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THE HISTORY of CHEMISTRY in JAPAN and AROUND the WORLD - Focusing on Invention, Discovery, Commercialization, and the Founding of Major Companies

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THE HISTORY of CHEMISTRY in JAPAN and AROUND the WORLD - Focusing on Invention, Discovery, Commercialization, and the Founding of Major Companies Big Trend Year of Era Chemistry-related Developments of Japan Chemistry-related Developments of the World Society in General (France) Antoine Lavoisier, "the father of modern chemistry," Kaitai Shinsho ("New Book of Anatomy") discovered the law of conservation of mass. 1774 was published by Genpaku Sugita and Movement from alchemy to "chemistry" others. as an industry. (France) Nicholas Leblanc developed an industrial US Declaration of 1791 process for producing sodium carbonate Independence (1776) (i.e. Leblanc process). Antoine Lavoisier 1802 (USA) DuPont was founded to manufacture gunpowder. (Germany) Friedrich Woehler succeeded in synthesizing urea. 1828 Yoan Udagawa Seimi Kaiso The world's fi rst synthesis of an organic substance. information Oversea exchangeofchemical Publishing of Seimi Kaiso, authored by Yoan Udagawa, begins (completed in 1847). 1837 The Rebellion of Heihachiro Oshio. Japan's fi rst book on chemistry. (UK) William Perkin synthesized Mauve, an aniline 1856 synthetic dye, for the fi rst time in the world. The fi rst EXPO in London (1851) Industrialization of coal chemistry. Ponpe Seimisho, edited by Ryojun Matsumoto, was published. It was the fi rst text of chemistry 1859 Yokohama Port was opened. based on taking notes from lectures given by Pompe van Meerdervoort, a Dutch naval surgeon. William Perkin Kagaku Shinsho ("New Book on Chemistry"), a translated book by Komin Kawamoto, (UK) C. Williams separated the main ingredient of natural rubber 1860 was published. American Civil War (1861 - 1865) and named it "Isoprene." First book with "chemistry" in title. Seirenkata (a "refi ning laboratory") was started in Banshoshirabesho. 1861 (Place of origin: the Chemistry Department of the University of Tokyo) In 1865, Seirenkata was renamed "Kagakusho" (a "chemical laboratory"). (Germany) Bayer and Hoechst were established to manufacture 1863 dyestuffs. In 1865, BASF was established to manufacture dyestuffs and other chemicals. (Belgium) E. Solvay industrialized the 1866 ammonia-soda process (i.e. Solvay process). (Sweden) Alfred Nobel invented dynamite. 1868 (USA) Hyatt Brothers invented celluloid. The Meiji Restoration. E. Solvay - Focusing on Discovery, Commercialization, Invention, and the of Founding Major Companies - Koenraad Woulter Gratama, a Dutchman, gave an opening speech as vice principal of Suez Canal 1869 THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY IN JAPAN AND AROUND THE WORLD THE AND AROUND OF CHEMISTRY IN JAPAN THE HISTORY Osaka Seimikyoku, a chemistry school. was opened. Education on chemistry began at Tokyo Kaisei School (now the University of Tokyo). 1870 Start of chemistry education : Chemistry education began with the lectures given by Gratama at (USA) Standard Oil was founded. Osaka Seimikyoku. Such famous scientists as Jokichi Takamine and Kikunae Ikeda graduated from the school, but it was closed in 1872, and was assimilated into Tokyo Kaisei School. 1871 (Germany) BASF commercially produced synthetic alizarin dyes. chemical products underway Production ofinorganic Osaka Zoheiryo (the Mint Bureau) started to manufacture sulfuric acid using a lead chamber Railway was opened between Shimbashi 1872 process for mint production. and Yokohama. Introduction of inorganic chemical industry. (France/USA) Charles Friedel of France and James Crafts of 1877 the USA discovered the synthesis process of the benzene The University of Tokyo was established. derivatives (i.e. Friedel-Crafts reaction). 1878 The Chemical Society of Japan was established. (First chairman: Mitsuru Kuhara.) (Germany) Bayer succeeded in synthesizing indigo. Osaka Mint Bureau (now Japan Mint) started to manufacture Leblanc-process sodium 1881 carbonate and other chemicals. Bank of Japan was established. Introduction of soda industry. Komeisha (now Nippon Paint) developed paste paint from zinc oxide. Introduction of paint industry. (France) Count H. Bernigaud de Chardonnet acquired a patent Japanese transfer from a Grand Council 1884 to manufacture artifi cial silk from nitrocellulose and, in 1891, he to a Cabinet system. produced it commercially. Tsuchiya Rubber Co. succeeded in rubber heat vulcanizing. 1886 Introduction of rubber processing industry. industry started Chemical fertilizer Tokyo Jinzo Hiryo (now Nissan Chemical Industries) was founded. The following year, 1887 it started to produce chemical fertilizers (superphosphate of lime) domestically. Chemical fertilizer industry started. Nagase Shoten (now Kao) was founded. Nippon Seimitsu Seizo (now Nissan Chemical Industries) was established and, in 1891, 1889 Eiffel Tower was built at Paris Expo. it started to manufacture Leblanc-process sodium carbonate in Onoda. 1890 Nagase Shoten (now Kao) launched Kao Sekken (Kao Soap). (Netherlands) Predecessor to Royal Dutch Shell was established. First Imperial Diet. 1891 Tomijiro Kobayashi established T. Kobayashi & Co. (now Lion). 1892 Jokichi Takamine discovered digestive enzyme Taka-Diastase. 1895 Jokichi Takamine (Germany) Emil Fischer discovered Fischer esterifi cation. Sino-Japanese War (1894 - 1895) (Germany) Bayer discovered aspirin, a raw material for Government-managed Yawata Steel 1897 Okinoyama Coal Mine (now Ube Industries) was established. medicines. Works was completed. (USA) Dow Chemical was established to manufacture bleach. Kotaro Shimomura succeeded in producing ammonium sulfate for 1898 (France) Mr. and Mrs. Curie discovered polonium and radium. fertilizers with ammonia from a by-product recovery coke oven. 1900 Jokichi Takamine succeeded in extracting adrenalin. (Germany) Adolf Frank and others produced lime nitrogen from 1901 Tokyo Gas started to distill coal tar. First Nobel Prize Award Ceremony. Tsuneichi Fujiyama Manufacture of carbide nitrogen in the air and carbide. Start ofcarbide/lime nitrogenmanufacturing Tsuneichi Fujiyama succeeded in manufacturing carbide by the hydraulic power generation of Industrial Bank of Japan was founded (France) Air Liquide was established to manufacture 1902 Sankyozawa. (He later established Denki Kagaku Kogyo.) for the purpose of introducing overseas commercial gas. A path to electric chemistry/carbide (acetylene) chemistry. capital. Takanobu Tanaka built a factory to manufacture celluloid. (UK) Courtaulds started a full-scale manufacture of viscose- 1905 Russo-Japanese War (1904 - 1905) Introduction of plastic industry. process artifi cial silk thread. (Netherlands/UK) Royal Dutch of the Netherlands and Shell 1907 Asahi Glass was founded. Transport of the UK merged to form Royal Dutch Shell. (Germany) Fritz Haber and Karl Bosch succeeded in an Tomonori Nakano developed the Nakano-method mercury process In the US, the Ford Model T, a noted 1908 experiment to directly synthesize nitrogen in the air to fi xed electrolysis (i.e. electrolytic soda process). automobile, was produced. ammonia. (USA) Leo Baekeland synthesized phenolic resins Sakai Celluloid and Japan Celluloid Artifi cial (now both Daicel) were (commercial name: Bakelite). established and started to manufacture celluloid in 1911. Manufacture of celluloid The world's fi rst synthetic resins. Kikunae Ikeda discovered monosodium glutamate. In 1909, he commercialized it as the seasoning "Ajinomoto". Shitagau Noguchi established Nippon Chisso Hiryo K.K. (now Chisso) by merging Sogi Electric and Nippon Carbide Shokai. Shitagau Noguchi Kawamura Ink Manufactory (now DIC) was founded. Fritz Haber Karl Bosch Leo Baekeland coal chemistry dyestuff production by Start offertilizer/ (Germany) Flitz Hoffmann of Bayer obtained a patent on Asahi Glass succeeded in the commercial production of sheet glass 1909 butylrubber with the addition of polymerization of metylisoprene. using a "hand blown cylinder process" at its Kansai Plant. The world's fi rst commercial production of synthetic rubber. Sankyo started to produce phenol resins 1911 (succeeded by what is now Sumitomo Bakelite). (France) Madame Curie was awarded the Nobel Hand blown Prize in Chemistry. Introduction of synthetic resin industry. cylinder process Mitsui Mining started to manufacture ammonium sulfate in Omuta by tar distillation. Mitsui Chemicals was founded. 1912 Start of coal chemistry : Synthetic dyestuffs and ammonia were produced with ammonia and benzene using the gas of coak oven. (USA) William M. Burton developed a thermal cracking process Rikou Majima determined the chemical structure of urushiol, a substance of lacquer. for petroleum, a path to increased production of gasoline. Sumitomo Fertilizer Manufacturing (now Sumitomo Chemical) was established, manufacturing (Germany) BASF started operation of a processing factory for 1913 fertilizers from sulfer dioxide gas emitted by copper smelters. Origin of Sumitomo Chemical. synthetic ammonium based on Haber-Bosch method. Toward domestic production due tothewar. Chemical importswerehalted The government decided the soda industry, tar distillation industry, and electric chemistry 1914 First World War (through 1918) industry were integral industries. Yuraseiko (now Honshu Chemical Industry) had built benzene distillation equipment and started to manufacture aniline for dyestuffs. Denki Kagaku Kogyo was established. Albert Einstein of Germany advocated for 1915 Hodogaya Soda Works (now Hodogaya Chemical) was established. Benzene distillation the general theory of relativity. Japan's fi rst electrolysis of soda manufacturing started. equipment Itsuzo Hata and Seita Kumura succeeded in spinning viscose-process rayon. Factory Law was enforced. 1916 Azuma Industries commercialized the process. (Minimum age 12, 12-hour labor) Chemical fi ber
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