whatsoever. For information address Simon & Schuster Paperbacks Subsidiary Rights Department, 1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. First Simon & Schuster trade paperback edition October 2015 SIMON & SCHUSTER and colophon are registered trademarks of Simon & Schuster,Copy Inc. Excerpts from “All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace” from The Pill Versus the Springhill Mine Disaster by Richard Brautigan. Copyright © 1968 by Richard Brautigan. Reproduced by permission of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. For information about special discounts for bulk purchases, please contact Simon & Schuster Special Sales at 1-866-506-1949 or [email protected]. The Simon & Schuster Speakers Bureau can bring authors to your live event. For more information or to book an event contact the Simon & Schuster Speakers Bureau at 1-866-248-3049 or visit our website at www.simonspeakers.com. Photo research and editing by Laura Wyss, Wyssphoto, Inc., with the assistance of Elizabeth Seramur, Amy Hikida, and Emily Vinson, and by Jonathan Cox. Interior design by Ruth Lee-Mui Manufactured in the United States of America 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 The Library of Congress has cataloged the hardcover edition as follows: Isaacson, Walter. TulaneThe innovators : how a group of inventors, hackers, geniuses, and geeks created the digital revolution / Walter Isaacson. — First Simon & Schuster hardcover edition. pages cm 1. Computer scientists—Biography. 2. Computer science—History. 3. Internet—History. I. Title. QA76.2.A2I87 2014 004.092'2—dc23 [B] 2014021391 ISBN 978-1-4767-0869-0 ISBN 978-1-4767-0871-3 (ebook) ISBN 978-1-4767-0870-6 (pbk) Photo credits appear on page 525. 2P_Issacson_Innovators_CV_DN_rev.indd 6 8/5/15 11:17 AM CONTENTS Illustrated Timeline x Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1Copy Ada, Countess of Lovelace 7 CHAPTER 2 The Computer 35 CHAPTER 3 Programming 87 CHAPTER 4 The Transistor 131 CHAPTER 5 TulaneThe Microchip 171 CHAPTER 6 Video Games 201 CHAPTER 7 The Internet 217 2P_Issacson_Innovators_CV_DN.indd 7 7/20/15 10:09 AM viii Contents CHAPTER 8 The Personal Computer 263 CHAPTER 9 Software 313 CHAPTER 10 Online 383 CHAPTER 11 The Web 405 CHAPTER 12 Ada Forever 467Copy Acknowledgments 491 Notes 493 Photo Credits 525 Index 529 Tulane 2P_Issacson_Innovators_CV_DN.indd 8 7/20/15 10:09 AM THE INNOVATORS Copy Tulane 2P_Issacson_Innovators_CV_DN.indd 9 7/20/15 10:09 AM 1843 1937 William Hewlett and David Packard form 1938 company in Palo Alto garage. Ada, Countess of Alan Turing publishes “On Lovelace, publishes Computable Numbers,” “Notes” on Babbage’s describing a universal Analytical Engine. computer. George Boole creates a Atanasoff finishes system using algebra model of electronic 1847 for logical reasoning. 1939 computer with mechanical storage drums. 1890 Claude Shannon describes how circuits of switches can perform tasks of Boolean algebra. Turing arrives at The census is tabulated Bletchley Park to work with Herman Hollerith’s on breaking German Bell Labs’ George Stibitz punch-card machines. Copycodes. proposes a calculator using an electric circuit. 1941 1931 Vannevar Bush Konrad Zuse completes Z3, a devises the Differential Howard Aiken proposes fully functional Analyzer, an analog construction of large electromechanical electromechanical digital computer and programmable digital computer. discovers parts of computer. Babbage’s Difference Engine at Harvard. Tulane1935 Tommy Flowers pioneers use of John Mauchly visits vacuum tubes as John Vincent Atanasoff puts Atanasoff in Iowa, on-off switches in together concepts for an sees computer circuits. electronic computer during a demonstrated. long December night’s drive. 1800 2P_Issacson_Innovators_CV_DN.indd 10 7/20/15 10:09 AM 1947 1942 Transistor invented at Von Neumann writes Bell Labs. “First Draft of a 1945 Report on the EDVAC” Atanasoff completes describing a stored- partly working program computer. computer with three hundred vacuum tubes, leaves for Navy. Turing publishes article describing a test for 1950 artificial intelligence. 1943 Six women Colossus, a vacuum- programmersCopy of ENIAC tube computer to are sent to Aberdeen break German codes, for training. is completed at 1952 Bletchley Park. 1944 Grace Hopper develops first computer compiler. Harvard Mark I goes Vannevar Bush into operation. publishes “As We May Think,” describing personal computer. Von Neumann completes modern computer at the Bush publishes Institute for Advanced “Science, the Endless Study. Frontier,” proposing Tulanegovernment funding of academic and industrial research. John von Neumann goes to Penn to work UNIVAC predicts on ENIAC. Eisenhower election victory. ENIAC is fully operational. 1952 2P_Issacson_Innovators_CV_DN.indd 11 7/20/15 10:09 AM 1957 Robert Noyce, Gordon Moore, President Kennedy and others proposes sending form Fairchild 1961 man to the moon. Semiconductor. Turing commits suicide. 1954 1962 Russia launches Sputnik. 1960 MIT hackers create CopySpacewar game. Texas Instruments Advanced Research Licklider becomes introduces silicon Projects Agency founding director of transistor and helps 1958 (ARPA) announced. ARPA’s Information launch Regency radio. J. C. R. Licklider Processing publishes “Man- Techniques Office. Computer Symbiosis.” Doug Engelbart publishes “Augmenting Human Intellect.” 1956 Jack Kilby demonstrates integrated circuit, or microchip. Licklider proposes an “Intergalactic 1963 Computer Network.” Shockley Semiconductor Noyce and Paul Baran at RAND founded. Tulanedevises packet Fairchild 1959 colleagues switching. independently First artificial invent intelligence microchip. conference. Engelbart and Bill English invent the mouse. 1954 2P_Issacson_Innovators_CV_DN.indd 12 7/20/15 10:09 AM 1969 1968 First nodes of ARPANET installed. Larry Roberts sends Don Hoefler begins out request for bids to 1966 column for Electronic build the ARPANET’s 1971 News called “Silicon IMPs. Valley USA.” Demise party for Whole Earth Catalog. Stewart Brand hosts Trips Festival with Ken Kesey. 1964 Ken Kesey and the NoyceCopy and Moore Merry Pranksters form Intel, hire Andy take bus trip across Grove. Intel 4004 America. microprocessor unveiled. Ted Nelson publishes Bob Taylor convinces first article about ARPA chief Charles 1965 “hypertext.” Herzfeld to fund ARPANET. Brand publishes first Donald Davies coins Whole Earth Catalog. the term packet Ray Tomlinson invents switching. email. TulaneARPANET design Moore’s Law predicts discussions in 1972 microchips
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ARE YOU RECREATING WORK at HOME? by Billie Anne Grigg | 04/28/2017 Pocket Change
    A R T I C L E ARE YOU RECREATING WORK AT HOME? by Billie Anne Grigg | 04/28/2017 Pocket Change converted by Web2PDFConvert.com converted by Web2PDFConvert.com 2 Recreating work at home. Sounds horrible, doesn’t it? If you run your business from your home, you have no doubt read one of the numerous articles about how to most effectively work from a home-based office. I admit to reading more than a few myself. When you are trying to strike a balance between running your business effectively, while facing the many distractions which accompany working from a home office, you look for all the help you can get. On the surface, these articles provide common sense advice. If you follow this advice, you will no doubt achieve greater effectiveness during your work day. However, all of this “common sense” advice yields one result: recreating work at home. The comfort – and the failure – of a familiar structure When my husband first started homeschooling our oldest son over ten years ago, we fell into a common trap: we tried to recreate the school environment at home. We didn’t go as far as some – I have read tales of homeschooling parents setting up a small-scale classroom, complete with chalkboard and a flag to start the day with the Pledge of Allegiance – but we started the school day promptly at 8am, we spent a set amount of time on each subject, and we even assigned homework. It was an utter failure. We made a common mistake: we adopted a familiar structure, because we thought that structure would result in success.
    [Show full text]
  • When Is a Microprocessor Not a Microprocessor? the Industrial Construction of Semiconductor Innovation I
    Ross Bassett When is a Microprocessor not a Microprocessor? The Industrial Construction of Semiconductor Innovation I In the early 1990s an integrated circuit first made in 1969 and thus ante­ dating by two years the chip typically seen as the first microprocessor (Intel's 4004), became a microprocessor for the first time. The stimulus for this piece ofindustrial alchemy was a patent fight. A microprocessor patent had been issued to Texas Instruments, and companies faced with patent infringement lawsuits were looking for prior art with which to challenge it. 2 This old integrated circuit, but new microprocessor, was the ALl, designed by Lee Boysel and used in computers built by his start-up, Four-Phase Systems, established in 1968. In its 1990s reincarnation a demonstration system was built showing that the ALI could have oper­ ated according to the classic microprocessor model, with ROM (Read Only Memory), RAM (Random Access Memory), and I/O (Input/ Output) forming a basic computer. The operative words here are could have, for it was never used in that configuration during its normal life­ time. Instead it was used as one-third of a 24-bit CPU (Central Processing Unit) for a series ofcomputers built by Four-Phase.3 Examining the ALl through the lenses of the history of technology and business history puts Intel's microprocessor work into a different per­ spective. The differences between Four-Phase's and Intel's work were industrially constructed; they owed much to the different industries each saw itselfin.4 While putting a substantial part ofa central processing unit on a chip was not a discrete invention for Four-Phase or the computer industry, it was in the semiconductor industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Outline ECE473 Computer Architecture and Organization • Technology Trends • Introduction to Computer Technology Trends Architecture
    Outline ECE473 Computer Architecture and Organization • Technology Trends • Introduction to Computer Technology Trends Architecture Lecturer: Prof. Yifeng Zhu Fall, 2009 Portions of these slides are derived from: ECE473 Lec 1.1 ECE473 Lec 1.2 Dave Patterson © UCB Birth of the Revolution -- What If Your Salary? The Intel 4004 • Parameters – $16 base First Microprocessor in 1971 – 59% growth/year – 40 years • Intel 4004 • 2300 transistors • Initially $16 Æ buy book • Barely a processor • 3rd year’s $64 Æ buy computer game • Could access 300 bytes • 16th year’s $27 ,000 Æ buy cacar of memory • 22nd year’s $430,000 Æ buy house th @intel • 40 year’s > billion dollars Æ buy a lot Introduced November 15, 1971 You have to find fundamental new ways to spend money! 108 KHz, 50 KIPs, 2300 10μ transistors ECE473 Lec 1.3 ECE473 Lec 1.4 2002 - Intel Itanium 2 Processor for Servers 2002 – Pentium® 4 Processor • 64-bit processors Branch Unit Floating Point Unit • .18μm bulk, 6 layer Al process IA32 Pipeline Control November 14, 2002 L1I • 8 stage, fully stalled in- cache ALAT Integer Multi- Int order pipeline L1D Medi Datapath RF @3.06 GHz, 533 MT/s bus cache a • Symmetric six integer- CLK unit issue design HPW DTLB 1099 SPECint_base2000* • IA32 execution engine 1077 SPECfp_base2000* integrated 21.6 mm L2D Array and Control L3 Tag • 3 levels of cache on-die totaling 3.3MB 55 Million 130 nm process • 221 Million transistors Bus Logic • 130W @1GHz, 1.5V • 421 mm2 die @intel • 142 mm2 CPU core L3 Cache ECE473 Lec 1.5 ECE473 19.5mm Lec 1.6 Source: http://www.specbench.org/cpu2000/results/ @intel 2006 - Intel Core Duo Processors for Desktop 2008 - Intel Core i7 64-bit x86-64 PERFORMANCE • Successor to the Intel Core 2 family 40% • Max CPU clock: 2.66 GHz to 3.33 GHz • Cores :4(: 4 (physical)8(), 8 (logical) • 45 nm CMOS process • Adding GPU into the processor POWER 40% …relative to Intel® Pentium® D 960 When compared to the Intel® Pentium® D processor 960.
    [Show full text]
  • Rutherford's Nuclear World: the Story of the Discovery of the Nuc
    Rutherford's Nuclear World: The Story of the Discovery of the Nuc... http://www.aip.org/history/exhibits/rutherford/sections/atop-physic... HOME SECTIONS CREDITS EXHIBIT HALL ABOUT US rutherford's explore the atom learn more more history of learn about aip's nuclear world with rutherford about this site physics exhibits history programs Atop the Physics Wave ShareShareShareShareShareMore 9 RUTHERFORD BACK IN CAMBRIDGE, 1919–1937 Sections ← Prev 1 2 3 4 5 Next → In 1962, John Cockcroft (1897–1967) reflected back on the “Miraculous Year” ( Annus mirabilis ) of 1932 in the Cavendish Laboratory: “One month it was the neutron, another month the transmutation of the light elements; in another the creation of radiation of matter in the form of pairs of positive and negative electrons was made visible to us by Professor Blackett's cloud chamber, with its tracks curled some to the left and some to the right by powerful magnetic fields.” Rutherford reigned over the Cavendish Lab from 1919 until his death in 1937. The Cavendish Lab in the 1920s and 30s is often cited as the beginning of modern “big science.” Dozens of researchers worked in teams on interrelated problems. Yet much of the work there used simple, inexpensive devices — the sort of thing Rutherford is famous for. And the lab had many competitors: in Paris, Berlin, and even in the U.S. Rutherford became Cavendish Professor and director of the Cavendish Laboratory in 1919, following the It is tempting to simplify a complicated story. Rutherford directed the Cavendish Lab footsteps of J.J. Thomson. Rutherford died in 1937, having led a first wave of discovery of the atom.
    [Show full text]
  • Emblem Catalog, 1957
    'Preamble (L ouelilutioii GrAVE SERVICE SCHOOL A' PROGRAMS NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS • INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA i DECORATIVE D RAPE S • BAN N E R ETTE S Fast color, red, white and blue cotton bunting. American Legion or Auxiliary emblem in colors. SPECIFY. Suitable for all decoration needs both inside and outside. A. Blue bunting Bannerette, 3x3 feet (American Legion Only) No. 7473 $4.00 A. Blue bunting Bannerette, 3x5 feet (American Legion Only) No. 7474 5.85 B. Bannerette, feet 2x6 —American Legion No. 7475;. Auxiliary No. 3475 2.75 B. Bannerette, 3x9 feet— American Legion No. 7476;. Auxiliary No. 3476 4.60 C. Panel Drape, 2x6 feet — American Legion No. 7480;. Auxiliary No. 3480 4.40 C. Panel Drape, 3x9 feet — American Legion No. 7481;. Auxiliary No. 3481 6.30 IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT BUNTING D. Red, white and blue sewed stripe cotton drapery. Reliance quality 24-in. width, per yard No. 70241 $1.00 36-in width, per yard No. 70361 1.20 DISPLAY PENNANT STRINGS E. Each string consists of 1 2 pennants in assortment of colors, strongly sewed in a folded canvas tape. Reliance quality cotton. Pennant size: 12x18 inches, per string No. 70334 $3.00 16 x 24 inches, per string No. 70335 3.40 20 x 30 inches, per string No. 70336 4.50 STREET DECORATION The Blaw Unit is adaptable for all standard lighting poles, columns, etc. with a diameter of 4 to 7V inches. Constructed of a bronze band with four brass sockets and an adjustable hinged clamp. Flag holders may be placed equai distances apart or grouped for various styles of decorations.
    [Show full text]
  • Beat Ecopoetry and Prose in Stewart Brand's Whole Earth Publications
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Sustainable Gardens of the Mind: Beat Ecopoetry and Prose in Stewart Brand's Whole Earth Publications A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy in English by Susan Elizabeth Lewak 2014 © Copyright by Susan Elizabeth Lewak 2014 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Sustainable Gardens of the Mind: Beat Ecopoetry and Prose in Stewart Brand's Whole Earth Publications By Susan Elizabeth Lewak Doctor of Philosophy in English University of California, Los Angeles, 2014 Professor Michael A. North, Chair Stewart Brand’s Whole Earth publications (The Whole Earth Catalog, The Supplement to the Whole Earth Catalog, CoEvolution Quarterly, The Whole Earth Review, and Whole Earth) were well known not only for showcasing alternative approaches to technology, the environment, and Eastern mysticism, but also for their tendency to juxtapose radical and seemingly contradictory subjects in an “open form” format. They have also been the focus of notable works of scholarship in the social sciences. Areas of exploration include their relationship to the development of the personal computer, the environmental movement and alternative technology, the alternative West Coast publishing industry, Space Colonies, and Nanotechnology. What is perhaps less well known is Brand’s interest in the Beat poetry of Jack Kerouac, Gary Snyder, Allen Ginsberg, Michael McClure, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Gregory Corso, Robert Creeley, David Meltzer, and Peter Orlovsky beginning with CoEvolution Quarterly in 1974. Brand’s decision to include ecologically based free-verse Beat poems is also indicative of ii a particular way of seeing science and technology. The term “coevolution” itself is biological in origin and refers to the evolutionary relationship between predator and prey: a lizard may turn green to fade into the grass, but an eagle, with its highly developed vision, will be able to spot the lizard hiding among the green blades.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Source Projects As Incubators of Innovation
    RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS TO ORGANIZATIONAL SOCIOLOGY AND INNOVATION STUDIES / STUTTGARTER BEITRÄGE ZUR ORGANISATIONS- UND INNOVATIONSSOZIOLOGIE SOI Discussion Paper 2017-03 Open Source Projects as Incubators of Innovation From Niche Phenomenon to Integral Part of the Software Industry Jan-Felix Schrape Institute for Social Sciences Organizational Sociology and Innovation Studies Jan-Felix Schrape Open Source Projects as Incubators of Innovation. From Niche Phenomenon to Integral Part of the Software Industry. SOI Discussion Paper 2017-03 University of Stuttgart Institute for Social Sciences Department of Organizational Sociology and Innovation Studies Seidenstr. 36 D-70174 Stuttgart Editor Prof. Dr. Ulrich Dolata Tel.: +49 711 / 685-81001 [email protected] Managing Editor Dr. Jan-Felix Schrape Tel.: +49 711 / 685-81004 [email protected] Research Contributions to Organizational Sociology and Innovation Studies Discussion Paper 2017-03 (May 2017) ISSN 2191-4990 © 2017 by the author(s) Jan-Felix Schrape is senior researcher at the Department of Organizational Sociology and Innovation Studies, University of Stuttgart (Germany). [email protected] Additional downloads from the Department of Organizational Sociology and Innovation Studies at the Institute for Social Sciences (University of Stuttgart) are filed under: http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/soz/oi/publikationen/ Abstract Over the last 20 years, open source development has become an integral part of the software industry and a key component of the innovation strategies of all major IT providers. Against this backdrop, this paper seeks to develop a systematic overview of open source communities and their socio-economic contexts. I begin with a recon- struction of the genesis of open source software projects and their changing relation- ships to established IT companies.
    [Show full text]
  • 1117 M. Stahl Obsoletes Rfcs: 1062, 1020, 997, 990, 960, 943, M
    Network Working Group S. Romano Request for Comments: 1117 M. Stahl Obsoletes RFCs: 1062, 1020, 997, 990, 960, 943, M. Recker 923, 900, 870, 820, 790, 776, 770, 762, SRI-NIC 758, 755, 750, 739, 604, 503, 433, 349 August 1989 Obsoletes IENs: 127, 117, 93 INTERNET NUMBERS Status of this Memo This memo is an official status report on the network numbers and the autonomous system numbers used in the Internet community. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Introduction This Network Working Group Request for Comments documents the currently assigned network numbers and gateway autonomous systems. This RFC will be updated periodically, and in any case current information can be obtained from Hostmaster at the DDN Network Information Center (NIC). Hostmaster DDN Network Information Center SRI International 333 Ravenswood Avenue Menlo Park, California 94025 Phone: 1-800-235-3155 Network mail: [email protected] Most of the protocols used in the Internet are documented in the RFC series of notes. Some of the items listed are undocumented. Further information on protocols can be found in the memo "Official Internet Protocols" [40]. The more prominent and more generally used are documented in the "DDN Protocol Handbook" [17] prepared by the NIC. Other collections of older or obsolete protocols are contained in the "Internet Protocol Transition Workbook" [18], or in the "ARPANET Protocol Transition Handbook" [19]. For further information on ordering the complete 1985 DDN Protocol Handbook, contact the Hostmaster. Also, the Internet Activities Board (IAB) publishes the "IAB Official Protocol Standards" [52], which describes the state of standardization of protocols used in the Internet.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Exam Review History of Science 150
    Final Exam Review History of Science 150 1. Format of the Exam 90 minutes, on canvas 12:25pm December 18. You are welcome to bring notes to the exam, so you could start by filling out this sheet with notes from lectures and the readings! Like the mid-term, the final exam will have two kinds of questions. 1) Multiple choice questions examining your knowledge of key concepts, terms, historical developments, and contexts 2) Short answer questions in which ask you to draw on things you’ve learned in the course (from lecture, readings, videos) to craft a short argument in a brief essay expressing your informed issue on a historical question 2. Sample Questions Multiple Choice: Mina Rees was involved in (and wrote about) which of the following computing projects? A) Silicon Valley start-ups in the dot-com period B) Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine C) Works Projects Administration Tables Project D) Federal funding for computing research after WWII Short Answer: (Your answers should be between 100-200 words, and keep to specifics (events, machines, developments, people) that demonstrate your knowledge of materials covered from the course) A) What are two historical factors important to the development of Silicon Valley’s technology industry after World War II? B) In what ways did the field of programming change (in terms of its status and workers) between World War II and the late 1960s? 3. Topics to Review: Below, is a list of ideas to review for the final exam, which covers material through the entire course. You should review in particular, lecture notes, O’Mara’s The Code and other course readings provided on Canvas.
    [Show full text]
  • Video Games and the Mobilization of Anxiety and Desire
    PLAYING THE CRISIS: VIDEO GAMES AND THE MOBILIZATION OF ANXIETY AND DESIRE BY ROBERT MEJIA DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Communications in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2012 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Kent A. Ono, Chair Professor John Nerone Professor Clifford Christians Professor Robert A. Brookey, Northern Illinois University ABSTRACT This is a critical cultural and political economic analysis of the video game as an engine of global anxiety and desire. Attempting to move beyond conventional studies of the video game as a thing-in-itself, relatively self-contained as a textual, ludic, or even technological (in the narrow sense of the word) phenomenon, I propose that gaming has come to operate as an epistemological imperative that extends beyond the site of gaming in itself. Play and pleasure have come to affect sites of culture and the structural formation of various populations beyond those conceived of as belonging to conventional gaming populations: the workplace, consumer experiences, education, warfare, and even the practice of politics itself, amongst other domains. Indeed, the central claim of this dissertation is that the video game operates with the same political and cultural gravity as that ascribed to the prison by Michel Foucault. That is, just as the prison operated as the discursive site wherein the disciplinary imaginary was honed, so too does digital play operate as that discursive site wherein the ludic imperative has emerged. To make this claim, I have had to move beyond the conventional theoretical frameworks utilized in the analysis of video games.
    [Show full text]
  • Whole Earth Catalog
    WHOLE EARTH CATALOG access to tools h^y' Spring 1969 #'?' amH •'"v; * : WHOLE EARTH CATALOG FUNCTION The WHOLE EARTH CA TALOG functions as an evaluation and access device. With it, the user should know better what is worth getting and where and how to do the getting. An item is listed in the CA TALOG if it is deemed: 1) Useful as a tool, 2) Relevant to independent education, 3) High quality or low cost, 4) Easily available by mail. CA TA L OG listings are continually revised according to the experience and suggestions of CAT A L OG users and staff. PURPOSE We are as gods and might as well get good at it. So far, remotely done power and glory--as via government, big business, formal education, church-has succeeded to the point where gross defects obscure actual gains. In response to this dilemma and to these gains a realm of intimate, personal power is developing-power of the individual to conduct his own education, find his own inspiration, shape his own environment, and share his adventure with whoever is interested. Tools that aid this process are sought and promoted by the WHOLE EARTH CATALOG. RETAINING SUBSCRIBERS Mark Albert San Francisco, California John Doss San Francisco, California Edmund Scientific Company Barrington, New Jersey Henry Jacobs & Associates Sausalito, California Edward Rosenfeld New York, New York St. George Bryan Maui, Hawaii Geoffrey Gates New York. New York Peter Cornell Berkeley, California Second Printing August 1969 © 1969 Portola Institute, Inc. All rights reserved under Pan-American and International copyright
    [Show full text]
  • On-Demand Routing in Multi-Hop Wireless Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
    Available Online at www.ijcsmc.com International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing A Monthly Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology ISSN 2320–088X IJCSMC, Vol. 2, Issue. 7, July 2013, pg.317 – 321 RESEARCH ARTICLE ON-DEMAND ROUTING IN MULTI-HOP WIRELESS MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS P. Umamaheswari 1, K. Ranjith singh 2 1Periyar University, TamilNadu, India 2Professor of PGP College, TamilNadu, India 1 [email protected]; 2 [email protected] Abstract— An ad hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes dynamically forming a temporary network without the use of any preexisting network infrastructure or centralized administration. Routing protocols used in ad hoc networks must automatically adjust to environments that can vary between the extremes of high mobility with low bandwidth, and low mobility with high bandwidth. This thesis argues that such protocols must operate in an on-demand fashion and that they must carefully limit the number of nodes required to react to a given topology change in the network. I have embodied these two principles in a routing protocol called Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). As a result of its unique design, the protocol adapts quickly to routing changes when node movement is frequent, yet requires little or no overhead during periods in which nodes move less frequently. By presenting a detailed analysis of DSR’s behavior in a variety of situations, this thesis generalizes the lessons learned from DSR so that they can be applied to the many other new routing protocols that have adopted the basic DSR framework. The thesis proves the practicality of the DSR protocol through performance results collected from a full-scale 8 node tested, and it demonstrates several methodologies for experimenting with protocols and applications in an ad hoc network environment, including the emulation of ad hoc networks.
    [Show full text]