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M a L University Hybridizing the Human Body: The Hydrological Developrnent of Acupuncture in Eariy Imperia1 China Nigel Peter Daly Department of East Asian Studies MalUniversity Montréal, Canada A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial futfiliment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Universai Copyright O 1999 Nigei Peter Daly duBbJioy Cana Acquisitions and AcquLUtions et ûiiliogmphic Senrices se- bibiiographiques The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence ailowing the exclusive permettant à la National Li- of Canada to Bibiiothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or seil reproduire, prêter, distriiuer ou copies of this thesis m microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la fome de rnicrofiche/6?lm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format élecîronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la thèse ni des extraits subsîantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son pexmission. autorisation. This bL4 Look over five years to cornpiete. Among the obstacles on its path to completion was a two year hiatus in Taiwan, Vretrievably lost data on deleted harddrives, inaccessibility of research materiai, and several changes in thesis topic. Through al1 the deIayç, refinemenb, and changes of direction my thesis supervisor, Dr. Robin Yak, was always patient, open-rninded, and generousiy supportive. A rigorous taskmaster, 1am gratefd to him for keeping me in Line, or at least trying to. 1 feel fortunate and honored to have had him as a supervisor. 1 have Iearnt a great ded hom him. 1would also like to extend my th& to the East hianShidies Department staff at McGill University, +dy Dr. Thomas Lamarre for his insightful comrnenb and criticisms, Dr. Ken Dean for his valuable suggestions during our impromptu meetings,and SuanOng, theDepartmenIs Administrative Assistant for aiways being abIe to masberfully cut through aii that university bureaucratie red tape. 1 am grateful to my fianck, Chiang Suchen, who has respectecl and encouraged my work, especiaiiy during past two years, deciding to seifIessly stay in France and give me space to finish my thesis. E wish ta apologize to her for putting up with a tiresorne and expensive bngdistance relationship. FinaMy, my greatest aclcnowledgment mut go to rny patents. They have always supported me and encouraged me no matter what 1was doing. Mymother has always been both generously supportive and goad at keeping me focused. 1 have drawn much strength from her strong-wilt and pragmatism. AcademicaUy, 1 am indebted to my father for his patient proof-reading and for putting up with my ranting and chatter about thesis ideas over late night tea drïnking sessions. He was a gmat sound-board. I would thus like to dedicate this thesis Lo my parents as a small token of thanks for everything thev have donc for me. Table of Contents Acknowledgments................................................................................................. A .. Table of Contents..................................................................................................... -......u Abstract........................................................................................................ .....iv Introduction............................................................................................................ ..l Chap ter 1 Theoretical Becomings Respecthg difference(s).................................................................................... ..-.13 HybridiPng the 18 modern".................................................................................. J6 Networking and hybrid ontology......................... "..-.-......-. ....................... ..-..20 Viral becomings and hybnd bodies.................................................................. î3 Chinese hy brid-bodies....................................................................................... 25 nie"symbioticfield'' of water in early China ................................................. 3.5 Becoming-text, embody ing bext........................................................................ 37 Chapter II Pre-mai Bodies: Ritual Vessel-body ... Zhou vessek and mcnphons............................................................................. 42 Ritual dynamics: vesseIs and ved-bodies....................................................... 47 ShamaiUc vessel-body ........................................................ -........................-• -.-A9 Daoistlyang shmg vessel-body.............................................................. ..------.32- Conclusion: Wbnd bodies................................................................................. -5' iii Chapter III Observations on the MaiTexk hfaitext descriptions.......................................................................................... 60 Textas open system ............................................................................................. fsl Contents of the texts ........................................................................................... 67 Spatiaiizingyin and yang. ................................................................................. 73 Movemeiit and spatialized time......,......... -......... .. .......................................... 75 Chapter IV Movement in the Mnifa and Yuiyang mai sihou fi& pathoiogy and (up/down) movement................................................ 78 Vertical planes of movement ........................................................................... 82 Pathologicai speed - afktedover-extendhg (guo)................................ --...83 Yhyangmaisihou-healing(emptying-mg) movement............................. 86 Visioning the body: signs......................................... ++ ........................................ 87 'dovementvs stagnation.................................................................................... 94 .Beliows" bodies: yang sheng resonances.................................................... 99 Chapter V Hydralogical Resonances in the Mai fit and Yinyang mai sihou 'he hydrological "symbiotic field".................................................................. IO5 Euman/nonhuman becomings......................................................................... If O hdrcxosmology: river networking............................................................... Ill jrdering disorder: conclusions..................................................................... -120 nces..................................................................................................... 123 App- .f ix .. ............................~........+............-....-~.................+.........................238 Abs trac t Nybridihg the Human Body: nie HydroIoaofcai Development of Acupuncture in Early hpenaf China Investigating the concepts of qiand maiand their functions in the oldest extant, recently excavated, second centq BCE practice-oriented guides to puise taking, moxibustion, and needling practices, this thesis aims to show the prominent influence of water imagery and suggests a way to conceptualize its significance. These texts can be seen as transitional in the development of acupuncture, whose later practice wodd involve use of met. needles and be almost exclusively associahi with the cosmological concepts of yin yang and wu hgand circular movemenk of qithat reached popdarity in the Qin and Han dynasties and attesteci in the oldest and most famous Chinese medical compilation, also of the Han, the Huangdi neijng. In contrast, the paradigm of water, with its uniditectional free flows, is what informs these early medical manuscripk' understanding of qiand mai and their physiological movements. Cette thèse, en recherchant les fonctions physiologiques des concepts de qi et de ma;souligne l'importance de Simagerie associé avec l'eau teIle qu'elle est v6hicuiée par ces deux termes centraux dans tes plus vieux textes de la tradition ris l'acupuncture. Ces textes, récemment rétrouvés et datés du deuxième siècle av. J-C, représentent une étape transitoire dans Yhisioire de l'acupuncture. Ils sont écrits avant l'usage des aiguilles metalliques qui ont été associés presqu'uniquement avec les concepts cosmologiques de yin yang et de wu &g et les concepts physiologiques des mouvements circuiaires de qi devenus populaires durant les dynasties Qin et Han. Ces concepts ont été employés de facon libérale dans le Huangdi neijing; classique medical datant, lui aussi, de l'époque des Han. Le paradigme de rem, qui suggère un mouvement fluvial et unidirectionnrl, influence les concepts de qiet de maiet leurs mouvements physiologiques. In traduction Developing Mai @ Texb/Bodies Heaven and earth blend qi[and the resuit] is calied man. [f man is abIe to temain responsive mg@) to the four seasonç.. - Suwen, ch. 25 (in Sivin 198738) Mm Iives on the qiof heaven and earth. he grows accordmg to the iaws of seasonal changes. - Suwen, ch 25 (in Liu 22) Occidentals who know anything about traditional Chinese medicine wili at least have heard of one of its most ancient and distinctive practices, acupuncture (zhenjiu #&), defined broadly as the insertion of thin needles to varyllig depths at strategicdy locakd points
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