2015.02.11 10th Annual Meeting @ Colombo, Sri Lanka

Water Environmental Management in Asia Challenges, Opportunities and Expected Role of WEPA

Motoyuki Suzuki WEPA Special Advisor [email protected]

http://www.wepa‐db.net/index.htm

First Phase (2004‐2008) • Activities/documents • Dialogues with member countries for Information Sharing • Linkage with WWFs • Annual Meetings State of water / Organizational arrangement and Workshops /Legislative framework / Background / Law enforcement / Cases Database of technologies in operation / Information on • Database appropriate technologies

Activities by NGOs and CBOs / Governmental activities Various sources of water‐related information, Global level / Asia regional level / National level Second Phase (2009‐2013) ‐‐‐ Knowledge Sharing for Solutions ‐‐‐ • 2009‐11 • Review of Water Environmental Management • Starting with Two Fields of Topics • Domestic Wastewater Treatment • Climate Change and Water Environment • Identification of Specific Issues to be discussed • 2012‐13 • Experiences Sharing and Knowledge Sharing among Member Countries through Solution Findings through: • Workshops, Bilateral meetings, Annual meetings etc. • Development of Twinning Programmes for Capacity Empowerment etc.

Common Challenges : Some of the Issues identified by WEPA Partner Countries

‐ Legislation and Organization: Detailed systems and capacity development required in order to implement a legislative Phase framework ‐ Identification of proper paths for a new form of development, leap frog approaches ‐ Ensuring implementation of proper monitoring and data Second management of

‐ Adequate settings of water quality standards/effluent standards

‐ Coordination among relevant water organizations and End regulations

‐ Partnership among NGOs, GOs and various stakeholders, the Cooperation between member countries, etc. ‐ Water quality management at the basin level near ‐ Integrated management?, upstream/downstream relations, diversified stakeholders, multiphase problems, long range optimization, etc. Draft DPSIR: Structure of water environment issues • Macro policy: Driver (Basic causes) Paradigm shift toward – Increase of human activities: Population increase, sustainable societies economic development, life style change, industrial development, urbanization, etc. Environmental policy • Pressure to water environment Legislation, Institutional arrangement , technology – Waste water and solid from industry, domestic development, etc. activities, excess fertilizer, land use change, etc. • State change Environmental policy Countermeasures for – Algal broom,1. Pastchemical development and biochemical patterns indegradation of water contamination, biodiversity loss, drinking water bodies, monitoring, deteriorationAsian countries analysis, etc. • Impact 2.to human Some of activities the Japan`s experiencesSocial systems – Health effects, degraded living environment,ｔ Compensation rules, deteriorated3. Inputecosystems, to loweringthe hird of property phase of WEPApromotion of values, etc. environmental sciences • Response (Policy) M. Suzuki

DPSIR: Structure of water environment issues • Development causes varieties ofMacro policy: Driver (Basic causes) Paradigm shift toward – Increasedegradation of human activities: in natural Population water increase, systems,sustainable societies economic development,though water life style is change, one of the key industrial development, urbanization, etc. Environmental policy • Pressure toelements water environment for development. Legislation, Institutional arrangement , technology – Waste water and solid from industry, domestic development, etc. activities, excess fertilizer, land use change, etc. • State change Environmental policy Countermeasures for – Algal broom,1. Pastchemical development and biochemical patterns indegradation of water contamination, biodiversity loss, drinking water bodies, monitoring, deteriorationAsian countries analysis, etc. • Impact 2.to human Some of activities the Japan`s experiencesSocial systems – Health effects, degraded living environment,ｔ Compensation rules, deteriorated3. Inputecosystems, to loweringthe hird of property phase of WEPApromotion of values, etc. environmental sciences • Response (Policy) M. Suzuki Economic Development in Asian Countries (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD) 100,000 USA Japan Germany Korea Malaysia USD) USD)

China 10,000 Thailand Mongol (current (current

Indonesia Sri Lanka Philippines Capita Capita

Bhutan per per 1,000

Vietnam India GDP GDP Lao PDR Pakistan Cambodia Bangladesh 100 Nepal 1960 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 2000 05 2010

Experiences of Japan during its economic development 100,000

Severe UNCED Japan Rio pollution incidents End of Cold War USD) USD)

10,000 Urban env.

Oil Crisis problems (current (current

Stockholm UNCHE Basic Law on Biodiversity Basic Law on Sound Material Cycle Pollution Prevention Basic Act Basic Pollution Prevention Water Pollution Control Law Water Capita Capita

Industrial Tokyo Olympic Tokyo Act on Global Warming Countermeasures Warming Act on Global Basic Law of Environment per per

1,000 Effluent Control Total

pollution Income doubling Plan City water and on‐ GDP GDP site sewage systems (60‐75) Control N,P Poverty Global Industrial Urban environmental limit pollution environmental problems problems <$2/day 100

1960 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 2000 05 2010 Economic Development in Asian Countries (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD) 100,000 USA Japan Germany Korea Global Climate Malaysia USD) USD)

China 10,000 Thailand Urban Environment Mongol Problems (current (current

Indonesia Sri Lanka Philippines Capita Capita

Compressed Bhutan Industrial Pollution Environmental per per 1,000

Vietnam Problems India GDP GDP Lao PDR Pakistan Poverty Level < $2/day Cambodia Bangladesh 100 Nepal 1960 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 2000 05 2010

Urban population increases in Asian countries, 1970‐2010 World Development Bank, SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS, 2012 100 Japan Definition of Korea

(%) 90 “urban” ? USA 80 Germany

Areas Malaysia

70 Mongolia Indonesia 60 Urban

China in 50 Philippines Pakistan 40 Bhutan Ratio Thailand 30 Laos PDR India 20 Vietnam Bangladesh Population 10 Nepal 0 Sri Lanka 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Urban Population Proportion versus GDP per Capita WUP 2011 (UN DESA Pop. Div.) 100 Urbanization Japan 90 seems roughly Korea USA 80 linked with the 70 Malaysia Germany Mongolia economic 60 development Urban Indonesia 50 Philippines China 40 Lao PDR Pakistan Bhutan

Percentage Thailand 30 Myanmar India Bangladesh Vietnam Half of the 20 Cambodia Nepal Sri Lanka population 10 is urban 0 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 GDP per Capita (2010)

Water and Lives Taihu Lake, 2007

Water Algal bloom as an example resources HongNewQuindao,Kagoshima York GreenKong, 2008Harbor,Bay, lavers, 2001 2010.07.28 Quindao, 2010 2011.7.18 Fresh water resources and withdrawal per capita of Asian countries (prepared from Aquastat, FAO (2014.1))

10000 /capita/yr) 3 (m

USA capita Pakistan 1000 Vietnam per Thailand Myanmar IndiaJapan Philippines Lao PDR Korea Sri Lanka Indonesia Bhutan China Germany Nepal Malaysia Bangladesh withdrawal Mongolia Cambodia water 100 100 1000 10000 100000 Total : Total renewable water resources per capita (m3/capita/yr) : Total internal renewable water resources per capita (m3/capita/yr)

Water and Lives Run‐off Gross Domestic water Product

Fertilizer, skill, etc. Agricultural Agricultural use product etc.

Ind. structure, capacity, etc. Industrial Industrial water, use product Market systems, etc. Product from Surface Domestic use Services

Environmental Natural Resources, Water ecosystem services PDR

Lanka

Nepal Bangladesh Cambodia Pakistan Lao Vietnam India Philippines Bhutan Mongolia Sri Indonesia China Thailand Malaysia Korea. Germany Japan USA Water 1,000 withdrawals Vs. GDP /year)

3 in Asian (m (m

countries 100 Capita Capita

Agricultural per per

Domestic Industrial 10 AQUASTAT (FAO), Most recent statistics. withdrawal withdrawal

Agricultural From 2000‐2010 Water Water withdrawal 1 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

GDP per Capita (2010) World Bank, 2012 Water withdrawal per Capita (m3/year) Water withdrawal per Capita (m3/year) 1,000 1,000 100 100 10 10 1 1 0 ,0 000100,000 10,000 1,000 100 0 ,0 000100,000 10,000 1,000 100 withdrawal withdrawal Industrial Domestic GDP GDP GDP Nepal GDP Nepal Bangladesh Bangladesh Cambodia Cambodia Pakistan Pakistan

per per per Lao PDR per Lao PDR Vietnam Vietnam

India India

Capita Capita Capita Philippines Capita Philippines Bhutan Bhutan Mongolia Mongolia Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Indonesia Indonesia China China

(2010) (2010) (2010) Thailand (2010) Thailand

Malaysia Malaysia

Korea. Korea.

Germany Germany Japan Japan USA USA From Most AQUASTAT From Most AQUASTAT countries countries in in countries Vs. withdrawals Water countries Vs. withdrawals Water in in Vs. withdrawals Water Vs. withdrawals Water World World

Industrial Domestic Agricultural Asian Asian Asian Asian Industrial Domestic Agricultural

recent recent 2000 2000 GDP GDP GDP GDP

Bank, Bank,

‐ ‐ (FAO), (FAO), 2010 2010

statistics. statistics.

2012 2012 PDR

Lanka

Indonesia China Thailand Malaysia Korea. Germany Japan USA Nepal Bangladesh Cambodia Pakistan Lao Vietnam India Philippines Bhutan Mongolia Sri Water 1,000 withdrawals Vs. GDP /year)

3 in Asian (m (m

countries 100 Capita Capita

Agricultural per per

Importance of Municipal wastewater Industrial 10 treatments AQUASTAT (FAO), Most recent statistics. withdrawal withdrawal

From 2000‐2010 Water Water

1 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

GDP per Capita (2010) World Bank, 2012

Water withdrawals

Southeast Asian countries have enjoyed the benefit of precipitation driven by the Monsoon. The amount of withdrawal per capita is quite varied from country to country. Water resources may limit further development in some areas. Agricultural water use is not a strong function of GDP but fertilizer consumption should be carefully controlled for excess application to be avoided. Countries moving into industrialization and/or urbanization must be prepared for the increase of water demands. Development of policies related to water management becomes one of the essential factors for achieving sustainability in the future. Coverage of Domestic Water Systems in Japan, 1960‐2000 100 2000 City Water 1980 80 (%) On‐site 1970 Treatment, 60 Jokaso Cost of Large‐ Coverage 1960 scale Sewerage 40 Systems: 1. Initial cost 20 Large‐scale Sewerage 2. Operation Population Systems cost 0 3. Maintenance 100 1000 10000 100000 /Replacement GDP per Capita (1991 USD)

The Minamata Disease • The Nippon Chisso Co. had been producing ammonia sulfate fertilizer since 1932. • Its Minamata complex was also the top manufacturer of acetylene‐derived acetaldehyde (1953‐) which was a valuable raw material for producing DOP, a plasticizer for PVC (polyvinyl chloride). – Mercury was used as a catalyst for acetaldehyde production, often released to the Minamata Bay with other wastes from the production processes. – Tiny fraction of mercury discharged to the sea was gradually converted into toxic methyl compounds by biomes in the sea. • In 1968, the government officially recognized that the mercury discharge from Chisso company was the cause of the Minamata disease. – Number of designated victims is around 5,000 so far. Simplified Picture of the Minamata Events

Calcium Carbide ・DOP (Dioctyl‐ Acetylene Acetaldehyde Phthalate) ・ C2=H2 CH3CHO Acetic Acid CaC2 ・ Ethyl Acetate ・ Vinyl Acetate ・ Others Plastics, Cloth, HgO2 Hg Construction materials, etc. Fe2S3

Hg, Hg CH3X (Methyl Mercury) Foods

Hg CH3X → Fish, Shellfish Tragedy

The Minamata Disease: a neurological syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning. Symptoms include ataxia, numbness in the hands and feet, general muscle weakness, narrowing of the field of vision and damage to hearing and speech. In extreme cases, insanity, paralysis, coma and finally death follows.

Statistics of the Minamata Disease 日本の公害経験(1991)より 1. The Nippon Chisso Co. had been spending 1.2 million USD/year (average) for investment for pollution prevention. 2. The compensation for the damages Item Average Annual Expenditure Compensation for the victims 76.7 million dollar Recovery for the polluted 42.7 million dollar Minamata land area Compensation for local fishery 6.9 million dollar damage Third Phase (2014‐2018) Basic matters to be considered: 1. Diversity of development stages and natural conditions among member countries. 2. Economic development is roughly linked with industrialization and urbanization. 3. Treatment of both industrial and domestic wastewaters becomes significant in most countries. 4. Distributed rather than centralized collection and treatment methods might give sustainable water cycle systems. 5. Challenging tasks are to find comprehensive solutions to compressed environmental problems

Voyage without the chart ‐‐‐‐Learning by doing‐‐‐‐

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