Strategies for Simplifying Your Writing
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Natural Language Processing Introduction
SYNTAX Sudeshna Sarkar 14 AUG 2019 Syntax • Constituency • Ordering • Grammatical relations and dependency – Heads, agreement, grammatical function • Key formalisms – Context-free grammars – Dependency grammars • Resources – Treebanks 15-Aug-19 Constituency • Basic idea: groups of words act as a single unit • Constituents form coherent classes that behave similarly – With respect to their internal structure: e.g., at the core of a noun phrase is a noun – With respect to other constituents: e.g., noun phrases generally occur before verbs Constituency: Example • Noun phrases in English... • They can all precede verbs • They can all be preposed/postposed Example of Constituent Tree ((Paul (gave Peter (two pears))) .) S VP NP V NP NP Z N N C N Paul gave Peter two pears . 5 Example of Dependency Tree [#,0] ([gave,2] ([Paul,1], [Peter,3], [pears,5] ([two,4])), [.,6]) # gave . Paul Peter pears two 9.12.1999 http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/course/npfl094 6 Words and Phrases • Word (token): smallest unit of the syntactic layer – grammatical (function) words – lexical (content) words • Phrase – Sequence of immediate constituents (words or phrases). • Phrase types by their main word—head – Noun phrase: the new book of my grandpa – Adjectival phrase: brand new – Adverbial phrase: very well – Prepositional phrase: in the classroom – Verb phrase: to catch a ball 7 Noun Phrase • A noun or a (substantive) pronoun is the head. – water – the book – new ideas – two millions of inhabitants – one small village – the greatest price movement in one year since the World War II – operating system that, regardless of all efforts by our admin, crashes just too often – he – whoever 9.12.1999 http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/course/npfl094 8 Evidence of Constituency 1. -
TRADITIONAL GRAMMAR REVIEW I. Parts of Speech Traditional
Traditional Grammar Review Page 1 of 15 TRADITIONAL GRAMMAR REVIEW I. Parts of Speech Traditional grammar recognizes eight parts of speech: Part of Definition Example Speech noun A noun is the name of a person, place, or thing. John bought the book. verb A verb is a word which expresses action or state of being. Ralph hit the ball hard. Janice is pretty. adjective An adjective describes or modifies a noun. The big, red barn burned down yesterday. adverb An adverb describes or modifies a verb, adjective, or He quickly left the another adverb. room. She fell down hard. pronoun A pronoun takes the place of a noun. She picked someone up today conjunction A conjunction connects words or groups of words. Bob and Jerry are going. Either Sam or I will win. preposition A preposition is a word that introduces a phrase showing a The dog with the relation between the noun or pronoun in the phrase and shaggy coat some other word in the sentence. He went past the gate. He gave the book to her. interjection An interjection is a word that expresses strong feeling. Wow! Gee! Whew! (and other four letter words.) Traditional Grammar Review Page 2 of 15 II. Phrases A phrase is a group of related words that does not contain a subject and a verb in combination. Generally, a phrase is used in the sentence as a single part of speech. In this section we will be concerned with prepositional phrases, gerund phrases, participial phrases, and infinitive phrases. Prepositional Phrases The preposition is a single (usually small) word or a cluster of words that show relationship between the object of the preposition and some other word in the sentence. -
2014. the Use of Adverb in Article
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Part of Speech Part of speech is word classification based on their function. Sherlock (2012, p.12) says that there are eight kinds of part of speech in English namely noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb, verb, conjunction, interjection, and preposition. Noun is a name of person, thing, idea and so on. Noun has functions as a subject, object, and other. For example, song, Angie, table, book, lips and so forth. Pronoun is a word used to take the place of a noun. A pronoun is used as a noun such as, her, him, them and so on. Adjective is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. An adjective may be a single word, a phrase, or a clause such as, beautiful, smart, short and so forth. Adverb is one of the parts of speech. Adverb is used to give more information, also used to modify verb, adjective and adverb such as, faithfully, certainly, quietly and so on. Verb is a word used to express action, being, or state of being such as, work, write, play, cook and so on. Conjunction is the other part of speech. Conjunction has function to connect words or groups of words. For example, and, but, and or. A familiar word has no grammatical to the rest of the sentence and it can be used to express strong feeling such as, oh , ssttt, ouch and so forth. Preposition shows the relations between its object and some other words in the sentence. For example, on, in, above, between and so on. -
Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases Worksheets
Adverbial Phrases An adverbial phrase is a group of words that act together as an adverb, giving more information about a verb, adjective, or other adverb in a sentence. The adverbial phrase answers the same questions as a regular adverb: how/how much, when, or where. Underline the adverbial phrase. On the line, write the question it answers. 1. We expect our grandparents to arrive in about an hour. __________________________________________ 2. My cousin watches television almost as much as you do. __________________________________________ 3. The weatherman says it will rain all day. _____________________________________________________ 4. Your brother plays soccer better than my brother does. _________________________________________ 5. Our friend drives on Mondays. ____________________________________________________________ 6. Gerard and Donna will walk on the footpath. __________________________________________________ 7. The frog jumps through the tall grass. ____________________________________________________ 8. Mum combs my hair more gently than Dad does. ________________________________________________ 9. He found his lucky coin in the morning. ______________________________________________________ 10. We raced our toy cars on the playground. ___________________________________________________ 11. Patrick and Anthony were reading their books in the car. ________________________________________ 12. The music teacher played the violin better than her student. _____________________________________ 13. Georgia tried to talk to Ryan -
Pos, Morphology and Dependencies Annotation Guidelines for Arabic
PoS, Morphology and Dependencies Annotation Guidelines for Arabic Mohammed Attia, Tolga Kayadelen, Ryan Mcdonald, Slav Petrov Google Inc. May, 2017 Table of Contents 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................................2 2. Tokenization...........................................................................................................................................3 Arabic Clitic Table................................................................................................................................4 Special Cases.........................................................................................................................................4 3. POS Tagging..........................................................................................................................................8 POS Quick Table...................................................................................................................................8 POS Tags.............................................................................................................................................13 JJ: Adjective....................................................................................................................................13 JJR: Elative Adjective.....................................................................................................................14 DT: The Arabic Determiner System...............................................................................................14 -
Preposition Stranding Vs. Pied-Piping—The Role of Cognitive Complexity in Grammatical Variation
languages Article Preposition Stranding vs. Pied-Piping—The Role of Cognitive Complexity in Grammatical Variation Christine Günther Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Universität Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany; [email protected] Abstract: Grammatical variation has often been said to be determined by cognitive complexity. Whenever they have the choice between two variants, speakers will use that form that is associated with less processing effort on the hearer’s side. The majority of studies putting forth this or similar analyses of grammatical variation are based on corpus data. Analyzing preposition stranding vs. pied-piping in English, this paper sets out to put the processing-based hypotheses to the test. It focuses on discontinuous prepositional phrases as opposed to their continuous counterparts in an online and an offline experiment. While pied-piping, the variant with a continuous PP, facilitates reading at the wh-element in restrictive relative clauses, a stranded preposition facilitates reading at the right boundary of the relative clause. Stranding is the preferred option in the same contexts. The heterogenous results underline the need for research on grammatical variation from various perspectives. Keywords: grammatical variation; complexity; preposition stranding; discontinuous constituents Citation: Günther, Christine. 2021. Preposition Stranding vs. Pied- 1. Introduction Piping—The Role of Cognitive Grammatical variation refers to phenomena where speakers have the choice between Complexity in Grammatical Variation. two (or more) semantically equivalent structural options. Even in English, a language with Languages 6: 89. https://doi.org/ rather rigid word order, some constructions allow for variation, such as the position of a 10.3390/languages6020089 particle, the ordering of post-verbal constituents or the position of a preposition. -
On Compounds, Noun Phrases and Domains Gisli R
University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Doctoral Dissertations University of Connecticut Graduate School 6-13-2017 Cycling Through Grammar: On Compounds, Noun Phrases and Domains Gisli R. Hardarson University of Connecticut, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Hardarson, Gisli R., "Cycling Through Grammar: On Compounds, Noun Phrases and Domains" (2017). Doctoral Dissertations. 1570. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/1570 Cycling Through Grammar: On Compounds, Noun Phrases and Domains Gísli Rúnar Harðarson, PhD University of Connecticut, 2017 In this dissertation, I address the question of domains within grammar: i.e. how domains are defined, whether different components of grammar make references to the same boundaries (or at least boundary definers), and whether these boundaries are uniform with respect to different processes. I address these questions in two case studies. First, I explore compound nouns in Icelandic and restrictions on their composition, where inflected non-head elements are structurally peripheral to uninflected ones. I argue that these effects are due to a matching condition which requires elements within compounds to match their attachment site in terms of size/type. Following that I explore how morphophonology is regulated by the structure of the compound. I argue for a contextual definition of the domain of morphophonology, where the highest functional morpheme in the extended projection of the root marks the boundary. Under this approach a morphophonological domain can contain smaller domains analogous to phases in syntax. This allows for the morphosyntactic structure to be mapped directly to phonology while giving the impression of two contradicting structures. -
Notes on Phrases and Clauses What Is a Phrase?
Notes on Phrases and Clauses ELAGSE9-10L1: Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking. b. Use various types of phrases (noun, verb, adjectival, adverbial, participial, prepositional, absolute) and clauses (independent, dependent; noun, relative, adverbial) to convey specific meanings and add variety and interest to writing or presentations. What is a phrase? A phrase is a group of words without both a subject and predicate. Phrases combine words into a larger unit that can function as a sentence element. For example, a participial phrase can include adjectives, nouns, prepositions and adverbs; as a single unit, however, it functions as one big adjective modifying a noun (or noun phrase). See this overview of phrases for more. Noun Phrase - "The crazy old lady in the park feeds the pigeons every day." A noun phrase consists of a noun and all of its modifiers, which can include other phrases (like the prepositional phrase in the park). More examples. o Appositive Phrase - "Bob, my best friend, works here" or "My best friend Bob works here." An appositive (single word, phrase, or clause) renames another noun, not technically modifying it. See this page from the Armchair Grammarian for everything you ever wanted to know about appositives. o Gerund Phrase - "I love baking cakes." A gerund phrase is just a noun phrase with a gerund as its head. o Infinitive Phrase - "I love to bake cakes." An infinitive phrase is a noun phrase with an infinitive as its head. Unlike the other noun phrases, however, an infinitive phrase can also function as an adjective or an adverb. -
English for Practical Purposes 9
ENGLISH FOR PRACTICAL PURPOSES 9 CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction of English Grammar Chapter 2: Sentence Chapter 3: Noun Chapter 4: Verb Chapter 5: Pronoun Chapter 6: Adjective Chapter 7: Adverb Chapter 8: Preposition Chapter 9: Conjunction Chapter 10: Punctuation Chapter 11: Tenses Chapter 12: Voice Chapter 1 Introduction to English grammar English grammar is the body of rules that describe the structure of expressions in the English language. This includes the structure of words, phrases, clauses and sentences. There are historical, social, and regional variations of English. Divergences from the grammardescribed here occur in some dialects of English. This article describes a generalized present-dayStandard English, the form of speech found in types of public discourse including broadcasting,education, entertainment, government, and news reporting, including both formal and informal speech. There are certain differences in grammar between the standard forms of British English, American English and Australian English, although these are inconspicuous compared with the lexical andpronunciation differences. Word classes and phrases There are eight word classes, or parts of speech, that are distinguished in English: nouns, determiners, pronouns, verbs, adjectives,adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions. (Determiners, traditionally classified along with adjectives, have not always been regarded as a separate part of speech.) Interjections are another word class, but these are not described here as they do not form part of theclause and sentence structure of the language. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs form open classes – word classes that readily accept new members, such as the nouncelebutante (a celebrity who frequents the fashion circles), similar relatively new words. The others are regarded as closed classes. -
EERE Editorial Style Guide
EERE Editorial Style Guide April 30, 2021 (This page intentionally left blank) EERE Editorial Style Guide April 30, 2021 ii Table of Contents EERE Style Guide Instructions ................................................................................................... 1 A► .................................................................................................................................................. 2 a, an ............................................................................................................................................. 2 abbreviations, acronyms, and initialisms .................................................................................... 2 abstract ........................................................................................................................................ 2 academic degrees ........................................................................................................................ 2 acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................ 3 acronyms ..................................................................................................................................... 3 addresses ..................................................................................................................................... 3 air conditioning .......................................................................................................................... -
Workbook This Workbook Is to Accompany a Grammar Textbook
The Missouri House of Representatives GRAMMAR BOOT CAMP • Workbook This workbook is to accompany a grammar textbook. Writing Good Sentences by Claude W. Faulkner inspired and influenced this workbook’s creation and is highly recommended for use as a grammar textbook. Antony LePage September 2018 Formatting by Ellen Misloski Contents BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS ............................................................................................................6 Exercise One .......................................................................................................................................6 Substantives Exercise Two ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Verbs Exercise Three ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Subject – Verb – Object Subject – Linking Verb – Object Exercise Four ....................................................................................................................................10 Substantive Modifiers Restrictive and Non-Restrictive Substantive Modifiers Exercise Five......................................................................................................................................13 Adjective – Noun Combinations Exercise Six ........................................................................................................................................15 Modifiers -
How to Format Your Paper
(De)verbal Modifiers in Attribute + Noun Collocations and Compounds: Verbs, Deverbal Nouns or Suffixed Adjectives? Radek Vogel Address: Masaryk University, Faculty of Education, Department of English Language and Literature, Poříčí 9, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic. [email protected] Abstract: English as an analytic language particularly poor in inflections and relatively poor in derivational suffixes does not often mark word classes by specific morphemes. On the contrary, one form of a word can be used in several grammatical functions and an identical word form can even have several meanings in several word classes. The frequent occurrence of conversion between word classes thus allows one form, often the base or simplest one, to perform several roles, and, at the same time, makes identification of its grammatically and semantically defined word class difficult, especially in multiword phrases functioning as a whole. The most frequent type of a noun phrase, Attr+N phrase, can thus be realised in several ways, with different word classes performing the function of syntactic attribute. This paper looks into a less frequent subtype of this phrase in English, one which uses semantically (de)verbal attribute, and tries to establish rules governing the choice between the two main options, using either the base form or a derived one (e.g. call centre vs. writing paper). Shedding light on this issue has practical application in mastering appropriate formation as well as correct understanding of English multiword phrases or terms (mostly nominal), which is an important skill in non-native environment (especially in EAP) where English is used as a lingua franca.