DOCSLIB.ORG

Countryside Survey: Soils Report from 2007

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Countryside Survey: Soils Report from 2007 www.countrysidesurvey.org.uk CS Technical Report No. 9/07 Soils Report from 2007 Emmett, B.A. 1, Reynolds, B. 1, Chamberlain, P.M. 2, 1 1 1 3 Rowe, E. , Spurgeon, D. , Brittain, S.A. , Frogbrook, Z. , 1 1 1 1 Hughes, S. , Lawlor, A.J. , Poskitt, J. , Potter, E. , 1 1 1 1 Robinson, D.A. , Scott, A. , Wood, C. , Woods, C. Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (Natural Environment Research Council) January 2010 1 Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB 2 Formerly, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology 3 Formerly, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology; Now, Environment Agency, Wales 1 Countryside Survey: Soils Report from 2007 Acknowledgements The Countryside Survey of 2007 is funded by a partnership of nine government funded bodies led by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). The completion of the survey has only been made possible by the support and advice of many dedicated individuals from these and other organisations who provided their time and valuable advice to the project board, the project steering group, and the project advisory groups. The project Partners would like to thank all the landowners, farmers, and other land managers who gave permission for the field surveyors to collect data and samples from their land. Without such cooperation, scientific field studies like Countryside Survey would not be possible. The Countryside Survey Partners would like to thank all those who contributed to the work presented in this report, largely in NERC’s Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH): Field surveyors, regional coordinators and QA teams: Nik Aspey, Boris Assyov, Maurice Bailey, Dave Bennett, Caroline Boffey, Katja Busch, Anne Butler, Luciana Carotenuto, Paul Chamberlain, Rebecca Chance, Jake Chant, Hannah Chivers, David Cole, Ceirios Davies, Kathryn Dawson, Jan Dick, Mitzi de Ville, Martin Duncan, Claire Edwards, Richard Ellis, Fiona Everingham, Angus Garbutt, Iain Gunn, Anne Harvey, Adrianna Hawczak, Stuart Hedley, Lynn Heeley, Gale Hodges, Nik Hudson, Sarah Hulmes, Gwilym Jones, Ursula Jones, Jana Kahl, Emma Koblizek, Wendy MacFarlane, Lindsay Maskell, Alain Mauric, Elaine McClymont, Sebastian Meis, Bruce Miller, Ruth Mitchell, Lindsay Moore, Lila Morris, Mike Morecroft, Owen Mountford, John Murphy, Emma Nicklin, Lisa Norton, Peter Nuttall, Judith O’Hare, Martin Page, Denise Pallett, Hristo Pedashenko, Jodey Peyton, Alison Pike, Hannah Price, Maria Ramirez-Jimenez, Amy Rees, Brian Reynolds, Nicola Rivett, Glenn Roberts, Liz Roberts, Patrick Home Robertson, Rob Rose, Martin Rossall, Ed Rowe, Frank Ryan, Stephen Ryder, Pete Scarlett, Dave Scott, Robert Seaton, Luke Sidebottom, Louise Slack, Simon Smart, Tom Smith, Jon Steele, Peter Steward, Michelle Taylor, Sam Thomas, Nicola Thompson, Will Thomson, Annie Truscott, Linda Turner, Jackie Ullyett, Kiril Vasilev, Katy Walker, Kevin Walker, Alistair Watson, Trevor West, James Whiteford, Michael Wilcox, Lorna Wilkie, Geoffrey Wilkinson, Claire Wood. Statistical, analytical, technical and data management support: Annie Brittain, Mike Brown, Paul Chamberlain, Kathy Chandler, Jackie Chaplow, Jenny Clapham, Ralph Clarke, Andy Crowe, Zoe Frogbrook, Steve Hughes, Alan Lawlor, Jan Poskitt, Elaine Potter, Annabel Rice, Phil Rowland, Andy Scott, Rod Scott, Rick Stuart, Nicola Thomson, Colin Vincent, Mike Wilson, John Watkins, Ruth Watts, Claire Wood, Clive Woods and Simon Wright. Advice and training: Colin Barr, Helaina Black, Bob Bunce, Zoe Frogbrook, Dave Howard, Mike Hornung, Steve Marshall, Steve Moss and Dave Wilson. Project management and administration: Mark Bailey, Mike Brown, Peter Carey, Julie Delve, Bridget Emmett, Les Firbank, Julie Grimshaw, Lindsay Maskell, John Murphy, Lisa Norton, Dan Osborn, Terry Parr, Ian Simpson, Simon Smart and John Watkins. 2 Countryside Survey: Soils Report from 2007 Contents Executive Summary p.4 1) Field Sampling and Bulk Density p.9 2) Carbon p.18 3) Soil pH p.43 4) Total nitrogen and C:N p.67 5) Mineralisable-N p.89 6) Olsen P p.108 7) Soil metal concentrations p.129 8) Soil invertebrates p.167 3 Countryside Survey: Soils Report from 2007 Executive Summary Executive Summary Countryside Survey is a unique study or ‘audit’ of the natural resources of the UK’s countryside. The Survey has been carried out at regular intervals since 1978. The countryside is sampled and studied using rigorous scientific methods, allowing us to compare results from 2007 with those from previous surveys. In this way we can detect the gradual and subtle changes that occur in the countryside over time. A series of reports have been published outlining the main findings for UK and individual countries which included results for two soil variables namely soil carbon and acidity. This report outlines the major findings for all soil variables measured as part of the survey in 2007. Key policy questions to be answered in 2007 were: • Can we confirm the loss of soil carbon (0-15cm) as reported by Bellamy et al . 2005? • Has the recovery from acidification detected by Countryside Survey in 1998 between 1978 and 1998 continued? • Can the trend of eutrophication of the countryside detected in the vegetation be detected in the soil using the mean total nitrogen concentration? • Can the trend of eutrophication of the countryside detected in the vegetation be detected in the soil as well using a more sensitive soil process method for nitrogen? • Can the trend of increasing P status in intensive grasslands be confirmed and is it matched in other habitats? • Is the decline in atmospheric deposition of heavy metals as reported by the Heavy Metals Monitoring Network reflected in soil metal concentrations measured in Countryside Survey? • Does Countryside Survey provide any evidence to indicate that there has been a loss of soil biodiversity as has been stated by the European Union? Soils have been part of Countryside Survey since it’s inception in 1978. The rationale for their inclusion was originally to provide many of the explanatory variables which contribute to the understanding of vegetation distribution and change which are the central core of the survey. More recently soils have been recognised as a valuable resource in their own right due to their importance for delivering a range of ecosystem services. Consequently the number of variables have increased over time from soil organic matter and pH in 1978, to nutrients, contaminants and biodiversity in 1998, and soil physical measurements and biogeochemical fluxes in the latest survey in 2007. The soil variables were selected for inclusion in the 2007 survey according to a range of criteria including: relevance to policy needs, scientific questions, uniqueness of Countryside Survey soils data both in isolation and when combined with other Countryside Survey variables, value for money and links and compatibility with other soil monitoring programmes. It should be noted that with the exception of soil invertebrates many Countryside Survey soil variables are currently included in the list of recommended primary indicators of soil quality by the UK Soil Indicator Consortium namely: soil organic matter, soil organic carbon, bulk density, soil acidity (pH), mean total nitrogen concentration, an indicator of phosphorus availability (Olsen-P), an indicator of nitrogen availability (mineralisable-N), total copper, zinc, cadmium and nickel. All variables with the exception of soil invertebrates are measured in the top 15cm of the soil profile only. Soil invertebrates are recorded for the top 8cm of soil. This focus on the top 15cm of soil mirrors the focus of several other soil monitoring programmes as it is thought the top soil horizons are the most susceptible to change over time as they are more immediately affected by land management activities and environmental change. Ideally future soil monitoring should include lower soil horizons as important stocks of carbon, supply of nutrients, filtering and storage of contaminants, and soil biota occur below the top 15cm. Countryside Survey uses a sampling approach which samples one-kilometre squares randomly located within different land class in GB. The original 1978 survey consisted of 256 1-km squares and collected five soil samples per square where possible, taken from random co-ordinates in five segments of the square. Detailed vegetation and other biophysical measurements were taken at the same location. In total, the 1978 survey collected 1197 soil samples for analysis. During 1998, surveyors collected soil samples from the plots used 4 Countryside Survey: Soils Report from 2007 Executive Summary for soil sampling in the original 1978 squares and 1098 samples were returned for analysis. Plots were re- located using maps and/or markers placed in the 1978 survey. In 2007, 591 1-km squares were sampled with a total of 2614 samples returned for analysis. More samples were therefore taken in 2007 than collectively in 1978 and 1998. This increase in sample over time has been driven by the requirement to provide individual country level reports first for Scotland in 1998 and then Wales in 2007. Statistical methods are used to enable this increase in sample number over time to be taken into account when estimating change over time. The limited number of sampling sites in Wales in 1978 and 1998 have limited the number of vegetation and soil categories where change can be reported. However, the data provides an important
Recommended publications
  • Unexpected Diversity in Neelipleona Revealed by Molecular Phylogeny Approach (Hexapoda, Collembola)

    Unexpected Diversity in Neelipleona Revealed by Molecular Phylogeny Approach (Hexapoda, Collembola)

    S O I L O R G A N I S M S Volume 83 (3) 2011 pp. 383–398 ISSN: 1864-6417 Unexpected diversity in Neelipleona revealed by molecular phylogeny approach (Hexapoda, Collembola) Clément Schneider1, 3, Corinne Cruaud2 and Cyrille A. D’Haese1 1 UMR7205 CNRS, Département Systématique et Évolution, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP50 Entomology, 45 rue Buffon, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France 2 Genoscope, Centre National de Sequençage, 2 rue G. Crémieux, CP5706, 91057 Evry cedex, France 3 Corresponding author: Clément Schneider (email: [email protected]) Abstract Neelipleona are the smallest of the four Collembola orders in term of species number with 35 species described worldwide (out of around 8000 known Collembola). Despite this apparent poor diversity, Neelipleona have a worldwide repartition. The fact that the most commonly observed species, Neelus murinus Folsom, 1896 and Megalothorax minimus Willem, 1900, display cosmopolitan repartition is striking. A cladistic analysis based on 16S rDNA, COX1 and 28S rDNA D1 and D2 regions, for a broad collembolan sampling was performed. This analysis included 24 representatives of the Neelipleona genera Neelus Folsom, 1896 and Megalothorax Willem, 1900 from various regions. The interpretation of the phylogenetic pattern and number of transformations (branch length) indicates that Neelipleona are more diverse than previously thought, with probably many species yet to be discovered. These results buttress the rank of Neelipleona as a whole order instead of a Symphypleona family. Keywords: Collembola, Neelidae, Megalothorax, Neelus, COX1, 16S, 28S 1. Introduction 1.1. Brief history of Neelipleona classification The Neelidae family was established by Folsom (1896), who described Neelus murinus from Cambridge (USA).
  • The Pauropoda

    The Pauropoda

    "* IX «- THE PAUROPODA THE members of this group are minute, elongate, soft-bodied arthropods of the myriapod type of structure (fig. 70 A, B), but because of their relatively few legs, usually nine pairs in the adult stage, they have been named pauropods (Lubbock, 1868 ). A pauro­ pod of average size is about a millimeter in length, but some species are only half as long, and others reach a length of nearly 2 mm. Probably owing to their small size, the pauropods have no circulatory system and no tracheae or other differentiated organs of respiration. They live in moist places under logs and stones, on the ground among decaying leaves, and in the soil to a depth of several inches. The feeding habits of the pauropods are not well known, but their food has been thought to be humus and decaying plant and animal tissue. Starling (1944) says that mold fungi were observed to be the usual food of Pauropus carolinensis and that a "correlation appears to exist between the optimum temperature for mold growth in gen­ eral and high incidence of pauropod population." He gives reasons for believing that pauropods, where abundant, regardless of their small size, play a Significantpart in soil formation. A typical adult pauropod (fig. 70 B) has a relatively small, conical head and an elongate body of 12 segments, counting as segments the first and the last body divisions, which are known respectively as the collum (Col) and the pygidium (Pyg). Statements by other writers as to the number of segments may vary, because some do not include the pygidium as a segment and some exclude both the collum and the pygidium, but such differences are merely a matter of definition for a "segment." 250 THE PAUROPODA The number of legs in an adult pauropod, except in one known species, is invariably nine pairs, the first pair being on the second body segment, the last on the tenth (fig.
  • First Record of the Genus Spinaethorax Papáč & Palacios-Vargas, 2016 (Collembola, Neelipleona, Neelidae) in Asia, with a New Species from a Vietnamese Cave

    First Record of the Genus Spinaethorax Papáč & Palacios-Vargas, 2016 (Collembola, Neelipleona, Neelidae) in Asia, with a New Species from a Vietnamese Cave

    European Journal of Taxonomy 363: 1–20 ISSN 2118-9773 https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.363 www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu 2017 · Schneider C. & Deharveng L. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Research article urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5720CF48-37A8-4814-93F3-192493488435 First record of the genus Spinaethorax Papáč & Palacios-Vargas, 2016 (Collembola, Neelipleona, Neelidae) in Asia, with a new species from a Vietnamese cave Clément SCHNEIDER 1,* & Louis DEHARVENG 2 1 Mécanismes Adaptatifs & Evolution, MECADEV - UMR 7179 - CNRS, MNHN, Dpt Systematics & Evolution, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CP50 Entomology, 45 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France. 2 Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB – UMR 7205 – CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, 75005 Paris, France. *Corresponding author: [email protected] 2 Email: [email protected] 1 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:C0BEC337-0235-4E4B-8EFB-134B3EED1B90 2 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:D8F5C679-C30C-442C-8621-D3B8EDB17EF7 Abstract. A new species of the genus Spinaethorax Papáč & Palacios-Vargas, 2016, recently erected for two cave species of Mexico, is described from a Vietnamese cave. It differs from the Mexican species most noticeably by the dorsal chaetotaxy of the head (number and morphology of chaetae), the shape of S-chaetae on the third antennomere, the dorsal chaetotaxy of the abdomen and the chaetotaxy of the dens. The pattern of special τ-chaetae is described for the first time in the genus. The affinities between Spinaethorax and the other genera of Neelipleona are discussed.
  • MYRIAPODS 767 Volume 2 (M-Z), Pp

    MYRIAPODS 767 Volume 2 (M-Z), Pp

    In: R. Singer, (ed.), 1999. Encyclopedia of Paleontology, MYRIAPODS 767 volume 2 (M-Z), pp. 767-775. Fitzroy Dearborn, London. MYRIAPODS JVlyriapods are many-legged, terrestrial arthropods whose bodies groups, the Trilobita, Chelicerata, Crustacea, and the Uniramia, the are divided into two major parts, a head and a trunk. The head last consisting of the Myriapoda, Hexapoda, and Onychophora (vel- bears a single pair of antennae, highly differentiated mandibles (or vet worms). However, subsequent structural and molecular evidence jaws), and at least one pair of maxillary mouthparts; the trunk indicates that there are several characters uniting major arthropod region consists of similar "metameres," each of which is a func- taxa. Moreover, paleobiologic, embryologie, and other evidence tional segment that bears one or two pairs of appendages. Gas demonstrates that myriapods and hexapods are fiindamentally exchange is accomplished by tracheae•a branching network of polyramous, having two major articulating appendages per embry- specialized tubules•although small forms respire through the ological body segment, like other arthropods. body wall. Malpighian organs are used for excretion, and eyes con- A fourth proposal (Figure ID) suggests that myriapods are sist of clusters of simple, unintegrated, light-sensitive elements an ancient, basal arthropod lineage, and that the Hexapoda that are termed ommatidia. These major features collectively char- emerged as an independent, relatively recent clade from a rather acterize the five major myriapod clades: Diplopoda (millipeds), terminal crustacean lineage, perhaps the Malacostraca, which con- Chilopoda (centipeds), Pauropoda (pauropods), Symphyla (sym- tains lobsters and crabs (Ballard et al. 1992). Because few crusta- phylans), and Arthropleurida (arthropleurids). Other features cean taxa were examined in this analysis, and due to the Cambrian indicate differences among these clades.
  • ARTHROPODA Subphylum Hexapoda Protura, Springtails, Diplura, and Insects

    ARTHROPODA Subphylum Hexapoda Protura, Springtails, Diplura, and Insects

    NINE Phylum ARTHROPODA SUBPHYLUM HEXAPODA Protura, springtails, Diplura, and insects ROD P. MACFARLANE, PETER A. MADDISON, IAN G. ANDREW, JOCELYN A. BERRY, PETER M. JOHNS, ROBERT J. B. HOARE, MARIE-CLAUDE LARIVIÈRE, PENELOPE GREENSLADE, ROSA C. HENDERSON, COURTenaY N. SMITHERS, RicarDO L. PALMA, JOHN B. WARD, ROBERT L. C. PILGRIM, DaVID R. TOWNS, IAN McLELLAN, DAVID A. J. TEULON, TERRY R. HITCHINGS, VICTOR F. EASTOP, NICHOLAS A. MARTIN, MURRAY J. FLETCHER, MARLON A. W. STUFKENS, PAMELA J. DALE, Daniel BURCKHARDT, THOMAS R. BUCKLEY, STEVEN A. TREWICK defining feature of the Hexapoda, as the name suggests, is six legs. Also, the body comprises a head, thorax, and abdomen. The number A of abdominal segments varies, however; there are only six in the Collembola (springtails), 9–12 in the Protura, and 10 in the Diplura, whereas in all other hexapods there are strictly 11. Insects are now regarded as comprising only those hexapods with 11 abdominal segments. Whereas crustaceans are the dominant group of arthropods in the sea, hexapods prevail on land, in numbers and biomass. Altogether, the Hexapoda constitutes the most diverse group of animals – the estimated number of described species worldwide is just over 900,000, with the beetles (order Coleoptera) comprising more than a third of these. Today, the Hexapoda is considered to contain four classes – the Insecta, and the Protura, Collembola, and Diplura. The latter three classes were formerly allied with the insect orders Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) and Thysanura (silverfish) as the insect subclass Apterygota (‘wingless’). The Apterygota is now regarded as an artificial assemblage (Bitsch & Bitsch 2000).
  • Phylogenomics Illuminates the Backbone of the Myriapoda Tree of Life and Reconciles Morphological and Molecular Phylogenies

    Phylogenomics Illuminates the Backbone of the Myriapoda Tree of Life and Reconciles Morphological and Molecular Phylogenies

    Phylogenomics illuminates the backbone of the Myriapoda Tree of Life and reconciles morphological and molecular phylogenies The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Fernández, R., Edgecombe, G.D. & Giribet, G. Phylogenomics illuminates the backbone of the Myriapoda Tree of Life and reconciles morphological and molecular phylogenies. Sci Rep 8, 83 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-18562-w Citable link https://nrs.harvard.edu/URN-3:HUL.INSTREPOS:37366624 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP Title: Phylogenomics illuminates the backbone of the Myriapoda Tree of Life and reconciles morphological and molecular phylogenies Rosa Fernández1,2*, Gregory D. Edgecombe3 and Gonzalo Giribet1 1 Museum of Comparative Zoology & Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 28 Oxford St., 02138 Cambridge MA, USA 2 Current address: Bioinformatics & Genomics, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Carrer del Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain 3 Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK *Corresponding author: [email protected] The interrelationships of the four classes of Myriapoda have been an unresolved question in arthropod phylogenetics and an example of conflict between morphology and molecules. Morphology and development provide compelling support for Diplopoda (millipedes) and Pauropoda being closest relatives, and moderate support for Symphyla being more closely related to the diplopod-pauropod group than any of them are to Chilopoda (centipedes).
  • Four New Troglobiotic Species of the Genus Megalothorax Willem, 1900 (Collembola: Neelipleona) from the Carpathian Mountains (Slovakia, Romania)

    Four New Troglobiotic Species of the Genus Megalothorax Willem, 1900 (Collembola: Neelipleona) from the Carpathian Mountains (Slovakia, Romania)

    Zootaxa 3737 (5): 545–575 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3737.5.3 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9DF408C6-BC6D-4D4E-BCDE-26E103D4E634 Four new troglobiotic species of the genus Megalothorax Willem, 1900 (Collembola: Neelipleona) from the Carpathian Mountains (Slovakia, Romania) VLADIMÍR PAPÁČ1 & ĽUBOMÍR KOVÁČ2 1 State Nature Conservancy, Slovak Caves Administration, Železničná 31, 979 01 Rimavská Sobota, Slovak Republic. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Moyzesova 11, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Four new species of Megalothorax Willem, 1900 are described and illustrated: M. tatrensis sp. nov., M. carpaticus sp. nov., M. hipmani sp. nov. from caves in Slovakia and M. draco sp. nov. from the Drǎcoaia Cave in western Romania. The species represent troglobiotic forms exhibiting different level of troglomorphy involving such features as larger body, elongated foot complex, antennae, mucro and body chaetae. The most pronounced troglomorphy is observed in M. hipmani sp. nov. and M. draco sp. nov. Species descriptions are completed with comparative tables of chaetotaxy of antennae and legs. Diagnostic table for all congeners and dichotomous identification key to the world species are provided. Distribution records of other Megalothorax species in Slovakia are added. Key words: cave fauna, troglomorphy, endemism, identification key Introduction Family Neelidae, established by Folsom in 1896, represents one of the less diverse collembolan taxon with 33 species distributed in five genera (Janssens & Christiansen 2011).
  • Orden PAUROPODA Manual

    Orden PAUROPODA Manual

    Revista IDE@ - SEA, nº 33 (30-06-2015): 1–12. ISSN 2386-7183 1 Ibero Diversidad Entomológica @ccesible www.sea-entomologia.org/IDE@ Clase: Pauropoda Orden PAUROPODA Manual Clase PAUROPODA Orden Pauropoda Mª Teresa Domínguez Rodríguez C/ Príncipe de Vergara, 280. 28016 Madrid (España) [email protected] 1. Breve definición del grupo y principales caracteres diagnósticos La clase Pauropoda pertenece a la superclase Myriapoda, formando el grupo Progoneata con Symphyla y Diplopoda y el clado Diagnatha con Diplopoda. La mayoría de las especies tienen muy poco desarrolladas las piezas bucales. Son terrestres, ciegos y lucífugos. Presentan un color blanquecino o amarillento, más oscuro en algunas especies. El cuerpo consta de una cabeza, un tronco segmentado y un pigidio con una placa anal. El tronco posee de 9 a 11 pares de patas marchadoras en los adultos, con 5 o 6 artejos. La longitud del cuerpo oscila entre 0,4 y 2 mm (Fig. 1 y 4, Lámina fotográfica). Las aberturas genitales se sitúan entre el segundo par de patas en la zona ventral. El pigidio anal consta de dos partes, una tergo-dorsal y otra externo-ventral; la placa anal, distinta específicamente, se encuentra bajo la parte dorsal del pigidio. El tronco posee terguitos con cinco pares de largas sedas táctiles o tricobotrios. Las zonas laterales reciben el nombre de pleuras. Las antenas son ramificadas y poseen un tallo segmentado. Los paurópodos, al igual que los Symphyla, buscan biotopos húmedos, viven en grietas del suelo y entre hojarasca. Se alimentan de hongos o de sustancias semilíquidas resultantes de la descomposición de plantas o animales.
  • Morphological Data, Extant Myriapoda, and the Myriapod Stem-Group

    Morphological Data, Extant Myriapoda, and the Myriapod Stem-Group

    Contributions to Zoology, 73 (3) 207-252 (2004) SPB Academic Publishing bv, The Hague Morphological data, extant Myriapoda, and the myriapod stem-group Gregory+D. Edgecombe Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia, e-mail: [email protected] Keywords: Myriapoda, phylogeny, stem-group, fossils Abstract Tagmosis; long-bodied fossils 222 Fossil candidates for the stem-group? 222 Conclusions 225 The status ofMyriapoda (whether mono-, para- or polyphyletic) Acknowledgments 225 and controversial, position of myriapods in the Arthropoda are References 225 .. fossils that an impediment to evaluating may be members of Appendix 1. Characters used in phylogenetic analysis 233 the myriapod stem-group. Parsimony analysis of319 characters Appendix 2. Characters optimised on cladogram in for extant arthropods provides a basis for defending myriapod Fig. 2 251 monophyly and identifying those morphological characters that are to taxon to The necessary assign a fossil the Myriapoda. the most of the allianceofhexapods and crustaceans need notrelegate myriapods “Perhaps perplexing arthropod taxa 1998: to the arthropod stem-group; the Mandibulatahypothesis accom- are the myriapods” (Budd, 136). modates Myriapoda and Tetraconata as sister taxa. No known pre-Silurianfossils have characters that convincingly place them in the Myriapoda or the myriapod stem-group. Because the Introduction strongest apomorphies ofMyriapoda are details ofthe mandible and tentorial endoskeleton,exceptional fossil preservation seems confound For necessary to recognise a stem-group myriapod. Myriapods palaeontologists. all that Cambrian Lagerstdtten like the Burgess Shale and Chengjiang have contributed to knowledge of basal Contents arthropod inter-relationships, they are notably si- lent on the matter of myriapod origins and affini- Introduction 207 ties.
  • Influence of Agricultural Practices on Arthropod Communities in a Vertisol (Martinique) Gladys Loranger, Jean-François Ponge, Patrick Lavelle

    Influence of Agricultural Practices on Arthropod Communities in a Vertisol (Martinique) Gladys Loranger, Jean-François Ponge, Patrick Lavelle

    Influence of agricultural practices on arthropod communities in a vertisol (Martinique) Gladys Loranger, Jean-François Ponge, Patrick Lavelle To cite this version: Gladys Loranger, Jean-François Ponge, Patrick Lavelle. Influence of agricultural practices on arthro- pod communities in a vertisol (Martinique). European Journal of Soil Biology, Elsevier, 1998, 34 (4), pp.157-165. 10.1016/S1164-5563(00)86658-3. hal-00505462 HAL Id: hal-00505462 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00505462 Submitted on 23 Jul 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. INFLUENCE OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON ARTHROPOD COMMUNITIES IN A VERTISOL (MARTINIQUE) Gladys Loranger (1) *, Jean François Ponge (2), Eric Blanchart (3) and Patrick Lavelle (1) (1) Laboratoire d’Ecologie des Sols Tropicaux, IRD / Université Paris VI, 32 Avenue Henri Varagnat, F-93143 Bondy France. (2) Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire d’Ecologie Générale, 4 Avenue du Petit Château, F-91800 Brunoy France. (3) Laboratoire de Biologie et d’Organisation des Sols Tropicaux, IRD B.P. 8006, 97259 Fort de France, Martinique, French West Indies. Short title : Agricultural practices and soil arthropods * Corresponding author Gladys Loranger, Laboratoire d’Ecologie des Sols Tropicaux, IRD, 32 Avenue Henri Varagnat, F-93143 Bondy France.
  • Millipedes Made Easy

    Millipedes Made Easy

    MILLI-PEET, Introduction to Millipedes; Page - 1 - Millipedes Made Easy A. Introduction The class Diplopoda, or the millipedes, contains about 10,000 described species. The animals have a long distinguished history on our planet, spanning over 400 million year. Their ecological importance is immense: the health and survival of every decidu- ous forest depends on them, since they are one of the prime mechanical decomposers of wood and leaf litter, especially in the tropics. Despite their importance they are very poorly known and have long been neglected in all areas of biological research. Even basic identification of specimens is a challenge. We hope to make millipede identification accessible to many. The first challenge may be to distinguish a millipede from other members of the Myriapoda. Section B demonstrates the differences between the four myriapod groups. Section C provides a very short introduction to millipede morphology. Section D lists a number of tips on how to deal with millipede specimens under the dissecting scope. The illustrated identification key to orders can be found in the section: Key to Orders in several languages. The key was constructed with purely practical considerations in mind. We tried to use characters that are easy to recognize and will allow non-millipede specialists to find the right path to the order quickly. Several couplets are not dichotomous, but are organized on the multiple choice principle: discrete, mutually exclusive alternative characters are listed and the user must choose one of them. After you have become familiar with the identifying features, you may often just use the flow chart at the end of the Identification Key to identify a millipede to order.
  • Phylogenetic Revision of the Genus Cherokia (Chamberlin, 1949) (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae) Luisa Fernanda Vasquez-Valverde Thes

    Phylogenetic Revision of the Genus Cherokia (Chamberlin, 1949) (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae) Luisa Fernanda Vasquez-Valverde Thes

    Phylogenetic revision of the genus Cherokia (Chamberlin, 1949) (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae) Luisa Fernanda Vasquez-Valverde Thesis submitted to the faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Entomology Paul Marek Robin Andrews William Shear May 7, 2021 Blacksburg, VA Keywords: Cherokia, phylogenetics, subspecies, morphology. Phylogenetic revision of the genus Cherokia (Chamberlin, 1949) (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae) Luisa Fernanda Vasquez-Valverde Academic Abstract The family Xystodesmidae (Polydesmida) includes 521 species with a center of diversity concentrated in the Appalachian Mountains. Within this family, the genus Cherokia, a monotypic taxon with the type species Cherokia georgiana, is divided into three subspecies. The last revision of this genus was made by Richard Hoffman in 1960. Here, I used morphological and molecular data sets to review the genus, and evaluate whether it is a monophyletic group. I included material from literature records and three natural history collections. Newly collected samples were obtained through a citizen science project. Morphological characters such as the shape of the paranota, body size, and coloration were evaluated. Seven gene loci were used to estimate a molecular phylogeny of the genus, and a species delimitation analysis was used to evaluate the status of the subspecies. The geographical range of Cherokia was expanded to include a newly reported state (Virginia) and ca. 160 new localities compared to the previously known range. Morphological characters such as the shape of the paranota and body size that were historically used to establish subspecies, showed a direct relation with geographical distribution and elevation (clinal variation), but not with the phylogeny.