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The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth As a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity*
Chapter 8 The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity* Satoshi Koyama Introduction The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita) was one of the largest states in early modern Europe. In the second half of the sixteenth century, after the union of Lublin (1569), the Polish-Lithuanian state covered an area of 815,000 square kilometres. It attained its greatest extent (990,000 square kilometres) in the first half of the seventeenth century. On the European continent there were only two larger countries than Poland-Lithuania: the Grand Duchy of Moscow (c.5,400,000 square kilometres) and the European territories of the Ottoman Empire (840,000 square kilometres). Therefore the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was the largest country in Latin-Christian Europe in the early modern period (Wyczański 1973: 17–8). In this paper I discuss the internal diversity of the Commonwealth in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and consider how such a huge territorial complex was politically organised and integrated. * This paper is a part of the results of the research which is grant-aided by the ‘Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research’ program of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science in 2005–2007. - 137 - SATOSHI KOYAMA 1. The Internal Diversity of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Poland-Lithuania before the union of Lublin was a typical example of a composite monarchy in early modern Europe. ‘Composite state’ is the term used by H. G. Koenigsberger, who argued that most states in early modern Europe had been ‘composite states, including more than one country under the sovereignty of one ruler’ (Koenigsberger, 1978: 202). -
The Archives of Poland and Where to Find Online Genealogy Records for Each - Sheet1
The Archives of Poland and where to find Online Genealogy Records for each - Sheet1 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License Archives of Poland Territorial coverage Search theGenBaza ArchivesGenetekaJRI-PolandAGAD Przodek.plGesher Archeion.netGalicia LubgensGenealogyPoznan in the BaSIAProject ArchivesPomGenBaseSzpejankowskisPodlaskaUpper and Digital Szpejenkowski SilesianSilesian Library Genealogical Digital Library Society Central Archives of Historical Records All Poland ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ National Digital Archive All Poland ✓ ✓ Central Archives of Modern Records All Poland ✓ ✓ Podlaskie (primarily), State Archive in Bialystok Masovia ✓ ✓ ✓ The Archives of Poland and where to find Online Genealogy Records for each - Sheet1 Branch in Lomza Podlaskie ✓ ✓ Kuyavian-Pomerania (primarily), Pomerania State Archive in Bydgoszcz and Greater Poland ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Kuyavian-Pomerania (primarily), Greater Branch in Inowrocław Poland ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Silesia (primarily), Świetokrzyskie, Łódz, National Archives in Częstochowa and Opole ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Pomerania (primarily), State Archive in Elbląg with the Warmia-Masuria, Seat in Malbork Kuyavian-Pomerania ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ State Archive in Gdansk Pomerania ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Gdynia Branch Pomerania ✓ ✓ ✓ State Archive in Gorzow Lubusz (primarily), Wielkopolski Greater Poland ✓ ✓ ✓ Greater Poland (primarily), Łódz, State Archive in Kalisz Lower Silesia ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Silesia (primarily), State Archive in Katowice Lesser Poland ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Branch in Bielsko-Biala Silesia ✓ ✓ ✓ Branch in Cieszyn Silesia ✓ ✓ ✓ Branch -
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Reports of Practical Oncology and Radiotherapy 25 (2020) 820–827 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Reports of Practical Oncology and Radiotherapy jou rnal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/rpor Original research article Impact of COVID-19 on the performance of a radiation oncology department at a major comprehensive cancer centre in Poland during the first ten weeks of the epidemic a,b,∗ c d e f J Malicki , P Martenka , A Dyzmann-Sroka , K Paczkowska , E Leporowska , a,g h i j a,k W Suchorska , K Lamperska , P Pienkowski´ , A Chicheł , M Mocydlarz-Adamcewicz , l m n a,m o a,p a,m D Urbaniak , T Bajon , Z Cybulski , B Bak˛ , A Machtyl , K Adamska , J Kazmierska´ a,o r,s , P Milecki , A Marszałek a Electroradiology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan,´ Poland b Medical Physics Department, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan,´ Poland c IV Radiotherapy Department, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Piła, Poland d Epidemiology and Prophylactics Department, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan,´ Poland e Section for Coordination of Work of Interdisciplinary Teams, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan,´ Poland f Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan,´ Poland g Radiobiology Lab, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan,´ Poland h Department of Cancer Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan,´ Poland i Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan,´ Poland j Brachytherapy Department, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan,´ Poland k IT Department, -
MEDICAL UNIVERSITIES in POLAND 1 POLAND Facts and FIGURES MEDICAL UNIVERSITIES in POLAND
MEDICAL UNIVERSITIES IN POLAND 1 POLAND faCTS AND FIGURES MEDICAL UNIVERSITIES IN POLAND OFFICIAL NAME LOCATION TIME ZONE Republic of Poland (short form: Poland is situated in Central CET (UTC+1) PAGE 2 PAGE 5 PAGE 7 Poland, in Polish: Polska) Europe and borders Germany, CALLING CODE the Czech Republic, Slovakia, POPULATION (2019) +48 Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania and WHY HIGHER POLISH 38 million Russia INTERNET DOMAIN POLAND? EDUCATION CONTRIBUTION OFFICIAL LANGUAGE .pl ENTERED THE EU Polish 2004 STUDENTS (2017/18) IN POLAND TO MEDICAL CAPITAL 1.29 million CURRENCY (MAY 2019) SCIENCES Warsaw (Warszawa) 1 zloty (PLN) MEDICAL STUDENTS (2017/18) GOVERNMENT 1 PLN = 0.23 € 1 PLN = 0.26 $ 64 thousand parliamentary republic PAGE 12 PAGE 14 PAGE 44 MEDICAL DEGREE ACCREDITATION UNIVERSITIES PROGRAMMES & QUALITY Warsaw ● MINIGUIDE IN ENGLISH ASSURANCE 2 3 WHY POLAND? Top countries of origin among Are you interested in studying medicine abroad? Good, then you have the right brochure in front of foreign medical you! This publication explains briefly what the Polish higher education system is like, introduces Polish students in medical universities and lists the degree programmes that are taught in English. Poland If you are looking for high-quality medical education provided by experienced and inspired teachers – Polish medical universities are some of the best options. We present ten of the many good reasons for Polish medical international students to choose Poland. universities have attracted the interest of students from a wide ACADEMIC TRADITION other types of official documentation for all variety of backgrounds completed courses. If you complete a full degree from all around the Poland’s traditions of academic education go or a diploma programme, you will receive a globe. -
Econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Jajuga, Krzysztof; Walesiak, Marek Article The XXIV Conference “Classification and Data Analysis – Theory and Applications” 14-16 September 2015, Gdańsk, Poland Statistics in Transition New Series Provided in Cooperation with: Polish Statistical Association Suggested Citation: Jajuga, Krzysztof; Walesiak, Marek (2016) : The XXIV Conference “Classification and Data Analysis – Theory and Applications” 14-16 September 2015, Gdańsk, Poland, Statistics in Transition New Series, ISSN 2450-0291, Exeley, New York, NY, Vol. 17, Iss. 2, pp. 353-354, http://dx.doi.org/10.21307/stattrans-2016-025 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/207818 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ www.econstor.eu STATISTICS IN TRANSITION new series, June 2016 353 STATISTICS IN TRANSITION new series, June 2016 Vol. -
Interregional Diversity of Social Capital in the Context of Sustainable Development—A Case Study of Polish Voivodeships
sustainability Article Interregional Diversity of Social Capital in the Context of Sustainable Development—A Case Study of Polish Voivodeships Katarzyna Pawlewicz 1 and Adam Pawlewicz 2,* 1 Department of Socio-Economic Geography, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland; [email protected] 2 Department of Agrotechnology, Agricultural Production Management and Agribusiness, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 7 May 2020; Accepted: 8 July 2020; Published: 10 July 2020 Abstract: The relationship between social capital and sustainable development challenges is of special importance. However, social capital is a complex phenomenon that is analyzed in different contexts and cannot be investigated with the use of a single variable. Social capital is difficult to define, which is why the selection of variables for measuring social capital can be problematic. The aim of this study was to analyze variations in social capital at the regional level. The study was conducted in Poland, and it covered all 16 Polish voivodeships (regions) where social capital was evaluated based on five measures: civic engagement in political and social life, degree of selfless behavior, sense of security and social confidence, formation of social structures, and the observance of social norms (external factors), and attitudes (internal factors) that foster desirable social interactions. The correlations between the above measures were also determined. Composite indicators of the analyzed measures were developed with the use of the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. The results were used to rank Polish voivodeships and group them into three classes based on the corresponding values of the adopted measures. -
Isolation and Characterization of Phages Active Against Paenibacillus Larvae Causing American Foulbrood in Honeybees in Poland
viruses Article Isolation and Characterization of Phages Active against Paenibacillus larvae Causing American Foulbrood in Honeybees in Poland Ewa Jo ´nczyk-Matysiak 1,* , Barbara Owczarek 1, Ewa Popiela 2, Kinga Switała-Jele´ ´n 3, Paweł Migdał 2 , Martyna Cie´slik 1 , Norbert Łodej 1, Dominika Kula 1, Joanna Neuberg 1, Katarzyna Hodyra-Stefaniak 3, Marta Kaszowska 4, Filip Orwat 1, Natalia Bagi ´nska 1 , Anna Mucha 5 , Agnieszka Belter 6,7 , Mirosława Skupi ´nska 6, Barbara Bubak 1, Wojciech Fortuna 8,9, Sławomir Letkiewicz 9,10, Paweł Chorbi ´nski 11, Beata Weber-D ˛abrowska 1,9, Adam Roman 2 and Andrzej Górski 1,9,12 1 Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolf Weigl Street 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; [email protected] (B.O.); [email protected] (M.C.); [email protected] (N.Ł.); [email protected] (D.K.); [email protected] (J.N.); fi[email protected] (F.O.); [email protected] (N.B.); [email protected] (B.B.); [email protected] (B.W.-D.); [email protected] (A.G.) 2 Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmo´nskiegoStreet 38C, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland; [email protected] (E.P.); [email protected] (P.M.); [email protected] (A.R.) 3 Pure Biologics, Du´nskaStreet 11, 54-427 Wroclaw, Poland; [email protected] (K.S.-J.);´ Citation: Jo´nczyk-Matysiak,E.; [email protected] (K.H.-S.) 4 Owczarek, B.; Popiela, E.; Laboratory of Microbial Immunochemistry and Vaccines, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Switała-Jele´n,K.;´ Migdał, P.; Cie´slik, Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 54-427 Wrocław, Poland; [email protected] 5 ˙ M.; Łodej, N.; Kula, D.; Neuberg, J.; Department of Genetics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kozuchowska 7, 51-631 Wroclaw, Poland; [email protected] Hodyra-Stefaniak, K.; et al. -
The Political Activity of Mazovian Dukes Between the 13Th and 15Th Century
The Person and the Challenges Volume 5 (2015) Number 1, p. 219–230 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15633/pch.936 Waldemar Graczyk Cardinal StefanWyszynski University in Warsaw, Poland The Political Activity of Mazovian Dukes between the 13th and 15th Century Abstract According to some historians, Mazovia once had a separate political existence, with a different form of economy, a social structure and customs that differedfrom those of the Crown, a separate dialect, and its own laws. One of theoutward expressions of its separate existence was its own dynasty. To defend its independence, Mazovia entered into feudal contracts with Bohemia and Kazimierz III the Great. Mazovian dukes also paid homage to Władysław Jagiełło, not only as an acknowledgment of dependence, but also of certain obligations the dukes took upon themselves. After the death of Władysław Jagiełło, a group of Lesser Poland lords proposed the candidature of Siemowit V as king of Poland, and Mazovia had a chance to play a more significant role in Polish politics. It should be stressed that while Siemowit IV still enjoyed popularity on the political scene, his sons, particularly after they divided their patrimony among themselves in 1434, very soon lost significance. The period of the greatest regional disintegration of Mazovia began and the province soon lost any political significance. Keywords Mazovia; politics; dukes; alliances; law. Mazovia, situated in the middle Vistula region, was one of the provinces forming part of the early Piast state. In the beginning of the 11th century, Płock became the centre of a vast province and the state run by Miecław. -
Warsaw in Short
WarsaW TourisT informaTion ph. (+48 22) 94 31, 474 11 42 Tourist information offices: Museums royal route 39 Krakowskie PrzedmieÊcie Street Warsaw Central railway station Shops 54 Jerozolimskie Avenue – Main Hall Warsaw frederic Chopin airport Events 1 ˚wirki i Wigury Street – Arrival Hall Terminal 2 old Town market square Hotels 19, 21/21a Old Town Market Square (opening previewed for the second half of 2008) Praga District Restaurants 30 Okrzei Street Warsaw Editor: Tourist Routes Warsaw Tourist Office Translation: English Language Consultancy Zygmunt Nowak-Soliƒski Practical Information Cartographic Design: Tomasz Nowacki, Warsaw Uniwersity Cartographic Cathedral Photos: archives of Warsaw Tourist Office, Promotion Department of the City of Warsaw, Warsaw museums, W. Hansen, W. Kryƒski, A. Ksià˝ek, K. Naperty, W. Panów, Z. Panów, A. Witkowska, A. Czarnecka, P. Czernecki, P. Dudek, E. Gampel, P. Jab∏oƒski, K. Janiak, Warsaw A. Karpowicz, P. Multan, B. Skierkowski, P. Szaniawski Edition XVI, Warszawa, August 2008 Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport Free copy 1. ˚wirki i Wigury St., 00-906 Warszawa Airport Information, ph. (+48 22) 650 42 20 isBn: 83-89403-03-X www.lotnisko-chopina.pl, www.chopin-airport.pl Contents TourisT informaTion 2 PraCTiCal informaTion 4 fall in love wiTh warsaw 18 warsaw’s hisTory 21 rouTe no 1: 24 The Royal Route: Krakowskie PrzedmieÊcie Street – Nowy Âwiat Street – Royal ¸azienki modern warsaw 65 Park-Palace Complex – Wilanów Park-Palace Complex warsaw neighborhood 66 rouTe no 2: 36 CulTural AttraCTions 74 The Old -
The Standpoint of Polish Scholars Affiliated with the Polish League Against Defamation on the Activities of Jan Grabowski
POLISH LEAGUE AGAINST DEFAMATION 11/8 Chmielna Street, 00-021 Warsaw, Poland www.rdi-plad.org Warsaw, 7.06.2017 r. The standpoint of Polish scholars affiliated with the Polish League Against Defamation on the activities of Jan Grabowski We, the undersigned Polish scholars, working in Poland and abroad, strongly oppose Jan Grabowski’s dissemination of a false and wrongful image of Poland and Polish people during World War II in placing the blame for the Holocaust upon the Polish Nation. It is worth pointing out differences in the situations within other occupied countries, such as France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway and Hungary, and that of Poland. Here, the scale of terror spread by the Nazi-German occupiers was incomparably greater. Despite this, there were no institutions representing Polish society and the Polish Nation which supported the occupier’s policy. This was unlike the case in many other occupied European countries, many of which had their collaborating governments and formations, including military forces (e.g. the SS "Wiking", "Nordland", "Galizien", "Nederland", "Wallonien", "Charlemagne", “La División Azul” divisions). Furthermore, the Polish nation actively opposed Nazi-German-orchestrated genocide by taking measures in institutional, legal and organisational forms established in the underground with the sole purpose of saving Jews (The Żegota Council to Aid Jews). We are aware that in time of war not everyone acts like a hero, and many deem it expedient to save their own lives and the lives of their nearest and dearest, or to make a profit, and in so doing, some will commit vile actions for their own benefit. -
Phmd 140 Ang 570-572.Indd
Postepy Hig Med Dosw. (online), 2005; 59: 570-572 www.phmd.pl Original Article Received: 2005.11.29 Nec Soli Cedit Accepted: 2005.12.02 Published: 2005.12.07 (article dedicated to Professor Ludwik Hirszfeld) Andrzej Górski Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław The Medical University of Warsaw Key words: Hirszfeld • Weigl • bacteriophages • war Full-text PDF: http://www.phmd.pl/pub/phmd/vol_59/8540.pdf Word count: 2460 Tables: — Figures: — References: 5 Author’s address: Prof. Andrzej Górski, M.D, Ph.D, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland, e-mail: [email protected] The life and work of Ludwik Hirszfeld was the subject of a threat of war he should remain in the country. He was soon deliberation by the well-known author Paweł Jasienica, and to experience the dramatic consequences of this decision, in 1984 a short book appeared entitled “Ludwik Hirszfeld” but the career he might have had in the United States would by Marek Jaworski. Of course, articles have also appeared on certainly have been no less spectacular than those of two special occasions, including the enlightening and emotional of his students. Feliks Milgrom was forced to emigrate recollections by Feliks Milgrom, one of Hirszfeld’s close after Hirszfeld’s death and he went to the USA, where students, in his “My Association with Ludwik Hirszfeld, he attained the most prestigious positions in American 1945–54” (Arch. Immun. Ther. Exp. 1998, 46, 201). In microbiology and became Distinguished Professor of view of the fact that Hirszfeld’s own work, “The Story Microbiology at the State University of New York. -
List of Units with the Parametric Rating a I A+
Annex no. 1: List of units with the parametric rating A i A+ Name of the higher Name of the unit Scientific Supervised education institution Category by Vistula University in Warsaw Faculty of Business and A MSHE1 International Relations AGH University of Science and Academic Center for Materials A MSHE Technology in Kraków and Nanotechnology Faculty of Electrical A MSHE Engineering, Automatics, Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Energy and Fuels A MSHE Faculty of Physics and Applied A+ MSHE Computer Science Faculty of Geology, Geophysics A MSHE and Environment Faculty of Computer Science, A+ MSHE Electronics and Telecommunications Faculty of Materials Science A+ MSHE and Ceramics Faculty of Mechanical A+ MSHE Engineering and Robotics Faculty of Metals Engineering A MSHE and Industrial Computer Science Faculty of Applied Mathematics A MSHE Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals A MSHE Faculty of Drilling, Oil and Gas A MSHE Faculty of Management A MSHE Jesuit University Ignatianum in Faculty of Philosophy A MSHE Kraków Koźminski University In A MSHE Warsaw 1 MSHE – the Ministry of Science and Higher Education 1 Jędrzej Śniadecki University of Faculty of Physical Education A MSHE Physical Education in Gdańsk Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Faculty of Physiotherapy A MSHE Physical Education in Katowice Faculty of Physical Education A MSHE Józef Piłsudski University of Department of Rehabilitation A MSHE Physical Education in Warsaw University School of Physical Faculty of Physiotherapy A MSHE Education in Wrocław Faculty of Physical