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Copyrighted Material 185 Index Note: Page references in italics refer to Figures accessory ossicle 28, 29 Charcot joint 88 fingers see hand/fingers acromegaly 77 chest, in child abuse 75 foot, normal anatomy of 20 acro‐osteolysis 123 child abuse (non‐accidental injury) (NAI) 73 foot fractures and dislocations 53–57 acute CPP arthritis 86, 87 features 74 Lisfranc injury 56, 56–7 acute inflammatory monoarthritis 86, 87 risk factors 73 syndesmosis 53 acute inflammatory oligoarthritis 86, 87 X‐ray features 73–4 tarsometatarsal joints (TMTJs) 56, 56 anatomical position 33, 33 chest 75 Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) 120 ankle knee 75 fractures and dislocations 4 fractures and dislocations 53–57, 55 metaphyseal fractures 73–4, 73, 74 bone affected 30, 30 normal anatomy 19 rib fractures 74 displacement 33, 35 swelling 36, 39 chondrocalcinosis 6, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 126, 127 angulation 33, 35 ankylosing spondylitis see axial spondyloarthritis chondrosarcoma 105, 111, 112 shift 33, 35 antero‐posterior (AP) view 4 chronic asymmetric destructive arthritis 86, 87 joint injury, X‐ray signs 36 atlanto‐axial subluxation in rheumatoid chronic kidney disease metabolic bone disorder number 30 arthritis 82 (CKD‐MBD) 120, 124 orientation 30, 31–2 avascular necrosis (AVN) 49, 144, 147–8, 148 chronic pyrophosphate arthropathy 86, 87 longitudinal 30, 32 avulsion fracture 26, 27 Codman triangles 104 oblique 30, 32 axial spondyloarthritis 93, 95–7 comminuted fractures 30, 31 spiral 30, 32 bone density 96 computed tomography 4 site 30, 30 clinical practice points 96 in trauma 23 X‐ray appearances 23–5, 23 distribution 95 crystal arthropathy 83–5 see also under fracture locations and types sacroiliitis 96, 97 fragility fracture 26, 28 soft tissue calcification 96 dactylitis 91, 93 spondylitis 96 destructive pyrophosphate arthropathy 88 genu valgum 121 typical patient 95 developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) genu varum 123 X‐ray features 96 138–9, 139 glucocorticoids 93, 96 diabetes 77 gout 83–5 bare glenoid sign 43 disease‐modifying anti‐rheumatic drugs bone erosions 84 Barlow test 138 (DMARDs) 93, 96 clinical practice points 84 bisphosphonates 124 dislocations see fractures and dislocations distribution 83 bone anatomy, terminology 6, 7 distal humerus, fracture 23 incidence 84 bone metastases 105–6, 106 distal radius fracture 45 MTP joint 84 bow‐legs 121 dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA/DXA) risk factors 84 Brodie’s abscess 119, 131, 131 scan 120 secondary signs 84 brown tumours 124 soft tissue swelling 84 buckle fracture of distal radial metaphysis 69 elbow tophi 84, 85 fractures and dislocations 33, 35, 41, 44 typical patient 83 calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) crystals 83 normal anatomy 11, 12 X‐ray features 84 calcium pyrophosphate arthropathy COPYRIGHTEDosteoarthritis 77 MATERIAL of hands and wrists 88 paediatric fracture 67 haemachromatosis arthropathy 126 of knee 89 swelling 36, 40 haemarthrosis 36 calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) enchondroma 101, 111, 114 haemochromatosis 120, 126–7, 127 disease 83, 86–90 enthesitis 91 hands/fingers clinical practice points 87 Ewing’s sarcoma 104, 105, 113, 113 haemochromatosis polyarthropathy of 127 distribution 86 examining plain radiographs, principles 6 normal anatomy of 8 soft tissue deposits 88 exostosis 111, 115, 115 rheumatoid arthritis of 82 typical patient 86 ‘exuberant’ osteophytes 88 hip, normal anatomy of 16 X‐ray features 87 hip fractures and dislocations 49 carpometacarpal joint, osteoarthritis in 80 femur, neck of, fracture 25 blood supply to femoral head 49 cervical spine, normal anatomy 13, 14 fibrous cortical defect 117, 117 extra‐articular (intertrochanteric) 49, 51 Musculoskeletal X-rays for Medical Students and Trainees, First Edition. Andrew K. Brown and David G. King. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 0002623134.INDD 185 05/26/2016 6:38:19 PM 186 Index hip fractures and dislocations (cont’d ) normal anatomy 8 supracondylar fracture of the humerus 71, 71–2 femoral neck fracture 52 ankle 19 synchrondroses 68 intra‐articular 49, 50 cervical spine 13, 14 Paget’s disease of bone (PDB) 144, 145–6 osteoporosis and 49 elbow 11, 12 pathological fracture 28, 29 perilunate dislocation 48, 48 foot 19–20 pelvis, normal anatomy 16 hydroxymethylene diphosphonate (HDP) 100 hand 8 ‘pencil in cup’ deformity 93, 94 hyperparathyroidism 122, 123 hip 16 periostitis 93, 147 hypertrophic osteopathy (HOA) 144, 147 knee 17, 18 Perthes’ test 140, 140 hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy lumbar spine 15 plasmacytoma 105, 108, 109, 109 (HPOA) 147 pelvis 16 pregnancy 4 sacroiliac joints 15 ‘pressure’ erosions 88, 89 infection 128–37 shoulder 12, 13 primary hyperparathyroidism 120 causative organisms 128 wrist 9, 10 prostate, carcinoma of 106 routes of spread 128 NSAIDs 93, 96 pseudo‐gout 86, 87 infective discitis 136–7 Pseudomonas 128 clinical presentation 136 oblique view 4 psoriasis 91 X‐ray features 136, 137 Ollier’s disease 114 psoriatic arthritis (PsA) 91–4 insufficiency fracture 26 Ortolani test 138 clinical practice points 93 ischiopublic ramus, pathological fracture 29 osteoarthritis 6, 77–80, 79, 88, 126, 127 distribution 91, 91–2 clinical practice points 78 in feet 94 joint replacement 149–56, 150–6 distribution 77 in finger DIP joints 93 hardware failure and aseptic loosening 149–53 fracture and 30 typical patient 91 infection 154, 154 incidence 78 X‐ray features 93 malalignment and instability 155, 155 knees 4 bony proliferation at entheseal periprosthetic fracture 156, 156 risk factors 78 attachments 93 joint space narrowing 4 scoring system 78 erosions 93 typical patient 77 joint space narrowing 93 knee X‐ray features 78 osteolysis and ankylosis 93 in child abuse 75 joint space narrowing 78 ‘pencil in cup’ deformity 93, 94 fractures and dislocations in 49, 53, 54 osteophytes 78 periostitis 93 haemochromatosis with chondrocalcinosis secondary signs 78 proliferative new bone formation 93 in 127 subchondral cysts 78 sacroiliitis 93 normal anatomy 16, 17 subchondral sclerosis 78 soft tissue swelling 93 osteoarthritis in 78, 79 osteoarthrosis 77 spondylitis 93 osteoporosis in 49 osteochondral fracture 25–6, 26 swelling 36, 37 osteochondritis dissecans 143, 143 radial neck, fracture 24 knock‐knees 121 osteochondroma 111, 115, 115 radial styloid process, fracture 24 osteoid osteoma 104, 116, 116 reference point 33 lateral malleolus, fracture of 25 osteomalacia 120,121 renal osteodystrophy 120, 124 lateral view 4 osteomyelitis 102, 119, 129–32 reporting plain radiographs, principles 6 leukaemia 83 in children 128 requesting plain radiographs, principles of 4–5 lipohaemarthrosis 36, 38 clinical presentation 129 rheumatoid arthritis 4, 80–2 Lisfranc injury 56, 56–7 infection and 128 clinical practice points 81 Looser’s zones 121, 122, 124 X‐ray features 129, 129–32 distribution 80 lumbar spine, normal anatomy 15 osteonecrosis see avascular necrosis (AVN) incidence 81 lung cancer metases 103 osteoporosis 49, 120–2, 121–2, 124 scoring systems 81 lymphoma 83 distal radius fracture 45 sites 81 hip fracture 49 typical patient 80 Maffucci’s syndrome 114 insufficiency fracture 26 X‐ray features 81 magnetic resonance imaging 4 knee 53 bone erosions 81 in fractures 41, 46 multiple myeloma and 107 joint space narrowing 81 in trauma 23 risk 120 periarticular osteopenia 81 Maisonneuve fracture 55 treatment 120 soft tissue swelling 81 mesothelioma 147 X‐rays 120–3 rib fractures in child abuse 74 metaphyseal fractures in child abuse 73–4, 73, 74 osteosarcoma 105, 110, 110 rickets 121 methotrexate 93 sex‐linked hypophosphataemic 120 Milwaukee shoulder 83 paediatric fracture 67 Romanus lesions 96 monosodium urate (MSU crystals) 83 buckle or torus fracture of distal radial rotational deformity 33 multi‐fragmentary fractures 30, 31 metaphysis 69 multiple myeloma 105, 107, 107, 108 elbow 67 sacroiliac joints, normal anatomy 15 myeloma 4, 105 metacarpal 68 sacroiliitis 93, 96, 97 Salter‐Harris growth plate fracture safety 4–5 Neisseria gonorrhoea 128 classification 69 Salter‐Harris growth plate fracture classification 69 neuroblastoma 105 Salter‐Harris II fracture of distal tibia 70 Salter‐Harris II fracture of distal tibia 70 nidus 116 slipped upper left femoral epiphysis 70 septic arthritis 128, 134–5, 135 0002623134.INDD 186 05/26/2016 6:38:19 PM Index 187 sex‐linked hypophosphataemic rickets 120 image adequacy 58 total knee replacement 152 shoulder 41 X‐ray assessment 58 trauma see fractures and dislocations dislocation 42, 43, 44 spiral high fibular fracture 55 tumours and tumour‐like lesion 98–119 normal anatomy 12, 13 spondylitis 91, 96 MRI of spine 99 simple bone cyst 118, 118 spondyloarthritis 91 radioisotope bone scan (bone scintigraphy) ‘skyline view’ for the patello‐femoral joint 4 Staphylococcus aureus 128 99, 100 soft tissue 4, 6, 7 stress fracture 26, 27 radiological evaluation 98–100 in ankle and foot 53–56 subchondral cysts 88 X‐ray 101 in axial spondyloarthritis 96 subluxation 4, 33 see also under types calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) sulphasalazine 96 crystals 88 supracondylar fracture of the humerus 71, 71–2 ultrasound 4, 76 in fractures 23, 25 synchrondroses 68 in trauma 23 in gout 84 syndesmophytes 93 in knee 53 syndesmosis 53 vitamin D deficiency 121 mistaken for fracture on X‐ray 28, 29 in psoriatic arthritis 93 tarsal coalition 141, 141–2 Wolff’s law 153 in rheumatoid arthritis 81 tarsometatarsal joints (TMTJs) 56, 57 wrist fractures and dislocations 45–8 in spinal fracture 58, 60 tensosynovitis 91 Colles’ 45 spine fractures and dislocations 58, 62–6 ‘through‐mouth view’ 4 scaphoid 45, 45, 46 alignment 58, 59 TNFα inhibitors 93, 96 distal radius 47 anterior soft tissues 60 torus fracture of distal radial metaphysis 69 wrist, normal anatomy 9, 10 AP views 60, 60, 61 total hip replacement (THR) 149, 150, 153, bones 58 153, 154 X‐ray densities 6, 7 0002623134.INDD 187 05/26/2016 6:38:19 PM.
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