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Modulation  Copper Access Technologies  Wireless Subscriber Line  Cable Television

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Modulation  Copper Access Technologies  Wireless Subscriber Line  Cable Television Dr. Beinschróth József Telecommunication informatics I. Part 2 ÓE-KVK Budapest, 2019. Dr. Beinschróth József: : Telecommunication informatics I. Content Network architectures: collection of recommendations The Physical Layer: transporting bits The Data Link Layer: Logical Link Control and Media Access Control Examles for technologies based on the Data Link Layer The Network Layer 1: functions and protocols The Network Layer 2: routing Examle for technology based on the Network Layer The Transport Layer The Application Layer Criptography IPSec, VPN and border protection QoS and multimedia Additional chapters Dr. Beinschróth József: : Telecommunication informatics I. 2 Content of this chapter (1) Network models Theory Media for Data Transmission Twisted Pair Coaxial cable and optical fiber Wireless Data transmission Network topology PSTN Data Transmission Main Parameters of the Physical Layer Mechanical and electrical parameters Functional parameters Approaching from the physical layer Baseband transmission Bitflow (stream) transmission with modulation Copper access technologies Wireless subscriber line Cable Television Dr. Beinschróth József: : Telecommunication informatics I. 3 The physical layer: The lowest layer of the OSI model OSI TCP/IP Hybrid Application Layer Presentation Layer Application Layer Application Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Transport Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Network Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer Network models Dr. Beinschróth József: : Telecommunication informatics I. 4 Theoretical basis - recapitulation Fourier Analysis Theory of Superposition Theory Dr. Beinschróth József: : Telecommunication informatics I. 5 Theoretical basis - recapitulation Theorem • If we sample the bandlimited signal with the double of the bandwidth the original of signal can be restored from the samples. Sampling Data rate • v[bps]=2H[Hz]log2V - no upper limits ! of a (V a number of discrete levels of the signal – practically Noiseless the power of 2, channel (v) • Hchannel bandwidth) Claude E. Shannon • V[bps]=H[Hz]log2(1+S/N) • (S/N: signal-to-noise ratio, – typically measured in dB - 10lg(signal/noise), here Maximum is the ratio what matters) Data Rate (e.g transmission of binary signals on a channel at 3kHz width, if the of a Noise Signal/Noise ratio is 30dB-s (S/N=1000), then the upper bound is 30kbps, no Channel matter how high or low signal level we utilize. (v) • In practice the Shannon-bound is barely approachable! • In practice physical media has limited frequency bandwidth (pl. CAT5 cable: 100MHz Coaxial: 1GHz) Theory Dr. Beinschróth József: : Telecommunication informatics I. 6 Allocation and Application of the Electromagnetic Spectrum at the data transmission - summarizing Hz 104 105 106 107 108 109 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 Earth- Twisted Pair Satellite connection Optical Coaxial cable Fiber FM broadcasting Mobil AM broadcasting Microwave ADSL TV WLAN PCL, BPL Bluetooth LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF THF km m mm Several physical media use several frequency band. Theory Dr. Beinschróth József: : Telecommunication informatics I. 7 Noise is added to the signal during data transmission Shannon theorem - ideal/noisy channel? TransmitSend Transmission Címzet SenderKüldő Adó Reciever Addressee terer channel t NoiseZaj Noise is always present! Theory Dr. Beinschróth József: : Telecommunication informatics I. 8 Multiplexing-Creating channels through physical connections (lines) - recapitulation Creating multiple channels on one wire- e.g between centers Frequency • Spectrum is divided to logical and Wave (narrowband) channels • At that time, the channel is Division available only for the channel multiplexing user Time • Each user channel utilizes a Division wider frequency band, but only multiplexing for a small fraction of time Theory Dr. Beinschróth József: : Telecommunication informatics I. 9 Frequency-division multiplexing - recapitulation Channel 1 Channel Channel Bandwidth 1 signals 2 combined Channel Bandwidth 2 3 Bandwidth 3 Theory Dr. Beinschróth József: : Telecommunication informatics I. 10 Time-division Multiplexing - recapitulation Senders Receivers Data flow of signals multiplexed Theory Dr. Beinschróth József: : Telecommunication informatics I. 11 Physical Layer is built on the data transmission media - recapitulation • Consists of different materials and constructions, for the transmission of physical signals • Twisted Pair • Coaxial Cable • Optical Fiber Transmission • Wireless transmission Media (Vacuum is considered to be a media „ether”.) • Microwave transmission • Satellite transmission • WLAN radio connection • (Infrared transmission) • (Laser) Media for Data Transmission Dr. Beinschróth József: : Telecommunication informatics I. 12 Different types of the Twisted pair technology - recapitulation Symmerical setting: high insusceptibility to interferences UTP • Pairs of copper wires are insulated and twisted on each other, (Unshielded Twisted Pair ) • One cable multiple twisted pair of wires • Pairs of copper wires are insulated and twisted on each other, STP (Shielded • braid shield inside the jacket covering all wires (as a group) Twisted Pair) • One cable multiple twisted pair of wires FTP • One cable multiple twisted pair of wires (Foiled • Foil-shielded cable Twisted Pair) FSTP (Foiled • Pairs of copper wires are insulated and twisted on each other Shielded • One cable multiple twisted pair of wires Twisted Pair) • Cable shielded by foil Quality and price Media for Data Transmission Dr. Beinschróth József: : Telecommunication informatics I. 13 Examples: Twisted pairs have many alternatives - recapitulation UTP- Less cost, more suspectibility to interferences Media for Data Transmission Dr. Beinschróth József: : Telecommunication informatics I. 14 Twisted pairs are cathegorized by quality in classes - recapitulation Class by standards Type (Quality, Applications e.g density of twisting) Category 1 Telephone Category 2 4 Mbps Data line Category 3 10 Mbps Data lines (10Base Ethernet) (16 MHz) Category 4 20 Mbps Data Line (16 Mbps Token Ring) RJ-45 Category 5 100 Mbps Data lines (Fast Ethernet) (100 MHz) Category 6 250MHz Category 7 600 MHz Maximal cablelength: approx. 100m Media for Data Transmission Dr. Beinschróth József: : Telecommunication informatics I. 15 Attachment of RJ-45 connector on the UTP cable Crimper Media for Data Transmission Dr. Beinschróth József: : Telecommunication informatics I. 16 Coaxial Cable are utilized for Data Transmission - recapitulation Plastic Jacket Metallic Shield Dielectric Insulator Centre Core 50 ohm-cable:utilized in LAN-s (10Base2 –thin - 200m, 10Base5 – thick - 500m) 75 ohm-cable: utilized for analog transmission (e.g. Cable television) Wide bandwidth, insuspectibility to interference Bandwidth: even 1 GHz Main transmission rate: Gbps Media for Data Transmission Dr. Beinschróth József: : Telecommunication informatics I. 17 Optical solutions can be utilized for data transmission - recapitulation Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) Fiber, Optical technology Signals are transmitted on an optical fiber (made of light passing material) High insusceptibility Longer ranges can be superable (80km) Commonly used wavelength: 1200-1500 nm Great protection against „wiretapping” Cable: lightweight and thin Common Data Rate: nxGbps Media for Data Transmission Dr. Beinschróth József: : Telecommunication informatics I. 18 Even wireless technologies play significant role in data transmission • Transponders-installed on satellites- rebroadcast the incoming signals at an Satellite another frequency, after amplifying them. • Common frequency band of satellites: 500 Transmission MHz (e.g 800 voice channel on 64 kbit/s Data rate) • Delay:n*100ms Microwave • 2 to 15 GHz transmission WLAN radio • 2,4 and 5GHz connections Media for Data Transmission Dr. Beinschróth József: : Telecommunication informatics I. 19 Multiple choices of Satellite Orbits • GEO (Geosynchronous Earth Orbit) 36000km (250ms delay.) Circular • MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) 7-12000km (e.g: GPS) Orbits • LEO (Low Earth Orbit) 700-1600km (e.g: IRIDIUM) Elliptic • EEO (Elliptic Earth Orbit) Orbits Media for Data Transmission Dr. Beinschróth József: : Telecommunication informatics I. 20 A VSAT is used commonly(1) • Data transmission services through satellite VSAT • Field of Applications (Very • POS - Point of Sales terminals, (ATM – Automatic Transfer Machine) Small connected to bank networks • Special local networks (e.g: Aperture recordings of Gas station stocks ) • For reserving flight tickets, and Terminal) communicating between these systems Media for Data Transmission Dr. Beinschróth József: : Telecommunication informatics I. 21 A VSAT is used commonly(2) Satellite Subscri- ber Data center Network Control Data Center Voice Media for Data Transmission Dr. Beinschróth József: : Telecommunication informatics I. 22 Connection through satellites - available at places that are not covered with terrestrial services (e.g. waste) • Transmission of Sound and data, pager, Positioning, fax, services for providing Internet access • Provides guaranteed and unbreakable telecommunication supply for 24 hours at any sites of the Earth (even on extreme places), available even on disasters (e.g earthquake) • Expensive, but payable. • When we transmitted the signal to the closest satellite above IRIDIUM* our head, it transmits forward to another, until the called party does not identify the closest satellite to him/her,
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