E EPISCOPAL CHURCHPEOPLE for a FREE SOUTHERN AFRICA c 339 Lafayette Street, New York, N.Y. 10012-2725 s (212) 4n-0066 FAX: ( 212) 9 79-1013 A JJ149: 12 June 1994 (anniversary of the ) THE INDEPENDENT(founding of ECSA 1956) WEDNESDAY 8 JUNE 1994 In his first interview with any newspaper since he was inaugurated, South Africa's President spoke'to John Carlin in Pretoria Mandela tells how he will tackle the future -·and the past PRESIDENT Nelson Mandela, greatest punishment would be the 75, said yesterday he intended to obligation to serve under those see out his full five-year term of of they strove so long to suppress. fice. "At least for the next five Mr Mandela was speaking years," he said in an interview shortly after the Justice Ministry with the Independent. "But then I announced that an amnesty would would be 80 and I don't think it be considered for all those who would be profitable for a man of 80 committed political offences be Declaring that forgivenness to stand for political office." fore 5 December last year, on con would not be absolute, Mr Speaking at the presidential of dition that that they first con Mandela said people would be fice in Pretoria he said that be fessed fully before a soon to be treated differently. "Some of those tween now and 1999 his priority established Truth Commission. who defended apartheid by sitting would be to "convert" all South The Justice Minister, Dullah down to hatch schemes to murder Africans to a new sense of national Omar, said the commision, which people simply because they de identity, loyalty and unity, even if is expected to focus on the 15,000 manded equality, those we can that meant forgiving many of the political killings since 1990, would never forgive." sins of the past. While acknowl make recommendations to the What about Inkatha officials edging that many of apartheid's President. In the end it would be who were sitting in parliament Mandela: priority is a national criminals would never suffer for up to Mr Mandela to decide who now and had been publicly linked identity, loyalty and unity the evil they did, he said their received pardons. · with "Third Force" elements in
with Mr de Klerk: there can be no point around the country and she the security forces? "If a person greater criminals than the Na was subject to the most disgraceful has committed a crime, whether tional Party ... But we are work persecution. She stood up very he is inside parliament or outside ing with them and we are forget well to that. She has played a role parliament makes no difference. ting the past because they are and she has the qualifications to The police must take action contributing to the building of the serve in that position." against them. What we are con new nation. The punishment is But her criminal record con cerned with is to ensure there is that they are now serving under cerned a non-political offence: unity in the country. If people are those whom they tried too was not the idea of the ANC to inclined to change their views ... demonise." sweep the country with a new then we'll have to work with them They were also serving under moral broom? "The people we are whatever the position was in the his ·estranged wife Winnie, a con working with in the government past. victed criminal, and now deputy have themselves sanctioned crimi "Take the fact that we work minister of arts and culture. Why nal acts - despicable criminal acts had he appointed her? "No. Mrs - so you must look at her position Mandela, whatever criticisms we from the point of view of the gov may have of her, has made a very ernment of national unity, which valuable contribution. There was a has all sorts of people whose h~nds time in the late Seventies and are dripping with blood." Eighties when she was the rallying WEDNESDAY 8 JUNE 1994 rHE INDEPENDENT
'We must A sinning saint grapples portray the true history of South Africa and that history must with the legacy of evil reflect the reality WE ARE 10 minutes into the that ·it's not just interview when a white President Nelson Mandela tells woman a junior member of the white staff. ~alks into the wood John Carlin of 4is determination Buildings but the security pan~lled presidential cham people, as well as my col minority who ber office carrying a tray with to chart a middle way between leagues like Mr de Klerk, said have contributed two cups of tea and a glass of I should stay here, at the pres mineral water. black aspirations and white fears . idency." Might this curious nos- to the history. of Nelson Mandela, debonair talgia for something so recent re this country' in an immaculately tailored we are, the cabinet room here, veal a chink in the armoury? dark suit, springs to his feet, the parliament where we met: "That question has alreaay Was he a sentimentalist at heart? ram-rod straight. "Good these are the places where the been answered. There is a new "It's a house which I've lived morning!" he smiles."How most diabolical polices were spirit in the country. At our in for almost three years now are you?" hatched and if we are going to first cabinet meetings all the and it has got that family set Before he embar.ks on wc "Fine, Mr Mandela." He be consistent we ought not to cliches that came up during ting, you know, warm. I'm road of self-development at introduces the woman, who the elections have disap be meeting here, we ought not there with my grandchildren the age of 80, it is politics th~t says her name is Lenoy to be meeting in that parlia peared and people are now and the ladies who help in the will continue to consume h1s Coetzee. "The water's for you, ment, we ought to be meeting working out ways how to home. And then I've got very passions. When he says that Mr Mandela." in the open veld. We have to make the lives of our people good neighbours and the for providing jobs and houses.for "Thank you very much." sit down to work out a plan better. There are of course dif malities that are observed the poor is his greatest pnor It was not the occasion to and now as the builders of the ferences here and there and there are not so rigid, al ity in government, he mt:ans engage in further conversa new South Africa we have to the leader must always be though the police have come it from the bottom of his tion with Ms Coetzee but the be alive to the sensibilities of alert to ensure that those dif in and camped inside my heart. When he tells the anon chances are that she has been the other group that has now ferences are worked out." home. Nevertheless, that in- ymous black masses at vast working at the Union Build lost power." Mr Mandela's impersonal ' formality is there and I like to ANC rallies that he loves ings, the seat of govern~ent Mr Mandela said he was description of himself as "the I· be there. I can relax." them, he means it. Discern in Pretoria, for some nme. particularly disturbed by a ae leader", his habit of speaking The grandchildren, of ible now is a seed oflove - as Certainly since before Mr cision taken at a meeting he in the collective "we", his re whom he has 20, offered the comfortably distant as it is Mandela's inauguration as was unable to attend to luctance to use the first per key to unlock the man - or at sincere - for the anonymous president on 10 May. change the name of the Ver son singular reveal his deter least a glimpse of him. T;his white masses too. In common with the vast woerd Building - the gov mination to be seen not as the was his answer to the quesuon Was he surprised at the degree majority of civil servants, the ernment headquarters in colossus of South African whether he had been born a to which whites appeared to have chief beneficiaries of apart Cape Town named after the politics but as one more in?~ leader or had become one. adapted to the 'politic{ll changes? heid's giant affirmative action National Party prime minis vidual in what he puncuh "When I compare myself to He was excited by the ques programme for ;Afrikan~rs, ter who, more zealously than ously insists on describing as the youth today there is no tion. "You .know, that is per she will not be losmg her JOb. any other, enforced the ideol the "collective" ANC leader comparison. They know far fectly true. Yes. Look at the For the natural courtesy the ogy of apartheid. ship. But they are also symp more that I did at their stage. lady who brought in the tea. world's youngest 75-year-old "You see, Verwoerd's toms of a man who has sacri My grandson, who is four, can Look at this! It is really unbe ficed more than most and is ask me questions and know - exhibits in private has ex grandson is in the movement lievable the way they hav_e [the ANC] now and his wife is either unwilling or unable to about things I never dreamt just adjusted to the new posi tended to the political sphere. drop his guard and expose his of, even when I was U or 16. It is the policy of the African in parliament. However much tion. And you can als~ take they disliked apartheid that is inner feelings. Perhaps all He'll ask me 'Why did Mr de the politicians, people like de National Congress, despite its saints are like that. Klerk take you to prison?' landslide electoral victory, still their beloved grandfather Klerk, the way they ~~ve a~ · and we can't be insensitive Was he a saint? and 'What is the ANC going justed to their posmon m not to do the time-honoured "Well, it depends on your to do for us?' and 'What has it revolutionary thing and re and just single them out. But public functions. They do not there are certainly going to be definition of a saint. Some done for you? Was it the ANC push themselves." place wholesale one set of ap- people have said a saint ~s a that sent you to jail?' Remark ·paratchiks with another. , changes and some are going How did he explain it? "I to upset part of the commu sinner who keeps on trymg. able!" think it is people, the nature Even the policemen who : From that angle, you may His grandfatherly pride had man the gates and check your nity. But they are inevitaple: of the human being. People we must portray the true his classify me as a saint, b~cause softened him and it seemed want peace. They want secu bags upon ~val at t_he red I have many weakness. like the moment to ask what brick monolith are white. The tory of South Africa and· that rity for themselves and for history must reflect the real What were his weaknesses? he would do after he retired, their children. I think also pictures are the same ones "Others might be more auth after - as he insisted he F W de Klerk gazed upon be ity that it's not just the white there are many men and minority who have contrib oritative in this regard." Did would - he had completed women of all groups who fore he was moved to the dep he, for example,. not suffer fools his five-year presidential uty president's wing: scenes uted to the history of this want to contribute to the country." gladly? "Sometimes I los~ my term. development of South Africa of lonely ox-carts on the yel calmness ... There are Urnes "Do all the things that I've low veld. Mr Mandela's secre In place names, as in all and this is their chance and when I can't control myself, missed: to be with my chil they have seized it. tary is new (and black), as is things, it is Mr Mandela's in for example when someone dren and grandchildren and hi~ press secretary, and the tention to find a middle way "No, this has really been re asks a question which I think with my family; the ability to markable absolutely remark fla;: ·,.,;hind the presidenti~l between black aspirations and· is foolish and shows some de sit down and to read what I de·.:. L3s changed, but a b1g white fears. His chief con able to s~ on television the gree of bias towards blacks." would like to read. You know Afrikaner farmers queuing bw. shield bearing white cern, he said, was to ensure How - I tried another tack Soutr. Africa's ancient motto that the government of na with their black workers to - had his life changed in the last in prison - although it was vote and even chatting to - "ex unitate vires" - re tional unity should live up to month? "Not much ... except mains on the office wall. its name. Included in the cab 1 tragedy to spend 27 years in them. It's really remarkable., of course for the little bit of prison - one of the advan He smiles and looks away, as inet are the National Party pomp." Had he not thought of taking-' and Inkatha, not least the tages was the ability to sit if to savour the consumm~ The word was that he down and to think. This is tion of a lifelong dream. H1s the shield down? 1 ANC's bogeyman: Mango- wanted to stay at his house in "We have to bring about a suthu Buthelezi. · one of the things that I miss voice trails off. "Remarkable. Houghton, an affluent suburb most. There is not time to Remarkable ..." lot of changes in this country Was not this the oddest collec of Johannesburg, rath_er th~n tion of individuals ever gathered read literature, novels: this is from the point of view of sym move into the pres1denual something I like very much. bols: the names of. cities, together in a government? How residence. Was that true? could they possibly work together It is the route you would like towns, airports, buildings, "I still live there and I to follow in order to develop roads. But this is not some effectively? wanted to stay there and to yourself." thing that must be done travel every day to the Union piecemeal. The offices where THE NEW YORK TIMES INTERNATIONAL SATURDAY, JUNE 4, 1994
ISame Old Bureaucracy Serves New South Africa
'j ·- - net minister who has dismissed any cauntry that no longer exists. By BILL KELLER prominent official,· and some of the Mr. Mandela has little choice but to Speaalto The New Yort Tunes most devoted enforcers of apartheid be nice to them. He Is bound by a JOHANNESBURG, June 3 - Joe· are clinging tenaciously to their jobs. c:onatltutJonal promise to protect the Slovo's first newsworthy act as Pres~ Like a new groom who has agreed jobs and perquisites of public employ- dent Nelson Mandela's Minister of to take in his bride's difficult rela· ees. He has few trained managers to. Housing was to dismiss the director Uves, Nelson Mandela has found him· replace them. And the bureaucrats of the housing department and put in self wedded to an extended family of alone know the ~rets of running the a man he trusted. · 10me two million state employees, -~tate. v "It is common practice interna- dominated by white Afrikaans-speak· _ Among the top 3,000 employees who tionally" to purge department heads lag men and deployed in a crazy run things the color scheme is 95 when a new Government takes pow- constellation of redundant, racially_ percent white, and women are er, a spokesman for Mr. Slovo said. divided bureaucracies devised for a scarcely represented at all. True enough, but it is not common 1 So the new rulers have treated the : practice in the new South Africa. AI· civil service gingerly, hoping respect most a month into the Ma~;~dela presi· dency~. Slovo is still the only Cabi-
. Continued From Pa,e l . will be repaid with loyalty and worry· A more complicated problem for ing that confrontation will generate · the new Government Is sorting out Ministries remain resistance. the eat's cradle of bureaucracies cre ated to serve not a unUied country but in the hands of the: So far, Instances of Insubordination a constellation of racial groups. have been minor, as most holdovers Schoolin&, for example, was gerry adapt to the new order with a show of mandered by apartheid Into separate whites. dutiful professionalism. education departments for whites, Some top officials moved into of blacks, mixed-race students and lndi· flees that had been stripped of furni· anJ, plus autonomous departments out the more cumbersome alterna ture, files and computers. In the case for each of 10 black homelands. tive of busing students into white of a new executive at the state-run "In any other country you would schools. But any wholesale transfer South African Broadcasting Corpora· know the people workin& In education lion, of teachers is likely to encounter even the phone number had been · in the next town," said Peter Buck· strong resistance. •. swiped, so that the executive could · land, a former school' administrator. dial out but no one could call in. i "We didn't know our colleagues in the How to Promote Blacks Data Only for Privileged ! next block. We had a very, very effec· Another test for the new Goverri · tlvely frqmented system." ment is how to promote more blacks Others have found that the ~radl· 1 tionally secretive bureaucracy Js not · Separate but Unequal into bureaucracies top-heavy with quick to recognize Its new masters.: whites. . The white departments have pro Although a few areas, like the post· Tokyo Sexwale, the new leader of the: fessional managers, computers, gen· large industrial province centered on al service, have been patronage pre . erous budgets, and enough teachers serves for white Afrikaners, the civil Johannesburg, called the old regional· . to keep the average class at about 20 office requesting some economic service Is a major employer of pupils. The black departments are blacks. · data, only to be told that the lnforma-: generally run by teachers promoted tion was privileged. i I In any case, observed Anne McLen 1 to management without any extra More typically, new officials,: most training, often overseen by whites. nan, a public management specialist of them entirely new to Govern~ent,! They oversee schools without books at University of the Witwatersrand, arrived to find the old deputies wait-: or windows, and teachers whose the most talented leaders of the Afri· ing eagerly, armed with detailed re-' classes average 40 students and can National Congress and allied or· ports on the workings of the depart· 10met1mes swell to 80. ganlzatlons like labor unions have ment and proposals to reorganize - The separate systems spawned been drafted Into the Parliament and thus making themselves instantly in· their own racially exclusive unions provincial legislatures, leaving few dispensable. _ and profess1o11al organizations, some available for civil service jobs. "They chose to pre-empt rather of which can be expected to join with The new Government, she said, has than resist," said Godfrey Mokate of bureaucrats In fighting changes that little choice but to make Its peace the University of the Witwatersrand, threaten their privileges. with the civil service, with Its secre· . who has advised the new Government Now there Is one national education tlve ways, Its authoritarian style, and on revamping the civil service. department for all races, which will Its penchant for manipulation. "Later, when they see the direc· delegate much of Its power to a re· "At the upper levels, the culture is tives coming down, if they feel threat glonal department In each of nine fairly professional," she said. "There ened they can sabotage things by proVinces. But It will take time for Is a sense that you follow orders, that withholding information and slowing each proVince to usemble its new you Implement policy. It's middle down change," he added. bureaucracy from the remains of management that could be obstruc Dependent on Holdovers many, and even more time to close tive when you start rationalizing the the gap in quality of education. system." Eventually, Mr. Mokate said, the If they resist, she added, It wlll be new ministers will install their own "For both constitutional reasons and practical reasons, you can't jusi subtle. . people, but for now they are depend· "You may never know whether It's ent on such holdovers as Gen. Johan . pick up white teachers In Nelspruit and tell them to go teach in black deliberate or just Inefficiency," she van der Merwe, the pollee commis· said. sloner who presided over a depart· · schools in Soweto," said Mr. Buck· ment reputedly riddled with sabo land. teurs of democracy, and H. S. Pien- Eventually the new education min· . aar, the housing official who master lster may attempt to do just that. The minded the forced removals of blacks minister, Slbusiso Bengu, has. ruled to squalid townships. Wt:DNESMY, JUNE 8,1994 A25 ' South Mrica Proposes Amnesty .for
--- --·~------· ·- Political Crinrlnals Who Confess
FRill! News Senicea pest are to be healed ... disclosure of the gle against apartheid with those who partici .:~"CAPE TOWN, South Africa, june 8-The truth and its aclmowledgment are essential." pated in all kinds of activities in order to keep "'lft!w South African government said today Under the proposals, a "truth commission" apartheid in place." that it will introduce legislation that would would investigate accusations of human rights Police killed about 2,000 people during a -grant amnesty to those who confess to politi abuses and political crimes and present a re black uprising in the 1980s, and scores of peo port to Mandela, who would have final say on cal crimes committed for and against apart ple were killed and many more maimed by heid. who received amnesty. He repeatedly has ANC bombs and by pro-ANC gangs. stressed he will consider any option to bring Omar said amnesty would only be consid Justice Minister DulJah 0mar said Presi reconciliation in a nation tom by centuries-old dent Nelson Mandela's government wants to ered for incidents that occurred on or before racial divisions. Dec. 6, 1993, one day before some govern make a "clean break" with the past and cre Omar said the commission would examine ate "a culture of human rights." mental powers were banded over to a multi abuses by white-led former governments and party Transitional Executive Council in what "Reconciliation is not ~ply a question of his own African National Congress in its oppo many people considered the end of white-mi indemnity or amnesty and letting bygones be sition to apartheid. But, he said, "' do not and nority rule. That means the killers of top ANC bygones," Omar said. "'f the wounds of the will not equate those who fought in the strug- and Communist Party leader Chris Hani and
American Fulbright scholar Amy Biehl could ANC officials say full disclosure of political be eligible, if their crimes were deemed politi crimes could show the white-led former .gev;. cally motivated. ernment was deeply involved in the use ~Of · White extremists accused of bombings that death squads and other means to suppress an killed 21 people this year in a bid to derail ti-apartheid groups. April's all-races election, the nation's first, Under an existing program, about 13,000 would not be eligible. But Omar made clear people, many of them ANC activists, received that Mandela could grant amnesty to the amnesty for political crimes committed before white extremists, as demanded by pro-apart October 1990. heid whites negotiating with the government The new laws establishing amnesty and on creation of a white-dominated territory. reparations-which could include payments . The neo-Nazi Mrikaner Resistance Move and education grants for victims' families- ' ment said in a statement today, "Rejection of would be proposed in the ANC-dominated Par our reasonable offer means that our struggle liament, with final approval unlikely before will now have to continue and even intensify." August, Omar said. ~-·
Mandela thinks again on weapons, writes Chris McGreal in Johannesburg ANC gives its blessing to increased arms exports
OUTH AFRICA'S state chants or death, the ANC mlght for repression than defence. - Libya and Someli clan leaders, weapons firm, Anns have moved to shut down South Thousands of Rwandan gov- and less controversial clients, cor, has welcomed last Africa's weapons Industry. In· ernment soldiers responsible with little fear of them being week's lifting of the stead, President Mandela for ethnic massacres· carry traced back to·Pretorla. · UnitedS Nations anns embargo rifles, grenades and ammunl· Rebel annies In Angola and bowed to the economic poten· against Pretoria with plans to tlal or the anns trade, already tlon bought, among tons or MoziUnbique turned South Airi double Its exports within a one or South Africa's Jarcest weapons, ftom Annscor over a can arms on civilians. Attlmu year. Nelson Mandela has given manufactured exports. In doing perlod or five years. nitlon were sold to those with the scheme his blessing. 10 he offers an argument fa. Iraq bought South Aftican ar- the cash to pay. All the sales Annscor says it will concen· voured by his predecessors. tlllery during its war with Iran, were made with the South Airi trate on sophisticated markets "I don't think It would be fair and then hauled It Into Kuwait. can cabinet's approval, If the previously closed to South Af to say that a particular country Argentina's. junta used Anns- law was followed. rica and diversify by adapting should not engage In trade In cor equipment In the Falklands. Annscor says that with South military vehicle designs for cl- arms. Anns are for defending Morocco used South African Africa's own demand diminish . villan use. It alms to boost sales the sovereignty and Integrity or weapons against the Western lng, it must Increase exports to to £300 million and then to a country. From that ancie. Sahara Independence sttuale. keep ita weapons Industry double them the next year. there Is nothing wrong with Mobutu Sese Seko or Zaire used alive. The defence minister. Joe But with Annscor's history of having trade In anns," be aald Pretoria's guns against his own Modise, has lent his. weight as delivering weapons to a host of just before the embaigo wu people and redistributed them part of his battle against mUl blood-soaked regimes, Includ lifted. to Angola's Unita rebels. tary spending cuts. With 80,000 Ing Rwanda, Iraq and Libya, When the UN embargo was Eastern bloc weapons cap- jobs at stake, and Annscor the prospect of a new sales Imposed 17 years ago, the gov· tured by South African forces promising to create another drive is viewed with alarm by ernment Invested In Annscor In Angola· were sold by Arms- 25,000 t,brough Increased pro some In South Africa. as a design and procurement cor to any solvent buyer. Anti- ductlon at the Denel anns man After years of denouncing agency. Its weapons were aircraft guns, missiles, mines ufacturer, President Mandela Annscor as modern day mer- widely sought, and used more and &renades were passed on to has found It hard to resist. TUESDAY 31 MAY 1994 ¥ THE INDEPENDENT THE GUARDIAN Wednesday June 1 1994 ._Mandela South Africa,, sets ~discusses When Mr Hartzenberg spoke of "procedures" he referred also to a limit to optimism commitment on the part of Mr ·atnnesty Mandela to begin tripartite negoti ations with the CP (which did not Zaire and Kenya to realise their take part in the elections) and the Chris McGreal potential has turned the conti· more moderate Freedom Front meets the man with nent's attention south. Other with right (which did), to examine proposals African countries hope South for an Afrikaner homeland. Africa will somehow revive the task of cooling their fortunes. It is a view Pre· .· }OHNCARLIN The Johannesburg Star said in toria is keen to discourage. in Johannesburg an editorial yesterday that talks a desperate "There are exaggerated ex with the far right were a good continent's hopes pectations of what South Africa NELSON MANDELA, risking thing in principle but not if it can mean in terms of economic meant "rendering democracy hos growth in the rest of the conti · the first serious controversy of his .' presidency, yesterday met South tage to the whims of a tiny minor N the fortnight since Nelson nent. Suuth Africa's potential is ity''. The cause of the far right Mandela's inauguration as a long term issue and won't Africa's far right to discuss grant I president, international have any immediate spinoffs," ing pardons to the bombers who should not be dignified with a sta organisations have rushed to Mr Auret said. killed 21 people in the run-up to tus it did not deserve. suck South Africa in. Today Some of South Africa's new last month's elections. Driven by Mr Mandela, who spoke once South Africa rejoins the Com leaders feel a deep emotional more yesterday of the need "to monwealth, a day after it was debt to countries such as Zam the imperative to reconcile all South Africans, Mr Mandela held heal the wounds of the past", has inducted into the Non-Aligned bia, Zimbabwe, Tanzania and already expressed his govern Movement. Pretoria's new flag Angola for holding the line talks with the leader of the far flies at the Organisation of Afri against apartheid and suffering right Conservative Party (CP), ment's intention to extend indem can Unity. The United Nations at the hands of apartheid's mili Ferdi Hartzenberg. nity to all those who committed will not be far behind. tarism. They also recognise The agenda was dominated by political crimes before December But as South Africa re that assisting South Africa's the plight of the 34 supporters of last year. Mr Omar is preparing emerges on to the world stage, neighbours is a protective mea legislation to that effect. it is its neighbours which have sure, but one that will conflict Eugene Terreblanche's Afrikaner Resistance Movement (AWB) who Mr Hartzenberg's objective most to gain and lose. After de with the ANC-led government's when he meets Mr Omar will be to cades of an uncomfortable own interests and priorities. have been arrested in connection relationship in which economic With an economy three times with the bombing campaign. Mr persuade him to wipe the slate interdependence survived larger than the seven frontline Mandela said after the meeting clean up to the present day. cross-border raids and outright states combined, South Africa that the question of amnesty for Brian Currin, the chairman of , war, the frontline states can at exports five times as much to Lawyers for Human Rights, wrote · last embrace their neighbour. the continent as it imports. the right-wing terrorists would be discussed further by Mr Hartzen a letter to Mr Mandela yesterday They hope South Africa's Among the few exports from imploring him not to give the CP renewal will be their own, but the rest of Africa to South Af· berg and the Minister of Justice, they also fear being swamped rica are the continent's profes· Dullah Omar. leader the satisfaction he seeks."In by their much stronger econo sionals. Doctors from Ghana A presidential spokesman said it our view this is untenable," Mr my. Already the gravitational and Zaire, managers from Nige would be premature to conclude Currin said. "To let off the bomb pull southwards is draining ria, Zimbabwean teachers have that any finality had been reached ers would be to promote anarchy African nations of their best all crept in. At the same time more than anything else. The time brains, and threatening to di· pressure is already building on on the issue yet but Mr Hartzen berg, whose main bargaining card has come to try and foster some , vert investment and aid. President Mandela's govern law and order and the line has to ln Pretoria, the foreign minis ment to stem the flow of un is the prospect of further right try's deputy director-general skilled migrant labour that wing violence, declared himself be drawn now. It's not in the inter for Africa, Derek Auret. says a Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Ma· pleased. "Procedures have been ests of the country to do deals with priority for President Mande lawi and Lesotho are happy to put in place to make progress and discredited Rambo maniacs like Ja's government will be to es send because they are a vital Terreblanche and his fanatics who tablish political and economic source of rPmittances. I'm optimistic there is no need for violence to achieve results," he constitute a fraction of one per stability in southern Africa. He The issue of more than 2 mil· cent of the total population." says South Africa's negotiated lion illegal immigrants will be told reporters after yesterday's transition might f''lcourage a crucial because they take jobs meeting in Pretoria. settlement with Unita rebals in the ANC urgently needs for its Angola and reassure Mozam own constituents. bique, which is on its way to Other African countries also multi-party elections. But the fear Pretoria will suck in a size key to stability, he argues, will able chunk of what little for· be to ensure economic growth eign investment and Western that spills over. aid comes into the continent. "Perhaps the best chance is For all the talk of regional co in coming together around com operation, the key to South Afri· NAMIBIA mon economic objectives and ca's prosperity lies beyond the achieving collective economic continent. Now the issue of growth which will lead to all apartheid is dead, southern Af. the benefits that this govern rica may be of no more conse ment would like to see accrue quence to the world than the to South Africans but would rest of a marginalised continent. also like to see acrue to all Yet trade and South Africa's Northern Cape southern Africans. greatest single asset - Nelson "South Africa cannot be an Mandela - may keep attention island of prosperity in a sea of focused. Just as the world poverty and therefore I think it heard out Zimbabwe's Robert is exceptionally important that Mugabe because of the anti· our focus in the first instance is apartheid struggle, if President southern Africa," Mr Auret Maudela chooses to tell the said. world it has a moral obligation The failure of once promising not to turn its back on southern powerhouses such as Nigeria, Africa, someone might listen. THE SUNDAY TELEGRAPH 29 MAY 1994 . ; . ;.. -:· . ~ :-~!':,~ ...~ .... .r-;.l~~ ~~- :::: .~.: ::·· :·:l· . ··,:_;·1.. ::~-~.:-.:.~P.~~;.~~,~ ~~.-;~t·""···,· ..~ ..-..... ,-;".·~ ..;~ ..- .. ~-~.~ ..·.i.--.-~~::-::-~ ...~.:~.j:~~.-f~r.h.>.:~.~~?: ~ ·;~~-~t.;~.··.~r ..~;.t~~t~,:r;.~.::.-.·.·~.~.-~~:-.~.~.-'.~~.· ~::::.·:·=·.~ ...~.~-,:.;~,E ..~.·.·.··.·.·; .. ::~.'.· .... ~i;;_~iii.~.~-~-:-~.;i~~,;.:~·:.: .... ;.{4;:(.~~·-·l :·_, __ .. · . _- ...... ~- ~ ,(·r. .v Vote-rigging row rips the veil of democracy provincial Ministries propor· Zuma is contesting through by Fred Bridgland tionately with other parties. the Supreme Court several in Pietermaritzburg It has civen itself six, the instances of alleged ballot ANC three and the National rircing, but Gwala says be NELSON Mandela may have Party one. The ANC is claim· will soon begin campaigning declared the "new South ing four Ministries and a for new elections m Kwa· Africa" the land of the rain· share of the important police Zulu·Natal within 12 to 18 J>ow people, but that has not ministry. The two parties are months, this time backed by dispersed the storm-clouds also fighting over a site for voters' rolls which were of racial hatred which con· the province's capital. absent during last month's tinue to gather over the trou· "Three weeks before the election. bled province of KwaZulu· election Inkatha and the "The more people come to Natal. ANC were both armed to the know we sold them down the While post-election eupho teeth and preparing for a drain, the more thef'll be ria is still running strong war," said Me!:")'n Frost, hunting us down,' said through most of South Professor of Polittcs at the Gwala. "You can't •negoti· Africa, there has been little University of Natal, com· ate' voting-otherwise, why rapture in the Zulu·domi· menti~(. o~ the hurdles to vote?" nated province, only weari· rec:onclliltton. "KwaZulu·Natal is still a ness and cynicism. "Then Inkatha decided at festering son:. and if there is Eight of the nine new pro· the last moment to partici· no peace here it spreads and vincial governments are up pate in the election instead of throws the whole country and running, but the Kwa boycotting it, and now every· into a perpetual state of Zulu-Natal government is body is expected to tum 180 emergency." mired in squabbles about King Goodwill: new lands degrees and becom~ good The KwaZulu-Natal crisis who gets which portfolio, democrats. It's not easy." has been complicated by a leaving civil servants to run versities. went on: "Ballot Mr Harry Gwala, the 72· mysterious transfer of 12.000 affairs. papers and boxes were kept year·old leader of the ANC in square miles of land into the As a consequence most overnight in KwaZulu police KwaZulu-Natal, broke his ownership of the King of the people in the province can stations, and the police spent silence since the election to Zulus, Goodwill Zwelethini, look forward to the same whole nights stuffing 2,000 say at his Pietermaritzburg a dose ally for many years of troubles which have claimed fraudulent voting papers into headquarters: "We have Chief Buthelezi, just one day some 10,000 lives in political each box. been confronted with a com· before the election. -violence in the past five "The IEC gave up releas· promise that, it has been The lands in question are years. ing voting figures for each decided, must be pushed administered on a communal The torments stem from region, probably because down our throats. The basis by chiefs who owed the persisting conflict some of the final statistics national leaders an: telling their loyalty to and received between Zulus who support were too ridiculous. For us we must accept it for the patronage from the former the traditionalist Inkatha example, in Empangeni [a time being in the interests of Inkatha government of the Freedom Party and Zulus small rural town in northern reconciliation - but if 'time old KwaZulu homeland. who support the African Natal] more than a million being' means five _rears The land transfer has infu· Nationalist Congress. There votes were recorded while in [when the next electton is riated the local ANC leader· is also disquiet over the Durban [with a population of due) they can forJet it. ship, though there are widespread perception that more than 2·5 million] fewer "There is a sharp line widespread suspicions that the election a month ago was than a million 'votes were between a government of Mandela endorsed it as part comprehensively rigged in counted." national unity and a govern· of the horsetrading neces· KwaZulu·Natal. The stories are endless. ment of national corruption. sary to lure lnkatha into the "The final results bear Both the ANC and lnkatha The election process was electoral process. absolutely no resemblance to stuffed ballot boxes, but the fouled from the very begin· "The local ANC is furi· reality," a top Zulu official of overwhelming balance of ning, so how can anythinc ous," said Dr Sandy John· the Independent Electoral opinion is that lnkatha's rig· positive ftow from it?" stone, a political scientist at Commission (IEC), charged ging exercise was far better Mr Gwala is a thorn in the the University of Natal. with orgaqising the general organised. side of Nelson Mandela and "Already it is boycotting the and provincial elections, told With everyone disputing other national leaders who Cabinet and lnkatha 's choice the Sunday Telegraph. "You the validity of the Apri126·29 have abandoned earlier radi· of Ulundi as the capital. If can't describe the levels of poll, the IEC met with the cal beliefs to become born· the Supreme Court action fraud in their fullness, other· leaders of the major parties again social democrats. goes against it. it's not hard wise people would think you - the ANC's Mandela, the . Mr Gwala shared, with to see work boycotts, were mad." National Party's F. W. de many ANC stalwarts, an marches and mass action The official, banned from Klerk and Inkatha's Chief admiration for Stalin. But he starting again as in the hey· speaking on the record under Mangosuthu Buthelezi - to alone still openly confesses day of apartheid." the Electoral Law, recalled "n:allocate" countless num· his belief that Stalin was Meanwhile, the KwaZulu· chiefs in northern Zululand bers of "missing" votes. The right. Natal killings go on, even in arriving at counting stations outcome, against nearly all So alarmed was Mandela. the "new South Africa". In with votes in postal service predictions, was that at the thought of Gwala the first three weeks of May sacks instead of sealed ballot lnkatha emerged with a one· becoming prime minister of 158 people died in Inkatha· boxes. "They said, 'These seat majority in the new 81· KwaZulu·Natal that he ANC fighting. "This prov· are the votes of my dan' and member KwaZulu-Natal imposed ANC secretary.gen· ince is at a fork." said the returning officers just Parliament. era! Jacob Zuma, with no Professor Frost. "It could accepted them." Under the rules of the new popular base in the province, get very nasty very quickly. The otr.cial, a professor at South African constitution, above the heads of local lead· The local ANC people are one of the country's ·top uni· lnkatha must share the 10 ers as candidate for premier. absolutely seething." Land deal: The king's ransom In a secret deal before the elections a third ofkwaZulu/ Natal was ceded to King Goodwill ZWeuthini, report Estelle Randall lllld Farouk Chothia
RMER state president FW de Klerk ceded control of a third of the land in kwaZulu/Natal to Zulu King Goodwill wellthinl tn a highly secretive deal the day before he was vott:d out of ofDce last Rmonth. The transfer of three million hectares scat tered throughout the province was effected tn terms of the kwaZulu Ingonyarna Trust Act, passed by the kwaZulu Legtslattve Assembly and assented to by De Klerk on AprU 25 this ~ - In terms of the leglslatlon, King Goodwill Zwellthinl, the sole trustee. wlll "admlnlster all tr1balland in the province -with the cost of administration being borne by the new regional government. It covers all the land for which the kwaZulu Leg1slative Assembly was established tn 1971 and land acquired by the kwaZulu gov ernment under various IX"oclamat:ions and laws since then. It appears that under pressure from the kwaZulu government. De Klerk moved to pre vent kwaZulu-administered tribal land from falling under state control - the automatic FW de KJerk .•. Made the secret deal Goodwill ZWellthlnl ... Administer tribal land effect of the new constitutiOn. which kicked in on Aprtl 27 -In an apparent sop to the lnkatha even If It was disbanded." ma Trust was not part of the agreement that Freedom Party in exchange for Its participation Also unaware of the transfer was RoelfMeyer. brought the IFP into elections. "We made an tn the April poll. the NP's central constitutional negotiator: Coe elaborate proposal for the monarchy so far as A source close to Andre Fourle, the former nle de Vllllers. director-general of land affairs kwaZulu/Natal Is concerned which we st111 have minister of regtonal and land atraJ.rs. said the who saX:! "nobody consulted me about this Act" to Iron out tn the IX"ovtndal constitution." land transfer had been part of negotiations - and the new Minister of Land Affairs. Derek Observers believe the legislation has far between the National Party government. the Hanekom. who saki he was "shocked" by the reaching Implications: It means that future go\· ANC and the IFP. move. ernments In the province will have to gain But ANC secretary-general Cyrtl Rarnaphosa. "Effectively the land that was kwaZulu Is no Zwelethlnfs permission -or the permission of who played a key role In the negotiatiOns leading longer state land,· Hanekom said. "It's tn prtvate his chiefs or any other representative he charges to the IFP's participation in the elections. denied ownership. held in trust by the king." with decision-making responsibility over the this: "The Ingonyama Trust doesn't mean a He added: "My ministry will be raistng the trust land - before engaging in any develop· thing to me: I'm heartng about It for the first issue politically and will be carrying out a fuJI menton the land In questiOn. It means that land time. I doubt very much that Nelson Mandela investigation to find out on whose ultimate earmarked for redistribution in terms of the would have known about it. You are drawing a authOiity the transfer was effected. ANC's land reform plans Is no longer available to blank from me.· 'We have consistently tr1ed to get a moratort the central state. President Nelson Mandela's office was yester urn on the transfer and sale of state land. but Barely 300 OOOha of state land Is now avail· day unable to comment. as was the office of we never thought bantustan land would be able for redistribution. Zwcllthinl. transferred. The formation of the trust also consolidates ANC leaders in kwaZulu /Natal also appeared lbere are potentlally grave political Implica the relationship between Zwelethinl and chlefs. dumbfounded when approached this week. tions and we're deeply concerned." He hinted as they will now be reliant on him for develop Regional supremo Jacob Zuma said he knew that the National Assembly might overturn the ment in their areas- and v.'ill reduce the nothing of the transfer. and knew of no one else legis Ia tion. prospect of an ANC-Ied government in kwaZu tn the ANC who was aware of lt. "It Is surprising Some IFP sources descrtbed the formation of lu / Natal winning major support among IFP that this happened just before the election ." the Ingonyama Trust as a "house-keeping aligned traditiOnal rulers. And In a furious reaction. ANC Midlands arrangement" between Chief Mangosuthu Lawyers contacted yesterday stressed the spokesman Blade Nztrnane said: "The fact that Buthelezl and De Klerk's governments before land deal had not gone before the Transitional this was done behind the backs of people and their demise - and an attempt to protect the Executive Coundl which had overthrown other through an illegitimate bantustan structure monarch from possible ANC rule in kwaZulu I land deci<>lons. seems to Indicate that was aimed at undermin· Natal. They also said that a challenge to the land ing any constitutional accommodation of the "The chances of the land ever betng alienated transfer could be mounted. In terms of court king by the ANC. (from the king) are now remote in the extreme." precedents. changes to the ownership status of "It seems to have been aimed at ensuring that said an IFP source. state land could not be made v.ithout consulta kwaZulu retained actual control of the land Zuma Insisted the formation of the Ingonya- tion with the affected parties .
. THE WEEKLY MAIL & GUARDIAN ______M_ ay2~~~6~~ _THE OBSERVER_. SUNDAY 22' MAY 1994 Handing back the land is only the beginning
IT HAS been 17 years since the powerful vested interests in the make their own way in the com last residents of the community country. Dries Brower, president mercia! market could be exorbi of Charlestown left the green val of the Transvaal Agricultural tant. And - as the people of ley in Natal, forcibly removed by Union and newly nominated sen- Charlestown discovered in the the South African Government ator of the right-wing Freedom ruins of their homesteads -land in a zealous campaign to elimi Front, warns that farmers will is not an end in itself. nate all 'black spots' in what was • fight takeovers with everything in When rural black South Afri to be white South Africa. their power. He says South Afri- cans voted three weeks ago, they It was only after they were THE ROAD AHEAD ca's food production would be resoundingly rejected the Pan allowed to return last November, severely affected. Africanist Congress, which had that people realised the full ex South Africa plans to Mr Hanekom is not fazed, be- campaigned on a slogan to tent of what had happened in the lieving that the picture of white return the land to the indigenous 1970s. Out of an entire commu help blacks rebuild farmers ready to rise in rebellion peoples. nity, the only building left stand the communities that is also exaggerated. He says Mr Hanekom says. rural people ing was a church. The white were destroyed under change to the status quo is inev- supported the ANC because it farmer who leased the land had white rule, reports itable because up to a third of presented a coherent package, turned it into a sheep pen. white farmers, who were pro- which included land reform. Christine Xaba stood by the Phillip van Niekerk. tected by the former regime More than 50 per cent of black remains of what had been the against their own mismanage- South Africans live in rural areas, school, and remembered how it to own farmland in 'white' South ment, are so deep in debt to the in communities of round mud once had looked. 'It was just a Africa, there has been no im- banks that they will never be able huts where food is what can be huge building, double L-shaped. provement. After 80 years of to climb out. eked from a dry garden plot. We never thought they would being evicted, discriminated 'Certain farmers who've got 'Our land reform programme will tear it down, it was so beautiful.' against and relegated to the most themselves deeply in debt should only be successful if there's a Ms Xaba is head teacher of the barren and overcrowded patches sell up - and we are going to package of support offered to new primary school, temporarily of land, the black peasant farmer oblige them to. This program is people,' says Mr Hanekom. 'I'm housed in the shell of the textile is a threatened species. not based on confiscation or ex- talking of water, electricity, hous- mill, abandoned and unused for A benchmark figure that has propriation. Those are measures ing and clinics.' more than a decade. been bandied about is an ANC oflast resort. The most immediate problem, Residents who have returned commitment to redistribute 'It does not threaten success- however, is a:dressing the situa- permanently to Charlestown live 30 per cent of South Africa's fully managed farms. If we don't tion of those communities that in crude huts fashioned from agricultural land within five succeed, then we will be under were moved on during the past mud and tin. There is no electric years. But, as costs mount for the pressure to introduce more dras- 30 years. In 1992, as part of the ity and the water system rusted ANC's reconstruction and devel- tic measures.' process of reform, the South out long ago. opment plan, this looks increas- Yet the costs of acquiring land, African Government established Technically, Charlestown was ingly unlikely. training black farmers and subsi- a commission to consider the a straightforward case to solve. The new government will have dising them until they are able to claims of those forcibly removed The land had stayed in Govern to walk a tightrope. Last August, ment hands, oruy leased to farm a World Bank report warned that ,....------"-"·om their land. But the pro- - ers to graze their livestock. It was unless South Africa embarked ~me is a shambles and many returned with a minimum of fuss. upon large-scale land reform, in- of the dispossessed communities , But to restore and rebuild the eluding transfer of white-owned are threatening to simply reoc- : community is another matter. commercial farmland, it would cupy the land. For many the Charlestown's · former residents face insurrection, and perhaps return to land they lost will be a returned in 1993 to a place with civil war. :moment of great joy, although it out infrastructure, without em Derek Hanekom, who has ~will never erase the memory of ployment, without money. headed the ANC Land Commis- · trauma that many a black com- I It is the challenge that faces all sion for four years and is the new munity suffered. Christine Xaba of South Africa, as the new ad Minister of Land Affairs, is more remembers the day in 1977 they ministration starts to right the sanguine. 'If the people in the were told they had to leave. wrongs that flowed from centu countryside were standing ready 'They came to my father's place ries of white conquest and four to rise, we would have mobilised and loaded our things on trucks,' J decades of apartheid. . them during the war of Iibera- she said. If anything will test the ability tion. It's not as simple as that.' Ms Xaba's parents had a big · of the ANC's leaders to mould a Still, the ANC is committed to house made of brick, seven new South Africa it is how to a major land reform which will rooms, a gabled roof and a reshape the pattern of land cost billions of pounds and in- veranda. ownership. Blacks who make up volves a contentious programme Her father had rebuilt in 75 per cent of the population still to settle black farmers on state- Osizweni, the township that most own less than 13 per cent of the owned land and land now occu- land. pied by white farmers. · of Charlestown was moved to. Three years after the scrapping This is where the plan will run 'But my parents told me: of the 1913 and 1936 Land Acts, into difficulties: the\.commercial "Daughter, even if we die here, which made it a crime for blacks white farmers are one of the most never, ever bury us here. Take us back to Charlestown." 'Fortunately we are back be fore they died.' THE GUARDIAN ~ mEINDEPENDENT Monday May 23 1994 Buthelezi and Winnie pose threat to government's image MONDAY 23 ~y 1994 . .. . . , Mandela beset by Zulu kings , early headaches new •. J .. freedom -··· .,.,;s::;:w:c: ~ 24 .,w_.:;w_.a • prevent him leasing or selling it is evidence to suggest that ex· Dewldlleresford without the permission of the tensive fraud by Inkatha ..... ~...... local tribal authority, or of the reversed the outcome of the alamts community using it. regional election. ELSON MANDELA is The transfer of the tribal Meanwhile, It was disclosed battling to stamp his land, in fact, seems to make lit· yesterday that lawyers for Mrs authority on South Af. tle difference to rights of Mandela have been Issuing Nrica's new govern ownership and usage. It may, threats of legal action in an at· ment as internal squabbling however, make It more difficult tempt to gag Xoliswa Falatl, her and administrative chaos for central government to inter chief co-accused in the 1988 kid· threaten its credibility. fere in those rights. · napping case involving four Buthelezi The president was engaged The perception that the deal Soweto youths, one of whom yesterday in crisis talks in ad was designed to forestall at subsequently died. vance of what threatened to be tempts by the ANC to include Mn Falati recently emerged a fractious first meeting of his the territory in Its land reform from prison, having been sen· power-sharing cabinet, and programme has been encour tenced to a year while Mrs tomorrow's opening of the new aged by the apparent secrecy Mandela got away with a fine. parliament. and haste with which it was The City Press newspaper dis· "FREE AT Iutr' said Martin Luther KiDs- "Free at last!" JOHNCAiu.IN Simultaneously, he was fac agreed. closed yesterday that both It said Nelson Mandela. "Free laJ~ ing fresh wonies from a fam· The ANC and Mr Mandela and Mrs Falati had received let· at last!", said Goodwill illar quarter, with threats of have denied any knowledge of ters from Mrs Mandala's law Zwelithini, the Zulu king. · matter of .Ome conc:cm to the further disclosures about the it, but Mr De Klerk has pro yers, warning of the conse King Goodwill had lunch new government. Nowhere scandalous activities of his es tested that the creation of the quences if allegations made by with Mr Mandela on ll May, has more blood • shed in tranged wife, Winnie, whom he trust, and the transfer of the Mrs Falati were published. the day after the presidential South Africa these last 10 has made a deputy minister. land, were the subject of debate Mrs Falatl has been given inauguration in Pretoria. The years, and nowhere are the But the biggest headache fac in an open session of the now until noon today to give a for king colllDliserated with Mr risks higher of renewed vio Ing Mr Mandela continues to be defunct KwaZulu legislative mal undertaking not to call a Mandela over the 27 years he lence and instability. Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi. assembly. press conference or to make al· ..had spent in prison but added This was ·why the ANC The two men were due to meet A Natal newspaper, the Sun· legations against Mrs Mandela. words to theeffea: "you must leadership agreed, the day be- · at Mr Mandela's Cape Town resi· day Tribune, reported yester· The appointment of Mrs Man· r=ember, however, ·that I fore the election results were : dence last night for talks ex day that, despite his denials, dela as deputy minister of arts, have ~t 24 years as a pris announced, to overlook the ' pected to include the row be President Mande\a, had been culture, science and technology oner.bl". mountains of evidence indi tween the African National party to talks with the king remains the most controversial The Zulu king, who took cating lnkatha had carried Congress and Inkatha over the over royal control of the tribal aspect of the new government. the throne in 1971, meant that out electoral fraud in composition of the administra land. It said that, at a joint Mrs Falati is believed to be try. he had been a prisoner of his KwaZul11-Natal on a massive tion for KwaZulU/Natal. press conference with King ing to disclose evidence in confir· uncle, the Inbtha leader and tad~ . Also likely to be discussed Zwellthini and Chief Buthelezi mation of a widely held belief new Minister of Home M The ANC had won com was the Inkatha leader's appar in April, Mr Mandela had apol· that Mrs Mandela perjured her &irs, Man~thu Buthelezi. fortably at the national level, ent lack of interest in the key ogised to the monarch for fail self at her trial and was centrally Mr Buthelezi, in his former Nelson Mandela would be home affairs ministry, which ing to deal with the issue. responsible for the kldnappings capacity as chief minister of president and if the price of · he was given as a gesture of ConfUsion over the land deal and beatings of the victims. the now defunct KwaZulu arability was to bow to reconciliation, and a controver is likely to complicate Mr Man· In addition, Mrs Mandela still "homeland", had paid the lnkatha blackmaii then, they sial eve-of-election land deal be· deJa's efforts to bring Chief has to be cleared of allegations king'a salary, controlled his· reasoned, 10 be it. tween the Zulu king and the Buthelezi into line on other that she defrauded the ANC of traYel II1T8Dgelllents and pro Officiala of the Indepen government of President F. W. vided his own guards to look dent Electoral Commillion in issues, including the cavalier social welfare funds. after the king's security. the province were virtually deKierk treatment of ANC claims to • The ANC parliamentary cau The main reason King unanimous in their belief that The significance of the land senior positions in the KwaZu· cus yesterday named the ANC Goodwill toed lnkatha's po the election should be deal, by which nearly one-third Ill/Natal cabinet, and moves by secretary-general. Cyril Rama litical line during the election nullified. But on 6 May the of the province was ceded to a Inkatha to relocate the provin phosa, as chalnnan of South Af. build-up, according to sources chairman of the IEC went trust headed by King Goodwill cial capital to Ulundi - a no-go rica's constituent assembly, in the Zulu royal family, was ahead and declared, with the Zwellthini, remains confused. area for the ANC. which will write the country's because he feared - rightly blessing of the ANC, that all The deal was being presented As reported by the Guardian new constitution over the next or- wrongly - that to do oth over the country the elections in the local media at the week· last week, President Mandela Is two years, ANC sources said. erwise meant to risk losing had been "substantially free end as a "gift" to the monarch, under pressure in the ANC to The constituent assembly will his financial privileges. and fair". lnkatha officially but the king's personal control give the go-ahead for a legal comprise the 400-seat national Under the new arrallge won KwaZulu-Natal with a of the land appears largely challenge to Inkatha's el1!<''1ral assembly and the 90-seat sen· ments, the king's salary and shade over 50 per cent of the nominal. The terms of the trust victory in the province. There ate, sitting together. benefits are provided directly vote. The ANC accepted 32 · from central government in per cent. Pretoria. At last, the king is ANC officials in-the prov- . telling his confidants, he feels ince had expected iomething that he is his own man. in return. For example, their Mr Buthelezi offered a hint failed prime ministerial can as to his IIIWety at the new didate, Jacob Zuma, had state of affairs when he asked for joint control of the pledged: "I will not allow any police portfolio. Bur the leader, any political party or lnkatha premier, Fnnk any furce to prise me away Mdlalose, refused the request. from your elbow. Your Maj These and other disputes They also refused to attend confusion observers have de taken possession of his office esty, I will be there constantly about the composition of Mr the first cabinet meeting, tected the hand of Mr in Pretoria. He has spent his at your ai~ whatever hap Mdlalose's cabinet led the where the ANC holds three of Buthelezi. By Saturday, he time instead in KwaZulu-Na pens." What will. happen in ANC to boycott ihe ministers' the 10 portfolios. was the only minister in the tal, the ouly area where he has KwaZulu-Natal remains a swcaring-in ceremonies in Behind the intrigue and national Cabinet not to have any significant suppon. KwaZulu-Natal last week. THE WEEKL.Y MAIL & GUARDIAN 20 WEEKLY MAIL Alay 1310 191994 3/BUSINESS ••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Not killing the golden goose
Veteran socialist Ben Turok better to export, say, Mercedes Benz cars and is co-ordinating the new import blcydes fi'om China where big economies of scale make the cost of manufacture competitive. economic policy in the country's But he says tt Is important to build an all-round business centre, the PWV. Industry so that you have a larger base. He spoke to·Reg R1811ney -Ifyou depend on hi-tech exports you are in dan ger of creating a lop-sided economy.· The economy must have a local base, Turok argues, and an 0-0RDINATOR of the ANC's Recon economy without mass-based production ts struction and Development Pro unhealthy. gramme in the PWV regton Ben Turok Turok has the impression from visiting local believes resources should be redirect supermarkets In the rural areas that such produc ed fi'om white suburbs towards black tion as there is of cheap goods is shoddy. Ctownships. Goods such as clothing and footwear sold to peo If that means whites wtD have to suffer a rise In ple in rural areas, he says, "is cheap and of rates and service chargts to pay for what they have an»lllng quality". become acrustomed to, so be it. MPeople must pay Wbat wtll the provincial powers do to redress lOr the resources they receive.- what Turok aees as the skewneaa of the economy? Tutok. one of the framers of the Freedom Char Turok says the RDP wtll aet up parallel busl ter. Is best known lOr hJs uncompromtslng1 a1U nesees rather than being exlsUngbuslness to ill· cal stance towards international finance. He law orders. He says the ateertng fVOUP of the RDP believes that apartheid biased the economy bas decided the main thrust tfRDP lndusb1al pol towards whites and that it bas to be reshaped. icy should be to establish a number of producttve "Luxury" and '1op-stdedw are two words that n:cur enterprises In and around the townships to pro oftm as he speaks. duce basic goods. . . Tutok cl.trsa N Established in February 1976, only months before the course of South African politics took a dramatic turn with the bloody Soweto uprising, the Durban-based ecumenical agency, Diakonia, will be closing its doors on February 28 next year. But, for Diakonia' s dedicated staff of 18, it is not an unhappy ending. They will be merging with the Durban and Districts Council of Churches (DDCC) in a new, united endeavour to address the challenges of the future, drawing on the experi ences and successes of the past. The emphasis, says Diakonia director Paddy Kearney. will shift from fighting apartheid to development. although the various projects, constitution and name of the new body have yet to be determined .. Diakonia director Paddy Kearney speaks of the shift "I think in the future there will be more emphasis on from fighting apartheid to development. development. In the past we put most of our energy into Marlene Volkmer, who specialised in labour issues for fighting apartheid. which had to be done - it's very hard to Diakonia, was deported. focus on development when, for instance, you are vigorously resisting resettlement:· said Kearney. "But in the new era. But it was also an era of great achievements. The ecumenical there should be the time and improved conditions for devel agency successfully supported the communities of St opment work." Wendolin's and Clairwood against forced removal. estab lished widespread public awareness of detention and of the FROM TALK TO AGION death in detention of Joseph Mdluli, and supported conscien The idea of launching a "Diakonia" was first mooted in 1973 tious objectors and the work of the End Conscription Cam by Archbishop Denis Hurley while addressing the Natal paign. Council of Churches. The intention was to transform "talk" on questions of social justice into "action". Diakonia's advocacy work - creating public awareness, putting pressure on the government. supporting other com Uniting eight Christian denominations and one church or munity organisa6ons and non-governmental organisations, ganisation. Diakonia opened on February 1 1976, with a staff and establishing solidarity with the churches - continued of two - Kearney and Liz Mkame - and immediately entered throughout "and we will into the future'', said Kearney. An its darkest era as the country lapsed into states of emergency, emphasis on workers and their rights faded, however, with detentions and harassment. the emergence of stronger trade unions. The years 1985 and 1986 were the worst, Kearney recalls. By PEACE AND DEMOCRACY then Diakonia had expanded markedly and, like many through Then came the political changes of 1990, and with it the shift out the country, worked in a climate of security force in Diakonia' s focus to the peace processes, democracy harassment and raids on its offices in the Ecumenical Centre education, voter education, the negotiation process, and the in St Andrews Street. unemployed. Voter education, however. stands out as the success story of the current era, said Kearney, with Diakonia Kearney and coordinator Sue Brittion were detained at the reaching out as far afield as Pietermaritzburg. Ladysmith and start of P.W. Botha's state of emergency, as was former Empangeni. staffer and education officer Ian Mkhize - for the third time. 22 - Challenge -April 1994 One of the more visible activities Diakonla has become famous for Is the annual Good Friday service and procession through Durban. Happily, there have been no real setbacks or bad memories elections Diakonia and the DDCC will work out the consti to mar the achievements ofDiakonia since 1990, unlike those tution, staffing, money and priorities. associated with the agency's earlier years. But, in the words of Kearney, "It has been a learning experience for us and we The transition is expected to be smooth, with the two organi probably made a lot ofrnistakes in the beginning. We are still sations sharing common interests and most of Diakonia' s finding the most effective ways of mobilizing our member member churches. They are the African Methodist Episcopal churches." Church, the African Presbyterian Church, Anglican Church, Evangelical Lutheran Church, Methodist Church, Religious "One of the best things we have done was to send our staff out Society of Friends, Roman Catholic Church, United Congre to member parishes that are completely different to anything gational Church and the Belydendekring (Natal Region). they have experienced before, to observe and learn. We have done this twice now and it has given us a much better sense "This will be the start of a new era," said Kearney. "There of their realities and helped build better relations," said will really be one ecumenical body in Durban ... and we hope Kearney. "We believe in this exposure emersion, learning for even broader church membership." through practical experience and not by only reading a book.'' Partnerships will also, hopefully increase. "We already have some partnerships with organisations is Belgium, Norway THE START OF A NEW ERA and Germany," he said. "We take an interest in each other's While continuing to address the needs of the present, Diakonia work, but we would like to see partnerships with organisa will officially close its doors on February 28 1995. So will tions, mainly church organisations, working in other parts of the DDCC and on the next day the two organisations will be Africa and the third world." reborn into a new body that will "hopefully be better and stronger'' by virtue of their unity, said Kearney. · With the future emphasis likely to shift to development. 'Kearney said he would like to see "families forced out by the "All the previous programmes of Diakonia and the DDCC violence whose communities have been destroyed, return to will continue to operate but they may be adapted to suit the repair their homes and reconstruct their lives". challenges of the future," he added. Diakonia's entire staff, headed by Kearney and four coordi The final words ofDiakonia's mission statement will live on. nators Brittion. Daphne Goad, Liz Mkame and Nomabelu if not in print, at least in spirit: "In all this. the desire is to give Mvambo-Dandala will join forces with the six from the glory to God, Creator. Redeemer and Spirit, and to work for DDCC to fill new positions still to be decided. After the the coming of God's Shalom." 0 Challenge - April 1994 - 23 _ MONDAY 6 JUNE 1994 ~ THE INDEPENDENT ~.;.--e. Bitter harvest from killing fields For the Mechem chief, mines mean money; but not for an Angolan woman. Karl Maier reports LILA JOAQUIM GOMES, a 21- yeat-old Angolan peasant woman, and.Venion Joynt, otie ofthe lead Now that South Mrica has ising but still untested, depends and towns in potentially rich re ing lights of South Mrica's mili emerged from isolation to bask in on the canine nose. "Dogs' sensi gions such as Malange have been tarj-induiltrial ec)mtJfex, appeat te the glow of international support tivity to smell is 1,000 times better poised on the brink of famine. have little in common. for its transition to democracy, it than anything we can manufac Landmines have maimed at Mrs Gomes lives with her three seems only appropriate that ture," he said. least 20,000 Angolans - one in year-old daughter and three young Mechem should also have H they are ever used in Angola, 500 people - and killed thou brothers in the slums of Malange, adapted to new times. Today Mr dogs will have their work cut out sands of others. Many end up like the central Angolan town under Joynt has transformed himself for them. Angola is one of the Mrs Gomes, who spent two siege by Jonas Savimbi's National and his company from landmine most heavily mined countries in months in a dirty hospital without Union for the Total Independence makers to landmine clearers. the world. Between 9 and 20 mil a trained doctor and with severe of Angola (Unita). Mr Joynt, an or Mechem is starting out in its new lion mines have been planted shortages of medicines, bandages, ganic chemist, is the director of field trying to cash in by removing there since 1961, when the Portu water and electricity. Now she bat the Pretoria-based Mechem Con the mines it helped to sow. "There guese colonial army began fight tles each day for a plate of maize sultants Ltd, the research arm of are some mines in Angola which ing nationalist guerrillas. Cuban porridge. She leaves her home Deuel, formerly the state-owned no one will be able to find without troops, who intervened in the civil each morning at 6am with Chris military conglomerate, Armscor. our help," Mr Joynt said. war, which broke out in 1975, to tina and powers herself on Their lives, however, are inex For example, the SADF put help the Marxist Popular Move crutches down the dusty tracks tricably linked by the multi-mil 27,000 mines, 9,000 with anti-lift ment for the Liberation of Angola through Malange's shantytowns lion pound international land ing devices, in one minefield (MPLA), and South Mrican forces to reach a feeding centre run by mine trade. The relevance ofland alone outside the south-eastern fighting on behalf of Mr Savimbi, the Irish aid agency, Concern. mines to Mrs Gomes' life is Angolan town of Mavinga, accord also sowed vast minefields. When she is feeling strong, she revealed when her shaking hands ing to a South Mrican mine spe Since the collapse of Angola's can make the trip in three hours. lift her dress to expose a blood cialist involved in the operation. UN-observed transition to democ She begins the return leg at 3pm tipped white bone sticking out of a Mr Joynt said Mechem's first racy following Mr Savimbi's de to reach home before dark. She stump which is all that remains of big break in the demining busi feat in the September 1992 general has to sell some ofthe food she re her right thigh. ness came when it won a UN sub elections, both Unita and the ceives to pay the rent on her home For Mr Joynt, on the other contract to clear landmines in MPLA government armies have and to look after her three younger hand, mines mean money. He has Mozambique last month. resumed mining. As a result, wide brothers, who range in age from been involved in research and His demining strategy, which swaths of the countryside have seven to 12. development of landmines and international experts say is prom- been rendered useless to farmers, The journey that led Mrs other military equipment for the South African Defence Force for 26 years. Mechem also provided South Africa's client rebel groups in Mozambique and Angola with after two months I asked to Jeav. ~e• and other equipment. · becauee there wat no one to take care,olthe children.". .,. ;, ' " :,rhe h~ ~- '~~f,J' rate among civilians in Angola and elsewhere has prompted calls tor a Gomes to this state of affairs be worldwide ban to be imposed on gan in early 1991 when Unita sol anti-personnel mines. The prob diers, then backed by South Mrica !em, said Guy Lucas, who is h~lp and the United States, attacked ml to set up a "central mine ac her home village of Mangan,e. tion unit" in Angola for the UN is Her elder brother, Antonio, was that from a military point of vi~ the local chief, and the rebels landmines work. "I don't think hung him by the throat from the anyone in the miHtary would be rafters of his home, slashed him prepared to support a total ban on with knives and left him to bleed mines because they are effective." to death. Mrs Gomes fled with Mr Joynt said that while South dozens of other villagers to Africa sent mines to support in Malange. IJ11Jpncies in neighbouring coun "We had no land to farm in tries, the SADF had never used Malange, so we went to the sisters them to prevent inflltrations by at Caritas for help," she said. "But the African National Congress' there was not enough food for all military wing, Umkhonto of us, so I began going out into the weSizwe. "We never put mines in fields to search for more." South Africa because we did not On 18 October last year, Mrs ·want to bugger up the country for Gomes ventured into an area yean," he said. called Cazetta about three miles Angola did not benefit from from the city in search of cassava such foresight and thousands to eat. "We knew there were have seen their lives destroyed. mines around, but we were Mrs Gomes' husband, Antonio hungry. I was walking with four Miguel, left her after she lost her other people along the footpath, leg. He said she was of no use any but I was the only one to hit a more and Dew to Luanda. "Chris mine. I passed out and was carried tina often asks me why I do not by my friends to the hospital, but h~ve two legs like most others, but With so many amputees around I think she will soon understand}' ~ THE INDEPENDENT MONDAY 6 JUNE 1994 deadly mine trade BRITISH-LED opposition to calls for a blanket ban on the produc China, US and Britain fought off an tion and expon of anti-pP-rsonnel mines is overcoming an interna export ban proposed by humanitarian tional campaign to outlaw these weapons, which maim an esti organisations. Leonard Doyle reports mated 150 civilian victims a week around the world. Humanitarian organisations fore areas can be declared safe. of a global ban ·an the production, to South Africa. The landmine have focused attention on the hor The anti-mine campaign, co expon and stockpiling of anti-per trade is cloaked in secrecy. It is rors of mines because they are de ordinated by the Vietnam Veter sonnel mines is slim. only through court cases and the layed-action weapons which affect ans of America Foundation, has The campaign for a global ban Freedom of Information Act civilians as much as soldiers. won enthusiastic suppon from the ran into difficulties at the UN (FOIA) in the US that informa "Landmines are blind weapons UN Secretary-General, Boutros General Assembly last year, when tion has been put together. Recent that cannot distinguish between Boutros-Ghali, Unicef, the ICRC Britain reserved the right to pro enquiries in Parliament have been the footfall of a soldier and that of and over 100 other organisations, duce and expon high-technology met with a cun refusal to disclose an old woman gathering fire including Oxfam. mines with self-destruct mecha information on security grounds. wood," says A Deadly Legacy, a re Armies say they use mines nisms, which it said should not be Various organisations suggest port by Human Rights Watch and against troops or tanks. But in classified with the cheap anti-per that Italy has been the source of Physicians for Human Rights. creasingly they use mines against sonnel mines. most mines obtained by Third Hopes were pinned on talks in civilians, according to Oxfam. Britain has mobilised interna World countries, along with Geneva last month, when the They are placed to create refugee tional suppon to kill hopes of a China, the former Soviet Union, United Nations High Commis flows. In Bosnia they are instru ban on anti-personnel mines, former East Germany and former sioner for Refugees, (UNHCR), ments of "ethnic cleansing", to which officials say "would be Czechoslovakia. Belgian mines the UN Children's Fund (Unicef) empty territory and create terror. meaningless and amount to a drop have been found in Angola, and the International Committee Mines "recognise no ceasefire and in the bucket". French mines in Iraq and British of the Red Cross (ICRC) pleaded long after the fighting has stopped Britain and other industrialised mines in Afghanistan, Mozam for a total ban as pan of a review of they can maim or kill the children countries are directing interna bique and Somalia. the 1980 UN Inhumane Weapons and grandchildren of the soldiers tional aid budgets towards mine Convention. who laid them", says Mr Goose. clearance projects, which ·benefit It was then that Britain put the Most landmine explosions that British mine clearance companies. These countries say they are not boot in, supponed by China and do not cause death result in trau- Switzerland and Ireland were now exponing mines because of the United States. They said the among the few countries to call for the UN moratorium. The compa humanitarian law treaty was not a ban on anti-personnel mines. nies involved, Daimler Benz in the place for a discussion on disar Britain 'opposes a Western governments have Germany, Fiat in Italy, Thorn mament. Britain said that chang global ban to latched on to the enormous po EMI in Britain, Bofors in Sweden ing the convention, to which only tential profits in mine clearance and Dynamit Nobel in Austria, are -n states are pany, was premature protect a lucrative projects in Third W odd countries. Money from the European Union switching to higher technology and would dissuade Third World future market in self-destruct mines, according to countries from joining. UN agen humanitarian aid budget, the UN defence sources, in the belief that cies say the convention has failed, high -technology and other agencies is increasingly they will become the "mine of . and that tinkering with it is a targeted at these projects, provid choice" after cheaper mines made waste of time. mines' made here ing lucrative work for people who in the Third World are outlawed. Britain said a global ban on have left the military in the West. mines would be counter-produc matic amputations. In Cambodia Before the outcry staned from tive and would trigger the prolif it is estimated that one in 236 peo Western humanitarian workers in eration of low-technology mines, ple has lost at least one limb from Third World countries, who see which cause the worst civilian in exploding mines. the effects of landmines on inno juries. But Steven Goose, co-au According to the British Medical cent civilians, several European ~thor of A Deadly Legacy, says that Journal, "landmines ... have ruin countries - not including Britain Britain's policy is designed to pro ous effects on the human body: - were campaigning to expon tecta lucrative market for the next they drive din, bacteria, clothing mines to the world's most troubled generation of high-technology and metal and plastic fragments conflict zones. Italy was the great mines produced in this country. into the tissue causing secondary est offender. British mine and bomb manu infections." The Fiat-owned Valsella facturers, who include the recently There are at least 85 million · Meccanotecnica S.p.A. company privatised Royal Ordnance, Hunt and possibly 100 million unex exponed 9 million mines to Iraq ing Engineering Ltd, Thorn EMI ploded mines scattered over 62 in a deal worth $180m (£120m). Electronics and Babcock Energy countries, including millions laid Three years after the Gulf war Ltd, are understood to be waiting during the Cold War between East these small plastic mines still find for steam to run out of the cam and West Germany and an esti victims among Kurds in northern paign, and for an end to the UN mated 3 million sown in the for Iraq. In spite of mine clearing ef moratorium agreed last year. mer Yugoslavia. About S to 10 mil fons, large tracts of Kuwait are Britain insisted on an opt-out to lion mines are produced a year. infested with them. Civilians are the moratorium, to allow these Despite successes in the anti regularly blown apan by these un companies to sell sophisticated mine campaign - including the mapped mines. mines that explode after a pre-set UN and a US moratorium on mine The Valsella company sold period. The failure rate of these expons adopted last year, and 100,000 mines to Indonesia, which mines is at least 20 per cent, how commitments by several European is actively supressing the .national ever. Successful mine clearance re Union countries - the prospect ist movement in East Timor, and quires a 99 per cent success rate be- another 90,000 went via Paraguay