Is for Example a Prepositional Phrase
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Passive Voice, Gerund & Participle in Academic/ Scientific Text
PASSIVE VOICE, GERUND & PARTICIPLE IN ACADEMIC/ SCIENTIFIC TEXT LNK@2017 Common sentence in academic/scientific Text § Declarative sentence § Kalimat yang berisi pernyataan ringkas dan jelas § Pola : S + V + O/ Complement PASSIVE VOICE à FORMULAS § SUBJECT + TO BE + VERB 3 (+) OBJECT CHARACTERISTICS : q USING TRANSITIVE VERB (KATA KERJA YANG MEMERLUKAN OBJECT) q GENERALLY NEEDED IN ACADEMIC WRITING q JIKA SUBYEK/PELAKU TIDAK TERLALU PENTING DISAMPAIKAN contoh : The snake has been killed q PADA KALIMAT DENGAN SUBJECT YANG SUDAH DI SEBUTKAN PADA KALIMAT SEBELUMNYA. That tree fell on the car and the car was damaged. q UNTUK UNKNOWN SUBJECT q Contoh : The jewelry store has been robbed several times Examples : ACTIVE TO PASSIVE VOICE ACTIVE PASSIVE FORM SIMPLE He speaks English English is spoken by him PRESENT PRESENT He is speaking English English is being spoken by him CONTINUOUS PRESENT He has spoken English English has been spoken by him PERFECT SIMPLE PAST He spoke English English was spoken by him PAST He was speaking English English was being spoken by CONTINUOUS him PAS PERFECT He had spoken English English had spoken by him SIMPLE FUTURE He will speak English English will be spoken by him BE GOING TO He is going to speak English is going to be spoken by English him FUTURE He will have spoken English will have been spoken by PERFECT English him PSV SENTENCES FREQUENT FOUND IN SCIENTIFIC TEXT 1. The material compatibility study was performed using ASTM 2. The pressure was reduced approximately 20 percent. 3. The data provided in the steam tables can also be expressed in a graphical form. -
Natural Language Processing Introduction
SYNTAX Sudeshna Sarkar 14 AUG 2019 Syntax • Constituency • Ordering • Grammatical relations and dependency – Heads, agreement, grammatical function • Key formalisms – Context-free grammars – Dependency grammars • Resources – Treebanks 15-Aug-19 Constituency • Basic idea: groups of words act as a single unit • Constituents form coherent classes that behave similarly – With respect to their internal structure: e.g., at the core of a noun phrase is a noun – With respect to other constituents: e.g., noun phrases generally occur before verbs Constituency: Example • Noun phrases in English... • They can all precede verbs • They can all be preposed/postposed Example of Constituent Tree ((Paul (gave Peter (two pears))) .) S VP NP V NP NP Z N N C N Paul gave Peter two pears . 5 Example of Dependency Tree [#,0] ([gave,2] ([Paul,1], [Peter,3], [pears,5] ([two,4])), [.,6]) # gave . Paul Peter pears two 9.12.1999 http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/course/npfl094 6 Words and Phrases • Word (token): smallest unit of the syntactic layer – grammatical (function) words – lexical (content) words • Phrase – Sequence of immediate constituents (words or phrases). • Phrase types by their main word—head – Noun phrase: the new book of my grandpa – Adjectival phrase: brand new – Adverbial phrase: very well – Prepositional phrase: in the classroom – Verb phrase: to catch a ball 7 Noun Phrase • A noun or a (substantive) pronoun is the head. – water – the book – new ideas – two millions of inhabitants – one small village – the greatest price movement in one year since the World War II – operating system that, regardless of all efforts by our admin, crashes just too often – he – whoever 9.12.1999 http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/course/npfl094 8 Evidence of Constituency 1. -
Active Vs. Passive Voice
University of Idaho Writing Center Resources Active vs. Passive Voice If you’ve ever gotten feedback from a teacher or professor that told you to “stop writing in the passive voice,” only to realize that you don’t actually know what that means, or how to correct it, you’re not alone. This handout is your guide to understanding what active vs. passive voice means and why passive voice is often discouraged in academic writing. Defining “Active vs. Passive” A sentence written in the passive voice will have a subject that receives the action of the verb (i.e. the subject is acted upon), whereas a sentence written in the active voice, will have a subject that performs the action of the verb. For example, here is a sentence written in the passive voice: “It was mentioned earlier that stress can have negative effects on a person’s health.” The subject (“It”) is receiving the action of the verb (“mentioned”). Additionally, the sentence doesn’t tell us who it was that mentioned the information, making the sentence less clear. Also note, using a form of the verb “to be” (in this case, “was”) followed by the past tense of another verb (in this case, “mentioned”) are clear indications that a sentence has been written in the passive voice. Now, here’s the same sentence written in the active voice: “The researchers mentioned how stress can have negative effects on a person’s health.” In this sentence, the subject (“researchers”) is performing the action (“mentioned”). Using active voice, we find out who mentioned the information, and there is no longer the need for a “to be” verb. -
TRADITIONAL GRAMMAR REVIEW I. Parts of Speech Traditional
Traditional Grammar Review Page 1 of 15 TRADITIONAL GRAMMAR REVIEW I. Parts of Speech Traditional grammar recognizes eight parts of speech: Part of Definition Example Speech noun A noun is the name of a person, place, or thing. John bought the book. verb A verb is a word which expresses action or state of being. Ralph hit the ball hard. Janice is pretty. adjective An adjective describes or modifies a noun. The big, red barn burned down yesterday. adverb An adverb describes or modifies a verb, adjective, or He quickly left the another adverb. room. She fell down hard. pronoun A pronoun takes the place of a noun. She picked someone up today conjunction A conjunction connects words or groups of words. Bob and Jerry are going. Either Sam or I will win. preposition A preposition is a word that introduces a phrase showing a The dog with the relation between the noun or pronoun in the phrase and shaggy coat some other word in the sentence. He went past the gate. He gave the book to her. interjection An interjection is a word that expresses strong feeling. Wow! Gee! Whew! (and other four letter words.) Traditional Grammar Review Page 2 of 15 II. Phrases A phrase is a group of related words that does not contain a subject and a verb in combination. Generally, a phrase is used in the sentence as a single part of speech. In this section we will be concerned with prepositional phrases, gerund phrases, participial phrases, and infinitive phrases. Prepositional Phrases The preposition is a single (usually small) word or a cluster of words that show relationship between the object of the preposition and some other word in the sentence. -
Making English Grammar Meaningful and Useful Mini Lesson #9 Passive Voice: It’S All About Subjects and Verbs
Making English Grammar Meaningful and Useful Mini Lesson #9 Passive Voice: It’s All About Subjects and Verbs The purpose of this lesson is to present a new way that Passive Voice can be understood and presented to English language learners. Passive Voice refers to a sentence type in which the actor, performer or executor of an action verb is not the subject of the sentence. In Passive Voice sentences, the subject is typically the recipient or receiver of the action of the verb. The following sentences illustrate Passive Voice in 3 different tenses: Simple Present Tense, Simple Past Tense and Present Continuing Tense. The assignment is given every semester. The papers were submitted for grading last week. Currently, they are being read and evaluated. Notice in these three sentences, the focus is on ‘the assignment’. Who made the assignment, who submitted the assignment, and who is scoring the assignments are not mentioned. The three following sentences provide that information: The instructor gives the assignment every year. The students submitted their papers last week. The instructor is reading and evaluating them now. These sentences focus on the doers or agents of the actions described in the sentences. They are Active Voice sentences. Frequently Passive Voice is taught by providing the learner with an Active Voice sentence and instructing the learner how to reverse the order of the subject (agent) and object (recipient) of the action in the resulting Passive Voice sentence. Such a process is cumbersome; the active voice subject becomes a prepositional phrase, and the active voice object becomes the passive voice subject. -
Passive Voice
Passive Voice Verbs are said to be either active or passive in voice. In the active voice, the subject of the sentence performs the action expressed by the verb. For example: The cat scratched the girl. The subject (the cat) performs the action (scratch). When you use the passive voice, the subject of the sentence receives the action expressed by the verb; the subject is acted upon. For example: The girl was scratched by the cat. The subject (the cat) performing the action often appears in a “by the” phrase. Writers can easily recognize passive voice constructions because they contain a characteristic verb phrase: the form of the verb to be + past participle. Passive voice construction: Your assignment was lost. The papers will be graded. The actor is known. Active voice construction: You lost your assignment. I will grade the papers. I know the actor. There are times when using the passive voice is the obvious choice when writing a sentence. Use the passive voice when: • You are giving directions to an unknown subject The nut is then screwed onto the bolt. • You do not know who performs the action of the sentence Secret information was leaked to the press. • The performer of the action is irrelevant to the point you are making Abraham Lincoln was assassinated in a theater, not at a political event. • You are denying responsibility My homework is not done. There is nothing inherently wrong with the passive voice. It is an issue of style, but it can often weaken the impact of your writing and make your meaning unclear. -
2014. the Use of Adverb in Article
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Part of Speech Part of speech is word classification based on their function. Sherlock (2012, p.12) says that there are eight kinds of part of speech in English namely noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb, verb, conjunction, interjection, and preposition. Noun is a name of person, thing, idea and so on. Noun has functions as a subject, object, and other. For example, song, Angie, table, book, lips and so forth. Pronoun is a word used to take the place of a noun. A pronoun is used as a noun such as, her, him, them and so on. Adjective is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. An adjective may be a single word, a phrase, or a clause such as, beautiful, smart, short and so forth. Adverb is one of the parts of speech. Adverb is used to give more information, also used to modify verb, adjective and adverb such as, faithfully, certainly, quietly and so on. Verb is a word used to express action, being, or state of being such as, work, write, play, cook and so on. Conjunction is the other part of speech. Conjunction has function to connect words or groups of words. For example, and, but, and or. A familiar word has no grammatical to the rest of the sentence and it can be used to express strong feeling such as, oh , ssttt, ouch and so forth. Preposition shows the relations between its object and some other words in the sentence. For example, on, in, above, between and so on. -
Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases Worksheets
Adverbial Phrases An adverbial phrase is a group of words that act together as an adverb, giving more information about a verb, adjective, or other adverb in a sentence. The adverbial phrase answers the same questions as a regular adverb: how/how much, when, or where. Underline the adverbial phrase. On the line, write the question it answers. 1. We expect our grandparents to arrive in about an hour. __________________________________________ 2. My cousin watches television almost as much as you do. __________________________________________ 3. The weatherman says it will rain all day. _____________________________________________________ 4. Your brother plays soccer better than my brother does. _________________________________________ 5. Our friend drives on Mondays. ____________________________________________________________ 6. Gerard and Donna will walk on the footpath. __________________________________________________ 7. The frog jumps through the tall grass. ____________________________________________________ 8. Mum combs my hair more gently than Dad does. ________________________________________________ 9. He found his lucky coin in the morning. ______________________________________________________ 10. We raced our toy cars on the playground. ___________________________________________________ 11. Patrick and Anthony were reading their books in the car. ________________________________________ 12. The music teacher played the violin better than her student. _____________________________________ 13. Georgia tried to talk to Ryan -
Passive Voice: What It Is and How to Avoid It What Is the Passive Voice
Passive Voice: What It Is and How to Avoid It What is the passive voice? Passive voice is a stylistic choice when a sentence is written so that the object (the thing that the action is being done to) becomes the subject of the sentence (the doer of the action). Passive Voice: Netflix was watched all day by Sophie. Active Voice: Sophie watched Netflix all day. This sentence in the active voice is clearer because Sophie, the person who is watching, is the subject, and Netflix, which is being watched, is the object of the sentence. Why is avoiding passive voice important? The passive voice is usually avoided in an academic setting. One reason is for the sake of clarity: in a sentence written in passive voice, it is often unclear who or what is doing the action of the sentence. Writing in the active voice makes a sentence more direct. A more comprehensive reason to avoid passive voice is that it is always important to identify the “who” of a situation. If the people involved in the action are not clearly called out as such in the sentence, they are not receiving proper credit for their actions. Active voice helps writers avoid this problem because the doer of the action is clearly and directly stated. Example Sentences for Different Subjects: History Passive: The sale and distribution of alcohol was outlawed by the National Prohibition Act. Active: The National Prohibition Act outlawed the sale and distribution of alcohol. Philosophy Passive: After the conversation about justice ended, the next discussion was about an ideal city. -
Passive Voice
PASSIVE VOICE THE FORM § The passive of an active tense is formed by putting the verb to be into the same tense as the active verb and adding the past participle of the active verb. be + past participle (VIII) § The subject of the active verb becomes the 'agent' of the passive verb. § The agent is very often not mentioned. eg. Active : We keep the butter here. Passive : The butter is kept here. Active : They broke the window. Passive : The window was broken. Active : People have seen wolves in the streets. Passive : Wolves have been seen in the streets. § When it is mentioned it is preceded with “by” and placed at the end of the clause. eg. This free was planted by my grandfather. TENSE/VERB FORMS ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE Simple present keeps is kept Present continuous is keeping is being kept Simple past kept was kept Past continuous was keeping was being kept Present perfect has kept has been kept Past perfect had kept had been kept Future will keep will be kept Conditional would keep/ would be kept Perfect conditional would have kept would have been kept Present infinitive to keep to be kept Perfect infinitive to have kept to have been kept Present participle/gerund keeping being kept Perfect participle having kept having been kept § Past Progressive : The board was discusing the issue The issue was being discused (by the board) § Present perfect simple : Tourism has harmed many countries Many countries have been harmed by tourism. § Past Perfect: He had delivered the letter The letter had been delivered § Future simple : The government will launch a new social security program A new social security program will be launched § Future with be going to: The company is going to build a power plant A power plant is going to be built by the company § Modals: We will (should/can/ must) choose a new representative. -
Causatives and Their Passives in Sanskrit
Causatives and their Passives in Sanskrit John J. Lowe Adriana Molina-Munoz˜ University of Oxford University of Oxford Antonia Ruppel University of Oxford Proceedings of the LFG’19 Conference Australian National University Miriam Butt, Tracy Holloway King, Ida Toivonen (Editors) 2019 CSLI Publications pages 212–232 http://csli-publications.stanford.edu/LFG/2019 Keywords: causative, passive, Sanskrit Lowe, John J., Molina-Munoz,˜ Adriana, & Ruppel, Antonia. 2019. Causatives and their Passives in Sanskrit. In Butt, Miriam, King, Tracy Holloway, & Toivonen, Ida (Eds.), Proceedings of the LFG’19 Conference, Australian National University, 212–232. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications. Abstract We discuss data on causative constructions and their passives in Sanskrit. Sanskrit is unusual in licensing two different causative constructions for most verbs, together with corresponding passives. We explore the formal analysis of these patterns in argument structure terms, formalized within the argument structure proposals of Kibort (2007) and the approach to causative argument structure proposed by Lowe and Birahimani (2019). 1 Introduction Sanskrit is an old Indo-Aryan language which was originally spoken in the North- west of the Indian subcontinent in the first and second millennia BC; it ceased to be a living language during the first millennium BC, but its importance grew, as it became a lingua franca, especially for academic, literary, and religious discourse, throughout India in the first and second millennia AD. Classical Sanskrit has a productive morphological causative, which shows two possible argument structure patterns with most transitive verbs. Both possible patterns are found in other lan- guages, and constitute the two main ways in which languages form causatives to transitives, but relatively few languages have been described as freely permitting both possibilities alongside one another. -
Preposition Stranding Vs. Pied-Piping—The Role of Cognitive Complexity in Grammatical Variation
languages Article Preposition Stranding vs. Pied-Piping—The Role of Cognitive Complexity in Grammatical Variation Christine Günther Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Universität Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany; [email protected] Abstract: Grammatical variation has often been said to be determined by cognitive complexity. Whenever they have the choice between two variants, speakers will use that form that is associated with less processing effort on the hearer’s side. The majority of studies putting forth this or similar analyses of grammatical variation are based on corpus data. Analyzing preposition stranding vs. pied-piping in English, this paper sets out to put the processing-based hypotheses to the test. It focuses on discontinuous prepositional phrases as opposed to their continuous counterparts in an online and an offline experiment. While pied-piping, the variant with a continuous PP, facilitates reading at the wh-element in restrictive relative clauses, a stranded preposition facilitates reading at the right boundary of the relative clause. Stranding is the preferred option in the same contexts. The heterogenous results underline the need for research on grammatical variation from various perspectives. Keywords: grammatical variation; complexity; preposition stranding; discontinuous constituents Citation: Günther, Christine. 2021. Preposition Stranding vs. Pied- 1. Introduction Piping—The Role of Cognitive Grammatical variation refers to phenomena where speakers have the choice between Complexity in Grammatical Variation. two (or more) semantically equivalent structural options. Even in English, a language with Languages 6: 89. https://doi.org/ rather rigid word order, some constructions allow for variation, such as the position of a 10.3390/languages6020089 particle, the ordering of post-verbal constituents or the position of a preposition.