DOCSLIB.ORG

Foreign Policy of Casimir III the Great

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Foreign policy of Casimir III the Great Foreign policy of Casimir III the Great Lesson plan (Polish) Lesson plan (English) Foreign policy of Casimir III the Great Casimir III the Great, the King of Poland, lets Gregory, the Armenian bishop, stay in Lviv and conduct his acvity there according to the Armenian customs. Source: domena publiczna. Link to the lesson You will learn what were the goals of the foreign policy of Casimir III the Great; what the peace policy of Casimir III the Great stands for; what was the meaning of the meeting of monarchs in Kraków and the feast at Wierzynek. Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu. Casimir III the Great was a clever diplomat. His main ally in the international arena was Hungary. Due to good deals based on relations he provided peace at the borders with the Kingdom of Bohemia and the state of the Teutonic Order (1343 Peace in Kalisz). Officially, he resigned from Silesia and Pomerania (he planned to regain these lands until the end of his life). In 1364 he organised the congress in Cracow (so‐called feast at Wierzynek's), in which emperor Charles IV of Luxembourg (king of Bohemia), Ludwig of Anjou, the king of Cyprus and numerous princess took part. The king was also a warrior and conqueror – he conquered numerous areas in Russia (Halich and Volhynia Rus, Podolia), and moreover imposed his authorities to the Mazovian Piasts. He died in 1370. He did not leave a legitimate male descendant. Exercise 1 Show the lands that were annexed to the Kingdom of Poland during the reign of Casimir III the Great. Show the states the Kingdom of Poland neighbored on.List and show the biggest Polish cies during the reign of Casimir III the Great. Show the lands the Teutonic Knights returned to Poland pursuant to the peace concluded in Kalisz in 1343. Poland of Casimir III the Great Source: Krysan Chariza i zespół. Exercise 2 Describe the atmosphere of the feast. Where did the painter put the rulers in his painng? How can they be idenfied? The feast at Wierzynek Source: Bronisław Abramowicz, 1876, domena publiczna. Exercise 3 Complete the sentences with the words and dates provided below. 1343, Gdańsk Pomerania, 1364, Silesia, peace, Mazovia, feast, Red Ruthenia Casimir III the Great pursued a .................................. policy. In .................................. he made peace with the Teutonic Knights and recaptured the Dobrzyń Land and Kuyavia. He annexed .................................. and a part of .................................. to the Kingdom of Poland. .................................. remained under the rule of the Teutonic Order, while .................................. was under Czech sovereignty. In .................................., a meeng of monarchs was held in Kraków. A .................................. given in honor of King Casimir III the Great by Mikołaj Wierzynek had wide repercussions in Europe. Task 1 Look at the meline and try to remember the dates. Source: domena publiczna. Exercise 4 Task 2 1. What does it mean when we say that Casimir III the Great pursued a peace policy? 2. What was the meaning of the meeng of monarchs in Kraków and the feast at Wierzynek? Exercise 5 Match the pairs: English words with Polish definion. ziemia nadawana przez seniora wasalowi; tutaj: ziemia, która formalnie należy do władcy-seniora, ale zarządza nią wasal., międzynarodowa przestrzeń, na której państwa, narody i instytucje toczą dyskusje, spory i prowadzą rozmowy., trwała zgoda, porozumienie między stronami (zazwyczaj państwami), które pozostają ze sobą w konflikcie zbrojnym., osoba, na którą przechodzą prawa i obowiązki osoby zmarłej., duże, wystawne przyjęcie., osoba zajmująca się polityką, czyli sprawowaniem władzy i rządzeniem państwem, kierując się dobrem wspólnym. polician perpetual peace fiel successor internaonal arena feast Keywords Casimir III the Great, Middle Ages, foreign policy Glossary polician Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka. polityk - osoba zajmująca się polityką, czyli sprawowaniem władzy i rządzeniem państwem, kierując się dobrem wspólnym. perpetual peace Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka. pokój wieczysty - trwała zgoda, porozumienie między stronami (zazwyczaj państwami), które pozostają ze sobą w konflikcie zbrojnym. fiel Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka. lenno - ziemia nadawana przez seniora wasalowi; tutaj: ziemia, która formalnie należy do władcy‐seniora, ale zarządza nią wasal. successor Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka. spadkobierca - osoba, na którą przechodzą prawa i obowiązki osoby zmarłej. internaonal arena Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka. arena międzynarodowa - międzynarodowa przestrzeń, na której państwa, narody i instytucje toczą dyskusje, spory i prowadzą rozmowy. feast Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka. uczta - duże, wystawne przyjęcie. Lesson plan (Polish) Temat lekcji: Kazimierz Wielki – zręczny polityk Autor scenariusza: Marcin Dyś Adresat Uczeń V klasy szkoły podstawowej. Podstawa programowa VII. Polska w XIV i XV wieku. Uczeń: 1) opisuje rozwój terytorialny państwa polskiego w XIV i XV wieku; 2) analizuje dokonania Kazimierza Wielkiego w dziedzinie polityki wewnętrznej (system obronny, urbanizacja kraju, prawo, nauka) oraz w polityce zagranicznej; 3) opisuje związki Polski z Węgrami w XIV i XV wieku; 6) porządkuje i umieszcza w czasie najważniejsze wydarzenia związane z relacjami polsko‐krzyżackimi w XIV i XV wieku; 7) charakteryzuje rozwój monarchii stanowej. Ogólny cel kształcenia Uczniowie zapoznają się z polityką zewnętrzną Kazimierza Wielkiego. Kształtowane kompetencje kluczowe porozumiewanie się w języku ojczystym; porozumiewanie się w językach obcych; umiejętność uczenia się; kompetencje społeczne i obywatelskie. Cele operacyjne Uczeń: omawia cele polityki zagranicznej Kazimierza Wielkiego; wyjaśnia, co oznacza pokojowa polityka Kazimierza Wielkiego; tłumaczy znaczenie spotkania monarchów w Krakowie i uczty u Wierzynka. Metody/ techniki kształcenia metody podające: wyjaśnienia i komentarze nauczyciela; metody programowane: z wykorzystaniem e‐podręcznika, z użyciem multimediów; metody problemowe: aktywizujące: dyskusja, burza mózgów; metody praktyczne: ćwiczenia przedmiotowe, praca z tekstem. Formy pracy praca grupowa lub w parach; praca z całą klasą. Środki dydaktyczne e‐podręcznik; zeszyt i kredki/pisaki; tablica interaktywna, tablety/komputery; materiał multimedialny. Przed lekcją Nauczyciel prosi uczniów, aby zapoznali się z tekstem „Zręczny polityk” umieszczonym w abstrakcie w rozdziale „Polityka zagraniczna Kazimierza Wielkiego” oraz przypomnieli sobie jego zasługi. Przebieg zajęć Faza wprowadzająca 1. Nauczyciel podaje uczniom temat, cel lekcji oraz kryteria sukcesu. 2. Prowadzący prosi uczniów, aby wymienili cechy, jakimi ich zdaniem obdarzony był Kazimierz Wielki. Następnie prosi, by przypomnieli jego najważniejsze zasługi dla kraju, o których dowiedzieli się na poprzedniej lekcji. Faza realizacyjna 1. Odwołując się do fragmentu abstraktu, z którym uczniowie zapoznali się w domu, oraz wiedzy z wcześniejszych lekcji, nauczyciel prosi, by wymienili kraje, z którymi władcy Polski mieli zatargi lub byli w konflikcie – uczniowie powinni wymienić Czechy, Krzyżaków, Tatarów. Uczniowie wykonują pierwszą część Ćwiczenia 1. Prowadzący w szczególności zwraca uwagę na konflikt polsko‐krzyżacki. Prosi, by uczniowie zastanowili się, w jaki sposób można było rozwiązać ten spór i na jakie rozwiązanie zdecydował się Kazimierz Wielki. To zadanie uczniowie mogą wykonać w parach. Nauczyciel udziela informacji zwrotnej i sprawdza poprawność wykonanych zadań. 2. Nauczyciel tłumaczy znacznie kaliskiego „pokoju wieczystego” zawartego z Krzyżakami w 1343 roku. Wyjaśnia, na czym polega pokój wieczysty i jakie znaczenie miało to dla naszego kraju. Uczniowie wykonują drugą część Ćwiczenia 1, wskazując ziemie zwrócone Polsce na mocy pokoju kaliskiego. Nauczyciel udziela informacji zwrotnej i sprawdza poprawność wykonanych zadań. 3. Nauczyciel wyświetla uczniom obraz Bronisława Abramowicza – Uczta u Wierzynka. Pyta uczniów, jak myślą, co może przedstawiać scena, którą widzą. Następnie za pomocą pytań pomocniczych i kluczowych pomaga im odgadnąć, jakie wydarzenie zostało uwiecznione. Uczniowie wykonują Ćwiczenie 2. Po jego zakończeniu nauczyciel podkreśla doniosłość wydarzenia, które szerokim echem odbiło się nie tylko na ziemiach polskich, ale i w całej Europie. Podczas wykonywania ćwiczeń uczniowie powinni mieć możliwość uzyskania pomocy od nauczyciela. Prowadzący przekazuje im informację zwrotną dotyczącą ich pracy podczas lekcji. 4. Uczniowie odpowiadają na pytanie: Czy dzisiaj również odbywają się takie spotkania najważniejszych przywódców państw? Jeśli tak, to w jakim celu są one zwoływane? Faza podsumowująca 1. W ramach podsumowania uczniowie wykonują Ćwiczenie 3. Następnie zapoznają się z osią czasu (Polecenie 1) oraz odgadują tytuły i podobizny władców Polski (Ćwiczenie 4). Na koniec wykonują Polecenie 2. Nauczyciel upewnia się, że zadaniazostały poprawnie wykonane, i udziela informacji zwrotnej. 2. Nauczyciel ocenia pracę uczniów na lekcji, biorąc pod uwagę ich wkład i zaangażowanie. Może w tym celu przygotować ankietę ewaluacyjną do samooceny oraz oceny pracy prowadzącego i innych uczniów. Podsumowanie najważniejszych treści lekcji 1. Refleksja nad pojęciami polityka pokojowa, pokój wieczysty.
Recommended publications
  • ŚREDNIOWIECZE Polskie I Powszechne

    ŚREDNIOWIECZE Polskie I Powszechne

    ŚREDNIOWIECZE Polskie i Powszechne Tom 9 (13) ŚREDNIOWIECZEŚREDNIOWIECZE PolskiePolskie i Powszechne Tom 9 (13) pod redakcją Jerzego Sperki i Bożeny Czwojdrak Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego Katowice 2017 Redaktor serii: Historia Sylwester Fertacz Recenzenci dr hab. Janusz Grabowski (Archiwum Główne Akt Dawnych w Warszawie) prof. dr hab. Tomasz Jurek (Polska Akademia Nauk, Oddział w Poznaniu) prof. dr hab. Beata Możejko (Uniwersytet Gdański) dr Łukasz Neubauer (Politechnika Koszalińska) dr hab. Andrzej Pleszczyński, prof. UMCS (Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej) dr hab. Sobiesław Szybkowski, prof. UG (Uniwersytet Gdański) dr Marek L. Wójcik (Uniwersytet Wrocławski) dr hab. Paweł Żmudzki (Uniwersytet Warszawski) Rada Naukowa Jerzy Sperka Idzi Panic Bożena Czwojdrak Jakub Morawiec Sobiesław Szybkowski Stanisław Sroka Leontij Wojtowycz Marek L. Wójcik Janusz Grabowski Joanna Sobiesiak Katarzyna Niemczyk Sekretarz Redakcji Iwona Pietrzyk Kodeks Postępowania Etycznego w naszym czasopiśmie oparty jest na standardach Comittee on Pub- lication Ethics (COPE). Szczegółowe informacje dostępne są na stronie: http://historia.us.edu.pl/index. php?pokaz=showart&id=91 Code of Ethic Practices in our journal is based on standards Comittee on Publication Ethics (COPE). For more information look: http://historia.us.edu.pl/index.php?pokaz=showart&id=91 Publikacja jest dostępna w wersji internetowej: Baza Czasopism Humanistycznych i Społecznych www.bazhum.pl Central and Eastern European Online Library www.ceeol.com TreśćTreść Wykaz skrótów instytucji,
  • The Political Activity of Mazovian Dukes Between the 13Th and 15Th Century

    The Political Activity of Mazovian Dukes Between the 13Th and 15Th Century

    The Person and the Challenges Volume 5 (2015) Number 1, p. 219–230 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15633/pch.936 Waldemar Graczyk Cardinal StefanWyszynski University in Warsaw, Poland The Political Activity of Mazovian Dukes between the 13th and 15th Century Abstract According to some historians, Mazovia once had a separate political existence, with a different form of economy, a social structure and customs that differedfrom those of the Crown, a separate dialect, and its own laws. One of theoutward expressions of its separate existence was its own dynasty. To defend its independence, Mazovia entered into feudal contracts with Bohemia and Kazimierz III the Great. Mazovian dukes also paid homage to Władysław Jagiełło, not only as an acknowledgment of dependence, but also of certain obligations the dukes took upon themselves. After the death of Władysław Jagiełło, a group of Lesser Poland lords proposed the candidature of Siemowit V as king of Poland, and Mazovia had a chance to play a more significant role in Polish politics. It should be stressed that while Siemowit IV still enjoyed popularity on the political scene, his sons, particularly after they divided their patrimony among themselves in 1434, very soon lost significance. The period of the greatest regional disintegration of Mazovia began and the province soon lost any political significance. Keywords Mazovia; politics; dukes; alliances; law. Mazovia, situated in the middle Vistula region, was one of the provinces forming part of the early Piast state. In the beginning of the 11th century, Płock became the centre of a vast province and the state run by Miecław.
  • My Two-Week Exchange in Poland by Sang Hyub Kim ('18)

    My Two-Week Exchange in Poland by Sang Hyub Kim ('18)

    New York College of Podiatric Medicine NYCPM NEWS FOOTPRINTS, VOL. 4 NO. 7, JULY 2017 My Two-Week Exchange in Poland By Sang Hyub Kim (’18) Rehabilitation Clinic – Ortopedicum. From left to right: Małgorzata Kulesa-Mrowiecka, MSc, PhD, the Deputy Director of the Institute of Physiotherapy of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Sang Hyub Kim, and Bożena Latała, Msc, the Chief of Rehabilitation Department in Ortopedicum. Sang Hyub Kim (’18) recently completed a two-week exchange in Poland at the Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie (Jagiellonian University in Kraków). Founded in 1364 by Kazimierz III Wielki (Casimir III the Great), Jagiellonian University is the oldest university in Poland. Halina M. Semla-Pulaski, MS, DPM (’89), a Trustee of the NYCPM, organized this exchange program. Dr. Semla-Pulaski developed contacts with the faculties through her mentor and friend, Jolanta Jaworek, MD, PhD. Dr. Jaworek was a former Dean of the Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu (Department of Health and Sciences) and holds the highest title and distinction of “Profes- sor” in the Polish academia. Kim spent his first week in the Oddział Kliniczny Ortopedii i Rehabilitacji (Clinical Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation) of the University Hospital, shadowing orthopedic surgeons – Artur Gądek, MD, (Professor of Jagiellonian University), a hip and knee specialist and Henryk Liszka, MD, a foot and ankle specialist. Under the supervision of Dr. Liszka, Kim was allowed to scrub into several forefoot surgeries such as arthroplasty, percutaneous scarf and the Akin procedure. Moreover, Kim observed complicated cases including triple arthrodesis, clubfoot reconstruction, ankle arthroscopy and osteochondral lesion resection. In the second week, Kim visited few rehabilitation and physical therapy centers outside of the main cam- pus involved in the Institute of Physiotherapy at Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum.
  • Pedigree of the Wilson Family N O P

    Pedigree of the Wilson Family N O P

    Pedigree of the Wilson Family N O P Namur** . NOP-1 Pegonitissa . NOP-203 Namur** . NOP-6 Pelaez** . NOP-205 Nantes** . NOP-10 Pembridge . NOP-208 Naples** . NOP-13 Peninton . NOP-210 Naples*** . NOP-16 Penthievre**. NOP-212 Narbonne** . NOP-27 Peplesham . NOP-217 Navarre*** . NOP-30 Perche** . NOP-220 Navarre*** . NOP-40 Percy** . NOP-224 Neuchatel** . NOP-51 Percy** . NOP-236 Neufmarche** . NOP-55 Periton . NOP-244 Nevers**. NOP-66 Pershale . NOP-246 Nevil . NOP-68 Pettendorf* . NOP-248 Neville** . NOP-70 Peverel . NOP-251 Neville** . NOP-78 Peverel . NOP-253 Noel* . NOP-84 Peverel . NOP-255 Nordmark . NOP-89 Pichard . NOP-257 Normandy** . NOP-92 Picot . NOP-259 Northeim**. NOP-96 Picquigny . NOP-261 Northumberland/Northumbria** . NOP-100 Pierrepont . NOP-263 Norton . NOP-103 Pigot . NOP-266 Norwood** . NOP-105 Plaiz . NOP-268 Nottingham . NOP-112 Plantagenet*** . NOP-270 Noyers** . NOP-114 Plantagenet** . NOP-288 Nullenburg . NOP-117 Plessis . NOP-295 Nunwicke . NOP-119 Poland*** . NOP-297 Olafsdotter*** . NOP-121 Pole*** . NOP-356 Olofsdottir*** . NOP-142 Pollington . NOP-360 O’Neill*** . NOP-148 Polotsk** . NOP-363 Orleans*** . NOP-153 Ponthieu . NOP-366 Orreby . NOP-157 Porhoet** . NOP-368 Osborn . NOP-160 Port . NOP-372 Ostmark** . NOP-163 Port* . NOP-374 O’Toole*** . NOP-166 Portugal*** . NOP-376 Ovequiz . NOP-173 Poynings . NOP-387 Oviedo* . NOP-175 Prendergast** . NOP-390 Oxton . NOP-178 Prescott . NOP-394 Pamplona . NOP-180 Preuilly . NOP-396 Pantolph . NOP-183 Provence*** . NOP-398 Paris*** . NOP-185 Provence** . NOP-400 Paris** . NOP-187 Provence** . NOP-406 Pateshull . NOP-189 Purefoy/Purifoy . NOP-410 Paunton . NOP-191 Pusterthal .
  • UNIVERSITY of ECONOMY

    UNIVERSITY of ECONOMY

    UNIVERSITY of ECONOMY Credibility Tradition Innovation Receptiveness Central Europe ENTERPRISE of KNOWLEDGE www.wsg.byd.pl University Administrators over 5000 students more than 20 major fields of study The mission of the University of Economy challenges of the present with a sense of is to develop individuals who are prepared civic duty and respect for human dignity. to think creatively and critically, strive for Our University is dedicated to preparing professional skills and who become lifelong students with both the soft and hard learners. Our aim is to prepare students to skills that are essential for success in 300 meet the standards of a highly educated a multinational and multicultural Europe. academic staff society by taking on the social and economic The largest in Northern Poland Kaliningrad Słupsk Wilno Gdańsk Malbork Ełk Chojnice Działdowo Piła Bydgoszcz Toruń Chojnice Berlin Inowrocław Poznań Warszawa Wrocław Piła Praga Kraków Działdowo Bydgoszcz Toruń Inowrocław Ełk Malbork Słupsk 2 University of Economy UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMY Our University is the largest private institution of higher education in Northern Poland. We offer studies at the main campus in Bydgoszcz, as well as in our campuses in Toruń, Inowrocław, Malbork, Elk, Słupsk, Piła, Chojnice and Działdowo. Classroom preparation is just a part of the opportunities that the University of Economy offers. Besides educational programs and opportunities, we also are active in regional development activities for the advantage of local societies. We encourage our academic staff and students to have an active role in the surrounding world. The University of Economy offers students different fields to study. At our Bydgoszcz Main Campus are the Academic Cultural Area and the Museum of Photography.
  • THE POLISH RES PUBLICA of NATIONAL and ETHNIC Minorities from the PIASTS to the 20TH CENTURY

    THE POLISH RES PUBLICA of NATIONAL and ETHNIC Minorities from the PIASTS to the 20TH CENTURY

    PRZEGLĄD ZACHODNI 2014, No. II MARCELI KOSMAN Poznań THE POLISH RES PUBLICA OF NATIONAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES FROM THE PIASTS TO THE 20TH CENTURY Początki Polski [The Beginnings of Poland], a fundamental work by Henryk Łowmiański, is subtitled Z dziejów Słowian w I tysiącleciu n.e. [On the History of Slavs in the 1st Millennium A.D.]. Its sixth and final volume, divided into two parts, is also titled Poczatki Polski but subtitled Polityczne i społeczne procesy kształtowania się narodu do początku wieku XIV [Political and Social Processes of Nation Forma- tion till the Beginning of the 14th Century]1. The subtitle was changed because the last volume concerns the formation of the Piast state and emergence of the Polish nation. Originally, there were to be three volumes. The first volume starts as follows: The notion of the beginnings of Poland covers two issues: the genesis of the state and the genesis of the nation. The two issues are closely connected since a state is usually a product of a specific ethnic group and it is the state which, subsequently, has an impact on the transformation of its people into a higher organisational form, i.e. a nation.2 The final stage of those processes in Poland is relatively easily identifiable. It was at the turn of the 10th and 11th century when the name Poland was used for the first time to denote a country under the superior authority of the duke of Gniezno, and the country inhabitants, as attested in early historical sources.3 It is more difficult to determine the terminus a quo of the nation formation and the emergence of Po- land’s statehood.
  • The Attractiveness of Court Culture During the Jagiellonian Era

    The Attractiveness of Court Culture During the Jagiellonian Era

    Odrodzenie i Reformacja w Polsce PL ISSN 0029‑8514 Special Issue Małgorzata Wilska (Warsaw) The Attractiveness of Court Culture during the Jagiellonian Era Court culture is generated predominantly by the social milieu surround‑ ing the king and monarchic authority. The court guaranteed a suitable setting for all the activity of the monarch and royal accounts did not separate expenses for the private needs of the ruler and his family and those of a state character. The transmission of cultural values occurred everywhere where the king and court stayed: on the meadow where land court sessions were held, at the castle during a feast, at an assembly, in the course of a hunt, and along the entire route of the king’s entourage. It should be kept in mind that the governance of Władysław II Jagiełło and his successors involved incessant motion, a constant traversing across Polish lands from Cracow to Lithuania. The image of the king viewed directly was connected in social mentality with a model of the monarch moulded by tradition and court ideology. This image was composed of two overlapping visions: the sacrum and the profanum. The former demanded respect for the God’s anointed, and the latter rendered him closer to the perspective of the subjects and exposed him to criticism.1 Chronicles enable us seeing changes occurring in the ideology of power during the reign of the Piast dynasty. Casimir III the Great was already far from the image of the warrior‑king and defender of the homeland depicted by Gallus writing about Bolesław I the Brave.
  • The New Face of Safeguarding and Promotion of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Poland

    The New Face of Safeguarding and Promotion of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Poland

    LITERATURA LUDOWA. Journal of Folklore and Popular Culture vol. 65 (2021), no. 1 Polskie Towarzystwo Ludoznawcze Polish Ethnological Society JOANNA ANTONIAK Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-1011-7865 The new face of safeguarding and promotion of the intangible cultural heritage in Poland Multimedia materials published by the Ethnographic Museum in Toruń DOI: 10.12775/LL.1.2021.011 | CC BY-ND 3.0 PL Kuyavia is a historical and ethnographic region located in North Central Poland. Situated on the left bank of the Vistula River, Kuyavia stretches from the Skrwa Lewa River in the South to the Wda River in the North and to the Noteć River and Brdowski Lake in the West. Thanks to their black fertile soils and the production of rapeseed (the oil of which is essential to the local cuisine), the Kuyavian low- lands are known as “the granary of Poland” (Piotrowska, 2010a). However, as no- ted by Agnieszka Piotrowska (2010a), those geographical and agricultural features count among of the reasons for cultural diversity of the region. The fertile Kuyavian soil lured German and Dutch settlers whose customs – such as conducting marriage divinations on 12 December, the eve of the Feast of Saint Lucy – soon started to seep into the local traditions. This cultural diversity of Kuyavia deepened during the Partitions as the region was divided between Russia and Prussia (Piotrowska, 2010b). Those differences were further reinforced by the existing administrative and parish divisions. Finally, Kuyavian culture has also been strongly influenced by the neighbouring regions, predominantly Greater Poland and Mazovia (Piotrowska, 2010b).
  • Chapter I. the State System of Old Poland (Up to 1795)

    Chapter I. the State System of Old Poland (Up to 1795)

    Chapter I. The state system of Old Poland (up to 1795) § 1. Patrimonial monarchy I. The rise of the Polish state 1. The clan-tribe system and its collapse Pre-Polish tribes belonged among the Western Slavs. They arrived in the area located between the Oder and Bug rivers, on one hand, and the Carpathians and the Baltic Sea, on the other, during the Migration Period, most probably in the 6th century. The basic unit of Slav society was the clan. Initially, it included all those who originated from the same ancestor (agnatic), but with time a clan which consisted of relatives on both the father’s and the mother’s side (cognat- ic) became predominant. It served religious, military, economic, social, as well as protective purposes. Usually, the members of the clan inhabited a single set- tlement. The clan consisted of families. A number of clans would form a tribe, which was based on common ances- try as well, but also served state functions. The state-forming process started first within the so-calledsmall tribes inhabiting an area of up to 10,000 sq. km. These would combine to form a larger structure, i.e. the large tribe, which comprised a loose association of multiple small tribes. This process became more evident especially in the 8th century. Tribal associations formed in such a way occupied an area of up to 40,000 sq. km. The most important ones were: the Vistulans, the Polans, the Goplans, the Lendians, the Silesians, the Masovi- ans and the Pomeranians. Superior authority in a small tribal state was held by the veche (congress).
  • Timeline1800 18001600

    Timeline1800 18001600

    TIMELINE1800 18001600 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 8000BCE Sharpened stone heads used as axes, spears and arrows. 7000BCE Walls in Jericho built. 6100BCE North Atlantic Ocean – Tsunami. 6000BCE Dry farming developed in Mesopotamian hills. - 4000BCE Tigris-Euphrates planes colonized. - 3000BCE Farming communities spread from south-east to northwest Europe. 5000BCE 4000BCE 3900BCE 3800BCE 3760BCE Dynastic conflicts in Upper and Lower Egypt. The first metal tools commonly used in agriculture (rakes, digging blades and ploughs) used as weapons by slaves and peasant ‘infantry’ – first mass usage of expendable foot soldiers. 3700BCE 3600BCE © PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 1 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 3500BCE King Menes the Fighter is victorious in Nile conflicts, establishes ruling dynasties. Blast furnace used for smelting bronze used in Bohemia. Sumerian civilization developed in south-east of Tigris-Euphrates river area, Akkadian civilization developed in north-west area – continual warfare. 3400BCE 3300BCE 3200BCE 3100BCE 3000BCE Bronze Age begins in Greece and China. Egyptian military civilization developed. Composite re-curved bows being used. In Mesopotamia, helmets made of copper-arsenic bronze with padded linings. Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, first to use iron for weapons. Sage Kings in China refine use of bamboo weaponry. 2900BCE 2800BCE Sumer city-states unite for first time. 2700BCE Palestine invaded and occupied by Egyptian infantry and cavalry after Palestinian attacks on trade caravans in Sinai. 2600BCE 2500BCE Harrapan civilization developed in Indian valley. Copper, used for mace heads, found in Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine and Egypt. Sumerians make helmets, spearheads and axe blades from bronze.
  • Sports in Bydgoszcz Bydgoszcz Specialties

    Sports in Bydgoszcz Bydgoszcz Specialties

    N i e c a ł a C z Kąpielowa R a ó Wr r żan ocław n a ska a D r o g a Old Bydgoszcz Canal Stary Kanał Bydgoski Stary Kanał S z u Canal Bydgoszcz b J a Bydgoski Kanał i sn ń a s 26 k a Bydgoszcz Specialties SportsŻ in Bydgoszcz e g l a r s k G a ra nic L S zn udw t a ro Grunw m P i a k R It should be added that a new, modern marina with a hotel was built on Mill During your stay in Bydgoszcz, it’s worth fi nding time to try local specialties. oznański K ow r Plac u s z w ondo a i c k Bread with potatoes aldzkie o Island, in the city centre. The Regional Rowing Association LOTTO-Bydgostia There is something for everyone, including chocolates, goose meat, locally Beer from the local brewery Potato rye bread is one of the oldest culinary recipes from the Bydgoszcz The traditions of Bydgoszcz brewing date back to the origins of the city. In the (RTW), the successor of the Railway Rowing Club, is a prominent rowing orga- brewed beer, and bread with potatoes … area. In the past, bread was baked from fl our processed at a farm or pur- 14th century, every townsman, owner of a lot within the city walls, had the right H. Dąbrowskiego nization. RTW is a 25-time (until 2013) Team Champion of Poland. It has been S iem ira chased from the mill.
  • Droughts in the Area of Poland in Recent Centuries

    Droughts in the Area of Poland in Recent Centuries

    https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2019-64 Preprint. Discussion started: 11 June 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. 1 Droughts in the area of Poland in recent centuries 2 3 Rajmund Przybylak1 ORCID: 0000-0003-4101-6116, Piotr Oliński2 ORCID: 0000-0003-1428- 4 0800, Marcin Koprowski3 ORCID: 0000-0002-0583-4165, Janusz Filipiak4 ORCID: 0000-0002- 5 4491-3886, Aleksandra Pospieszyńska1 ORCID: 0000-0003-2532-7168, Waldemar 6 Chorążyczewski2 ORCID: 0000-0002-0063-0032, Radosław Puchałka3 ORCID: 0000-0002- 7 4764-0705, and Henryk P. Dąbrowski5 ORCID:0000-0002-8846-5042 8 1 Department of Meteorology and Climatology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, 9 Poland 10 2 Department of Medieval History, Institute of History and Archival Sciences, Faculty of History, Nicolaus 11 Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland 12 3 Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus 13 University, Toruń, Poland 14 4 Department of Meteorology and Climatology, Institute of Geography, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, 15 University of Gdansk, Poland 16 5 Dendroarchaeological Laboratory, Archaeological Museum in Biskupin, Biskupin, Poland 17 18 Correspondence to: R. Przybylak ([email protected]) 19 20 Abstract: The paper presents the main features of droughts in Poland in recent centuries, including their frequency of 21 occurrence, coverage, duration and intensity. For this purpose both proxy data (documentary and 22 dendrochronological) and instrumental measurements of precipitation were used. The reconstructions of droughts 23 based on all the mentioned sources of data covered the period 996–2015. Examples of megadroughts were also chosen 24 using documentary evidence, and some of them were described.