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The Political Activity of Mazovian Dukes Between the 13Th and 15Th Century
The Person and the Challenges Volume 5 (2015) Number 1, p. 219–230 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15633/pch.936 Waldemar Graczyk Cardinal StefanWyszynski University in Warsaw, Poland The Political Activity of Mazovian Dukes between the 13th and 15th Century Abstract According to some historians, Mazovia once had a separate political existence, with a different form of economy, a social structure and customs that differedfrom those of the Crown, a separate dialect, and its own laws. One of theoutward expressions of its separate existence was its own dynasty. To defend its independence, Mazovia entered into feudal contracts with Bohemia and Kazimierz III the Great. Mazovian dukes also paid homage to Władysław Jagiełło, not only as an acknowledgment of dependence, but also of certain obligations the dukes took upon themselves. After the death of Władysław Jagiełło, a group of Lesser Poland lords proposed the candidature of Siemowit V as king of Poland, and Mazovia had a chance to play a more significant role in Polish politics. It should be stressed that while Siemowit IV still enjoyed popularity on the political scene, his sons, particularly after they divided their patrimony among themselves in 1434, very soon lost significance. The period of the greatest regional disintegration of Mazovia began and the province soon lost any political significance. Keywords Mazovia; politics; dukes; alliances; law. Mazovia, situated in the middle Vistula region, was one of the provinces forming part of the early Piast state. In the beginning of the 11th century, Płock became the centre of a vast province and the state run by Miecław. -
THE POLISH RES PUBLICA of NATIONAL and ETHNIC Minorities from the PIASTS to the 20TH CENTURY
PRZEGLĄD ZACHODNI 2014, No. II MARCELI KOSMAN Poznań THE POLISH RES PUBLICA OF NATIONAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES FROM THE PIASTS TO THE 20TH CENTURY Początki Polski [The Beginnings of Poland], a fundamental work by Henryk Łowmiański, is subtitled Z dziejów Słowian w I tysiącleciu n.e. [On the History of Slavs in the 1st Millennium A.D.]. Its sixth and final volume, divided into two parts, is also titled Poczatki Polski but subtitled Polityczne i społeczne procesy kształtowania się narodu do początku wieku XIV [Political and Social Processes of Nation Forma- tion till the Beginning of the 14th Century]1. The subtitle was changed because the last volume concerns the formation of the Piast state and emergence of the Polish nation. Originally, there were to be three volumes. The first volume starts as follows: The notion of the beginnings of Poland covers two issues: the genesis of the state and the genesis of the nation. The two issues are closely connected since a state is usually a product of a specific ethnic group and it is the state which, subsequently, has an impact on the transformation of its people into a higher organisational form, i.e. a nation.2 The final stage of those processes in Poland is relatively easily identifiable. It was at the turn of the 10th and 11th century when the name Poland was used for the first time to denote a country under the superior authority of the duke of Gniezno, and the country inhabitants, as attested in early historical sources.3 It is more difficult to determine the terminus a quo of the nation formation and the emergence of Po- land’s statehood. -
The New Face of Safeguarding and Promotion of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Poland
LITERATURA LUDOWA. Journal of Folklore and Popular Culture vol. 65 (2021), no. 1 Polskie Towarzystwo Ludoznawcze Polish Ethnological Society JOANNA ANTONIAK Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-1011-7865 The new face of safeguarding and promotion of the intangible cultural heritage in Poland Multimedia materials published by the Ethnographic Museum in Toruń DOI: 10.12775/LL.1.2021.011 | CC BY-ND 3.0 PL Kuyavia is a historical and ethnographic region located in North Central Poland. Situated on the left bank of the Vistula River, Kuyavia stretches from the Skrwa Lewa River in the South to the Wda River in the North and to the Noteć River and Brdowski Lake in the West. Thanks to their black fertile soils and the production of rapeseed (the oil of which is essential to the local cuisine), the Kuyavian low- lands are known as “the granary of Poland” (Piotrowska, 2010a). However, as no- ted by Agnieszka Piotrowska (2010a), those geographical and agricultural features count among of the reasons for cultural diversity of the region. The fertile Kuyavian soil lured German and Dutch settlers whose customs – such as conducting marriage divinations on 12 December, the eve of the Feast of Saint Lucy – soon started to seep into the local traditions. This cultural diversity of Kuyavia deepened during the Partitions as the region was divided between Russia and Prussia (Piotrowska, 2010b). Those differences were further reinforced by the existing administrative and parish divisions. Finally, Kuyavian culture has also been strongly influenced by the neighbouring regions, predominantly Greater Poland and Mazovia (Piotrowska, 2010b). -
Chapter I. the State System of Old Poland (Up to 1795)
Chapter I. The state system of Old Poland (up to 1795) § 1. Patrimonial monarchy I. The rise of the Polish state 1. The clan-tribe system and its collapse Pre-Polish tribes belonged among the Western Slavs. They arrived in the area located between the Oder and Bug rivers, on one hand, and the Carpathians and the Baltic Sea, on the other, during the Migration Period, most probably in the 6th century. The basic unit of Slav society was the clan. Initially, it included all those who originated from the same ancestor (agnatic), but with time a clan which consisted of relatives on both the father’s and the mother’s side (cognat- ic) became predominant. It served religious, military, economic, social, as well as protective purposes. Usually, the members of the clan inhabited a single set- tlement. The clan consisted of families. A number of clans would form a tribe, which was based on common ances- try as well, but also served state functions. The state-forming process started first within the so-calledsmall tribes inhabiting an area of up to 10,000 sq. km. These would combine to form a larger structure, i.e. the large tribe, which comprised a loose association of multiple small tribes. This process became more evident especially in the 8th century. Tribal associations formed in such a way occupied an area of up to 40,000 sq. km. The most important ones were: the Vistulans, the Polans, the Goplans, the Lendians, the Silesians, the Masovi- ans and the Pomeranians. Superior authority in a small tribal state was held by the veche (congress). -
Foreign Policy of Casimir III the Great
Foreign policy of Casimir III the Great Foreign policy of Casimir III the Great Lesson plan (Polish) Lesson plan (English) Foreign policy of Casimir III the Great Casimir III the Great, the King of Poland, lets Gregory, the Armenian bishop, stay in Lviv and conduct his acvity there according to the Armenian customs. Source: domena publiczna. Link to the lesson You will learn what were the goals of the foreign policy of Casimir III the Great; what the peace policy of Casimir III the Great stands for; what was the meaning of the meeting of monarchs in Kraków and the feast at Wierzynek. Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu. Casimir III the Great was a clever diplomat. His main ally in the international arena was Hungary. Due to good deals based on relations he provided peace at the borders with the Kingdom of Bohemia and the state of the Teutonic Order (1343 Peace in Kalisz). Officially, he resigned from Silesia and Pomerania (he planned to regain these lands until the end of his life). In 1364 he organised the congress in Cracow (so‐called feast at Wierzynek's), in which emperor Charles IV of Luxembourg (king of Bohemia), Ludwig of Anjou, the king of Cyprus and numerous princess took part. The king was also a warrior and conqueror – he conquered numerous areas in Russia (Halich and Volhynia Rus, Podolia), and moreover imposed his authorities to the Mazovian Piasts. He died in 1370. He did not leave a legitimate male descendant. Exercise 1 Show the lands that were annexed to the Kingdom of Poland during the reign of Casimir III the Great. -
Sports in Bydgoszcz Bydgoszcz Specialties
N i e c a ł a C z Kąpielowa R a ó Wr r żan ocław n a ska a D r o g a Old Bydgoszcz Canal Stary Kanał Bydgoski Stary Kanał S z u Canal Bydgoszcz b J a Bydgoski Kanał i sn ń a s 26 k a Bydgoszcz Specialties SportsŻ in Bydgoszcz e g l a r s k G a ra nic L S zn udw t a ro Grunw m P i a k R It should be added that a new, modern marina with a hotel was built on Mill During your stay in Bydgoszcz, it’s worth fi nding time to try local specialties. oznański K ow r Plac u s z w ondo a i c k Bread with potatoes aldzkie o Island, in the city centre. The Regional Rowing Association LOTTO-Bydgostia There is something for everyone, including chocolates, goose meat, locally Beer from the local brewery Potato rye bread is one of the oldest culinary recipes from the Bydgoszcz The traditions of Bydgoszcz brewing date back to the origins of the city. In the (RTW), the successor of the Railway Rowing Club, is a prominent rowing orga- brewed beer, and bread with potatoes … area. In the past, bread was baked from fl our processed at a farm or pur- 14th century, every townsman, owner of a lot within the city walls, had the right H. Dąbrowskiego nization. RTW is a 25-time (until 2013) Team Champion of Poland. It has been S iem ira chased from the mill. -
Droughts in the Area of Poland in Recent Centuries
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2019-64 Preprint. Discussion started: 11 June 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. 1 Droughts in the area of Poland in recent centuries 2 3 Rajmund Przybylak1 ORCID: 0000-0003-4101-6116, Piotr Oliński2 ORCID: 0000-0003-1428- 4 0800, Marcin Koprowski3 ORCID: 0000-0002-0583-4165, Janusz Filipiak4 ORCID: 0000-0002- 5 4491-3886, Aleksandra Pospieszyńska1 ORCID: 0000-0003-2532-7168, Waldemar 6 Chorążyczewski2 ORCID: 0000-0002-0063-0032, Radosław Puchałka3 ORCID: 0000-0002- 7 4764-0705, and Henryk P. Dąbrowski5 ORCID:0000-0002-8846-5042 8 1 Department of Meteorology and Climatology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, 9 Poland 10 2 Department of Medieval History, Institute of History and Archival Sciences, Faculty of History, Nicolaus 11 Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland 12 3 Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus 13 University, Toruń, Poland 14 4 Department of Meteorology and Climatology, Institute of Geography, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, 15 University of Gdansk, Poland 16 5 Dendroarchaeological Laboratory, Archaeological Museum in Biskupin, Biskupin, Poland 17 18 Correspondence to: R. Przybylak ([email protected]) 19 20 Abstract: The paper presents the main features of droughts in Poland in recent centuries, including their frequency of 21 occurrence, coverage, duration and intensity. For this purpose both proxy data (documentary and 22 dendrochronological) and instrumental measurements of precipitation were used. The reconstructions of droughts 23 based on all the mentioned sources of data covered the period 996–2015. Examples of megadroughts were also chosen 24 using documentary evidence, and some of them were described. -
Hunting for the LCT-13910*T Allele Between the Middle Neolithic And
RESEARCH ARTICLE Hunting for the LCT-13910ÃT Allele between the Middle Neolithic and the Middle Ages Suggests Its Absence in Dairying LBK People Entering the Kuyavia Region in the 8th Millennium BP Henryk W. Witas1*, Tomasz Płoszaj1, Krystyna Jędrychowska-Dańska1, Piotr J. Witas2, Alicja Masłowska1, Blandyna Jerszyńska3, Tomasz Kozłowski4, Grzegorz Osipowicz5 1 Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland, 2 Institute of Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland, 3 Department of Anthropology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland, 4 Department of Anthropology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland, 5 Department of Archaeology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland * [email protected] OPEN ACCESS Citation: Witas HW, Płoszaj T, Jędrychowska- Abstract Dańska K, Witas PJ, Masłowska A, Jerszyńska B, et à al. (2015) Hunting for the LCT-13910 T Allele Populations from two medieval sites in Central Poland, Stary Brześć Kujawski-4 (SBK-4) between the Middle Neolithic and the Middle Ages and Gruczno, represented high level of lactase persistence (LP) as followed by the LCT- Suggests Its Absence in Dairying LBK People * ’ Entering the Kuyavia Region in the 8th Millennium 13910 T allele s presence (0.86 and 0.82, respectively). It was twice as high as in contem- BP. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0122384. doi:10.1371/journal. poraneous Cedynia (0.4) and Śródka (0.43), both located outside the region, higher than in pone.0122384 modern inhabitants of Poland (0.51) and almost as high as in modern Swedish population Academic Editor: Arnar Palsson, University of (0.9). In an attempt to explain the observed differences its frequency changes in time were Iceland, ICELAND followed between the Middle Neolithic and the Late Middle Ages in successive dairying pop- Received: August 3, 2014 ulations on a relatively small area (radius *60km) containing the two sites. -
Spatial Diversification of Situation of the Organic Farming in the Polish Voivodeships in the Years 2010–2018
Journal of Ecological Engineering Received: 2020.03.07 Revised: 2020.05.30 Volume 21, Issue 6, August 2020, pages 191–200 Accepted: 2020.06.15 Available online: 2020.07.01 https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/123830 Spatial Diversification of Situation of the Organic Farming in the Polish Voivodeships in the Years 2010–2018 Konrad Podawca1*, Norbert Dąbkowski2 1 Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland 2 Institute of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland * Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The paper raises the problem of changes in situation of the organic farming in Poland. A set of features and indexes characterizing development or recession of the organic farms in individual voivodeships has been worked out. The authors used data for the years 2010–2018, made available in the Local Data Bank, and reports on the state of the organic farms in Poland. Quantitative and areal changes have been presented, concerning firstly the organic farms in relation to all farms as well as the agricultural area and, secondly, certified farms in relation to the organic farms. Using the arithmetic mean of synthetic indexes, the evaluation results have been compared to the synthetic index of usefulness for organic production which was worked out in the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation (IUNG) in Pulawy. A diversification of the voivodeships has been presented in terms of recession or development of the organic farms. -
NE\Rysletteti
P olish Gwrealogical Soci efil of Mtnnessta NE\rySLETTETI VOLUME 12 SUMMER 2OO4 NT.JMBER2 ?dt&&E E** i$..h1r.4 E tE--r L Potdsb Bmdgratd@no o, o o ,:rrj: :'{uit6t r ;itdrrlq(rl.} JHt Mdnnesotq Poldsb Immdgratdon By John Kowles, PGS-MN Vice President Background - A Complicated History The Polish State, once the most powerful in Europe, ceased to exist in 1795 when the last king, Stanislaw Poniatowski, abdicated his throne. The final partitions, which had actually FrrilErsr^L ltHjt^lrr. SrCE llD0 started some 30 years earlier, were implemented. The partition- ing powers, Prussia, Austria and Russia, each took control of bordering segments. This control was intemrpted for a brief f,ssue c o q period by Napoleon who viewed the Poles as altes in his at- lln thf,s tempts to conquer much of Europe. However after Napoleon's Polish Emigration :.....Page 1 defeat the European powers at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 President's Letter........ .......2 agreed Poland should be dismantled and eliminated from the The Bulletin Board...............................3 map. Insurrections ensued in 1795, 1830, 1846, 1863 and also PGS-MN Fall Kickoff Meeting a in 1905. Poland regained its independence near-insurrection PGS-MN Interactive Session Report in 1918 with the defeat of the Axis Powers in World War I. Corrections Control of the eastem border was wrestled away from Russia to the editor........ ......................4 in the conflict of 1920 - 1921. Poland was again occupied in Letters 1939 by Germany and Russia as World War II started. This Where is Pelka? continued until the so-called Polish People's Republic was Visiting Poland established, effectively under Russian conlrol, in 1945. -
Treasures of Stanisław August
Collector coins Treasures of Stanisław August Władysław I Łokietek Treasures of Stanisław August The unique series of gold and silver collector coins with the face values of 500 zloty and 50 zloty – „Treasures of Stanisław August” – replicates the famous 18th century medallic series with the images of the kings of Poland, which was struck on the order of Stanisław August Poniatowski. The royal medals, designed by two outstanding medallists: Jan Filip Holzhaeusser and Jan Jakub Reichel, were struck at the Warsaw mint in the years 1791-1797/1798. The design of the medals was based on portraits painted between 1768 and 1771 by Marcello Bacciarelli for the Marble Room at the Royal Castle in Warsaw. The coins issued by Narodowy Bank Polski are faithful replicas of the medals, preserving the diameter and height of relief of the originals. This applies to the portraits of the kings on the reverses. The obverses of the coins feature the reverses of the medals with biographies of the monarchs. The reverses of the medals have been reduced in size because they are accompanied by the name of the state along the rim, the image of the state emblem, the face value and the year of issue of the coins. The biographies of the monarchs and the inscriptions on the obverses of the medals accompanying the royal portraits are in Latin. The final text editing was most likely done by King Stanisław August himself. The names of the monarchs in Polish are presented on the sides of the coins, along with the name of the series „Treasures of Stanisław August”. -
Ann. Anim. Sci., Vol. 15, No. 3 (2015) 799–810 DOI: 10.1515/Aoas-2015-0025
Ann. Anim. Sci., Vol. 15, No. 3 (2015) 799–810 DOI: 10.1515/aoas-2015-0025 IODINE CONCENTRATION IN POLISH CONSUMER MILK* * Bogdan Śliwiński1, Franciszek Brzóska1♦, Zbigniew Szybiński2 1Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice n. Kraków, Poland 2Department and Clinic of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kopernika 17, 31-501 Kraków, Poland ♦Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract The aim of this study was monitoring the iodine concentration in Polish consumer milk in the years 2011–2012. The test material used in this study consisted of consumer UHT pasteurized milk with extended shelf life. Six randomly selected cartons of milk with different fat content (from 0.5% to 3.2%) were each purchased from large-sized stores located in 16 cities during the summer and in 13 cities during the cow’s winter feeding period. In total, 167 milk samples were collected. During the summer season, the milk’s iodine content averaged 143 µg iodine kg–1 and ranged from 103 to 196 µg iodine kg–1 (n=96 samples), with a standard deviation (SD) of ±31 and coefficient variability (CV) of 44%. During the winter season, the milk’s iodine content averaged 183 µg iodine kg–1 and ranged from 141 to 236 µg iodine kg–1 (n=77 samples), with a standard deviation (SD) of ±5 and coefficient of variability (%) (CV) of 26%. Iodine levels in Polish consumer milk increased from the last monitoring (2007–2008) from 100 to 143 µg iodine kg-1 in the summer season, and from 147 to 183 µg iodine kg-1 in the winter season (increases of 47% and 24%, respectively).