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Antropologia Ed Epistemologia Della Complessitá Università degli Studi di Bergamo L’École des hautes études en sciences sociales DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN ANTROPOLOGIA ED EPISTEMOLOGIA DELLA COMPLESSITÁ Ciclo XXII SOCIOLOGIA DEI FENOMENI POLITICI Spontanéisme armé et les formes culturelles de la radicalisation Presentata da: Giacomo Loperfido Coordinatore Dottorato Relatori Prof. Enrico Giannetto Prof. Bruno Riccio Prof. Jonathan Friedman Esame finale anno 2011 Introduction............................................................................................................................... 5 Partie I Mise en contexte: analyse, ethnographie, histoire ....................................... 17 I.1 - Accès au terrain ............................................................................................................. 18 I.1.1 - Background : arrière-plan dans l’arrière-pays.......................................................... 18 I.1.2 - Histoire et géographie du terrain ............................................................................. 21 I.1.3 - La « conquête » du terrain....................................................................................... 23 I.1.4 - Position contradictoire de l’ethnographe.................................................................. 28 I.1.5 - Solution de la contradiction : « gatekeepers ».......................................................... 38 I.2 Définition d’un cadre historique : événements, acteurs, stratégies et intérêts de pouvoir... 42 I.2.1 - Discours et antidiscours : refondation de l’identité nationale ................................... 42 I.2.2 - Fondements historiques de l’identité néofasciste : quelques aspects......................... 46 I.2.3 - « Stratégie de la tension »........................................................................................ 53 I.2.4 - « Stratégie de la tension » : les préalables structurels............................................... 55 I.2.5 - « Anxiété » et institution locale des alliances : naissance d’une stratégie violente.... 60 I.2.6 - Genèse de la violence : une stratégie de contrôle social ........................................... 69 I.2.7 - Chronologie des événements successifs................................................................... 75 Partie II Éléments généalogiques du spontanéisme armé :discours publiques, mouvements, événements .................................................................................................... 79 II.1 - Transformations sociales et idéologies de la décadence ................................................ 80 II.1.1 - Contexte : transformations, ambivalence et origines de l’occidentalisme................ 80 II.1.2 - Codification symbolique du déclin : l’oeuvre de Julius Evola comme paradigme d’une idéologie de la décadence ........................................................................................ 96 II.1.3 - Romualdi, la xénophobie et la synthèse européenne............................................. 110 II.1.4 - Jean Thiriart et les formes symboliques d’une synthèse........................................ 119 II.1.5 - Franco Freda, la « désintégration du système » : des prémisses théoriques à l’opposition holistique..................................................................................................... 122 II.2 - Ambivalence et la genèse de l’Organisation Lotta di Popolo....................................... 134 II.2.1 - Transformation sociale et subjectivité, histoire de vie de Paolo Zanetov : profil sociologique et histoire familiale ..................................................................................... 134 II.2.2 - Ambivalence : le monde en couleurs contre les valeurs traditionnelles................. 145 II.2.3 - 1968 et la naissance d’un syncrétisme politique: Organizzazione Lotta di Popolo 151 II.2.4 - Le récit mythique de la naissance d’un syncrétisme contre le pouvoir : fondation d’une généalogie politique............................................................................................... 159 Partie III De la contre-révolution à la révolution, les transformations de la droite radicale ................................................................................................................................ 171 III.1 - Les réponses charismatiques à la crise : révolution et contre-révolution..................... 172 III.1.1 - Ascension et déclin d’un horizon de transformation............................................ 172 III.1.2 - Les néofascistes entre « mouvements » et « institutions » : continuités et ruptures dans un processus de mutation de l’idéologie .................................................................. 191 III.1.3 - Révolution et contre-révolution .......................................................................... 193 III.1.4 - La réorganisation du milieu après la répression................................................... 203 III.2 - Désagrégation sociale et nostalgie d’unité : Costruiamo l’Azione .............................. 214 III.2.1 - Sergio Calore : Traits anagraphiques et sociologiques......................................... 214 III.2.2 - Profil sociologique ............................................................................................. 214 III.2.3 - Une rupture entre générations............................................................................. 219 III.2.4 - Découverte de la violence politique .................................................................... 226 III.2.5 - La militance terroriste avec Concutelli................................................................ 231 III.2.6 - Costruiamo l’Azione........................................................................................... 241 III.2.7 - Costruiamo l’azione : crise des sujets, idéologie oppositive et création d’un champ d’identifications holistes.................................................................................................. 251 Partie IV La légitimation idéologique de la violence .............................................. 269 IV.1 - Contexte : Socialisations anti-autoritaires et identifications oppositives..................... 270 IV.1.1 - Contexte : Mouvements et institutions : la rupture.............................................. 270 IV.1.2 - 1977-1978 La droite rebelle et l’explosion de la violence : genèse du spontanéisme armé................................................................................................................................ 281 IV.1.3 - 1977-1978 La droite rebelle et l’explosion de la violence : genèse du spontanéisme armé................................................................................................................................ 287 IV.1.4 - Paolo L.C.: Profil sociologique et histoire familiale............................................ 292 IV.1.5 - Réorganisation anti-autoritaire des rapports sociaux : opposition à l’autorité paternelle (verticale) et identification aux solidarités de groupe (horizontales)................. 300 IV.1.6 - Du père aux pères : activation d’un espace polémique vertical (anti-autoritaire) . 309 IV.1.7 - Subjectivité et prophétisme................................................................................. 315 2 IV.2 - Manifestation d’une forme nouvelle de la violence de droite : « Spontanéisme armé » ........................................................................................................................................... 333 IV.2.1 - Les cahiers QUEX : représentation de la réalité totalement hostile, et appel aux « individus totaux »......................................................................................................... 333 IV.2.3 - Adolescence : ambivalence et « mécanisme dépressif »...................................... 350 IV.2.4 - Conversion au « mécanisme persécuteur » et abandon de la norme paternelle..... 360 IV.2.5 - Passage à l’acte: naissance du groupe et naissance du chef ................................. 364 IV.3 - Analyse. Une forme culturelle de violence : l’« opposition holistique »..................... 371 IV.3.1 - Prophétisme et holisme oppositif........................................................................ 371 IV.3.2 - Holisme et modernité ......................................................................................... 375 IV.3.3 - Fonctionnement culturel des formes prophétiques .............................................. 379 IV.3.5 - La violence comme marqueur des hiérarchies symboliques inversées, dans les idéologies anti-matérialistes ............................................................................................ 387 IV.3.7 - Mort et purification ............................................................................................ 399 Bibliographie ......................................................................................................................... 407 3 4 Introduction En octobre 2007, après un an de travail à partir d’ouvrages littéraires et théoriques, pour la première fois, je me rendais à Rome mener une enquête de terrain. Un ami m’avait présenté à Guido Panvini, un jeune historien romain, passionné par les années de plomb en Italie. Par un matin clair et doux d’automne à Rome, je rencontrai Guido, au sourire accueillant et au regard pénétrant. Cette première rencontre m’introduisit aussi aux rythmes lents de l’ancienne capitale, où le citoyen flâne, traîne inexorablement dans des espaces riches en histoire, à la terrasse des bars, avec insouciance,
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