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The South African Flag Controversy, 1925-1928

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The South African Flag Controversy, 1925-1928 T H E S O U T H A F R I C A N F L A G C O N T R O V E R S Y, 19 2 5 - 19 2 8 by Harry Saker Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of D. PHIL. in the FacultyUniversity of Arts, University of Cape of Cape Town Volume I Promoter: Associate Professor A. M.Davey March 1977 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town ii CONTENTS Page PREFACE vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xiv ABBREVIATIONS xv CHRONOLOGY xvi SELECT DIAGRAM Op THE FIAG CONTROVERSY xviii CHAPTER I MOVES TOWARDS A NATIONAL FIAG 1 The Union's first flag 1 Smuts, the S .A. P. and a new flag 5 The desire for a new flag amongst Nationalists 11 Was there a general demand for a national flag? 14 II FLAG LEGISIATION IN 1925 18 The pace quickens, June-December 1924 18 The~ 192 5 legislation and reaction to it 22 The withdrawal of the Bill 26 Response to the Bill's withdrawal 34 III THE FAILURE TO REACH AGREEMENT, AUGUST 1925-MAY 1926 38 Smuts procrastinates between parliamentary sessions 38 The Select Committee of 1926 41 Government decides to proceed with flag legislation 46 English-speakers' fear of Afrikanerization 51 iii Fear of secession 55 The press in the week before the first reading 62 IV PARLIAMENTARY READINGS AND PUBLIC PROTEST, "MAY 1926 73 First reading of the 192 6 Flag Bill 73 Agitation against the Bill 79 The Labour Party's difficulties 88 The postponement of the Bill 99 V COMPROMISE PROFOSAIS 109 Reaction to the Bill's postponement 109 Sir William Campbell's appeal 113 The dual flag plan 114 Labour under attack 130 Fear of secession increases 144 The crown proposal 148 The flag commission and referendum proposals 154 VI FAILURE OF THE COMPROMISE PROPGSAIS 159 The opposition and the crown prOposa l 159 The Nationalist press and the crown proposal 164 The opposition and the referendum proposal 167 The referendum and the nationalist press 170 Opposition to the Flag Commission 172 Opposition strengthened by Government's concessions 17 5 Smuts and the Government's concessions 177 VII THE FIAG CONTROVERSY DURING HERTZOG'S ABSENCE, SEPI'EMBER - DECEMBER 1926 182 The problem of the Bill's withdrawal 182 The effect of the Imperial Conference's report 184 Moves towards toenadering 188 Roos influences a postponement of the convening of the Flag Commission 195 Roos, Labour and Hertzog 198 iv VIII HERTZOG'S RETURN AND THE DEMISE OF TOENADERING 207 Hertzog's return and the Bill's future 207 Reaction to the decision to proceed with the Bill and to the proposal to incorporate the royal standard 220 The renewal of ill-feeling and demise of toenadering 226 IX THE FIAG CONTROVERSY TAKES A NEW TURN, JAN-FEB 1927 232 The flag issue and the provincial elections 232 Labour UJlder pressure 235 The Flag Commission 247 The deputation from the Flag Organization 254 X THE FIAG CONFERENCE AND AGITATION BEFORE THE FIRST READING, 1927 264 The Flag Conference 2 64 Rejection of the Flag Conference's report 270 Agitation against the Flag Bill immediately before the first reading 278 N3tionalist support for the Bill 284 Atmosphere before the first reading 2 88 XI THE FIRST READING OF THE BILL AND ACTIVITY BEFORE THE SECOND READING 293 The Flag Bill and Government strategy 2 93 The first reading 296 Protests against the Bill between the first and second readings, 17 - 23 May 299 Nationalist agitation between the readings 308 The establishment of Our Own Flag Organization 311 XII THE SECOND READING Of THE FIAG BILL, MAY-JUNE 1927 318 Main themes of the Opposition speeches 318 Highlights of the first week of the second reading 322 The charges against Smuts 344 Second half of the second reading 349 V XIII THE EMERGENCE OF THE 'SHIELD FIAG' 359 Press comment on the second reading 359 Influences for change from within the Pact 365 Influences for change from without the Pact 373 The Government's problem 387 The 1927 Select Committee 391 The mechanics of compromise 396 XIV THE'SHIELD FIAG' IN THE ASSEMBLY 403 Opposition reaction to the 'shield flag' 403 The Nationalist press and the 'shield flag' 410 Committee and Report stages of the Bill (20-22 June 1927) 414 The third reading 435 xv THE REJECTION OF THE FLAG BILL 439 Press comment during the final stages of the Bill in the Assembly 439 The debate in the Senate 442 Final stages of the Bill's rejection 454 Comments on the Bill in the Senate and on the session 4 56 XVI THE ROAD TO THE BL0EMH0F RIOT, JULY-30 SEPTEMBER 464 Directional conflicts in the Nationalist camp 464 Response to Our Own Flag Organization 474 The Flag (C~mmittee) Organization 484 Nationalist press activity during the recess 492 The opposition press, July-September 1927 497 The Nationalist Party's recess campaign 504 The S .A. P. campaign 511 Background to the Bloemhof riot 521 The Bloemhof riot 535 XVII PRISING THE LOGJAM 540 The problem of violence 540 Labour Party difficulties 552 vi Amery and the flag struggle 566 The Roos manifesto 572 Malan and Roos clash 587 XVIII THE FIAG SETTLEMENT 594 Smuts, the S .A. P. and the desire for settlement 594 Hertzog, the Nationalists and the desire for settlement 601 Groundwork before the talks 605 The Hertzog-Smuts talks 614 Caucus and Assembly approval 626 XJX CONCLUSION 634 Reaction to the flag settlement 634 Toenadering 642 Labour and the flag controversy 651 Reflections on the Labour Party 669 Natal and the flag struggle 673 The politics of ideology 676 Pressure groups and the flag conflict 684 Symbolism, religion and the flag controversy 690 Peoples, parties and the flag struggle 694 LIST Op MEMBERS Op THE HOUSE Op ASSEMBLY 701 APPENDICES Nos 1 - 2 704 SOURCE LIST 710 PREFACE Despite the great interest which the South African flag controversy evoked in 192 6-7, historians have given it little a,ttention. Brief reference to the struggle is often made in general histories or other works - such as biographies - covering the period, but there have been only three attempts to deal with the subject in some detail. The first of these was Dr. D.F. Malan's series of articles in Die Burger in January/February 1957, which were published two years later as a chapter of some forty pages entitled, 1 Die Vlagstryd' in his book Afrikaner Volkseenheid. As Minister of the Interior, Malan was responsible for the introduction of flag legislation and his account is based on his record of the controversy made some months after 1 the conflict. Unfortunately, despite his intimate involvement in the controversy - or perhaps because of it - his is a highly tendentious account. Motives which Malan attributes to himself are often questionable and incomplete, while his treatment of his opponents lacks objectivity, sympathy and depth. Useful though the work is as a guide to the labyrinthine events of the flag controversy, it remains little more than a short apologia. The second work on the subject, completed one year after Malan's book was published, is F. J. Human' s M.A. thesis, Die Totstandkoming van die Unievlag. 1. D. F. Malan, Afrikaner Volkseenheid, pages 102-3. Viii Based on limited primary source material, the author has leant heavily on Malan' s account and uncritically accepted the biased views of poiiticians and the press. The result is a very superficial study which adds little to an understanding of the flag conflict. Of somewhat more merit is the last study, M.J.Williamson's, Natal and the Flag Issue, 1925-1928, another M.A. thesis. This work is naturally limited to the relationship between Natal and the flag controversy; it is based only to a very limited degree on private papers (in this case frequently unreliable), often lacks depth and is not sufficiently critical - accepting at its face value, for instance, Heaton Nicholls' version of the controversy even though it was written from 2 memory some thirty years after the events. Unfortunately, the work cannot be said to sketch more than an outline of the controversy. Other secondary sources are brief and almost always unreliable. Thus no satisfactory secondary source for the flag controversy exists and the historian trying to write a history of the controversy must rely heavily on such primary source material as he can find. In this work ,a large number of private papers - some thirty in all, have been consulted. They include the papers of the leaders of the three political parties of the time - Generals J.B.M.Hertzog ( Nationalist Party) and J.C.Smuts ( South African Party) and Golonel F. H.P. Creswell ( Labour Party), as well as those 2. G.H.Nicholls, South Africa in my time, page 19. ix of other Cabinet Ministers - N.C.Havenga, C.W.Malan, J.C.G.Kemp, P. G. W. Grobler and T. Boydell, prominent parliamentarians, and leading public figures who were active in the conflict. Together with the McPherson ( labour !arty) Papers and the papers of the Private Secretary to the Minister of the Interior, W. H. Louw, these collections proved indispensable to an understanding of the controversy.
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